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Prepared By: Muhammad Yahya

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The systematic study and description of a

language.

*(Richard Nordquist)

English Grammar is made up from the

following building blocks including Letters,

Vowels and Consonants, the Sentence -

Subject and Predicate, the Paragraph,Syllables and Words and Divisions of English

Grammar.

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A vowel is a letter which makes a distinct

sound by itself. The vowels in the English

language are:

A Examples: He is an M.A.

E

IO

U

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The word consonant is used to refer to aletter of an alphabet that denotes aconsonant sound.

Consonant letters in the English alphabetare B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R,S, T, V, W, X, Z

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Sentences are an assemblage of words so

arranged as to convey a determinate sense or

meaning, in other words, to express a

complete thought or idea. No matter howshort, sentences must contain one finite verb

and a subject or agent to direct the action of

the verb.

Examples: "Birds fly;" "Fish swim;" "Men

walk;" .

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Sentences always contains two parts, somethingspoken about and something said about it.

Subject: The word or words indicating what isspoken about form what is called the subject

Predicate: The word or words indicating what issaid about it form what is called the predicate

Examples:

In the short sentences given above, birds, fishand men are the subjects, whilst fly, swim andwalk are the predicates

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The paragraph may be defined as a group of

sentences that are closely related in thought

and which serve one common purpose.

First Sentence of a paragraph - Introduce thetopic - tell the reader what the paragraph

will be about.

Middle Sentences - These provide

information about the topic and providesupporting details, facts and examples.

Final sentence - The last sentence should

enforce the main idea of the paragraph.

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A syllable is a distinct sound produced by a

single effort such as shall, pig, dog.

In every syllable there must be at least onevowel.

A word consists of one syllable or acombination of syllables

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Adverbs are mainly used to modify verbs.

They are used to express when, where, how, forwhat reason or to what degree an action isperformed.

An adverb is a word that adds information to averb, an adjective or an adverb.

The commonest way to form an adverb is to addthe letters 'ly' to the adjective

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Examples:

Brightly, very, quickly, beautifully, quietly.

Examples (adverbs in bold):

1. The mad season starts in August. (when)

2. Toby played in the garden. (where)

3. She ran quickly. (how)

4. As it has stopped raining, the game cancontinue. (reason)

5. They dance more gracefully. (degree)

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Adjectives are descriptive words.

An adjective is a word which qualifies a

noun, that is, shows or points out somedistinguishing mark or feature of thenoun.

Examples:

A black dog - An angryman - A roundtheatre

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Descriptive adjectives can be divided into

different categories such as :

Colors are adjectivesColors - examples: black, blue, white, green,

red

SizesSizes - examples: big, small, large, thin, thick

ShapesShapes- examples: triangular, round, square,

circular

QualitiesQualities- examples: good, bad, mediocre

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Personality TraitsPersonality - examples: happy, sad, angry,

depressed

Time relatedTime - examples: Yearly , monthly, annually

Age relatedAges - examples: new, young, old, brand-new,

second-hand

Sound relatedSound related - examples: loud, noisy, quiet,

silent

Touch relatedTouch related - examples: slippery, sticky

Taste relatedTaste related - examples: juicy, sweet

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Creative writing can be challenging but

rewarding.

Creative writing is something that you can be

proud of; you will feel wonderful when youfinally get your story to work out.

The average person is much more creative

than he or she thinks. You will be amazed by

what you come up with if you just take thetime to try. Whether you want to write a

short story, a novel, or jot down some

poetry,

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The following steps can hopefully help in

creative writing:

Relax before writing. Sit down and write something, anything.

Have a passion for what you are writing.

Convey emotion in your writing. Show your work to others.

Edit thoroughly multiple times.

Come up with a topic and plot before

hand.

Don't think of anything troubling that is on

your mind.

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These 'rules' will help you write a betterstory.1. Try to use the words right for your kind of

story.

2. No more than four named characters in

your story.

3. Make your characters talk: e.g 'I don't

want to marry him!' said the Princess.

4. Have a beginning, middle and an end.

5. Don't copy a story from a film, TV show or

a book.

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USING A MIND MAP TO WRITE STORY

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Here are a few tips to help you get starteddeveloping ideas and working through them:

Pay attention! Amazing things arehappening all around you. You just have to

see them. "Like what," you say?Well, the next time you are out shopping,

look around you and try to count the number

of people you see with red hair. Paying

attention to the world around you is the firststep in developing ideas.

Listen! The more you listen to others, thebetter writer you will become.

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Think! When somebody tells you aboutsomething, think about it for a minute. You'll besurprised how many ideas you'll get that way.E.g. Is Mrs. ABC really and truly the worstteacher in the world?

Get used to writing! Start a diary. When yousee something interesting or when somethinghappens, make a note of it in your diary. Your

diary doesn't have to be fancy, either. A smallnotebook will do.

Read a book! You can find books at all kinds ofplaces, like libraries, schools, and even grocerystores. Pick one up and start reading.

About that blank piece of paper. . . . Pick upyour pencil. . . . Close your eyes. . . . Write theword 'Now.' The paper is no longer blank andyour story has begun.

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Lesson Number 10 from Guided English For

Pakistan

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