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P R E S E N T E D T O :
W O R K S H O P S E S S I O N – H A R R I S B U R G S C H O O LD I S T R I C T B O A R D
M A R C H 2 , 2 0 1 6
B Y
T E R R Y D . K E E N E , P . E . , C R P
Yard Waste and Organics
Composting Site Concepts – CityOf Harrisburg/ HSD Partnership
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Today’s Topics
Organics Management – Why?
Composting Benefits
Yard Waste and Food Waste Technology
Permitting
Siting Considerations
Educational Benefits Partnership Highlights and Schedule
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Why Reclaim Organics?
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Why Divert Organics?
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Source: U.S. EPA 2012
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Consumer drivers ARE changing…
From: To:Globally-available Locally-grownConventionally grown Organically/sustainably grown
Expansion Sustainability Low compliance Low-impact DevelopmentLowest cost Total cost of owningMan-made Natural
Source – US Compost Council 2016
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What’s Trending? Sustainability
Corporate and Personal Sustainability
WHY??The ‘Greens’: Corporate Image, CostSavings
Source – US Composting Council 2016
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What’s Trending? Food Waste Reduction
Recycle Food Scraps (END disposal!)
Sept. 2015: USDA and USEPAannounced the first-ever national
food waste reduction goal, calling for a50% reduction by 2030.
How and Where??
Source – US Composting Council 2016
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Three-State Study Avg. of Food Waste Generators
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Source: AgRecycle 2006
Institutions
16.7%
Prisons
2.2%Food/Grocery
Stores*
9.9%
Commercial
5.9%
Hospitals
8.7%
Industrial
56.6%
Commercial
Food/Grocery Stores*
HospitalsIndustrial
Institutions
Prisons
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What’s Trending? Local/Urban Programs
Act (Buy…Shop…GROW) Locally
Source – US Composting Council 2016
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Urban Landscaping & Gardening(source DEP)
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Soil Benefits for Compost End-Users
Improves thePhysicalProperties ofSoils. Compostincreases water holding,soil aeration, structuralstability, resistance to
water and wind erosion,root penetration, andsoil temperaturestabilization, thereby
preventing turf losses onroadsides, hillsides,playing fields, and golfcourses.
EPA 2000, AgRecycle
Point State Park
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Soil Benefits for Compost End-Users
Enhances theChemicalProperties ofSoils. Compostincreases macro- andmicronutrient content,
increases availability of beneficial minerals,ensures pH stability,and provides a long-term source of nutrientinput by acting as anutrient reservoir, andreduces fertilizerrequirements by at
least 50%.
The Pittsburgh Zoo
EPA 2000, AgRecycle
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Soil Benefits for Compost End-Users
Improves theBiologicalProperties of Soils.Compost promotes theactivity of beneficialmicro-organisms,suppresses certain plantdiseases, promotes fasterroot development,promotes higher yields ofagricultural crops, and
bonds heavy metals,preventing migration to
water resources absorbed by plants.
EPA 2000, AgRecycle
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Compost in Erosion/Sedimentation Control
Erosion Control Blankets
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Compost in Erosion/Sedimentation Control
Silt Socks and Inlet Protection
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Compost in Erosion/Sedimentation Control
Toe-of-Bank, Steep Slope and Steambank Stabilization
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How is Composting Regulated in PA?
Generally Based on Generator and Type of Material
Captive Facilities – no permit
Permit-by-Rule (400+ yard waste facilities in PA)
General Permits (multiple options) On-Farm Composting
Larger than 5-acre yard waste composting operations
Expanded organics sources (e.g. GP-025)
Individual Permits – complex and expensive
GOAL AT HSD SITE – SIMPLIFIED PERMITTING
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What is Yard Waste?
Yard Waste is “leaves, grass clippings, garden
residue, tree trimmings, chipped shrubbery and other vegetative materials.”
(Pa. Municipal Waste Regulations, Section 271.1)
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Pennsylvania Yard Waste Statistics
DEP estimates leaves, brush,
and grass if collected would
be approximately 17% of
the total waste stream. Grass- 7% total waste stream
Brush- 4% total waste stream
Leaves- 5.5% total waste stream
Stumps and heavy wood-
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What is a Yard Waste Composting Facility?
A facility that is used to compost leaf waste, or leaf waste andgrass clippings, garden residue, tree trimmings, chippedshrubbery and other vegetative materials. The term includesland affected during the lifetime of the operation, including
but not limited to areas where composting occurs, supportfacilities, borrow areas, offices, equipment sheds, air and
water pollution control and treatment systems, access roads,associated onsite or contiguous collection and transportationactivities, and other activities in which the natural surfacehas been disturbed as a result of or incidental to the
operation of the facility.( Pa. Municipal Waste Regulations, Section 271.1)
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Compost Technologies – Turned Piles and Windrows
Turned Piles – small, loader turning; smallinstitutional systems with food waste
Turned Windrows – loader or windrow turner
Preferred Geometry of Turned Windrows 6-8’ high, 12-16’ wide, length not limited
Water source – none, stream, well, loader/turner sprayer
All-weather access and pad
Restricted access Logical layout, good surface drainage
Consideration of BMPs
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Typical Site Layout – Turned Windrow
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Yard Waste - Windrow Layout
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Food Waste Composting - Importance of Carbon
Food wastes cannot be composted alone.
Carbon to nitrogen ratios need to be in the range of 30/1.
Nutrients & moisture in food waste help yard waste compost.
To make the process of food waste composting cost effective,facilities accepting food need to have access to easyand readily available sources of carbon: LEAVES AND
YARD WASTE.
The City of Harrisburg’s yard waste and brush collectionprograms can provide the needed sources of carbon for HSDfood waste composting.
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Food Waste Options – Windrow Incorporation(Shenk’s Berry Farm, Lancaster Co. - Source DEP)
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Penn State Organics Processing & EducationCenter – batch mix (Source Penn State OP&EC)
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Food Waste Options – Turned and Aerated StaticPiles
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Food Waste Options – ASP Bin/Bunker System
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Community and Educational Benefits
Opportunities:Inform the community know about the facility and the value of
using compost in landscaping, gardeningPotential dropoff site for self-haul yard waste
Home for brush/grinding, mulch productionIncorporate Environmental Education and TrainingOpportunities at site – be resourcefulUse existing networks for assistance; e.g. “Let’s Get Dirty” Urban
Agriculture; HSD school programsPromote waste minimization and recycling in the schoolsUse newsletters, web site, announcementsParticipate in backyard composting training programsTake advantage of PROP composting training and certification/other
training for site operators
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The Proposed HSD Composting Site
1901 Wayne Avenue
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Compost Facility/Siting Considerations
Things to consider: DEP exclusionary site permitting criteria - TBD
Ingress to and egress from the site, fencing
Site acreage/ geometry/layout – and future food waste Site roads and unloading area, dropoff area
Shredding/chipping/mulching area for brush
Windrow dimensions and active compost area
Curing/screening/storage/distribution area
Equipment needs and storage Office needs/training and education areas
Design/ operate for pollution/ nuisance prevention
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Site Layout – Turned Windrow Example36
#2
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Keys to Operate a Good Site with ProcessControls
Make sure delivered organics are “fresh” Prepare receiving area with a bed of “browns” near pile Small receiving area, address any free liquids quickly
Watch C/N mix ratios closely – dependent on technology
Incorporate into the pile quickly – cover, aeration? Be conscious of winds/direction, weather, time when
turning Cover piles with compost blanket, lime as needed Design for/minimize water ponding, runoff, free liquids
Good handling of contact rainwater Filter strips, compost berms/socks, good site drainage
Address any nuisance issues quickly
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Site Partnership Concepts
Summary of Key Points/ Schedule: March - HSD enter IGA with City for allow site use for
composting April - Signed IGA releases funds for experts to begin site
testing/ design/ permitting May-July - Site to be permitted now for yard waste (Phase 1)
and food waste (Phase 2) receipt and processing July-September – Site developed and outfitted Fall 2016 - Site ready to accept yard waste and brush from City Site may also accept yard waste from Susquehanna Twp. –
TBD Phase 2 - Site to accept food waste from pilot HSD school
(Marshall?) Phase 3 – HSD adds food waste collection at more buildings
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Site Partnership Concept - Funding
Summary of Key Points on Project Funding: HSD leases site to City for initial 10-year term, can be
extended – no money changes hands for site use City finances site permitting, design, development,
equipment – no capital funding from HSD City staffs/ operates site, maintains records and permit If any additional capital or operating costs are required
to process HSD food waste (in Phase 2 or later),discussions and potential cost sharing are TBD
City provides site access by HSD and non-profits toconduct environmental/ education/ career training (bythose parties) – City will coordinate activities wherepossible