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Presentation on
TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA - CHALLENGES IN FUTURE
ByProf. S. L. Dhingra
Transportation Systems EngineeringCivil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Organised by
Research Scholars’ ForumIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
23rd Oct. 2002, Institute Auditorium
Overview
National Highway Development Projects (NHDP)
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Urban Transport Projects
National Highways Development Project (NHDP)
Golden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
Length - 5,952 Kms
Year of Completion - 2003North-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHs
Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to
Porbandar.
Length - 7,300 Kms
Year of Completion - 2007
Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)
Golden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
Length - 5,952 Kms
Year of Completion - 2003North-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHs
Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to
Porbandar.
Length - 7,300 Kms
Year of Completion - 2007
Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)
Mumbai--Pune Expressway
Mumbai--Pune Expressway Map
Environment Protection
All conditions for environment are followed. One thousand trees trans planted. Extensive tree plantation , and median verge
plantation plant. Separate dumping area is acquired for surplus
material. Separate land is acquired for labour camp. Provision of recycling material and used for
work. Provision for additional lead for transport of
surplus material.
Special item to use surplus rock – gabbian, rock embankment.
Murum from adjoining land and dumping black cotton soil from road – creation of new fertile agriculture land.
Rain water drainage . Terracing to quarry area.
Continued…
Social Problem
Tendency of villagers to cross expressway, use of cycles & two wheelers in spite the provision of cart track & pedestrians crossing
Tendency to overtake wrong side over speeding Observing no lane discipline
Advantages of the Expressway
Time savings - Mumbai-Pune distance will be covered in 2 hours as against 4 to 6 hours in the present situation
Estimated fuel and other savings to the extent of Rs.500 crores per year
Reduction in environmental pollution due to vehicles running at rated capacity and less fuel consumption
Reduction in Accidents
Reduction in Accidents
Savings in travel time
Saving in fuel
Fast crossing of Khandala Ghat
Economic development through speedy traffic
Reduction in pollution
Continued…
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak YojanaAiming for Rural Transformation
Only 48 % of villages are connected by all-weather roads. Nearly 50 % of villages lack proper connectivity. Proper rural road connectivity is a must for development. Why ? Benefits – economic, social, political etc. Rural people can have easy access to
Trade Education Health Employment
Current Scenario & need for
providing road connectivity: the PMGSY Approach
The Highlights of PMGSY(Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana)
Investment of Rs. 60,000 Crore Road Connectivity (All-weather roads) Goals:
- villages with population of more than 1000 (by 2003).
- villages with population more than 500 (by 2007). Nearly 1,00,000 villages to be covered. Around 30 Crore (300 Million) people would be benefited. 10 Crore (100 Million) people expected to cross poverty line Hence, there is a need to plan for optimal rural road
networks to achieve the objectives of integrated rural development.
Urban Transport Projects
• Flyovers• Bandra-Worli sea link• Western Freeway link/• Hajiali-Wilson college viaduct • Metro System (TCS Study)• Elevated Railway System (by E. Sreedharan)• MUTP II (MRVC Study)• Mass Transit System (by MMRDA) • Thane MRTS• Sky Bus
Mumbai : high traffic density , high traffic congestion.
Whether we need flyovers?Whether we need flyovers?
Geographical Layout : only N-S flow and very heavy traffic
Consequent delays - city entry & exit
Necessity of improving speeds on N-S Corridors
Need to quickly reach starting points of proposed Expressways to Pune, Nashik & Ahmedabad from city centre
Flyovers on the 3 Main Routes
1. Western Express Highway (WEH)
2. Eastern Express Highway (EEH)
3. Sion-Panvel Express Way
City Central Corridor developed by appropriate flyovers Elevated Road from J.J. Hospital to Crawford Market
City Western Corridor-Flyovers on SB Marg
Estimated cost is Rs. 1550 crores
Of these 50 flyovers, 29 have been completed.
Project FeaturesProject Features
Air Pollution in Mumbai Sectorwise distribution of Pollution:
Transport 64%Power 4%Domestic 15%Industrial 17%
Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction:
8090 – 107Nox2001144 – 3170SPM
8043 – 120SO2
Limits (microgm/Nm3)
Observed (microgm/Nm3)
Item
Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road
Bridge length: 4 km Bridge length: 4 km (0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)(0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)
Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km (including (including toll plaza) toll plaza)
Carriageway - 8 lanesCarriageway - 8 lanes
Cable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylonCable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylon
Salient Features:Salient Features:
Cont…Cont…
Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at 150m height with access via capsule lift from 150m height with access via capsule lift from pile cap pile cap
Advanced Traffic control and surveillance Advanced Traffic control and surveillance system system
Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores
Link proposed to be extended to Nariman PointLink proposed to be extended to Nariman Point
A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be provided for main spans for marine traffic provided for main spans for marine traffic
Fuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annumFuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annum Savings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutesSavings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutes Reduction in air, noise & sound pollutionReduction in air, noise & sound pollution Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75%Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75% No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of
fishermenfishermen Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and
overall improvement in the quality of life.overall improvement in the quality of life. Reduced accidents. Reduced accidents.
Techno Economic FeasibilityTechno Economic Feasibility
Existing Situation: Distance from Lovegrove Jn to Mahim Junction = 7.7 km Traffic Signals = 23 Nos Travel time:
– Morning peak hour = 35 min– Evening peak hour = 38 min
Average Journey Speed = 13 kmph
Savings due to Sea Link Direct Cost savings = Rs 14.11 per car
(fuel, tyre,wear & tear, lubricants,etc) Travel time savings = 29 min per car
Time value @ Rs 100/ hr = Rs 48.43 / car Hence, total savings = Rs 62.59 / car
GPOGPO
sewrisewri
CSTCST
MPTMPT
BandraBandra
WorliWorli
Wadala
WESTERNWESTERNFREE WAYFREE WAY
SEA LINKSEA LINK
BANDRA BANDRA WORLIWORLISEA LINKSEA LINK
Hutatma ChowkHutatma Chowk
Gateway of IndiaGateway of India
Senapati Bapat MargSenapati Bapat Marg
Savarkar MargSavarkar Marg
Ambedkar MargAmbedkar Marg
Western railWestern rail
Central railCentral rail
Harbour railHarbour rail
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai MargsRafi Ahmed Kidwai Margs
The Fourth CorridorThe Fourth Corridor
AlignmentAlignment::Salient FeaturesSalient Features
Total length 14.77 Km
Starting from interchange at `Worli’
Alignment about 200 m in the sea from shore line
Easy Traffic Dispersal -Interchanges with connecting links at - Haji Ali Circle,- Bhulabhai Desai Marg, - NCPA Nariman Point
Attributes
Bridge spans to be provided withBridge spans to be provided with adequate vertical adequate vertical and Horizontal clearance and Horizontal clearance
Eco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditionsEco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditions
Cable stayed bridges and viaductsCable stayed bridges and viaducts
- Improve aesthetics of the coastal area- Improve aesthetics of the coastal area
- No Visual Intrusion from sea shore- No Visual Intrusion from sea shore
Modern Traffic Surveillance SystemModern Traffic Surveillance System
Minimum land reclamation, only near approachesMinimum land reclamation, only near approaches
Benefits
Vehicular pollution will be reducedVehicular pollution will be reduced
Overall Improvement in environment Overall Improvement in environment
Reduction in PollutionReduction in Pollution
Reduction in AccidentsReduction in Accidents
Improvement in the existing transport system Improvement in the existing transport system and living conditions and living conditions
Traffic will be dispersedTraffic will be dispersed
To reduce the surface traffic. To cater to the increase in traffic due to
the emergence of Worli as business and industrial center.
To decrease the level of pollution. To reduce the heavy load on local
railways and buses.
Why do we need metro system?
Salient Features: Location (7th corridor) Colaba to Kurla Length 22.4 Kms Average number of commuters per 24,20,000 day on a weekdays Travel time 39 min. Number of intermediate stations 24 Peak hour demand 50,689 Drainage will be taken care by sumps and automatic
pumps.
Value and life of assets under major heads or groups
NOTE : ‘N.A.’ denotes Not Applicable.
Sr. No.
Major Head or Group Cost Crores
Life in Years 1.
2.3.4.5.
6.7.8.
9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.
DPR LandRunning TunnelsOther Underground CavitiesMiscellaneous works in TunnelsCarshed WorksCut and Cover constructionAdministrative Office BuildingBallastless TracksResidential quartersTemporary track connectionPower supplyElectrical equipmentsS & T equipmentsRolling stockGeneral chargesContingencies
50.00500.001177.05633.77344.09
114.42242.6020.00
46.5127.0025.0089.601045.95366.871950.00554.40216.22
N.A.Infinite100100100
505050
15505040201530N.A.N.A.
Total 7423.48
S. No. Main HeadAmount(Rs. Crores)
1.2.3.4.5.
6.
7.
8.
Preliminary expensesLand and right of wayStructural engineering worksPower supply and electrical equipmentsSignaling and telecom equipments (including automatic fare collection and checking system) Rolling stock Total Add general charges, (supervision and direction) @ 8.33% TotalAdd contingencies
Total
50.00500.00
2650.441135.55366.87
1950.006652.86554.40
7207.26216.22
7423.48
Abstract estimate for 7th corridor
MRVCMRVC
Components
Increase in corridors Longer (12 rake) EMUs Station area improvement schemes Removal of level crossings The resettlement and relocation of the
project affected persons and structures all along Central and Western Railway corridors and the Harbour Line
Total cost of the project is 5618.36 crores.
To Kasara
To Karjat/ Khopoli
Kalyan
Diva Jn.
THANE
Kurla
BelapurPanvel
To Karjat
To Roha
Virar
Andheri
Santacruz
DADAR
BANDRA
Mumbai Central
ChurchgateMumbai CST
To Dahanu Rd.
Turbhe
CENTRAL RAILWAY
LOCAL LINETHROUGH LINEHARBOUR LINE OTHER LINES
WESTERN RAILWAY
LOCAL LINETHROUGH LINE5TH LINE
Vasai Rd.
Wadala Rd.
Borivali
Vashi Nerul
Uran
Mumbai Suburban System Map Mumbai Suburban System Map
Benefits
Increase in capacity by about 35%Higher frequency of train services during
peak hoursReduction in journey timeImprovement in the flow of passengers and
vehicles in and selected stations
Rail ProjectRail Project
Cont…Cont…
Non-Rail ProjectsNon-Rail Projects
Reduction in traffic congestion, increase in vehicular speeds and reduction in delays
Increased carrying capacity for bus usersSafe and smooth flow of vehicular and
pedestrian trafficMinimizing delays and accidentsImproved environment through reduction in
air pollution
Comparison between different modes of transport
In terms of land usage railway is 24 times more efficient than road.
Railway transport are 6 times more energy efficient than road transport.
Bus travel is 5 times more costlier than railways.
Road traffic is a major source of air pollution and noise pollution.
Bus takes about 50% more time during peak hours as compared to rail.
S.No Project Category Cost1 5th line between Santacruz and Borivali on W R. Augmentation 161.98
2 Extra pair of lines between Kurla-Thane. Augmentation 368.69
3 Borivali-Bhayandar additional pair of line. Augmentation 180.29
4 Bhayandar-Virar additional pair of line. Augmentation 406.40
5 Optimization of WR including 12 car on through
lineOptimization 564.70
6 Optimization of CR including 12 car on through line Optimization 613.63
7 Optimization of Harbour line. Optimization 292.698 DC AC Conversion 601.00
9 EMU Remanufacture 450.00
10 5th line Kurla-Dadar-CSTM. Augmentation 229.2011 W R 6th line Borivali-Santacruz. Augmentation 209.8312 Western Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 254.00
13 Central Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 250.00
14 East-West Bandra-Kurla link. Augmentation 974.95
5618.35618.3TotalTotal
List of projects and their costs ( in crores of rupees)List of projects and their costs ( in crores of rupees)
MMRDAMMRDA
MTS Alignment “C”
C1 – CST to Mahalaxmi C2 – Mahalaxmi to Bandra C3 – Bandra to Andheri station C4 – Andheri to Charkop village C5 – Andheri station to Ghatkopar C6 – Mulund to Sahar Airport
Alignment “C” is split into following 6 sectionsAlignment “C” is split into following 6 sections
Salient Features
Maximum link flow is 51,000 per direction per hour.
Network length is 57 km.
Elevated section – 45 km
Underground section – 12 km Total cost is Rs 118,885 million.
Andheri-Ghatkopar Alignment Length - 9 kmLength - 9 km
Elevated section - 8.1 kmElevated section - 8.1 km
Underground section – 0.9 kmUnderground section – 0.9 km
Investment cost - Rs. 820 croresInvestment cost - Rs. 820 crores
Operating cost - Rs. 31 croresOperating cost - Rs. 31 crores
Peak hour ridership passengers – 40,000Peak hour ridership passengers – 40,000
Investment cost Rs. Per pass km – 40,091Investment cost Rs. Per pass km – 40,091
Output pass-km per million Rupees – 24.94Output pass-km per million Rupees – 24.94
Economic internal rate of return – 11.14%Economic internal rate of return – 11.14%
Thane is one of the fastest growing cities. The city, spread over an area of 128 sq.km. has a population of 15.5 lakhs.
High travel demand.
Population doubling every decade.
City expected to hit 30 lakhs by 2031.
Development has increased the traffic tremendously.
Need:Need:
An MRTS that is….
• Convenient Convenient
• Comfortable Comfortable
• Fast Fast • Environment friendly Environment friendly
duringduringconstruction and construction and operationoperation
Existing Traffic Scenario Traffic Volumes at entry/ exit to Thane City
– LBS Marg - 31758 PCUs
– Eastern Expressway - 53481 PCUs
Modal Split in Thane
IPT
Car
Bus
2-WCycle
Bus & IPT together cater to about 65% trips
(30.46 %)(33.28 %)
(12.75 %)(8.15 %) (15.36 %)
Rapid industrial development and population growth in Thane has resulted in large scale traffic movements.
Population Growth: 14.5 lakhs in 2001.
Demand for bus transportation is on the rise, but has Limitations due to.
heavy congestion
limited accessibility
This has resulted in increase in personalized & IPT modes, thereby aggravating congestion & pollution levels.
Government of Maharashtra has therefore envisaged the need for efficient, economical, equitable and environmental friendly
Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) for the city.
30m wide circular MRTS corridor proposed through major work and industrial area
Total Route Length - 21 kmElevated - 12.25 kmSurface Level - 8.75 km
Total stations - Eleven (11)On ground - 8Elevated Stations - 3
Estimated Project Cost: Rs 1000 crores
Modern Traffic Management & Surveillance Systems
Environmentally better system
Cross-sectional view of Sky Bus
Salient Features of Sky BusSalient Features of Sky Bus
Maximum traffic carrying capacity: 15000 pphpd
can be upgraded to 30000 pphpd.Dimension of Sky Bus (L*W*H): 8*2.8*2.4 Capacity of Sky Bus: 250 passengerMaximum permissible speed: 100 KmphAcceleration: 1.3 m/sec2 Minimum clearance above road level: 6 meters
Proposed route of Sky Bus
Meeting the demand Reducing the demand East west corridors Worli area Rail connection Colaba area Rail connection Churchgate-CST connection Integration of these systems to meet the total
travel demand
To Summarize…