Date post: | 15-Apr-2017 |
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The Role of Mycotoxin Contamination in Nutrition:
The Aflatoxin StoryAmare Ayalew (PACA), Vivian Hoffmann (IFPRI),
Chibundu N. Ezekiel (PACA), and Jahanna Lindhal (ILRI)
Objectives:• Highlight the linkage between food safety and
nutrition security and economic development• Highlight mycotoxins as a major food safety
challenge• Describe nutrition and health and economic
implications of aflatoxins; the extent of contamination and sources of exposure
• Describe contribution of mycotoxin control to major developmental agenda
• Highlight options for aflatoxin management and outline action areas
Globally accepted definition of food security expressly links nutrition and food safety:
• Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Unfulfilled linkages between food security, nutrition and food safety
• Disproportionate focus on supply, with emphasis on food production and stock availability
• Over the last decade, the necessity to embed nutrition into agriculture is well recognized
• Unsafe, contaminated foods stilll thwart food security and nutrition
Food safety impacts food security and nutrition and development
• Unsafe food is not food – contaminated food could cause disease, immune suppression and stunting
• When contaminated crop is withdrawn from the supply chain the quantum of food is directly impacted
• Food contamination affects access to markets and rural incomes, and thus access to food but also economic well-being
Mycotoxin contamination is a major food safety challenge Mycotoxins are toxic compounds, harmful to human and
animal health, that are produced by some fungi Contamination of food with mycotoxins is a prominent food
safety challenge in tropical regions. In Africa, aflatoxins and fumonisins are the most important
mycotoxins Aflatoxins receive priority attention due to:
• high pre- and postharvest contamination potential• widespread occurrence in diverse foods and animal feeds• extreme toxicological significance to humans and animals, • impacts on food safety, nutrition, public health, and
markets and income
Aflatoxins impact on three sectors (most pervasive food safety challenge in Africa)
Public health
Food and nutrition security
Trade and
economy
Nutrition and Health Implications of Aflatoxins• Acute effects which are often fatal• Chronic effects:
• Liver cancer: • 40% of global liver cancer cases occur in Africa• Aflatoxin contributes to upto 30% of the liver cancer cases
• Immunosuppression aggravating HIV, malaria• Childhood growth faltering (underweight and
stunting and reduced cognitive development):• interfering with absorption and metabolism of vitamins
and minerals, protein malnutrition, gastrointestinal toxicity
Nutrition and Health Implications of Aflatoxins: Exposure Sources• First 1000 Days
• During pregnancy• During breastfeeding• via the introduction of complementary weaning
foods • Throughout the life of an individual:
• Through consumption of contaminated foods• Particularly susceptible foods include maize,
groundnut, sorghum, tree nuts and processed cassava
• Occupational exposure: grain dust
Aflatoxin exposure in 1,000 days of life:
Complementary/weaning foods(450 – 1000 days; AFB1, AFG1 & AFM1)
Trans-placental exposure
(0 – 270 days; AFB1)
Breastmilk(270 – 450 days; AFM1)
Maternal exposure
Nutrition: consumption of aflatoxin contaminated foods
Cow milk and other milk-
based products
Cereal, tubers and nut-based
foods
Premature introduction (360 – 450 days)
Neonataland infant exposure
- Low birth weight- Impaired growth- Cognitive development- Impaired immune function- Impaired GIT function- Stunting
Economic Impacts of Aflatoxins• Loss from mortality and morbidity• Export markets
• aflatoxins need to be managed if the continent is to reclaim a share in global groundnut trade and many other agricultural commodities
• Smallholder market access• Aflatoxin is major part of quality and safety requirements of
premium buyers• Smallholder farmers unable to comply with food safety standards
denied opportunity for income growth• Livestock productivity (no estimates of economic
consequences in livestock subsector in Africa)• impacts on livestock weight gain and productivity; mortality;
contamination of milk, egg and meat• Susceptibility: pigs> turkeys>chicken>cattle
Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Major Food Supply Chains
• East and West African regions as well as North Africa exhibit both the highest rates of contamination and levels of the toxin
• In a wide range of foodstuffs, the most severely contaminated crops are maize and groundnuts
• Other foods, including sorghum, tree nuts, spices and processed cassava, can also be important sources of aflatoxins but contain lower levels or constitute smaller shares of diet; animal source foods especially milk
• Animal feed (concentrates) can be heavily contaminated
On average 40% of commodities in local African markets exceed allowable levels of aflatoxins
in foods
Aflatoxin levels exceeding 1000 ppb are not uncommon.
Aflatoxin M1 in milk in some African countriesLocation Samples Positive >50 ppt >500
pptMax level detected
Reference
Dar es Salaam, TZ
37 92% 24% 855 ppt (Urio et al. 2006)
Nairobi, Kenya
128 100% 63% 2,560 ppt (Kiarie et al. 2016)
Rural Kenya (4 AEZ)
512 40% 10% 0.6% 6,999 ppt (Senerwa et al. 2016)
Libya 49 71% 3,130 ppt (Elgerbi et al. 2004)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
110 100% 92% 26% 4,980 ppt (Gizachew et al. 2016)
Cameroon 63 16% 9.5% 527 ppt (Tchana et al. 2010)
Factors influencing aflatoxin risks in Africa
Aflatoxin challenge in Africa
Conducive climatic
conditions
Complexity – difficulty of targeting
interventions
Heavy reliance on dietary staples
Low awareness levels
Traditional crop
production practices
Weak institutional capacity
Groundnut shelling, Senegal 2015, improvements neededPhoto: PACA
Managing aflatoxins• Need for systemic thinking and integrated
multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder approach• A mix of preharvest and postharvest measures
• Proper agronomic and crop management practices • Competitive biological control using non-aflatoxin
producing strains of A. flavus can reduce toxin levels by 80-90% (Atehnkeng et al. 2014).
• No commercial lines with resistance to address aflatoxin contamination have been marketed (Brown et al., 2013) but need to explore recent advances in plant breeding
• Proper drying to safe moisture levels• Clean and dry storage• Hermetic storage solutions
Managing aflatoxins, cont.• Regulatory measures: enforcing max limits• The developed world applies effective inspection of food
supplies and enforcing maximum limits for aflatoxins • Tradeoffs between food safety and availability cannot be
ignored• Developing legal, alternative non-food uses for
contaminated produce • African countries cannot continue with the status quo of
enforcing regulations only in produce destined for export markets
• Market incentives to drive behavior change play important role in adoption of aflatoxin control strategies across food systems
The Mycotoxin Agenda:Relevance of mycotoxin control to meeting Malabo Declaration Commitments, Agenda 2063, and SDGs• Malabo Declaration Commitments on:
• #3, ending hunger in Africa by 2025 • #4, poverty reduction• #5, tripling intra-African trade in agricultural
commodities and services• #6, enhancing resilience of livelihoods and production
systems to climate variability and related risks• Sustainable Development Goal on ending
poverty and hunger
Role of the Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA)• Working with country
governments, RECs and other stakeholders and driving systemic change in aflatoxin mitigation in Africa
• PACA supports AU member states from evidence generation through development, implementation and progress tracking of comprehensive aflatoxin control action plans
Potential interventions for addressing nutrition and health impacts of mycotoxins
• Thematic area 1: Health - Targeting Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination & other control options; surveillance and biomonitoring;Public health policy on aflatoxin in Africa
• Thematic area 2: Agriculture - Pre-harvest practices, post-harvest interventions;Market demand driven technology adoption;Alternative uses of contaminated crops;Smallholder farmer adoption of practices
• Thematic area 3: Nutrition- Mitigating aflatoxins in food fortification supply chains;dietary diversification;food processing, food quality and safety
Please refer to the key action items and stakeholder roles in Chapter 8 of ATOR 2015.
Conclusions• Aflatoxins, potent carcinogens in human and animals,
mainly get into the biological system via diets• The human health impacts resulting from acute and
chronic aflatoxin exposure adds losses in productive years and cost of illness, contributing to the cycle of poverty which may contribute to further ill-health
• Several interventions are available for reducing the adverse impacts of aflatoxins
• However, the complexity and cost of implementing the available strategies requires effective partnerships
• There is a need to embed aflatoxin control in value chain development efforts involving susceptible commodities
Thank You