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Personal Best Goals
AgendaContextExperiments (incl. 2 quizzes ;) )Goal theories in practice
What’s a ‘goal’?‘An internal representation of desired states.’
(Austin & Vancouver, 1988)
Outcomes, events, processesRange = [Biological set points, complex cognitive depiction]
1990 2002 20062001 20152012year
2011
Locke – Goal-setting (GS) theory
Elliot - Achievement goal orientation
Martin - Personal best (PB) goal
A Timeline
Goal theories prior to PB goals
Pintrich (2000, 2002) - motivation driven goal-setting & Self-regulated learning (SRL)
Schunk (2002) - Goal-setting and self-efficacy
Situated in Organizational psychology. Task performance focused; Emphasize specific & difficult goals.
Situated in PsychologyCompetence focused, Emphasize task-based & self-based goals
Testing PB Goals in Education
1. Specific
2. Challenging
3. Self-referenced
4. Self-improvement based
Testing PB Goals in Education (cont’d)
PB Goal
s
Self-efficacy
Intrinsic motivation
Achievement goal
Flow(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)
Task-specific goals
situation-specific goals
(Elliot & Sheldon, 1997)
Testing PB Goals in Education (cont’d) Sample survey questions on ‘Specific goals’
Testing PB Goals in Education (cont’d)
Adopted from (Martin, 2006), p811.
Testing PB Goals in Education (cont’d)
Martin, A.J., 2006, p814.
First order factors
Higher-order factor
Testing PB Goals in Education (cont’d)
Zone 4 Zone 1
Zone 3 Zone 2
Figure 2, Martin, A.J. 2006, p815
A proposed model & a key message
So what’s PB Goal? (1st quiz)It ‘articulates a target performance standard that matches or exceeds one’s previous best.’ (Liem et al., 2012)
Situated in Organizational psychology. Task performance focused; Emphasized specific & difficult goals.
Situated in psychologyCompetence focused, Emphasized task-based & self-based goals.
Situated in Education psychology,Performance & self-paced progress focused,Emphasized ‘self’
Testing PB goal in Academic & Social FunctioningAcademic: 3 hypothesis
PB Goals -> deep learningPB Goals -> academic flowPB Goals -> academic buoyancy
Social: 2 hypothesis
PB Goals -> student cooperationPB Goals -> teacher relationship
The experiment design
The results
Table 1. descriptive of survey results (Liem et al., 2012), p226
The results (cont’d)
Table 3. (Liem et al., 2012), p226
The results (cont’d)
Figure 2. (Liem et al., 2012), p228
Academic: 3 hypothesis
PB Goals -> deep learningPB Goals -> academic flowPB Goals -> academic buoyancy
Social: 2 hypothesis
PB Goals -> student cooperationPB Goals -> teacher relationship
So what do the results tell us? (2nd quiz)
Further study – mediator: persistence
Further study – mediators: gender, group activity, assessment
Need to couch students how to set a PB goal!
Recent research on PB goals
The role of PB & achievement goals in students’ academic motivation and engagement (Martin & Elliot, 2015)
The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in students' academic achievement gains (Martin & Elliot, 2016)
Elliot’s 3 by 2 achievement goal orientation model
Fig. 1, Elliot, Murayama & Pekrun (2011), p635
Goal theories in practice
Locke’s goal-setting theory
Fig 4 (Locke & Latham, 2002), p714
What would a PB Goal tool look like?
Appendix:
Reference:
Liem, G., Ginns, P., Martin, A.J., Stone, B., & Herett, M. (2012). Personal best goals and academic and social functioning: A longitudinal perspective. Learning and Instruction, 22, 222-230. doi:10.1016/ j.learninstruc.2011.11.003
Martin, A.J. (2006). Personal bests (PBs): A proposed multidimensional model and empirical analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 803-825.
Schunk (1990) Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy During Self-Regulated Learning, Educational Psychologist, 25:1, 71-86, DOI: 10.1207/s15326985ep2501_6
Elliot, A.J., Murayama K., & Pekrun R. (2011) A 3 X 2 Achievement Goal Model, Journal of Educational Psychology, 103 (3), 632–648
Pintrich, P.R. (2000) An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective on Issues in Motivation Terminology, Theory, and Research, Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 92–104. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1017
Martin, A.J. & Elliot, A.J. (2016) The role of personal best (PB) and dichotomous achievement goals in students’ academic motivation and engagement: a longitudinal investigation, Educational Psychology, 36:7, 1285-1302, DOI:10.1080/01443410.2015.1093606
Martin, A.J. and Elliot, A.J. (2015) The role of personal best (PB) goal setting in students' academic achievement gains, Learning and Individual Differences 45 (2016) 222–227
Locke, E. & Latham, G. Goal-setting theory. 1994.
Latham, S. G., & Locke, A. E. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. The American Psychologist.