The High

Middle AgesChapter 14

1000-1500

THE CRUSADES

THE CRUSADES WERE HOLY MISSIONS TO SAVE THE

HOLY LAND FROM THE TURKS

THE TURKISH MUSLIMS WERE CALLED INFIDELS

The Crusades

During the Middle Ages, many Christians went as pilgrims to Jerusalem and other Bible lands.

By November 1095 Pope Urban II preached a sermon calling on faithful Christians to journey to the Holy Land on a crusade against the Turks.

The Turks were driven from much of the Holy Land and a new kingdom of Jerusalem was set up.

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East.

Christian knights wanted to take the Holy Land and give it back to Christians

Crusades

Thousands of knights and “barbarian” soldiers united under Christianity attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to gain the land for Christians.

Reasons for the

CrusadesTo the Christians of Europe, Jerusalem in the Holy Land was a sacred city. The tombof Christ, the Mount of Olives, Golgotha, and all places associated with the life anddeath of Christ were believed to have divine powers of healing and of absolvingpenitents of sin. People from all parts of Europe made pilgrimages to Jerusalem andother holy places.

As long as the Saracens held Jerusalem, there was very little trouble. The Saracenspermitted the pilgrims to come and go. In 1071, however, the Fierce Seljuk Turkscaptured Jerusalem from the Saracens. The Turks at once began to persecute theChristians. Pilgrims on their way to the Holy City were robbed and beaten. Thesacred places of the Roman Catholic church were profaned or destroyed.

When European Christians heard of the persecution, they were outraged. AlexiusCommenus, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, feared that the Turks might seizeConstantinople his capital. They had already defeated and slain his predecessor. Asthe terror of the Turks spread, Alexius Commenus sent a plea for aid to Pope Urban IIat Rome.

The Pope called a council at Clermont, France in 1095. Speaking with ringingeloquence, he urged his audience to undertake a crusade to rescue the Holy Land.No speech in history has ever had greater results. Fired with religious zeal, clergy,knights, and common people shouted, “God wills it!”

Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, given a late Gothic

setting in this illumination from the Livre des Passages

d'Outremer, of c 1490Crusader battle art

Feudal Warfare!!!!

Trebuchets were used to hurl all

sorts of objects at the enemy.

Why was Constantinople so

important geographically?

The Arab world was relatively peaceful and civilized at the time.An Arab gentleman was expected to be a poet and philosopheras well as a warrior. They had correctly calculated the distancefrom earth to the moon. And one Arab had even suggested thatif he could split the atom, it would release enough power todestroy a city the size of Baghdad. Furthermore, Jerusalemitself was a multicultural city. Jews, Moslems and Christians alllived together, but Jews and Christians had to pay an extra taxif they wanted to retain their religion. Christians on pilgrimagesto Jerusalem were freely allowed across to the Holy Places.

When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnagebegan. The town of Lycea was captured and looted. Reportstold of babies cut to pieces. Old people were subjected toevery kind of torture. Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants ofLycea were actually Christians…

Impact of the Crusades

Persecution of Jews and Muslims

Economic development via trade

Kings and popes, gained power as a result.

Crusades

Concept MapWhat is it?

Impact

Definition

Crusades

Crusades Quiz1. What did the Crusades have as their objective?

2. What pope preached the first major crusade?

3. What were the Crusades?

4. What did the Jews and Christians have to do in

order to retain their religion in Jerusalem and

Muslim-held land?

5. Give one of the impacts of the Crusades.

Reign End Ruler

ANJOU / PLANTAGENET

1154 Oct 25 -1189 hemorrhage Henry II "Curtmantle"

1189 Jul 6 -1199 gangrene, wounded at siege of Châlus in the Limousin

Richard I "Lionheart"

1199 Apr 6 -1216 Oct 18 dysentery John "Lackland"

1216 Oct 19 -1272 Henry III

1272 Nov 16 -1307 Jul 7 dysentery Edward I "Longshanks"

1307 Jul 8 - 1327 Jan 20 deposed; murdered Edward II

1327 Jan 25 -1377 Jun stroke Edward III

1377 Jun 21 - 1399 Sep 29 deposed; starved himself imprisoned in Pontefract castle

Richard II

PLANTAGENET - LANCASTER

1399 Sep 29 -1413 Mar seizure Henry IV

1413 Mar 20 -1422 Aug 31 dysentery Henry V

1422 Aug 31 – 1461; 4 Mar 1470 - 11 Apr 1471

deposed; stabbed in the Tower Henry VI

PLANTAGENET - YORK

1461 Mar 4 -14701471-1483 pneumonia? Edward IV

1483 Apr 9 - Jun 25 imprisoned & deposed Edward V

1483 Jun 26 -1485 22 Aug slain at Bosworth Richard III

English

Monarchs

Growth of TownsIt was no coincidence that the 12th and 13th centuries, which saw the founding of morenew towns than any time between the fall of Rome and the Industrial Revolution, alsowitnessed a singular upsurge toward civic autonomy. Throughout western Europe, townsacquired various kinds of municipal institutions loosely grouped under the designationcommune. Broadly speaking, the history of the medieval towns is that of the risingmerchant classes seeking to free their communities from lordly jurisdiction and to securetheir government to themselves. Wherever monarchical power was strong, the merchantshad to be content with a municipal status, but elsewhere they created city-states. Takingadvantage of renewed conflict between popes and emperors, they allied with local nobilityto establish communal self-government in the largest cities of Lombardy, Tuscany, andLiguria. In Germany the city councils sometimes usurped the rights of higher clergy andnobility; Freiburg im Breisgau obtained its exemplary charter of liberties in 1120. Themovement spread to Lübeck and later to associated Hanse towns on the Baltic and Northseas, touching even the Christian “colonial” towns east of the Elbe and Saale rivers to formthe Hanseatic League. In the 13th century the great towns of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres,creditors of the counts of Flanders, virtually governed the entire province. In France,revolutionary uprisings, directed against nobility and clergy, sometimes established freecommunes, but most communities were content with a franchise from their sovereign—despite their limitations compared with the relative liberty of English boroughs after theNorman Conquest. Finally the corporate freedom of the towns brought emancipation toindividuals. When bishops in the older German cities treated newcomers as serfs, theemperor Henry V affirmed the principle Stadtluft macht frei (German: “City air bringsfreedom”) in charters for Speyer and Worms; such new towns, founded on the lands of layand clerical lords, offered freedom and land to settlers who took up residence for morethan “a year and a day.” In France the villes neuves (“new towns”) and bastides (medievalFrench towns laid out on a rectangular grid) likewise conferred rights on servile persons.

GuildsThe medieval guilds were generally one of two types: merchant guilds or craft

guilds. Merchant guilds were associations of all or most of the merchants in a

particular town or city; these men might be local or long-distance traders,

wholesale or retail sellers, and might deal in various categories of goods. Craft

guilds, on the other hand, were occupational associations that usually comprised

all the artisans and craftsmen in a particular branch of industry or commerce.

There were, for instance, guilds of weavers, dyers, and fullers in the wool trade

and of masons and architects in the building trade; and there were guilds of

painters, metalsmiths, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, leatherworkers,

soapmakers, and so on.

Guilds performed a variety of important functions in the local economy. They

established a monopoly of trade in their locality or within a particular branch of

industry or commerce; they set and maintained standards for the quality of goods

and the integrity of trading practices in that industry; they worked to maintain

stable prices for their goods and commodities; and they sought to control town or

city governments in order to further the interests of the guild members and

achieve their economic objectives. Medieval guilds gave rise to the European

universities.

Clothing of the Middle

Ages Most women and men

wore tunics.

Children only wore rags mostly from the adults old clothes and never had shoes to wear.

Monks and old men wore tunics to the ground.

Education in the Middle

AgesThe invading Germanic tribes that moved into the civilized world of the West allbut destroyed ancient culture and provided virtually no formal education for theiryoung. In the early Middle Ages, the elaborate Roman school system haddisappeared. Mankind in 5th century Europe might well have reverted almost tothe level of primitive education had it not been for the medieval Catholic church,which preserved what little Western learning had survived the collapse of theRoman Empire. In the drafty, inhospitable corridors of church schools, the lampof learning continued to burn low, though it flickered badly.

Schools were ungraded—a 6 year old and a 16 year old (or an adult for thatmatter) sometimes sharing the same bench. Medieval education can beunderstood better if one realizes that for thousands of years childhood as it isknown today literally did not exist. No psychological distinction was madebetween child and adult. The medieval school was not really intended forchildren. Rather, it was a kind of vocational school for clerks and clergymen. A 7year old in the Middle Ages became an integral part of the adult world, absorbingadult knowledge, and doing a man’s work as best he could during what todaywould be the middle years of elementary education. It was not until the 18th

century that childhood was recognized; not until the 20th that it began to beunderstood.

A

University

Classroom

in the

Middle

Ages

Technology of the Middle

AgesThe time between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 5th century and the beginning of

the 16th century is often considered to be an isolated or backward period technologically.

Yet nothing was further from the truth. The invention of the horse collar, followed by the

moldboard turning plow in the 11th century, vastly improved agricultural output. The use

of watermills to mill grain aided food production. Windmills became a major energy

source. Clocks, and later watches, made timekeeping possible both day and night.

Lumber mills flourished and then the construction of ships. The discovery of the

magnetic compass, the development of the deep ship’s keel, and improved sail design

opened the world to navigation. Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals, simplifying

the keeping of records. The spinning wheel, brought to Europe, probably from India in

the 13th century, made homespun clothing available to all. The spread of Islam through

much of Europe transmitted many ideas from Asia, including the production and working

of silk, the use of gunpowder, and the making of paper and porcelain.

These advances led to reduced dependence on agricultural and production labor, thus

freeing people for other things such as the building of the great Gothic cathedrals. If any

single technological event marks the end of the Middle Ages, it was the invention of the

movable-type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. This

eventually spread the written word beyond scholars and opened education to the

emerging middle class.

Important Middle Ages

Technologies Water Wheel

Eyeglasses

Mechanical Clock

Printing

Gunpowder

Eyeglasses

Invented in Pisa 13th century

By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles

Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments

Gauges

Micrometers

Fine wheel cutters

Precision tools

Mechanical Clock Undermined Church authority

equal hours for day and night a new concept

Resisted by the church for a century

Every town wanted one

Public clocks installed in towers

Conquerors seized as spoils of war

Allowed individual autonomy

Work now measured by time

increased productivity

Bern, Switzerland

Gunpowder

Europeans improved

gunpowder to siege

castles

Europeans focused on

range and weight of

projectiles: siege

warfare

With improved metal

casting, made world’s

best cannon

St. Gregory with the Scribes Late 9th centuryIvory H 20.5 cm, W 12.5 cm

THE ART OF

ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS

I. In the Beginning: The Lindisfarne Gospels, 698

Illuminated Carpet Page serving as a division

page between Gospels. Named for its Oriental

carpet-like appearance it was made with a

compass and ruler.

Title Page from St. John’s

Gospel. The work is based

on the Vulgate Bible with an

Anglo-Saxon translation of

the Latin text written

between each of the lines.

The art work is based on

inwoven lines to erase all

blank space while also

creating beasts common

during the time period.

Book of Kells, 800

Chi Rho Page The Four Evangelists

Trinity College, Dublin Trinity College, Dublin

"The Work Not of Men but of Angels…" (Giraldus Cambrensis, c.1150 AD)

Elements of an Illuminated Manuscript

Book of Hours for Roman Use (Collins Hours), Nativity, 1430-40, Philadelphia Museum of Art

II. Preparing the Tools and Canvas

A. The Parchmenter

A parchmenter turnsanimal skins into leavesor pages made of vellumor parchment.

The stationer was the man

or woman who owned the

shop where an illuminated

manuscript or book was

ordered.

B. The Stationer or Bookseller--Part 1

Creating the Codex

The first step was to determine the overall size of the book

and then to fold and cut the vellum to form the leaves of the

codex.

The cut sheets were usually arranged in groups of four or

five and folded once to compose a quire or gathering.

A single sheet of paper or vellum folded once forms a folio

volume; folded twice the sheet yields a quarto, and three

times an octavo volume.

As a result each quire might have either eight or ten leaves,

forming sixteen or twenty pages.

A series of gatherings sewn together through the folds in the

sheets made up the codex.

The apothecary was the

person who prepared the

raw materials and other

ingredients used to make

pigments or paint from

plants, stones and

insects. See “Materials of

Medieval Illumination”

C. The Apothecary

The job of a scribe was to

copy exactly the text of an

existing manuscript or an

exemplar.

D. The Scribe

Before copying the text

the scribe used an awl

and a stylus to prick tiny

holes through a stack of

vellum that served asguides for ruling.

Nun's Prayer Book: Historiated Initial D with the Ecstasy of Mary Magdalen, c. 1450. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Today, prickings are not alwaysvisible in a manuscript, for theywere normally located along theouter edges of the pages andwere trimmed off in binding.(Manuscript on the right showsprickings)

Blank sections were also left forpaintings, margins and capitalletters. Red ink was also usedto copy text and red letterscalled rubrics used for titles,initial letters, chapter headings,comments, interpretations, andquotations in the body of thetext and in the margins.

Medieval Scripts

The term "script" is used to

refer to the handwriting in

medieval manuscripts.

There are three major types

of scripts with variations

caused by the script's ductus

or the speed and care with

which the letters were

formed. The types of scripts

are set script, cursive script

and current script.

Bâtarde

A fragment from a Missal, Italian, 11th or 12th century. Library of Philadelphia.

Book of Hours for Rome Use (Collins Hours). Belgium, c. 1445-1450. Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Book of the Castle of Work, France, c. 1430-1440. Library of Philadelphia.

There are also three major fonts used during the Medieval Period:

Carolingian Minuscule

Gothic

A true "illuminated" manuscriptis one with pages "lighted" withgold.

The artist then painted smallpictures, marginalia and capitalletters that announced thebeginning of a new section orparagraph while illustrating the text.

E. The Artist/Illuminator

Historiated initial S with the Holy Spirit, from a missal made for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici. Library of Philadelphia.

Leaf from a Book of Hours, Library of Philadelphia.

Illustrations from Abigail B. Quandt and William G. Noel, "From Calf to Codex," in Leaves of Gold: Manuscript Illumination from the Philadelphia Collections.

The stationer bound the book. He cleaned up the leaves,

assembled them in order, and then gathered the pages into a

codex or folded book. The gatherings were sewn together and

attached to a spine and attached to wood boards covered with

leather and often fitted with clasps or ties.

F. The Stationer or Bookseller -- Part 2

Sewing the quires on a frame.

Sewn text block with sewing and endband cords extending on either side.

Trimming the ends of the cords and pegs on the outside of the boards.

A rare survival of a fifteenth-century binding. The brown

calfskin is stamped with panels of grapevines and animals.

The actual paintings in the clasps are about the size of a

U.S. nickel. The painting in the top clasp shows the Virgin

being entertained by an angel; the bottom shows Veronica

and her miraculous veil.

Library of Philadelphia, MS Widener 3

III. Types of Illuminated Manuscripts

Religious texts, particularly Bibles, account for a largeproportion of manuscript books.

Many of the famous early manuscripts were Gospel books, theGospel accounts of the life of Christ along with canon tableslisting the passages that were the same in each Gospel.Complete Bibles often occupied several volumes.

Bibles intended for public use were often quite large toimpress the members of the congregation; smaller volumeswere made for personal use, or sometimes for traveling clergy.Smaller Bibles were also being produced for student use.

Initially Bibles were written in Latin, but Bibles written in thevernacular gradually came into use.

A. Bibles

The Widener Thirteenth Century BibleKing David and a Fool

By the workshop of the Master of the Echevinage de Rouen, France, c. 1465-75, Library of Philadelphia

The miniature shows afool before King David,who is enthroned andsurrounded by courtiers.This is the standardillustration for Psalm 52,which begins" "The foolsaid in his heart: there isno God."

David (died 962 BCE) issaid to be an ancestorof Jesus. This page isfrom a section of theBible dedicated to thelineage of Jesus.

This inhabited initial waselaborately decoratedbecause it opened the Bookof Exodus in what was oncea large, splendid monasticBible made around 1150.

When an entire page with allits miniatures, marginalia,capitals and calligraphy wasremoved it is referred to as aleaf. A cutting is usually aminiature painting with nocalligraphy. In the case of thiscutting, the miniature paintingis the inhabited initial h.

France, Champagne or Burgundy, c. 1150 Glencairn Museum, Pennsylvania. Cutting: 6-1/8 x 6-1/4 inches

Inhabited initial H to ExodusCutting from a Bible, 1150

This page from the

Moutier-Grandval Bible

c.840 depicts the story of

Adam and Eve in a

series of panels. To

produce a codex this

large would require the

skins of between 200 and

300 sheep. A sheep skin

retails for approximately

$165, meaning that at

today's prices the vellum

for a manuscript this size

would cost between

$32,000 and $50,000.

The Story of Adam and EveC. 840

The British Library

Extending the entire length

of the page, this initial I that

begins the Book of Genesis

has seven compartments

showing the days of

Creation.

Historiated Initial I with the Seven Days of Creation and the Crucifixion, c. 1250–60

Northern France, Swarthmore College Libraries, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania

English Apocalypse, c 1260The Apocalypse or Book ofRevelations recounts St.John's visions, includingthose that tell of the end ofthe world.

B. The Apocalypse

St. John on Patmos withdemon stealing his writinginstruments, 1450Demons often show up withmalicious grins and engagein devious activities.

The British LibraryWashington University Libraries

C. Service Books

A range of books made for use during communal churchservices, containing the various prayers, readings, chants andinstructions for the conduct of the Mass.

1. MissalsA missal is a book thatcontains the texts andmusic to be used inthe Catholic Massthroughout the year.

British Library

The Burnet Psalter

Prayer, Domine

deus omnipotens

pater

The Trinity: Father, tiaraon head supporting thecrucified Son before Himover whose head is aminute dove.Aberdeen University Library

2. PsaltersThe psalter was another form of religious text, containing thetext of the 150 Psalms, a cycle of calendar pages, used forcalculating feast days and commemorating the lives of thesaints, and a collection of canticles and creeds. If created forprivate use they also contained other texts/prayers chosen byperson commissioning the volume.

Scenes from the Life of King David

Gallican Psalter with Canticles, by Nikolaus Bertschi

Germany, Augsburg, c. 1520

This is an opening page from aPsalter containing events fromthe life of David, author of most ofthe 150 psalms. This pagebegins with Psalm 1 and isillustrated with images and rubricsin the margin. Rubrics are usedas titles, chapter headings, orinstructions.

King David playing a musical instrumentinside the historiated initial B.

The Library Company of Philadelphia

3. BreviaryThe Breviary was a prayer book used by the clergy as theprincipal service book for the Divine Office, a series of eightservices that took place at fixed intervals during the day.

Bethune Breviary-Missal

Northeastern France, c 1290-1310

The Bethune Breviary-Missalcontains services for the first halfof the ecclesiastical year (winter-spring). The Missal includes twogold bordered illuminations:•Crucifixion scene with Mary andJohn•Annunciation scene with standingfigures shown here.

Breviarum Romanum, Venice, 1478 by printer Nicolaus Jenson.

Printed on vellum, painted by ‘Petrus V’.

King David Praying in the Waters

King David Enthroned in a LandscapeResurrection SceneCalendar with pen and ink drawings.

4. Book of HoursThe Book of Hours—the main prayer book used in medievalEurope—was divided into eight sections (or "hours") that weremeant to be read at specific times of day to help the readersecure salvation for himself and his departed loved ones.

Philadelphia Museum of Art

The Collins

Hours,

1430-1440

Book of Hours for Rome Use, France, c. 1475-80

Book of Hours for Bourges Use, France, c. 1500

Philadelphia Museum of Art

The Free Library of Philadelphia

Calendar Leaves from the

Hours of Henry VII, c. 1480

Philadelphia Museum of Art

Antiphoner for Clement VII -

Chant & Papal Crown, 1530

19.25" x 25.75"

The Vatican Library Collection

With the introductionof musical notation,musical manuscriptsbegan to be produced.Unbound ancientmanuscripts or choirbooks which preservemusic for those of thehighest stature arecalled antiphoners.Those that preservemusic for the massesare called graduals.Musical manuscriptswere generally largeso a number of peoplecould follow from onebook.

D. Musical Manuscripts

Diurnal Antiphonary

Italy, Milan, early 1500s

Library of Philadelphia

Historiated Initial M with Christ and the ApostlesBiblia Pauperum, Germany c. 1435

Library of Philadelphia

A bestiary is a collection of short descriptions,

often written in the vernacular about all sorts of

animals, real and imaginary, birds and even

rocks, accompanied by a moralizing explanation.

Although it deals with the natural world it was

never meant to be a scientific text and should

not be read as such. Some observations may be

quite accurate but they are given the same

weight as totally fabulous accounts. The Bestiary

appeared in its present form in England in the

twelfth century, as a compilation of many earlier

sources, principally the Physiologus.

E. Bestiary

Adam Names the Animals The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542

The Creation of the Animals The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542

University Library, University of Aberdeen University Library, University of Aberdeen

The Hyena

The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542The Beaver. The Ibis

The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542

University Library, University of Aberdeen University Library, University of Aberdeen

Translations of a variety of ancient texts, such as those byAristotle, Plutarch and Virgil were produced in manuscript form aswere a variety of different histories and chronicles whichdescribed recent as well as past events.

From the twelfth century, textbooks on the topics of theology, law,medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, logic and grammar were morewidely available. These were produced in all sizes and to suit arange of budgets.

In the later medieval period increased levels of literacy meant thatthere was a demand for contemporary literature, often written inthe vernacular. The writings of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio andChaucer were produced in manuscript form, often withaccompanying illuminations.

Herbals were books that dealt with culinary and medicinalproperties of plants.

F. Histories, Chronicles, Ancient Texts, Romances, Literature and Herbals

The Death of King Harold, c. 1280-1300

An Opening from an English Manuscript on Medical and Herbal Lore, late 12th Century.

The British Library The British Library

Fall of Princes by John Lydgate

England, c. 1465–75

Les regnars traversant les perilleuses voyes des folles fiances du monde by Jean Bouchet, Ghent, c. 1505–10

Rosenbach Museum & Library, Philadelphia Rosenbach Museum & Library, Philadelphia

St. Augustine's The City of God:

The Building and Destruction of Troy,

13th Century

The Author Joins Other Laborers in the Castle of Work, La Voie de Povreté ou de Richesse (Le Livre du Chastel de Labour)by Jacques Bruyant, France, c. 1430-40

Museum of Philadelphia Free Library of Philadelphia

Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry Anatomical Man

An Indulgence

Beinecke Library, Yale University

Now it is your turn to create

your own illuminated

manuscript. You have seen

many examples and we can

review them as needed.

You will need:

-A sheet of paper

-Colored pencils or crayons

Europe in Late Medieval Times

1309 Babylonian Captivity- all popes are French and rule from Avignon, rather

than Rome. Papacy returns to Rome in 1377.

1337 Hundred Years’ War breaks out when Edward III of England claims French

throne. England and France fight for more than a century.

1348 Black Death strikes Europe, killing about 20 million people.

1378 Great Schism– Romans insist on election of Italian Pope. Cardinals, most of

them French, leave Rome and elect second Pope at Avignon. In 1417, both

sides agree on new Pope who would rule from Rome.

1381 English peasants revolt against new taxes. Similar uprisings take place

among urban poor in France and Flanders.

1429 Joan d’Arc leads French army to victory against the English at Orléans. The

next year she is condemned by the Catholic church and burned at the stake.

1453 Hundred Years’ War ends. English lose all their lands in France, except port

city of Calais.

1455 Wars of the Roses– two rival branches of English royal family battle for the

English throne.

1485 Henry VII becomes king, establishing Tudor dynasty and ending wars of the

Roses.

Wars of the

Roses

A quarrel between the families of York and Lancaster over the right to occupythe English throne brought on a series of cruel civil wars in England in theyears 1455 to 1485. The emblem of the Yorkists was a white rose and that ofthe Lancastrians a red rose. Because of this the wars were called the Wars ofthe Roses.

The Wars of the Roses broke the feudal power of the nobles and effectivelymarked the end of the Middles Ages in England. Many of the ruling nobleshad been slain during the wars, and their estates were confiscated by theCrown.

Lawlessness had torn England since the beginning of the Hundred Years’War. It grew worse during the Wars of the Roses. Not enough able leadersremained to maintain law and order. It was said that “few would venture alonein the country by day and fewer still in to the towns by night.” The peoplelonged for a strong government that would bring peace and prosperity. HenryVII seized the opportunity to reestablish the royal power and launch policiesthat marked the beginning of modern England.

MEDIEVAL TOWNS WERE SMALL, QUAINT, & SMELLED BADLY.

THEY WERE CROWDED, LOTS OF GARBAGE, AND RATS CARRYING FLEAS WITH BUBONIC PLAGUE.

STREETS WERE NARROW, DARK, AND SCARY!!! THE BELLRINGER WOULD CRY OUT, “BRING OUT THE DEAD!”

Rothenberg, BRD

Coffins were rare, most were buried in mass graves!

Health and hygiene was a great improvement due to

the Purity Laws enacted, especially by Germany.

Summary

The Crusades influenced Europe inmany ways- technology, architecture,warfare, and sciences.

Towns became the focal point for life,culture, and trade.

Despite the notion that the Middle Ageswere a dark period, lots of technologywas invented during this time.

Summary

Illuminated manuscripts were one of themethods of art and communication.

Architecture shifted from Romanesqueto Gothic .

The Wars of the Roses effectuallyended the Middle Ages in England.

Sanitation was a large problem in thegrowing cities.

City life and

Growth of

towns Guilds

What type of

economy? How do

people make a

living?

Technology

Examples

and what did

it affect?

Education

Level, grades,

development.

City Life and Establishments, Guilds,

Education, and Technology Quiz1. What were the merchants seeking to do with the cities during

their growth?

2. What were the two types of guilds?

3. What did guilds give rise to?

4. Who were medieval schools geared for?

5. What invention marked the end of the Middle Ages?

6. Name one type of illuminated manuscripts?

7. What was the importance of the Wars of the Roses?

8. What was the impact of the Black Death?