Presentazione standard di PowerPoint - units.it Morea Energy Efficiency and... · 14th September...

14th September 2017

Energy Efficiency what it is, why it matters and how to increase it

FABIO MOREA – Innovation and Complexity office

Defining “efficiency” in

physics, engineering, economics...

An engineer's perspective on energy efficiency - Lecture @ Summer School on Energy - 2017 - Fabio Morea -

3

Efficiency

‣Efficiency describes

the extent to which a resource

is well used for the intended purpose,

with a minimum amount of losses.

examples of resources:

raw material, energy, time, effort...

examples of losses: scrap, wasted heat,

unnecessary effort ...


4

Energy Efficiency

‣The term “Energy Efficiency” describes

the ratio between the benefits gained

and the energy used.

‣It is interpreted differently in various disciplines

‣physics

‣engineering

‣environmental policy...


5

Energy Efficiency in physics

Stsyem

input

losses

output

input

output Efficiency =

‣Output is the “intended purposte”

against which efficiency is measured.


6

Energy Efficiency in physics

Stsyem

energy input

losses

intended output or service

input

output Efficiency =

Efficiency is the ratio of

omogeneous variables

‣energy / energy

‣power / power


7

Energy Efficiency in engineering

Stsyem

energy input

losses


input output

Efficiency =

‣ time dependent output

‣ variable loads

‣ scenarios

‣peak vs average

efficiencyRedefine efficiencly

as “Reduce Losses”

‣ subsystems

‣KPI key performance

indicators


8


‣subsystems are a

key concept to exploit

the potential of

energy efficiency

SUB-Stsyem

energy input

losses


SUB-Stsyem losses


9


‣subsystem may

include items such as

final user behaviour,

automatic control

strategies, different

energy conversion

stages, energy

storage....

control

distribution

conversion

input

losses

output

behaviour

losses

losses

losses


10

efficiency can be

defined for each

subsystem

a KPI can defined for

the whole system,

with any kind of

variable. Examples:

[kWh / kg raw material]

[kWh / bottle]

control

distribution

conversion

input

losses

output

behaviour

losses

losses

losses


11


system control (incl. MANUAL control)

may be critical

users may not behave

as “rational individuals

maximizing their

benefits”

e.g. rebound effect

e.g. advertising

control

distribution

conversion

input

losses

output

behaviour

losses

losses

losses


12

Energy Conservation

Stsyem

input

losses

output

Energy Conservation

(or Energy Saving)

refers to reducing the energy

consumption regardless of the

effects on output

(just turn off the machine!)

cost


13

Saving on energy bills

Stsyem

input

losses

output

Energy efficiency can help

reduce the cost of energy bills

but

the cost of energy bills can be

reduced also by cutting the

unit price of fuel or electricity

cost if the energy is free, efficiency

may not be a relevant issue -

e.g. natural ventilation


14

Energy Efficiency in envoronmental policy

Stsyem

input

losses

output

Energy efficiency can help

reduce CO2 emissions

but

CO2 emissions can be

reduced also by using

cleaner fuels and

renewable energy sources

fossil fuel

CO2


15

Energy End-Use Efficiency

Energy

End-Use

control

conversion

conversion / distribution losses

output

behaviour

losses

losses

losses

final energy

primary energy

Energy

Supply

are there any business or job

opportunities ?

is it as simple as it seems?

Most of the existing

energy-intensive services

were constructed under

very limited - if any -

efficincy criteria.

They provide a huge,

largely untapped,

potential for

cost-effective energy

saving.

Owners are often not

aware of such potential,

while energy bills are

considered a

fixed cost.

An engineer's perspective on energy efficiency - Lecture @ Summer School on Energy - June 2015 - Fabio Morea -

18 9 18

Technology & infrastructure


19

Long term vision & policy

‣Energy efficiency is key in

all future energy scenarios

‣ over 50% of expected

impact is due to End-

Use energy efficeincy 19

IEA Clean Energy

Progress Report 2011


20

Energy Efficiency & Climate

‣ The Covenant of Mayors an European

movement involving local authorities,

committing to increasing energy efficiency

and use of renewable energy sources on

their territories,to meet and exceed the

European Union 20% CO2 reduction

objective by 2020.

‣ A Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP)

is the key document in which the Covenant

signatory outlines how it intends to reach

its CO2 reduction target by 2020. It defines

the activities and measures set up to

achieve the targets, together with time

frames and assigned responsibilities.

‣Energy Efficiency is a key strategy to

reduce CO2 emissions at local and

global level

http://www.pattodeisindaci.eu/+-Sustainable-Energy-Action-Plan,32-+.html

http://www.pattodeisindaci.eu/+-SEAP-+.html

http://www.pattodeisindaci.eu/+-Signatory-+.html

21

Energy Efficiency & Climate


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Efficiency and RES

‣Energy End Use Efficiency reduces the

demand of energy,

thus reducing the need for supply and

increase the share of renewables

check this TED Talk!


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Efficiency and RES

‣Energy End Use Efficiency reduces the

demand of energy,

thus reducing the need for supply and

increase the share of renewables

36% RES


24

relevance of sectors

total energy demand (2014) = 291.000 GWh/year

Families =

23%

Street

lighting = 2%


25

Key factors in EE projects

‣Awareness ‣ Is there enough data on energy consumption & energy losses ?

‣ Are decision makers informed nformed on cost, technology, risks, pakback ?

‣Behaviour ‣ How does efficiency depend on people’s behaviour, habits, perceptions ?

‣Long term vision ‣ Are you ready to invest on large, old infrastructure ?

‣ Do you have enough money ?

an engineering approach to

increase

energy end-use efficiency


27

How to increase energy efficiency

‣engineering project approach:

provide a viable solution

within given constraints

time, budget, resources,

regulations, behavoiur,

actual and percieved risks ...


28

How to increase energy efficiency

SUB-Stsyem

input

losses

output = serivce

SUB-Stsyem losses

4 case studies - light


30

Energy efficiency in lighting

light bulb

electricity

losses

light

switch losses


31


‣define service


32


light bulb

electricity

losses

light

switch losses


33


light bulb

electricity

losses

light

switch losses


34

Light in a sport facility


35


‣Re-define service


36


dimmering

reflection

light bulb

electricity

losses

output

on/off timer

losses

losses

losses


37

Light in a sport facility

losses: light is not

required!

actual

required

not enough light!

4 case studies

- light

- buildings

The occupiers do. And they need energy for heating,

as well as air conditioning,

plug-in applicances, light, communication, ventilation, security, mobility...

Buildings do not need

any energy.


40

Untapped Potential

‣ Buildings account for 40% of EU final energy demand and 36%

of greenhouse gas emissions. The vast majority of existing

buildings were constructed when energy building regulations

were very limited - if any,

‣ they provide a huge, largely untapped, potential for cost-

effective energy saving.

‣Most buildings existing today will still be standing in 30 years'

time; the rate of new construction remaining generally low.

‣ building renovation using energy efficiency criteria is a

key challenge to meet energy efficeincy and

environmental targets.


41

energy in buildings

‣ building design for efficiency is a common topic for students,

while actual energy use in existing -or ancient- buildings is the

key factor for owners and managers.

‣ Energy use is due to several factors,

‣ technical

e.g. insulation, solar shading,

‣ individual

e.g. sensitivity to indoor air quality,

clothing, activity


43

Thermal Insulation

termografia di un edificio

pubblico.

Le macchie rosse indicano la

presenza di impianti di

riscaldamento senza isolamento

termico.

Isolare l’edificio e gli impianti

comporta costi iniziali elevati ma

produce risparmi

molto significativi a lungo

termine.

‣ improve

thermal

insulation in

buildings


44

Automatic control - temperature

Nest knows you. By now, the Nest Thermostat has made a

schedule for your home that’s helping

you save energy. Change the

temperature a few days in a row and

Nest will catch on, but one-off

adjustments won’t confuse it.

Want to refine your schedule? You can

edit it in seconds on the Nest Thermostat

or remotely using your Nest Account.


Impact of EU policy on EE

‣Nearly-Zero-Energy-Building” (NZEB) has a very

high energy performance, therefore requires a

very low (“nearly zero”) amount of energy

produced on-site by renewable sources

An engineer's perspective on energy efficiency - Lecture Master in Complex Actions - 27 March 2014 - Fabio Morea -

46


50

Learn from Nature


51

Learn from Nature

Seasonal Energy Storage


52

Learn from Nature


53

Learn from Nature

‣ heat pumps may be the right choice for may applications...

Do

NOT

use

fire!

4 case studies - light

- buildings

- industry

• industrial oven

• vacuum pumps

• motors / insulation

Example of industrial energy audit

• Analisi del bilancio energetico aziendale

• 350 000 Kg /year

• 774 toe 2,2GWh electricity + 2,1GWh heat

• Cost 4% turnover 350.000€ + 90.000€



• Analisi dati di

consumo e curve

orarie

Key findings: •No energy management system •Data available: only energy bills •High electricity loads

during night and

weekend



• Actions: – High efficiency pumps

– Steam generator

– CHP

– Compressed Air efficiency

– heat recovery

• Actual Impact: – Energy saving : 165 toe

– Cost saving 90.000 €/year

– Emissions: 317 tCO2


63

Motors & inverters

‣ labelling schemes

for electric motors

‣ inverters

variable speed drives

motor

control

electricity

output

transmission

losses

losses

losses


64

Compressed air

‣ Air is for free,

compressed air is not!

‣ up to 15% of electricity

consumption

‣ high potential for saving

with inverter drives

‣ heat recovery

‣ low cost: reduce pressure

and repair leakages

compressor

pressure set

control

electricity

losses

output

distribution

losses

losses

losses


65

Knowledge is (Less) Power

Energy Audit EN 16247 ISO 50001

4 case studies

- buildings

- industry

- light

- veichles


67

Un-Sustainable Mobility

‣ local and global emissions

‣ Non-technical factors are key

‣energy use

for transport

> 30%

Don’t touch

my car!

Mobility = freedom


68

Avoid-Shift-Improve approach


69

Energy efficiencly in transport

veichle

traffic

driver

fue

l

outpu

t

losse

s

losse

s

losse

s

Redefine the service:

reduce or avoid travelling

develop or choose more

efficient veichles

urban planning

users behaviour

use cleaner fuels


71

Electrich Veichles

‣ 0,15 kwh/km 0,05 €/km

‣ battery capacity: 10 to 60 kWh

‣ Typical household electricity consumption: 5 -10 kWh/day

‣ Battery charging may have a role in demand management

‣What happened if all veichles

run on electricity?


72

Electrich Veichles & the grid +28%

total energy demand (2014) = 291.000 GWh/year

estimated energy demand e-veichles = 81.000 GWh/year


73

Electrich Veichles & the grid

+28% flat


74


+28% PEAK!


75


75

+28% smart!


76

Electrich Veichles & the grid ‣ smart management of electric

veichles allows a higher share of

RES!

70% RES

Conclusions


78


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increasing Energy Efficiency is...

‣...the largest, least expansive source of energy

‣...largely untapped, neglected, available

‣...open to a variety of solutions: innovative

products and services, retrofit, renovation,

upgrade, behavioural change, control strategies,

software, electronics, nanothecnology....

‣...a great opportunity to engage in a research

project, get involved in a communication

campaign, work as an energy manager or start

your own innovative business.

Padriciano, 99 34149 Trieste - Italy

Tel. +39 040 3755111

www.areasciencepark.it

THANK YOU!

http://www.areasciencepark.it

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