Presented by Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas, and Joel Schreiber

Presented by Presented by

Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas, Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas,

and Joel Schreiber and Joel Schreiber

Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? (2004). Why be nice?

Psychological constraints on Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. the evolution of cooperation. Cognitive Science, 8,Cognitive Science, 8, 60-65. 60-65.

Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Cognition the evolution of cooperation. Cognitive Science, 8, 60-65.ve Science, 8, 60-65.

VideoVideo

Altruism in Action!! Altruism in Action!!


IntroductionIntroduction

Cooperation: joint action for a mutual Cooperation: joint action for a mutual benefit benefit

What are some reasons that humans What are some reasons that humans tend to cooperate with each other?tend to cooperate with each other?

Selfish cooperation (mutualism): Selfish cooperation (mutualism): immediate benefits from the cooperationimmediate benefits from the cooperation


Introduction continued…Introduction continued…

Altruistic interaction has to be costly for Altruistic interaction has to be costly for the cooperator and beneficial to the the cooperator and beneficial to the recipient recipient

Pure altruistic behavior might not seem Pure altruistic behavior might not seem selfish at first but is beneficial in the selfish at first but is beneficial in the long run. long run.


Continued…Continued…

Reciprocal altruism: Reciprocal altruism: the exchange ofdonor and recipient roles in repeated altruistic interactionsThree prerequisites to reciprocity: a large benefit to the recipient and a small

cost to the donor a repeated opportunity for cooperative

interactions to occur and the ability to detect cheaters


Detection and Punishment of Detection and Punishment of CheatersCheaters


Continued…Continued…

In addition to the previous three there are In addition to the previous three there are other variables to reciprocity: time other variables to reciprocity: time estimation, delayed gratification, detection estimation, delayed gratification, detection and punishment of cheaters, analysis and and punishment of cheaters, analysis and recall of reputationrecall of reputation

These facets tend to use higher mental These facets tend to use higher mental capabilities capabilities


Reciprocal altruism: Reciprocal altruism: theoretical and empirical evidence theoretical and empirical evidence

Axelrod and Hamilton Axelrod and Hamilton Prisoner’s Dilemma: stable Prisoner’s Dilemma: stable cooperation emerges from cooperation emerges from the continuous interactions the continuous interactions between the players and between the players and that the first move of that the first move of cooperation is then cooperation is then mimicked by the other mimicked by the other players from there on out in players from there on out in an altruistic circle an altruistic circle This theory extends to non-This theory extends to non-kin interactions in kin interactions in understanding why altruism understanding why altruism might occurmight occur


Reciprocal altruism continued…Reciprocal altruism continued…

Following experiments test this theory of Following experiments test this theory of reciprocity between non-kinreciprocity between non-kinStephens and colleagues were they put Stephens and colleagues were they put blue jays into Prisoner’s Dilemma blue jays into Prisoner’s Dilemma scenarios where pairs of birds had to peck scenarios where pairs of birds had to peck certain keys to receive the rewards certain keys to receive the rewards Hauser and colleagues used tamarin Hauser and colleagues used tamarin moneys to pull a tool to give food to non-moneys to pull a tool to give food to non-kin without getting any food themselves kin without getting any food themselves


Cognitive constraints on cooperation

Temporal Discounting: defined as a preference Temporal Discounting: defined as a preference for smaller immediate rewards instead of bigger for smaller immediate rewards instead of bigger rewards that are delayed rewards that are delayed

Numerical Discrimination: a number sense Numerical Discrimination: a number sense mechanism which consists of two parts. One is mechanism which consists of two parts. One is for numbers that are four or less and the second for numbers that are four or less and the second is for estimating big numbers. is for estimating big numbers.

Learning/Memory: Pavlov, Memory decay and Learning/Memory: Pavlov, Memory decay and delay between altruistic acts delay between altruistic acts


ConclusionConclusion

Reciprocal altruism among non-kin is rare if not absent among animals compared to humans where it is prominent

Further studies involving neurobiology can examine the cognitive module that humans use in reciprocity


Critical ReviewCritical Review

Interesting and informative:Interesting and informative: Little evidence of non-human animals Little evidence of non-human animals

reciprocatingreciprocating Blue Jays in experimental situations Blue Jays in experimental situations

compared to in the wildcompared to in the wild Prisoner’s DilemnaPrisoner’s Dilemna


Critical Review continued…Critical Review continued…

Weak and Unclear cases:Weak and Unclear cases: Vague description of the tool used for the Vague description of the tool used for the

Tamarin Monkeys experimentTamarin Monkeys experiment Few examples of experiments involving Few examples of experiments involving

animals; external validityanimals; external validity Conclusion did not seem sufficient to the Conclusion did not seem sufficient to the

articlearticle


Test QuestionsTest Questions

1.1. What is selfish cooperation?What is selfish cooperation?

a)a) Helping another and receiving benefitsHelping another and receiving benefits

b)b) Immediate benefits from the cooperationImmediate benefits from the cooperation

c)c) Helping another and not receiving benefitsHelping another and not receiving benefits

2.2. What are some reasons that humans tend to cooperate with each What are some reasons that humans tend to cooperate with each other?other?

a)a) ForagingForaging

b)b) BathingBathing

c)c) LearningLearning

3.3. How many parts are there for number discrimination for animals?How many parts are there for number discrimination for animals?

a)a) 11

b)b) 22

c)c) 55


Test QuestionsTest Questions

1.1. Are there only three prerequisites to Are there only three prerequisites to reciprocity? T/Freciprocity? T/F

2.2. Humans, rats, and squirrels are the only Humans, rats, and squirrels are the only entities that have been studied for entities that have been studied for temporal discounting? T/Ftemporal discounting? T/F

3.3. Research found that it is rare to find non-Research found that it is rare to find non-kin reciprocity among animals? T/Fkin reciprocity among animals? T/F

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Presented by Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas, and Joel Schreiber

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