United Nations United Nations Economic Commission for AfricaEconomic Commission for Africa

Presented by: Souleymane Abdallah Economic Affairs Officer,

UNECA

Introducing the Sectoral Introducing the Sectoral African Gender and African Gender and Development index Development index

(AGDI) on Agriculture(AGDI) on Agriculture20th SESSION OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURE

STATISTICS

10-13 December 2007, Hilton Hotel, Algiers

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Presentation’s OutlineWhat is the AGDI?

What is the GSI?GSI architectureWhy AGDI on agricultural sectorSocial blockEconomic blockPolitical blocComputation of the GSICountry example

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What Is the What Is the AGDI?AGDI?

The African Gender and Development index is a composite index that combines both quantitative and qualitative indicators through its two parts :

The Gender Status Index (GSI) captures quantitatively measurable issues related to gender equality

The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) measures government policy performance regarding women’s advancement and empowerment

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What Is the GSI?What Is the GSI?The Gender Status Index is the quantitative

part of the African Gender and Development Index;

GSI covers aspects of gender relations that can be measured and provides a quantitative assessment of gender equality;

The GSI is based on three blocks: social power ‘capabilities’, economic power ‘opportunities’ and political power ‘agency’.

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GSI Architecture

GSI Economic Power Block

Political Power Block

Social Power Block

Education

Health

Income

Time-Use or Employment

Access to resources

Public sector

Civil Society

Enrolment

Drop out

Literacy Secondary Dropout

Primary Dropout

Management

Means of production

Ownership of plots or land

Access to credit

Freedom to dispose own income

…..

…..

…..

…..

Blocks (3)

Components (7)

Sub-Components (12)

Indicators (42)

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Why AGDI on agricultural sector?

Women constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce

Gender statistics in the agricultural sector are critical to understanding the multidimensional aspects of feminized poverty

African economies rely heavily on agriculture

ECA repositioning AFCAS 2005 recommendation

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Social BlockComponent Subcomponent

Education Education

Health

Child health

HIV/AIDS burden of household

Health status of agricultural workers

Social welfare Social welfare services

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Social Block (Cont’d)Subcomponent Agriculture indicators Source of DataEducation Basic literacy National Demographic Household Surveys

Completion of primary school

Completion of secondary school

Access to tertiary agriculture education/training

Child health Rural child health status National Demographic Household Surveys

- Mortality  

- Stunting National health statistics bureau

- Underweight  

HIV/AIDS burden of household

Number of PLWA Ministries of Health

Health status of agricultural workers

Total man days of illness of HH Demographic & Health survey

Total man days of illness of sub holders

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Social Block (Cont’d)Subcomponent Agriculture indicators Source of Data

Social welfare services

Types of housing: Household surveys

-Permanent  

-Non-Permanent  

Access to potable water by HH  

Access to modern source of energy  

Ownership of wealth assets (example bicycles and radios)

 

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Economic BlockComponent Sub component

Gender Profile of Agricultural Households Demographic characteristics

Employment

Employment status

Division of labour

Time Use

Access & control over resources

Means of production

Access to Services

Access to water for agricultural purposes

Access to information

Income

Wages

Income from agriculture

Disposal of output

Expenditure Disposal of income

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Economic Block (Cont’d)

Sub component Indicators Sources of Data

Demographic characteristics

Agricultural population Agricultural census and surveys

Head of Household

household dependency ratio of household

Main activity of household head

Secondary activity household head

HH with disabilities

Sub Holders with disabilities

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Economic Block (Cont’d)

Employment

Employment status

Employer Agricultural census and/or surveysEmployee

-casual

-permanent

-seasonal

Own account

Unpaid family Worker

Division of labour Agricultural-related Agricultural census and/or surveys -On farm tasks

  -Post harvest tasks

  Non-agricultural –related Agricultural census and/or surveys

  Time spent on productive activities Time-Use surveys

  -agricultural

Time Use - non-agricultural

  Time spent on reproductive activities (domestic, care, and community activities)

Time-Use surveys

  Time spent on leisure

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Economic Block (Cont’d)

Access & control

over resources

Means of production

Average area of land owned Agricultural census and/or surveysSecurity of tenure (ownership and user rights)

Livestock owned (number by type_ Agricultural census and/or surveysOwnership of productive assets (example, animals and

tools)

Access to Services

Beneficiaries of agricultural credits Ministry of Finance, Central BanksVolume of credit

Access to extension services Agricultural census and/or surveysAccess to agricultural training

Sex of extension service provider

Access to water for agricultural purposes

Access to water or irrigation Ministry of Agriculture / Civil ServiceDistance to water sources

Access to information Access to market information

Chamber of Agriculture

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Economic Block (Cont’d)

Income

Wages

Average Wages for agricultural production Agricultural census and/or surveys

Average Wage for agro-processing Agricultural census and/or surveys

Income from agriculture

Value of agricultural outputs Agricultural census and/or surveys

Income from agro processing

Income from land leasing Agricultural census and/or surveys

Disposal of output

Sale of agricultural output Agricultural census and/or surveys

Consumption of agricultural output Agricultural census and/or surveys

Expenditure Disposal of income

Agricultural related expenditures Household data

Expenditure on household welfare

Food-related expenditure

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Political BlockComponent Subcomponent

Access to decision making Household

Public sector

Participation Civil society

Private sector

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Political Block (Cont’d)Component Sub-

component Indicators Source of Data

Access toDecision making

Household Membership of farmers organisations of HH Agricultural surveys

Membership of farmers organisations of sub holders

Decision making in production activities of HH

Decision making on returns (utilization of output or income) of HH

Public sector Representation in Agricultural decision making:  

-Directors  

-Committees of Parliament Records of Stateand local BudgetOffices

-Judiciary

Representation in Budget Committees:  

-Agricultural Institutions  

-Finance Departments  

Representation in management of Agricultural institutions (Class A programme managers)

 

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Political Block (Cont’d)Component Sub-

component  Source of Data

Participation Civil society Managers of farmers associations Records of active local CSOs

Managers of agriculture related NGOS Records of Trade associations

Managers of Community Development Associations. Register of agribusinesses

Managers of agricultural Co-operative societies Register of farmer cooperatives

Private sector Managers of agribusiness organisations  

Managers of private financial institutions

Managers of agriculture input services

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Computation of the GSIGuiding principles:Each basic indicator has the same

weight in each sub-component;Each sub-component has the

same weight in each component;Each component of the GSI has

the same weight in each block;Finally, each block has the same

weight in the GSI.

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Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)

For each variable, the indicator of gender equality is calculated the same way:Comparison (ratio) of female achievement to male achievement. The closer the indicator is to 1, the better the performance on gender equality is in the country:

Example: Primary enrolment rate for girls: 65%

Primary enrolment rate for boys: 80%Enrolment rate indicator: 65/80 = 0.8125

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Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)

The value for each sub-component, component and block is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of respectively the indicators, sub-components and components.

The GSI is then compiled as the mean of the three blocks to give the overall gender profile of the country.

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Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)

Exceptions (Reverse indicators): Some indicators do not follow the rule:

These are reverse indicators such as stunting, underweight, mortality and time-use (domestic, care and volunteer activities): Here we measure male achievement versus female achievement.

If an indicator is missing, the other indicators of the sub-component are re-weighted, to take account of the actual number of available indicators.

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Country Example

Block Component Sub-component Indicator

Data

Women Men Indicator

Social power

‘Capabilities’

Education

Enrolment

Primary enrolment rate 49.7 50.3 0.988

Secondary enrolment rate 46.2 53.8 0.858

Tertiary enrolment rate 27 73 0.370

DropoutPrimary dropout ratio 29.9 23.1 0.773

Secondary dropout ratio 15.9 19.9 1.252

LiteracyAbility to read and write 45.7 54.3 0.842

Primary school completed 46.9 53.1 0.883

Health

Child health

Stunting under 3 27.0% 32.8% 1.215

Underweight under 3 21.6% 22.6% 1.046

Mortality under 5 108 per 1000

111 per 1000 1.028

Life expectancy at birth 59.8 57.9 1.033

New HIV infection 6,223 4,253 0.683

Time spent out of work - - -

Economic power‘Opportunities’

Income

Wages

Wages in agriculture 64,008 100,464 0.637

Wages in civil service 191,234 352,596 0.542

Wages in formal sector 148,052 236,526 0.626

Wages in informal sector 130,049 157,883 0.824

Income

Income from informal enterprise 274,429 169,491 0.618

Income from small agricultural household enterprise 95,937 164,658 0.583

Income from remittances and inter-household transfers 381,512 136,388 2.797

Time-use or employment

Time-use

Time spent in market economic activities (as paid employee, own-account or

employer)

35.8 hrs per week

41.0 hrs per week

0.873 (hours per week)

Time spent in non market economic activities or as unpaid family worker in

market economic activities

30.5 hours per week

38.9 hrs per week

0.784 hours per week

Time spent in domestic, care and volunteer activities

49.0 hours per week

29.26 hours per week

0.597hours per week

EmploymentOr: Share of paid employees, own-

account workers and employers in total employment

4,483,021 4,556,297 0.984

Access to resources

Means of production

Ownership of rural/urban plots/houses or land 6,155,624 5,978,277 1.030

Access to credit 23,688 49,978 0.474

Freedom to dispose of own income 73% 100 0.730

Management

Employers 3,809,892 3,900,465 0.977

High civil servants (class A) 44 400 0.110

Members of professional syndicates 985 7714 0.128

Administrative, scientific and technical 275,491 424,038 0.650

Political power

‘Agency’

Public sector_____________

Civil society

Members of parliament 18 102 0.176

Cabinet ministers 2 19 0.105

Higher courts judges 18 87 0.207

Members of local councils

996 5429

0.184

Higher positions in civil service (including government institutions,

regional governors and ambassadors)140 951 0.147

Senior position

s in

Political parties 8 60 0.133

Trade unions 25 180 0.139

Employers’ associations 11 42 0.262

Professional syndicates 5 33 0.152

Heads or managers of NGOs 147 444 0.331

Heads of community-based associations or unions 147 444 0.331

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