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presented to presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by presented by Don Vary Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road User Costs
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Page 1: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

presented topresented to

Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users GroupSoutheast Florida FSUTMS Users Group

presented bypresented by

Don VaryDon VaryCambridge Systematics, Inc.Cambridge Systematics, Inc.

November 2, 2007November 2, 2007

Assessment of Southeast Florida Road User Costs

Page 2: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

2

Agenda

Project Overview

Review of Methodologies

Values Developed

Page 3: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Assessment of Road User CostsProject Overview

District 4 starts to build economic assessment framework

Develop localized and statewide values for

• Travel time

• Vehicle operating costs

• Transit being considered separately

Develop flexible spreadsheet applications

Assess localized travel costs in construction zones

Page 4: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Project Overview

Steps

• Conduct literature reviews

• Determine key markets, factors

• Conduct data review, collection, analysis

• Develop values ($/mile)

• Conduct workshops− Methodology

− User group

Page 5: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

5

VO

CV

OC

Development of Vehicle Operating Costs Methodology for Auto and Truck VOCs

NationalNational

StateState

LocalLocal

SourcesSources Adjustment FactorsAdjustment FactorsCost Cost ParametersParameters

Fuel CostsFuel Costs

DepreciationDepreciation

FinanceFinance

Fuel TaxFuel Tax

Sales TaxSales Tax

Licensing and Licensing and RegistrationRegistration

TiresTires

Maintenance Maintenance and Repairsand Repairs

InsuranceInsurance

City/Highway City/Highway ConditionsConditions

SpeedSpeed

Page 6: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Vehicle Operating Costs Methodology – Basic Parameters/Assumptions

Vehicle class types

• Autos – compact, mid-size, large, minivan, SUV

• Trucks – single-unit and combination-unit

Driving range

• Auto – 12,000-15,000 miles per year

• Truck – 100,00 miles per year

Driving conditions

• Operations in urban setting (35 mph)

Vehicle age

• Autos – 10-year old vehicle

• Trucks – costs averaged over 5 years @ 100,000 miles/year

Page 7: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Vehicle Operating Costs Methodology – Fuel Costs, Consumption Rates

Fuel prices

• Energy Information Administration

Consumption rates

• Auto – www.fueleconomy.gov

• Truck – MDOT VOC study

Small Size VehicleSmall Size Vehicle(mpg)(mpg)

Medium Size Vehicles Medium Size Vehicles (mpg)(mpg)

Large Size Vehicles Large Size Vehicles (mpg)(mpg)

Overall Fuel Efficiency Overall Fuel Efficiency (mpg)(mpg)

31.231.2 23.823.8 20.720.7 24.824.8

$0.074/mile$0.074/mile $0.096/mile$0.096/mile $0.11//mile$0.11//mile $0.097/mile$0.097/mile

Single-UnitSingle-Unit Truck (mpg)Truck (mpg) Combination-Unit Truck (mpg)Combination-Unit Truck (mpg)

99 6.56.5

$0.248/mile$0.248/mile $0.343/mile$0.343/mile

Consumption Rates and Costs/Mile

Page 8: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Maintenance and Repairs Methodology – Costs/Mile

Contacted dealerships

Function of

• Cost of oil/filter changes (3K)

• Regular tune-ups (30K)

• Prevailing shop rates

Single-Unit TruckSingle-Unit Truck Combination-Unit TruckCombination-Unit Truck

$0.063 (11.2%)$0.063 (11.2%) $0.084 (10.7%)$0.084 (10.7%)

Small Size VehicleSmall Size Vehicle Medium Size VehiclesMedium Size Vehicles Large Size VehiclesLarge Size Vehicles

$0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.04 $0.04

Cost per Mile

Page 9: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Tires Methodology – Costs per Mile

Contacted local dealerships

Function of

• Mileage between changes (45K)

• Cost of new tire set

• Statewide and local wage rates

Small Size VehicleSmall Size Vehicle Medium Size VehiclesMedium Size Vehicles Large Size VehiclesLarge Size Vehicles

$0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.02 $0.02

Single-Unit TruckSingle-Unit Truck Combination-Unit TruckCombination-Unit Truck

$0.030 (5.3%)$0.030 (5.3%) $0.040 (5.1%)$0.040 (5.1%)

Cost per Mile

Page 10: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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InsuranceMethodology – Cost per Mile

Allstate – quotes for leased and owned vehicleby vehicle type

Auto and truck

• Average uses

• Standard policies

Small Size Vehicle Medium Size Vehicles Large Size Vehicles

$0.10 $0.09 $0.09

Single-Unit Truck Combination-Unit Truck

$0.013 (2.3%) $0.064 (8.1%)

Cost per Mile

Page 11: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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DepreciationMethodology – Cost per Mile

Autos – Based on Kelly Blue Book

Function of age and mileage based depreciation by region

Information collected by vehicle class and brand name

Trucks – MNDOT Study (5-8 cents/mile)

Small Size Vehicle Medium Size Vehicles Large Size Vehicles

$0.16 $0.17 $0.25

Single-Unit Truck Combination-Unit Truck

$0.05/mile $0.08/mile

Cost per Mile

Page 12: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

12

Finance Charges Methodology – Costs per Mile

Capital One

Interest rates

• Autos – 4.39%

• Trucks – 11.0%

Small Size VehicleSmall Size Vehicle Medium Size VehiclesMedium Size Vehicles Large Size VehiclesLarge Size Vehicles

$0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.06 $0.06

Single-Unit TruckSingle-Unit Truck Combination-Unit TruckCombination-Unit Truck

$0.013 (2.3%)$0.013 (2.3%) $0.036 (4.6%)$0.036 (4.6%)

Cost per Mile

Page 13: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

13

License and Registration FeesMethodology and Fee, Costs per Mile

Local tax collection offices

• Differ by weight

• Other components are a flat fee

Single-Unit TruckSingle-Unit Truck Combination-Unit TruckCombination-Unit Truck

$165.60$165.60 $175.60$175.60

$0.001 (0.2%)$0.001 (0.2%) $0.001 (0.1%)$0.001 (0.1%)

Small SizeSmall Size Medium Size VehicleMedium Size Vehicle Large Size VehicleLarge Size Vehicle

$157.60 $157.60 $157.60 $157.60 $165.60 $165.60

$0.003$0.003 $0.003$0.003 $0.004 $0.004

Fee and Cost per Mile

Page 14: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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TaxesMethodology

Local option gas tax

• Localize state gas figures to counties

• Florida transportation tax source primer on county tax rates

Sales tax

• Florida Department of Revenue

• Incorporate tax into finance charges

Page 15: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Low-Range Vehicle Operating Costs-Southeast Florida Results

$5,188$5,112$4,645$4,467$3,827$3,930Annual Total Vehicle Operating Cost

0.4320.4260.3870.3720.3190.327Total Vehicle Operating Cost

0.0040.0030.0030.0030.0030.003License and Registration

0.0230.0240.0230.0230.0230.023Finance Charges

0.1890.1880.1810.1640.1270.124Depreciation

0.0680.0680.0640.0650.0710.081Insurance

0.0180.0120.0090.0090.0100.010Tires

0.0310.0310.0310.0240.0240.017Maintenance and Repairs

0.0210.0210.0160.0170.0130.014Fuel Tax

0.0790.0790.0610.0660.0490.055Fuel Cost

$/ mile

15,00015,00015,00015,00015,00015,000Mileage per year

HighwayHighwayHighwayHighwayHighwayHighwayCity/Highway Condition

454545454545Speed (mph)

101010101010Vehicle Age (Years)

LLLLLLPurchase (P) or Lease (L)

Ford F150 Regular Cab XL 4x4

Jeep Grand Cherokee 4x4 Laredo

Toyota Sienna LE

Mercury Grand Marquis GS

Honda Accord LX

Volkswagen Golf GLS

Vehicle Brand

PickupSUVMinivanLarge Car

Mid-size Car

Compact CarVehicle Class

Attributes

Page 16: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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$78,800$56,198Annual Total Vehicle Operating Cost

$0.788$0.563Total Vehicle Operating Cost

$0.001 (0.1%)$0.001 (0.2%)License and Registration

$0.036 (4.6%)$0.013 (2.3%)Finance Charges

$0.130(16.5 %)$0.130 (23.1%)Depreciation

$0.064 (8.1 %)$0.013(2.3%)Insurance

$0.040 (5.1%)$0.030 (5.3%)Tires

$0.084 (10.7%)$0.063 (11.2%)Maintenance and Repairs

$0.090 (11.4%)$0.065 (11.5%)Fuel Tax

$0.343(43.5%)$0.248 (44.0%)Fuel Cost

Cost/mile

100,000100,000Mileage per year

CityCityCity/Highway Condition

4545Speed (mph)

55Vehicle Lifespan (Years)

Combination-Unit Truck

Single-Unit Truck

Vehicle Class

Attributes

Proposed Truck Operating CostsSoutheast Florida Results

Page 17: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Spreadsheet CalculatorVOC Variables

Vehicle mix

Annual average mileage

Average vehicle lifespan

Stop-and-go scenarios –city or highway conditions

Average speed scenarios

Tires change frequency scenarios

Tires change costs per job

Oil change frequency scenarios

Oil change costs per job

Maintenance and repairs frequency scenarios

Maintenance and repairs costs per job

Fuel costs

Fuel taxes

Fuel economy

License and registration costs

Sales taxes

Finance rates and charges

Vehicle life span

Annual insurance costs

Page 18: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Development of Travel Time Values Methodology

Determine Determine MarketsMarkets

Develop Develop Generalized Generalized

ValuesValues

Develop Develop Localized Localized

ValuesValues

Validate/TestValidate/Test

Reconcile Reconcile with VOC with VOC MarketsMarkets

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

Income/Wage DataIncome/Wage Data

SurveySurvey

Traffic CountsTraffic Counts

ApplyApplyModel Post ProcessorModel Post ProcessorSketch PlanningSketch Planning

Page 19: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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MethodologyPotential Market Segmentations

Segmentation TypeSegmentation Type Sample Segmentation DetailsSample Segmentation Details

AgeAge 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55+15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55+

Attitudinal Attitudinal Characteristics of TravelerCharacteristics of Traveler

Sensitivity to Pricing, Time Savings, Sensitivity to Pricing, Time Savings, Stress, etc.Stress, etc.

GenderGender Male, FemaleMale, Female

IncomeIncome Personal, HouseholdPersonal, Household

IndustryIndustry Private, Government, etc.Private, Government, etc.

Level of EmploymentLevel of Employment Full-Time, Part-Time, Unemployed, Full-Time, Part-Time, Unemployed, Self-Employed, Housewife, Student, RetiredSelf-Employed, Housewife, Student, Retired

ModeMode Bus, Truck, Auto, Transit, In/Out-VehicleBus, Truck, Auto, Transit, In/Out-Vehicle

OccupationOccupation Sales, Professional, Clerical, Precision, Sales, Professional, Clerical, Precision, Production and Crafts, etc.Production and Crafts, etc.

Purpose of TravelPurpose of Travel Business, Personal, Commute, Business, Personal, Commute, Home-to-Work, Home-to-OtherHome-to-Work, Home-to-Other

Time-of-DayTime-of-Day Peak, Off-PeakPeak, Off-Peak(continued next slide)

Page 20: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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MethodologyPotential Market Segmentations (continued)

Segmentation TypeSegmentation Type Sample Segmentation DetailsSample Segmentation Details

Travel TimeTravel Time   

Trip DistanceTrip Distance   

Truck – Truck – Driver Payment MethodDriver Payment Method Hourly, OtherHourly, Other

Truck – Fleet TypeTruck – Fleet Type For-Hire, PrivateFor-Hire, Private

Truck – LoadTruck – Load Truck Load, Less-than-Truck LoadTruck Load, Less-than-Truck Load

Type of Development Type of Development Urban, RuralUrban, Rural

Type of TravelType of Travel Local, Intercity, Carpool, Alone, Local, Intercity, Carpool, Alone, Passenger, DriverPassenger, Driver

Vehicle ClassVehicle Class Small Auto, Light Truck, Heavy Truck, Small Auto, Light Truck, Heavy Truck, 4-Axle Combination, etc.4-Axle Combination, etc.

No SegmentationNo Segmentation   

Page 21: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Value of Time by Market for Personal Travel

50%$10.58/Hour$10.83/HourPersonal Personal (visitor)(visitor)

50%$10.58/Hour$10.83/HourPersonal Personal (local)(local)

60%$12.69/Hour$13.01/HourCommuterCommuter

 $43,994$45,061Wage-all Wage-all IndustriesIndustries

Percent Percent of Wage of Wage

RateRateSoutheast Southeast

FloridaFloridaNationalNational

Source: US Census National Income and Product Account.

AASHTO Red Book.

Values in 2004 dollars

Page 22: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Value of Time for On-the-Clock Travel

$25.80/Hour $25.80/Hour $27.19/Hour $27.19/Hour Total ($2004) Total ($2004)

$22.24 $22.24 $23.44 $23.44 Hourly ($2000) Hourly ($2000)

$46,621$46,621$48,753 $48,753 Total Compensation ($2000) Total Compensation ($2000)

$35,585 $35,585 $37,502 $37,502 Wages ($2000) Wages ($2000)

FloridaFloridaAverageAverage

SoutheastSoutheastNationalNational

On the Clock TTV ComponentOn the Clock TTV Component

Source: National Income and Products Accounts,Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Census Bureau.

Values in 2004 dollars

Page 23: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Value of Time and Proportion of Travelby Trip Purpose

$12.10$12.1010%10%0%0%90%90%0%0%Nonhome-basedNonhome-based

$11.34 $11.34 5%5%0%0%95%95%0%0%Home-based UnknownHome-based Unknown

$12.10$12.1010%10%0%0%90%90%0%0%Home-based OtherHome-based Other

$10.59$10.590%0%5%5%95%95%0%0%Home-based Home-based Social/RecreationalSocial/Recreational

$10.58$10.580%0%0%0%100%100%0%0%Home-based SchoolHome-based School

$10.59 $10.59 0%0%5%5%95%95%0%0%Home-based ShoppingHome-based Shopping

$12.69 $12.69 0%0%0%0%0%0%100%100%Home-based WorkHome-based Work

  $25.80 $25.80 $10.83 $10.83 $10.58 $10.58 $12.69 $12.69   

AverageAverageOn-the-On-the-ClockClock

Visitor Visitor PersonalPersonal

Local Local PersonalPersonalCommuteCommute

  

Source: National Income and Products Accounts,Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Census Bureau.

Values in 2004 dollars

Page 24: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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9:00-9:00-11:30 a.m.11:30 a.m.

1:30-1:30-4:30 p.m.4:30 p.m.

Value of Time and Proportion of Travel by Time-of-Day

$11.63$11.63$11.92 $11.92 $11.92 $11.92 $11.82 $11.82 $11.79 $11.79 $11.76 $11.76 AverageAverage

16%16%22%22%32%32%46%46%32%32%16%16%Nonhome-basedNonhome-based

1%1%1%1%1%1%1%1%1%1%0%0%Home-based Home-based UnknownUnknown

25%25%21%21%21%21%20%20%25%25%20%20%Home-based Home-based OtherOther

16%16%8%8%6%6%5%5%7%7%3%3%Home-based Home-based Social/Social/RecreationalRecreational

3%3%5%5%10%10%3%3%3%3%16%16%Home-based Home-based SchoolSchool

13%13%11%11%11%11%14%14%16%16%3%3%Home-based Home-based ShoppingShopping

25%25%32%32%20%20%11%11%16%16%40%40%Home-based Home-based WorkWork

OtherOther4:30-4:30-

6:30 p.m6:30 p.m11:30 a.m.-11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.1:30 p.m.

6:30-6:30-9:00 a.m.9:00 a.m.

  

Source: Southeast Florida Home Interview Survey.

Page 25: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Combination-Combination-Unit TrucksUnit Trucks

Distribution of Traffic and TTVs by Functional Classification

$11.39$11.392.1%2.1%1.6%1.6%0.4%0.4%95.9%95.9%Urban CollectorUrban Collector

$11.19$11.190.8%0.8%1.2%1.2%0.2%0.2%97.8%97.8%Urban Minor ArterialUrban Minor Arterial

$11.26$11.261.0%1.0%1.7%1.7%0.2%0.2%97.1%97.1%Urban Other Principal ArterialUrban Other Principal Arterial

$11.52$11.522.7%2.7%2.2%2.2%0.5%0.5%94.7%94.7%Urban Principal Arterial – Other Urban Principal Arterial – Other Frwys/ExprswysFrwys/Exprswys

$11.80$11.804.8%4.8%2.4%2.4%0.6%0.6%92.2%92.2%Principal Arterial – InterstatePrincipal Arterial – Interstate

$12.22$12.227.1%7.1%3.7%3.7%0.3%0.3%88.9%88.9%Rural Major CollectorRural Major Collector

$11.72$11.723.6%3.6%2.9%2.9%0.2%0.2%93.2%93.2%Rural Minor ArterialRural Minor Arterial

$12.12$12.127.0%7.0%2.9%2.9%0.4%0.4%89.7%89.7%Rural Principal Arterial – OtherRural Principal Arterial – Other

$13.22$13.2216.6%16.6%2.8%2.8%0.6%0.6%80.1%80.1%Rural Principal Arterial – Rural Principal Arterial – InterstateInterstate

TTVsTTVsSingle-UnitSingle-Unit

TrucksTrucksBusesBusesPersonal Personal VehiclesVehicles

Source: FDOT District 4 Traffic Monitoring System.

Page 26: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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Distribution of Traffic and TTVs by Vehicle Classification

$31.10$31.10$31.10$31.10$118.55$118.55$19.86$19.86Total Vehicle TTVTotal Vehicle TTV

1.21.21.21.210.1510.151.571.57Average OccupancyAverage Occupancy

$25.80$25.80$25.80$25.80$11.68$11.68$12.65$12.65Per-Person TTVPer-Person TTV

100%100%100%100%5%5%10%10%On-the-ClockOn-the-Clock

10%10%10%10%Visitor/PersonalVisitor/Personal

70%70%55%55%Local/PersonalLocal/Personal

15%15%25%25%CommuteCommute

Combination-Combination-Unit TrucksUnit Trucks

Single-UnitSingle-UnitTrucksTrucksBusesBuses

Personal Personal VehiclesVehicles

Source: National Household Travel Survey, National Transit Database, Team consensus

Page 27: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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SEFRUC Survey

Telephone survey administrated to random samplingof 5,000 households in Southeast Florida

200 completed surveys

Calls made early evening/late evening weekdays/weekends

Questions related to

• Socioeconomic characteristics

• Trip making characteristics

• Stated preference questions

Page 28: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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SEFRUC Survey Results 2004 Dollars

Travel time values for all trips fall in the range of $8-$12

• Consistent with previous findings from national sources that have been adjusted for use in Southeast Florida

Respondents attach a higher value to work trips than nonwork trips

• $12 versus $8, when un-weighted, or

• $10.30 and $7.40 when weighted by age distribution in the population

Higher income respondents have a higher value of time than lower-income residents

• $7.80 versus $16.70 un-weighted by age distribution, or

• $7.90 and $11.20 when weighted by age distributionin the population

Page 29: Presented to Southeast Florida FSUTMS Users Group presented by Don Vary Cambridge Systematics, Inc. November 2, 2007 Assessment of Southeast Florida Road.

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RUC for Construction Projects

TTI – 1999 study• Used MicroBenCost• Lookup tables

− Texas conditions− Cost per day per mile,

10% trucks

• VOC values− $12/hour for Texas ($11 for Florida)

OHIO – Construction Incentive Program• $1.6K/day (32.5K maximum)

Florida – D5 bonuses• SR 434 $7K/day ($600K maximum)• I-4 Polk County $10K/day ($2M maximum)

ADTADT

Rural Rural 4-Lane4-Lane

Suburban Suburban 4-Lane4-Lane

VOC + TTV Cost per day per mile

20,000 5,800 6,800

50,000 15,800 20,600


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