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Part 3Analogy and Metaphor
PRESENTATION SKILLS
Overview
2011/10/4 Francesco Bolstad 2
Session 1
English Vs JapaneseUsing Power PointHandling Questions
Session 3
Analogy and MetaphorTechnical Vocabulary
Session 2
Structuring your PresentationChunking it Right
Body Language
Session 4
Presentation Practice
Quick Hints #1for controlling your state
• Clothes• Practice • Think of a Time You Have Done This Before
(Anchoring)• Be Early• Resources
2011/10/12 Copywrite Francesco Bolstad 3
Today’s Session
• Review Last Week• Using Analogy and Metaphor• Technical Vocabulary
- The difference between a presentation and a paper
• Example Presentation and/or Students’ Presentations
• Question Time
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Review
Think of your presentation as a 5 minute chance to teach your paper
• Introduction: -Self 10-20 Seconds-Academic 30-40 Seconds
• Main Body: -Point 1 1 minute-Point 2 1 minute-Point 3 1 minute
• Conclusion 1 minute
• Questions 5 minutes 2011/10/12 6Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
Structuring Your presentation
Big Picture IntroductionConclusion
Details Main Body
Example topic
Big Picture
Details
• Life on Earth• Sensing• Cellular VS
Organism• Ion Channels• TRP Channels• TRP A1• Inflammatory
Mediators• NO, H2O2
Everyone
Biologists
Microbiologists
TRP Channel Specialists
TRP A1 Specialists
Level of Detail Target Audience
Know your Audience
What are the judges looking for?
• Content – New Ideas– Relevance
• Presentation– Pronunciation– Accuracy and Fluency– Body Language
• Slides– Format– Spelling and Grammar
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Types of Questions
• Basic to the understanding of the topic.– Must be answered!
• Difficult or long questions about the topic.– Give a quick answer (showing that you know the answer) then
offer to talk more after your presentation.
• “What if Questions” Unrelated questions or questions that ask you to guess about the future.
– Leave the question for later. – Remember to be polite.
Presenting withAnalogy and
MetaphorY = X ± Z
2011/10/12 11Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
Describing Objects and
Defining Concepts• “Defining in a general sense is simply
pointing out the unique, distinguishing properties of a concept in a particular context”
Giving Academic PresentationsSusan M. Reinhart
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Metaphor is a Natural Process
Bouba and Kiki
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Metaphors in ScienceThe Cell
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning "a small room". The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.
"... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . ." – Robert Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork.
2011/10/12 14Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
The Cell Metaphor
Monk’s Cell Honeycomb Cell Cork Cell
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The Cell as a City This figure is from our Prentice H
all Science Explorer Cells and H
eredity, book p22C.
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City model, cell structure, cell function
• Construction Site: ribosome - builds new structures • Transport Company: endoplasmic reticulum - carries
materials from place to place • Power Plant: mitochondrion - produces power • Food Processing Plant: chloroplast - produces food • Waste Disposal Plant: lysosome - disposes of waste • City Hall: nucleus - controls rest of cell • Storage Tanks: vacuole - stores food and water • Gate: cell wall or cell membrane - controls what enters
and leaves cell city
2011/10/12 17Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
Other Metaphors in Science
Metaphors• Flowing Water• Wave• Wall• Highways• Blueprint• Police Force• A Peach• Camera• Computer
Scientific Concept• Electricity• Sound/light/radio• Cell (wall/membrane)• Blood Vessels• DNA• Immune System• Layers of Earth• Eye• Brain
2011/10/12 18Copywrite Francesco Bolstad
Metaphor Topics
• Life• Learning a language• The economy• A nuclear reaction• Love• Being a student• University entrance exams• Kyoto University2011/10/12 Copywrite Francesco Bolstad 19
Technical Vocabulary
• How is a presentation different to a paper?
– Time– Audience– Control
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Example presentation (Ivory Ban)
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Bad
23
Key issues identified in conserving elephant populations
• Enfroceable Property Rights
• Biodiversity
• Externalities
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
24
The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property
rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching) P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
Ban on ivory
Ban on rhino horn
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
25
The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because substitutes were unavailable
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
Ban on Rhino Horn
Ban on ivory
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
26
The transfer of property and management rights to farmers will internalize externalities and increase the
number of elephants.
P ($)
Q (Number of Elephants)
MDF
MCG
MSC = MCG + MDF
Q1Q20
MSC … Marginal Social Cost MCF … Marginal Cost of FarmerMCG … Marignal Cost of Government MSB … Marginal Social BenefitMDF … Marginal Damage to FarmerMBG … Marginal Benefit of Government
MBG
P1
P2
MSBMCG
MSC = MCG + MCF
Q3
P3
Q2
P2MDF = MCF
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
27
The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable
elephant population
Effort
Tota
l rev
enue
and
cos
t ($)
TR
TC
EMSY
Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
28
Currently management of elephant populations are nationalized and uncoordinated
Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309
“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be
better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
ban, but until demand for ivory can be
restrained and various monitoring and regulation
measures are put into place it is premature for
CITES to permit ivory sales”
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Terms Conclusion
Good
Ivory trade ban and elephant conservation
byFrancis Bolstad
Environmental EconomicsAnd the Ivory trade ban
31
Agenda
• Background
• The Ban
• Key Economic Issues
• Conclusion
The elephant picture in the left corner is adapted from IFAW annual report fiscal year 2003
32
African and Asian elephants have different identifying features, as …
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm
33
Elephant populations dropped by half between 1976 - 1989, this lead to listing on CITES
Appendix I thus prohibiting trade in elephant products.
African Elephant Asian Elephant
http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm http://www.cardamom.org/ images/elephant_large.jpg
http://www.cites.org
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
34
Ban opponents argue that the trade of elephant products will lead to increased funding for wildlife conservation and compensation for E-H conflict.
Trade of elephant products
Efficient Markets
Supply Price ↓ Poaching and Smuggling ↓
Income from sales ↑
WildlifeConservation ↑
Elephant – Human Conflict
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
35
Ban proponents argue that the trade of elephant products will endanger the wildlife conservation
efforts through fuelling demand.
Trade of elephant products
Demand ↑
Supply ↑
Elephant Population ↓
Poaching and Smuggling ↑
TourismRevenues ↓
Biodiversity ↓Funds for WildlifeConservation ↓
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
36
Anti-ivory campaigns have been effective in decreasing demand. However an illegal trade has
remained to meet intrinsic demand
- International authority as supervisor
- Intrinsic demand for ivory products still exists
- The ban pushes trade underground
+ Anti-ivory campaigns have been very successful, especially in the Western World
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
37
Key issues identified in conserving elephant populations
• Enfroceable Property Rights
• Biodiversity
• Externalities
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
38
The increased numbers of elephants under the ban has come at a high cost
- Increasing cost of enforcing anti-poaching laws and anti-ivory campaigns
- Decreasing revenue from ivory sales and hunting
• Continuing uncompensated damage to crops
+ Increase in overall elephant numbers
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
39
The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property
rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching) P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
Ban on ivory
Ban on rhino horn
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
40
The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because substitutes were unavailable
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
P ($)
Q
D1D2
q1q2
p2
p1
S (before ban)
S (poaching)
Ban on Rhino Horn
Ban on ivory
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387
41
The transfer of property and management rights to farmers will internalize externalities and increase the
number of elephants.
P ($)
Q (Number of Elephants)
MDF
MCG
MSC = MCG + MDF
Q1Q20
MSC … Marginal Social Cost MCF … Marginal Cost of FarmerMCG … Marignal Cost of Government MSB … Marginal Social BenefitMDF … Marginal Damage to FarmerMBG … Marginal Benefit of Government
MBG
P1
P2
MSBMCG
MSC = MCG + MCF
Q3
P3
Q2
P2MDF = MCF
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
42
The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable
elephant population
Effort
Tota
l rev
enue
and
cos
t ($)
TR
TC
EMSY
Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion
43
Currently management of elephant populations are nationalized and uncoordinated
Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309
“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be
better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
ban, but until demand for ivory can be
restrained and various monitoring and regulation
measures are put into place it is premature for
CITES to permit ivory sales”
Introduction The Ban Key Economic Terms Conclusion
Questions
This is your chance to ask specific questions about your presentation !
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The Structure of Humor
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Why are Jokes Funny?
A story within a story.
The twist
Revealing the truth
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Other Types of Humor
• Self Depreciation
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QuestionsQuestionsand moreQuestions
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Where to from Here
Making your presentation
Rehearsing
Adjusting for your target audience
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Good Luck
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