Presidents of Latin American States since 1900978-1-349-13209-6/1.pdf · Presidents of Latin...

Presidents of Latin American States since 1900 ARGENTINA

IX9X-1904

IlJ04-06 IlJ06-1O 1910-14 1914--16 1916-22 1922-28

1928--30 1930-32 1932-38 1938-40 1940-43

lune5-71943 1943-44 1944-46 1946-55 1955 1955-58

1958--62 1962--63

Gen Julio Argentino Roca (PN) Manuel A. Quintana (PN) Jose Figueroa Alcorta (PN) Roque Saenz Pena (PN) Victorino de la Plaza (PN) Hipolito Yrigoyen (UCR) Marcelo Torcuato de Alv~ar (UCR) Hipolito Yrigoyen (UCR) Jose Felix Uriburu Agustin P. Justo (Can) Roberto M. Ortiz (Con) Ramon F. Castillo (Con)

Gen. Arturo P. Rawson Gen. Pedro P. Ramirez Gen. Edelmiro J. Farrell Col. Juan D. Peron Gen. Eduardo Lonardi Gen. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Arturo Frondizi (UCR-I) Jose Marfa Guido

1963--66 Dr Arturo IIIia (UCRP) 1966-70 Gen. Juan Carlos Onganfa June 8--14 1970 Adm. Pedro Gnavi 1970--71 Brig-Gen. Roberto M.

Levingston

Elite co-option

do. Vice-President Elite co-option Vice-President Election Radical co-option: election

Election Military coup Elite co-option Elite co-option Vice-President: acting 1940-42; then succeeded on resignation of President Military coup Military co-option Military co-option Election Military coup Military co-option

Election Military coup: President of Senate Election Military coup Military coup Military co-option

Mar22-241971 Junta Military co-option 1971-73 Gen. Alejandro Lanusse Military co-option 1973 Hector Campora (PJ) Election 1973-74 Lt-Gen. Juan D. Peron (PJ) Peronist co-option and election 1974--76 Marfa Estela (Isabel) Martinez Vice-President; death of

de Peron (PJ) President Mar24--291976 Junta Military coup 1976-81 Gen. Jorge Videla Military co-option

205

206 Presidents of Latin American States since 1900

Mar-Nov 1981 Gen. Roberto Viola Nov-Dec Maj.-Gen. HoracioTomas

Dec 11-22

1981-82 Jun-July 1982 1982-83 1983-89 1989-

Liendo Vice-Adm. (ret) Carlos Alberto Lacoste Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri Gen. Alfredo Saint-Jean Gen. Reynaldo Bignone Dr Raul Alfonsfn (UCR) Dr Carlos Saul Menem (PJ)

do. do.

do.

do. do. do. Election do.

Con = Concordancia, PJ = Partido J usticialista (Peronists), PN = Partido Nacional, UCR = Union Cfvica Radical

BOLIVIA

1899-1904 1904-09 1909-13

1913-17 1917-20 1921-26 1926-30 1930-31 1931-34

1934-36 1936-37 1937-39

1939-40

1940-43

1943-46

1946-47

1947-49 1949-51

1951-52

Jose Manuel Pando (L) Ismael Montes (L) Eliodoro Villazon (L)

Ismael Montes (L) Gutierrez Guerra (L) Bautista Saavedra (Rep) Hernando Siles (RepINat) Carlos Blanco Galindo Daniel Salamanca (Coalition)

Jose LuisTejada Sorzano (L) Col. Jose David Toro Col. German Busch

Gen. Carlos Quintanilla

Gen. Enrique Penaranda del Castillo (Coalition) Maj. Gualberto Villaroel (MNR) Tomas Monje Guiterrez (Coalition) Enrique Herzog (Rep) Mamerto Urralagoita (Rep)

Gen. Hugo Ballivian

Ltd. election do. Elite co-option; controlled election do. do. Republican revolt Co-option Presidential handover Popular revolt and controlled election Vice-President Military coup Military co-option as provisional President; then election Suicide of President; military co-option Military traditional party coalition Coup supported by MNR

Popular revolt; death of President Election Provisional President, then election Presidential resignation and illegal handover

Apr 9-161952 Hernan Siles Zuazo (MNR) Popularrevolt 1952-56 Victor Paz Estenssoro (MNR) Election; MNR co-option

Presidents of Latin American States since 1900 207

1956-60 Hernan Siles Zuazo (MNR) Election 1960--64 Victor paz Estenssoro (MNR) Election 1964-69 Gen. Rene Barrientos Ortufio Coup after elections Apr-Sept 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (C) Vice-President; death of

1969-70 Gen. Alfredo Ovando Candia 1970-71 Gen. Juan Jose Torres 1971-78 Col. Hugo Banzer Suarez July-Nov 1978 Gen. Juan Pereda Asblin 1978-79 Gen. David Padilla Arancibia Aug-Nov 1979 Walter Guevara Arze (PRA)

President Military co-option Coup Coup Military co-option Military revolt Compromise candidate; inconclusive elections

1979-80 1980-81

Lidia GueilerTejada (MNR) Popular opposition to military Gen. Luis Garcia Meza Tejada Coup: UDP election victory

annulled Aug-Septl981 Junta Coup 1981-82 Gen. Celso Torrelio Villa Military co-option July-Oct 1982 Gen. Guido Vildoso Calderon Military co-option 1982-85 Hernan Siles Zuazo (UDP) Election 1985-89 Vfctor Paz Estenssoro Election

(MNR-H) 1989- Jaime Paz Zamora (AP) Election AP = Patriotic Accord, C = Conservative, L = Liberal, MNR = National Revolutionary Movement (MNR-H = Historic faction), Rep = Republican, UDP = People's Democratic Union BRAZIL 1898-1902

1902-06

1906-09

1909-10 1910-14

1914-18

1918

1918-19

1919-22

Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles ( Rep) Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves (Rep) Affonso Augusto Moreira Penna (Rep) Nilo Pel<anha (Rep) Marshal Hermes de Fonseca

Wenceslau Braz Pereira Gomes (Rep)

Elite co-option -limited election do.

do.

Vice-Presidential Elite co-option -limited election do.

Francisco de Paula Rodrigues do. Alves (Rep) Delphim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro (Rep)

Vice-Presidential

Epitacio da Silva Pessoa (Rep) Elite co-option -limited election

1922-26 Arturo da Silva Bernades Limited election (Rep)

192b-30 Washington Luiz Pereira de do. Sousa (Rep)

Oct-Nov 1930 Junta Coup


1930-45

1945-46 1946-51 1951-54

1954--55

Getulio Dornelles Vargas (Lib. Alliance)

Jose Linhares Gen. Enrico Gaspar Dutra Getulio Dornelles Vargas (PTB) Joao Cafe Filho (PSP)

8-11 Nov 1955 Carlos Luz (PSD)

1955-56 1956-61

Jan-Aug 1961

Aug-Sept

1961--64

NereuRamos Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (PSD/PTB) Janio da Silva Quadros (Nat. Dem. Union) Raniere Mazzili (PSD)

Joao Melchior Marques Goulart (PTB) Gen . Hum berto Castello Branco

Military co-option, then election

President of Supreme Court Election Alliance co-option; election

Vice-President: Coup/Suicide of President President, Chamber of Deputies President of Senate Election

Election

Resignation of President; unconstitutional succession of President of Chamber of Deputies Vice-Presidential succession to Quadros Coup 1964-67

1967--69 1969-74

Gen. Artur da Costa e Silva Military co-option Gen. Emilio Garrastaszu Illness of President; military co-Medici option

1974--79 1979-85 1985-90

Gen. Ernesto Geisel Military co-option Gen. Joao Baptista Figueiredo do. Jose Sarney (Dem. All.) Military co-option; indirect

elections and death of

1990-92 Fernando Collar de Mello (PRN)

President-elect Election

1992- Hamar Franco (PRN) Resignation of President PSD = Social Democratic Party, PSP = Popular Socialist Party, PRN = National Reconstruction Party, PTB = Brazilian Worker's Party CHILE Parliamentary Republic 1901-06 German Riesco 1906--10 Pedro Monu 1910-15 Ram6n Barros Luco 1915-20 Juan Luis Sanfuentes 1920-24 Arturo Alessandri Palma (R) Election 1924--25 Gen. Luis Altamirano Coup Jan-Mar 1925 Col. Carlos Ibanez del Campo Coup Mar-Oct Arturo Alessandri Palma Restored by military Oct-Dec Luis Barros Borgono


Presidential Republic

1925-27 Emiliano Figueroa Larrain 1927-31 Gen. Carlos Ibanez del Campo July2&-271931 Pedro Opazo Letelier July-Aug Juan Esteban Montero

Aug-Nov 1931-32

Rodriguez Manuel Trucco Franzani Juan Esteban Montero Rodriguez

Jun4-121932 ArturoPuga Jun 12-16 Col. Marmaduque Grove Jun-Sept Carlos Davila Espinoza Sept-Oct Bartolome Blanche Espejo Oct-Dec Abraham Oyanedel 1932-38 Arturo Alessandri Palma (R) 1938--41 Pedro Aguirre Cerda (R) 1941-.42 Geronimo Mendez Arancibia 1942-.46 Juan Antonio Rios Morales June-Oct 1946 Alfredo Duhalde Vasquez Oct-Nov Juan A. Irabarren 194&-52 Gabriel Gonzalez Videla (R) 1952-58 Gen. Carlos Ibanez del Campo 1958--64 Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez

1964-70 1970--73

1990-

(R) Eduardo Frei Montalva (PCD) Salvador Allende Gossens (UP) Patricio Aylwin Azocar (PCD)

Military dictatorship

Coup President of Senate Minister of Interior

Acting Acting

Acting Acting Election Election I)eath of President

Election Election Election

Election Election

Election

1973-90 Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte Coup

PDC = Christian Democratic, R = Republican Party. UP = Popular Unity

COLOMBIA 190()....{)4 1904-10 1910--14 1914-18 1918-22 1922-26 192&-30 1930--34

1934-38 1938--42 1942-.45

Jose Manuel Marroquin (C) Gen. Rafael Reyes Carlos E. Restrepo (UCoaln) Jose Vicente Concha (C) Marco Fidel Suarez (C) Pedro Nel Ospina (C) Miguel Abadia Mendez (C) Enrique Olaya Herrera (U Coaln) Alfonso L6pez Pumarejo (L) Eduardo Santos (L) Alfonso L6pez Pumarejo (L)

Coup Election (restricted suffrage) do. do. do. do. do. do.

do. do. do.


1945-46 194&-50 1950-53 1953-54 1954-57 1957-58 1958-62

1962-66 196&-70 1970-74 1974-78 1978-82 1982-86 1986-90 1990-

Alberto Lleras Camargo (L) Mariano Ospina Perez (C) Laureano Gomez (C) Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Military junta Alberto Lleras Camargo (L)

Guillermo Leon Valencia (C) Carlos Lleras Restrepo (L) Misael Pastrana Borrero (C) Alfonso Lopez Michelsen (L) Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala (L) Belisario Betancur (C) Virgilio Barco Vargas (L) Cesar Gaviria Trujillo (L)

C = Conservative, L = Liberal

COSTA RICA

1894-1902 Rafael Iglesias 1902-06 Ascension Esquivel 1906-10 Cleto Gonzalez Viquez 1910-14 Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno 1914-17 Alfredo Gonzalez Flores 1917-19 Federico Tinoco Granados Aug 12-Sept 2 Juan Bautista Quiros 1919 1919-20 1920-24 1924-28 1928-32 1932-36

1936-40 1940-44

1944-48

Francisco Aguilar Barquero Julio Acosta Garcia Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno Cleto Gonzalez Viquez Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno (PNR) Leon Cortes Castro (PNR) Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia (PNR) Teodoro Picado Michalski (PNR)

Apr-May 1948 Santos Leon Herrera

Jose Figueres Ferrer (PSD) and junta

Resignation of President Election do. Coup Election Coup Agreed alternation; predetermined election do. do. do. Election. do. do. do. do.

Election do. Election by Congress Election Appointed Coup

Resignation of President Election do. do. do.

do. do.

do.

Revolt and compromise of leading contenders do. 1948-49

1949-53 1953-58 1958-62 1962-66 1966-70

Otilio Ulate Blanco (PUN) Election Jose Figueres Ferrer (PLN) do. Mario Echandi Jimenez (PUN)do. Francisco Jose Orlich (PLN) do. Jose Joaquin Trejos do. Fernandez (PUN)


1970--74 1974-78 1978-82 1982-86

Jose Figueres Ferrer (PLN) do. Daniel Oduber Quir6s (PLN) do. Rodrigo Carazo Odio (PUN) do. Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez do. (PLN)

1986-90 1990-

Oscar Arias Sanchez (PLN) do. Rafael Angel Calderon do. Fournier (PUSC)

PLN = Party of National Liberation, PNR =National Republican Party, PSD = Social Democratic Party, PUN = National Union Party, PUSC = Social Christian Unity Party

CUBA

1898-1902

1902--06 1906--09

1909-13 1913-21 1921-25 1925-33

US MILITARY GOVERNMENT Tomas Estrada Palma US MILITARY GOVERNMENT Jose Miguel G6mez Mario Garda Menocal Alfredo Zayas Gen. Gerardo Machado y Morales

Aug-Sept 1933 Carlos Manuel de Cespedes Sept 5-10 Council of Five 1933-34 Ram6n Grau San Martin Jan 15-181934 Carlos Hevia Jan 18 Marquez Sterling 1934-35 Carlos Mendieta Montefur 1935-36 Jose A. Barnet y Vinageras May-Dec 1936 Miguel Mariano G6mez Arias 1936-40 Federico Laredo Bru 1940--44 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar 1944-48 Ram6n Grau San Martin 1948-52 Carlos Prio Socarras 1952-59 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar Jan-July 1959 Manuel Urrutia Lleo

1959-76 1976-

Osvaldo Dortic6s Torrado Fidel Castro Ruz

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

1899-1902 1902-03

Juan Isidro Jimenez Horacio Vasquez

Election

Election do., re-elected Election Coup

Revolution

Coup; election 1955 Appointed by leader of Revolution do. Leader of Revolution

Elections Coup: Vice-President


Apr-Nov 1903 Gen. Wos y Gil 1903-06 Gen. Carlos Morales 1906-11 Ram6n Caceres

1911-12 Executive Council Jan-Nov 1912 Eladio Victoria

1912-13 Mons. Adolfo Alejandro Nouel

1913-14 Gen. Jose Bordas Valdez Sept-Nov 1914 Ram6n Baez 1914-16 Juan Isidro Jimenez May-Nov 1916 Francisco Henriquez y

Carvajal 1916-22 US OCCUPATION

Coup Coup then election Forced resignation of President, then election Assassination of President Uncle of strongman in Executive Council US pressure; resignation of President; election Resignation of President

Congressional election after President impeached

1922-24 Juan Bautista Vicini Election 1924-30 Gen. Horacio Vasquez do. Mar-Apr 1930 Rafael Estrella Urena Revolt Apr-May Jacinto Paynado Acting May-Aug Rafael Estrella Urena Acting 1930-38 Gen. Rafael Le6nidas Trujillo Election

Molina (PO) 1938-40 1940-42

Jacinto Peynado (PO) Controlled election Manuel de Jesus Troncoso de Oeath of President la Concha (PO)

1942-51 Gen. Rafael Le6nidas Trujillo Controlled election

1951-60

1960-62 1962-63

Molina (PO) Hector B. Trujillo Molina (PO) Joaquin Balaguer (PO) Rafael Bonnelly (PO)

Feb-Sept 1963 Juan Bosch (PRO) 1963-65 Triumvirate Apr25-271965 Jose Rafael Molina Urena

May-Aug

1965-66 1966-78 1978-82

(PRO) Col. Francisco Alberto Caamano OeM Hector Garda Godoy Joaquin Balaguer (PR) Silvestre Antonio Guzman (PRO)

July-Aug 1982 Jacobo Majluta (PRO) 1982-86 Salvador Jorge Blanco (PRO) 1986- Joaquin Balaguer (PR)

Acting, then controlled election Controlled election Vice-President; military revolt and resignation of President Election Military coup Coup

Flight of President

US intervention Election do.

Acting; suicide of Guzman Election do.

PO = Partido Oominicana, PRO = Partido Revolucionario Oominicana, PR = Partido Reformista


ECUADOR 1895-1901 1901--05 1905--06 1906-12 1912-16 1916-20 192(}-24 i924-25 1925--26 1926-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 1934-35 Aug-Sep 1935 1935--37 1937-38 1938 1938-39 1939-44

1944-47 1947 1947-48 1948-52 1952-56 1956-60 196<k>1 1961~3

196~6

1966 1966-68 1968-72 1972-76

1976-79 1979-80 198(}-84

1984-88 1988-92 1992-

Eloy Alfaro (L) Civil war Leonidas Plaza Gutierrez (L) Election Lizardo Garcia (L) Election Eloy Alfaro (L) Election Leonidas Plaza Gutierrez (L) Election Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (L)Election Jose Luis Tamayo (L) Election Gonzalo S. Cordova (L) Election Junta Coup Isidro Ayora Military co-option Col. Luis Larrea Coup Alberto Guerrero Martinez Exclusion of elected victor Aberlardo Montalvo President resigns Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra Election Antonio Pons Coup Federico Paez Military co-option Gen. Alberto Enriquez Gallo Military co-option Manuel Marfa Barrero (L) Aurelio Mosquera Narvaez (L) Dr Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Death of President, then Rio fraudulent election Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra Recalled from exile Carlos Mancheno Coup Carlos Arosemena Tola Coup Galo Plaza Lasso (Ind) Election Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra Election Camilo Ponce Election Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra Election Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola Vice President, succeeded on

President's resignation Junta Coup Clemente Yerovi Indaburu Military abdication OUo Arosemena Gomez (CID jConstituent Assembly election Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra Election Gen. Guillermo Rodriguez Coup Lara Military junta Jaime Roldos (CFP coaln) Osvaldo Hurtado (PCD)

Leon Febres Cordero (FRN) Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (ID) Sixto Duran Ballen (PUR)

Coup Election Death of President, Vice-Presidential succession Election do. do.

CFP = Concentration of Popular Forces, FRN = National Renovation Front, ID = Democratic Left, L = Radical Liberal Party, PCD = Christian Democrats, PUR = Republican Unity Party

ELSALVADOR 1899-1903 Tomas Regalado Coup and election


1903-07 Pedro Jose Escal6n 1911-13 Manuel E. Araujo 1913-14 Carlos Melendez 1914-15 Alfonso Quinones Molina 1915-19 Carlos Melendez 1919-23 Jorge Melendez 1923-27 Alfonso Quin6nez Molina 1927-31 PioRomeroBosque Mar-Dec 1931 Arturo Araujo 1931-34 Gen. Maximilano Hernandez

1934-35 1935-44

Martinez Andres Ignacio Mendez Gen. Maximilano Hernandez Martinez

May-Oct 1944 Andres Ignacio Mendez 1944-45 Osmin Aguirre y Salinas 1945-48 Salvador Castaneda Castro 1948-49 ManuelJ. de C6rdova Jan-Oct 1949 Oscar Osorio 1949-50 Oscar Bolanos 195(}-56 Oscar Osorio 1956-60 Lt.-Col. Jose Maria Lemus 1960-61 Military junta 1961-{i2 Directory (military junta) 1962-{i3 Eusebio Rodolfo Cord6n 1%3-Q7 Lt.-Col. JulioAdalberto

1967-72

1972-77

1977-79

1979-80 1980

Rivera (PCN) Gen. Fidel Sanchez Hernandez (PCN) Col. Arturo Armando Molina Bazzara (PCN) Gen. Carlos Humberto Romero Mena (PCN) Junta Junta

Controlled election

Assassination of President Resignation of President Election Election Controlled election

Election Coup

Acting Controlled election

Revolt

Coup

Election do. Coup Coup Executive decree One candidate election

Fraudulent election

do.

do.

Coup Resignation of civilian members

198a-82 1982-84

Jose Napole6n Duarte (PCD) Appointed by junta

1984-90 1989-

Dr Alvaro Magana Borja (Ind) Appointed by Constituent Assembly

Jose Napole6n Duarte (PCD) Election Alfredo Cristiani (Arena) do.

PCN = Partido de Conciliaci6n Nacional (military), PDC = Christian Democrats, Arena = Alianza Renovadora Nacional

GUATEMALA

1898-1920 Manuel Estrada Cabrera (L) Assassination of President; First Designate; rigged election


1920-21 Carlos Herrera Congress declares President unfit to perform duties

1921-26 Gen. Jose Maria Orellana 1926-30 Lazaro Chac6n Death of President; election

First Designate; death of President

Dec12-171930 Baudilio Palma

1930-31 Gen. Manuel Orellana Jan-Feb 1931 Jose Marfa Reyna Andrade

Military coup Resignation of President; interim

1931-44 Gen. Jorge Ubico y Castaneda Election July 1-41944 Junta Resignation of President

following revolt Jul-Oct Col. Federico Ponce Valdes Chosen by Congress 1944-45 Triumvirate Revolution 1945-51 DrJuan Jose Arevalo Bermejo Election 1951-54 Col. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman Election Jun 27-28 1954 Col. Carlos Enrique Dfaz Resignation of President

Jun-Jul Ju11-8 1954-57 July-Oct 1957 1957-58 1958--63 1963--{)6 1966-70

following revolt Col. Elfego Monz6n Military coup Col. Monz6n and junta Negotiated settlement Col. Carlos Castillo Armas Chosen by junta Luis Arturo Gonzalez L6pez Assassination of President Guillermo Flores Avendano Chosen by Congress Gen. Miguel Y dfgoras Fuentes Election Gen. Enrique Peralta Azurdia Military coup Dr Julio Cesar Mendez Election Montenegro

1970-74 Col. Carlos Arana Osorio do. 1974-78 Col. Eugenio Kjell Laugerud do.

Garcia 1978-82 Gen. Fernando Romeo Lucas do.

Garcia Mar-June 1982 Gen. Efrain Rios Montt & Military coup

1982-83 1983-86 1986-89 1989-

HAITI

1902--08 1908-11 1911-12

1912 1912-13 1914

junta Gen. Efrain Rios Montt Internal coup Gen. Oscar Mejia Victores Military coup Mario Vinicio Cerezo (PDCG) Election Alfredo Felix Christi ani do. Burkart (Arena)

Gen. Nord Alexis Antonio Sim6n Leconte

Tancrede Auguste MichelOreste Oreste Zamor

Military revolt Military revolt Military revolt and GermalL. intervention Interim Death of President Caco uprising


1914-15 1915 1915-34

Davilmar Theodore Gen. Vilbrun Guillaume Sam US MILITARY OCCUPATION

1915 Dr Rosalvo Bobo 1915-22 Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave 1922-30 Louis Borno May-Nov 1930 Eugene Roy 1930-35 Stenio Vincent 1935-41 Stenio Vincent 1941-46 Elie Lescot Jan-Aug 1946 Frank Lavaud and executive

military committee

Caco co-option US co-option

Election by legislature

Election by legislature Term extended 1935 do.

1946-50 1950-56 1956-57 Feb 1957 Feb-Apr Apr-May May-Jun Jun-Oct 1957-71

Dumersais Estime Election by National Assembly

1971-85 1985-88 1988 1988 1988-90 1990 March 1990-91 1991

Sept 1991 Oct 1991

Col. Paul E. Magloire Coup, then election Joseph Memours Pierre-Louis Resignation of President Leon Cantave Franck Sylvain Executive Council Daniel Fignole AntoineT. Kebreau Dr Fran<;ois Duvalier

Jean-Claude Duvalier Gen. Henri Namphy Dr Leslie Manigat Gen. Henri Namphy Brig.-Gen. Prosper Avril Gen. Herard Abraham

Mme. Ertha Pascal-Trouillot Fr Jean-Bertrand Aristide CFNCD) Brig.-Gen. Raoul Cedras Joseph Nerette

Election, possible fraud; re-election, then President-for-life Hereditary succession Revolution Election Military coup do. Revolution

Election by National Assembly Election

Military coup Appointed by National Assembly

FNCD = National Front for Change and Democracy

HONDURAS 1899-1903 1903--07 1907-11 1911-13 1913--20

1920-23 1924-25 1925-29 1929-33

Gen. Terencio Sierra Manuel Bonilla Miguel R. Davila Manuel Bonilla Dr Francisco Bertrand (L)

Nominated Coup Coup Election Vice-President; death of President, then election

Rafael L6pez Gutierrez (L) Election Vicente Tosta Death of President Miguel Paz Barahona (PN) Election Dr Vicente Mejia Colindres (L)Election


1933--49

1949-54 1954-56 1956-57 1957-63 1963-71 1971-72 1972-75 1975-78 1978-80 1982-86

1986-90

1990

Gen. Tiburcio Carias Andino (PN) Juan Manuel Galvez (PN) Election Julio Lozano Diaz (PN) Coup: appointed by Congress Military junta Military coup Ramon Villeda Morales (PLH) Election Col. Oswaldo Lopez Arellano Coup; election 1965 R. Cruz Election Gen. Oswaldo Lopez Arellano Coup Col. Juan A. Melgar Castro Coup Gen. Policarpo Paz Garcia Coup; then election Roberto Suazo Cordova Election (PLH) Jose Simon Azconndel Hoyo do. (PLH) Rafael Leonardo Callejas (PN)do.

L=Liberal, PLH=Partido Liberal de Honduras, PN=Partido Nacional

MEXICO 1884-1911 1911 1911-13

Feb 181913

1913-14 Jul-Aug 1914 Aug 13-15 Aug-Oct Oct-Nov 1914-15 Jan-Jun 1915 Jun-Sept 1915-17

1917-20 1920 1920-24 1924-28 1928-30

1930-32 1932-34 1934-40 1940-46

1946-52 1952-58

Gen. Porfirio Diaz Francisco Leon de la Barra Francisco Indalecio Madero (ARP) Pedro Lascurain

Victoriano Huerta Francisco Carvajal Eduardo Iturbide vacant Convention Eulalio Gutierrez Roque Gonzalez Garza Francisco Lagos Chazaro Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza (PLC) Adolfo de la Huerta Alvaro Obregon (PLC) Plutarco Elias Calles (PLM) Emilio Portes Gil (PNR)

Election Resignation of President Election

Secretary of External Relations; resignation of President following coup Military coup Flight of President Flight of President

Appointed by Convention do. do. First Chief in charge of the Executive Power Election Revolution Election do. Assassination of President-Elect

Pascual Ortiz Rubio (PNR) Election Abelardo Rodriguez (PNR) Resignation of President Lazaro Cardenas (PNRlPRM) Election Manuel Avila Camacho do. (PRMlPRI) Miguel Aleman Valdes (PRJ) do. Aldolfo Ruiz Cortines (PRI) do.


1958-64 1964-70 1970-76 1976-82 1982-88 1988-

Adolfo Lopez Mateos (PRJ) do. Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (PRJ) do. Luis Echeverria Alvarez (PRJ) do. Gustavo Lopez Portillo (PRJ) do. Miguel de la Madrid (PRJ) do. Carlos Salinas de Gortari do. (PRI)

ARP= Anti Re-electionist Party, PLM=Partido Laborista Mexicana, PLC= Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PNR = Partido Nacional Revolucionario, PRI = Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRM = Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana

NICARAGUA 1893-1909 1909-10

1910-11 1912-16 1916-20 1925-26 1926 1926-28 1928-33 1933-36 Jun6-91936 1936-37

Jose Santos Zelaya (L) Jose Madriz (L)

Juan J. Estrada (C) AdolfoDiaz Emiliano Chamorro (C) Carlos Solorzano (C) Emiliano Chamorro (C) Adolfo Diaz (C) Jose Maria Moncada (L) Juan Bautista Sacasa Julian Irias Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarquin

1937-47 Anastasio Somoza Garcia (L) May 1-261947 LeonardArguello May-Aug Benjamin Lacaya Sacasa 1947-50 Victor M. Ramos y Reyes 1950-56 Anastasio Somoza Garcia 1956-63 Luis Somoza Debayle

1963-66 1966-67 1967-72 1972-74 1974-79 1979-85 1985-90

1990-

Rene Schick Gutierrez Lorenzo Guerrevo Anastasio Somoza Debayle Triumvirate Anastasio Somoza Debayle Junta Daniel Ortega Saavedra (FSLN) Sra Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (UNO)

Vice-President; flight of President Revolution Election Election Election Coup Interim Election Election Minister of Interior Interim

Coup, then election Election Interim Interim Coup; then election Assassination of President; then election 1957 Election Death of President Election Co-option Election Revolution Election

do.

C = Conservative, FSLN = Sandinista National Liberation Front, L Liberal, UNO = National Opposition Union

PANAMA 1904-08 Manuel Amador Guerrero Election

1908-10 1910 1910-12 1912-16 1916-19 1919-20 1920-24 1924-28 1928-31


Jose Domingo de Obaldia Carlos Antonio Mendoza Pablo Arosemena Belisario Porras RamonS. Valdes Belisario Porras Ernesto Lefevre Rodolfo Chiari Florencio Harmodio Arosemena (L)

do. Death of President; interim Election do. do.

Election do. do.

Jan2-161931 HarmodioArias Provisional 1931-32 RicardoJ. Alfaro Coup; interim 1932-36 Harmodio Arias (C) Election 1936-39 Juan Demostenes Arosemena do. 1939-40 AgustoS. Boyd Death of President 1940-41 Dr Arnulfo Arias (PPA) Election Oct91941 ErnestoJaenGuardia Interim 1941-45 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Election 1945-48 Enrique Adolfo Jimenez do. 1948-49 Domingo Diaz Arosemena Election July-Nov 1949 Daniel Chanis Death of President Nov 20-25 Rodolfo Chiari Resignation of Chanis 1949-51 Dr Arnulfo Arias (PPA) Coup; police co-option 1951-52 AIcfuades Arosemena Coup; Vice-President 1952-55 Col Jose Antonio Remon Election

Cantera Jan 3-151955 Jose Ramon Guizado Assassination of President;

First Vice-President Impeachment of President; Second Vice-President

1955-56

1956-60 1960-64 1964-68 1968 1968

1968-69 1969-78

1978-82 1982-84 1984 1984-85

1985-88 1988-89 1989 Sep-Dec 1989

Ricardo Arias Espinosa

Ernesto de la Guardia Election Roberto Chiari do. Marco Aurelio Robles do. Dr Arnulfo Arias do. Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera Military coup; Chief of & junta Government Col.Jose Maria PiniliaFabrega Appointed by junta Demetrio Lakas Bahas (PRO) Appointed by junta; then

Dr Aristides Royo Sanchez Ricardo de la Espriella Dr Jorge Illueca Dr Nicolas Ardito Barletta (PRO) Eric Arturo del Valle Manuel Solis Palma Francisco Rodriguez

Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno

election Chosen by National Assembly Coup; Vice-President Forced resignation of President Rigged election

Forced resignation of President Appointed Interim

Coup


Dec 1989- Guillermo Endara Gallimany (ADOC)

Elected; deprived of victory; reinstated by US forces

C = Conservative, L = Liberal, PRD = Partido Revolucionario Democnitica, PP A = Partido Panameiiista Autentico, ADOC = Civic Opposition Democratic Alliance

PARAGUAY 1898--1902 Emilio Aceval Jan-Nov 1902 HectorCarbalio 1902-04 Juan A. Escurra (Col) 1904-05 Juan Bautista Gaona (L) Liberal revolution 1905-06 Prof Cecilio Baez (L) Interim 1906-08 Gen. Benigno Ferreira (L) Election 1908--10 Emiliano Gonzalez N avero (L) Military coup; interim 1910-11 Manuel Gondra (L) Election 1911 Col. AlbinoJara(L) Military coup 1911-12 Liberato Rojas (L) Mar 1-151912 Pedro Peiia (L) 1912-16 Eduardo Schaerer (L) Election

do. 1916-19 Manuel Franco (L) 1919-20 Jose Montero (L) Vice-President; death of

President 1920-21 1921-23 1923-24 1924 1924-28 1928--31 1931-32 Jan-Aug 1932 1932-36 1936-37 1937-39 1939-40

1940-48

Manuel Gondra (L) Election Eusebio Ayala (L) Election Eligio Ayala (L) do. Luis A. Riart (L) Interim Eligio Ayala (L) Election Jose Patricio Guggiari (L) Elite co-option; election Emiliano Gonzalez Navero Acting Jose Patricio Guggiari (L) Election Eusebio Ayala (L) Election Gen. Rafael Franco (Feb) Military coup Felix Paiva (L) Bloodless coup; interim Marshal Jose Felix Estigarribia Election (L) Gen. Higinio Morinigo M. Death of President; Cabinet

selection; election 1943 Jun-Aug 1948 Juan Manuel Frutos Chief Justice; interim; military

appointee 1948--49 Jan-Feb 1949 Feb-Sept

1949-54

Juan Natalicio Gonzalez (Col) Fixed election Gen. Raimundo Rol6n (Col) Military coup Felipe Molas Lopez (Col) Overthrew President; then

Dr Federico Chaves (Col) fraudulent election Presidential resignation; then fraudulent election


1954-89 Gen. Alfredo Stroessner (Col) Single candidate election; plebiscite 1958, re-elected 1963,1968,1973,1978,1983, 1988

1989- Gen. Andres Rodriguez (Col) Coup; then election Col = Colorado, Feb = "Febrerista", L = Liberal

PERU 1903-04 1.904-08 1908-12 1912-14 1914-15

1915-19 1919-30 Aug 25-27 1930 1930-31 Mar 1-51931 Mar 5-11 Mar-Dec 1931-33 1933-39

1939-45

1945-48

Manuel Candamo (Oem) Jos¢ Pardo (Civ) Augusto Leguia (Civ) Guillermo Billinghurst (Civ) Gen. Oscar Raimundo Benavides Jose Pardo (Civ) Augusto Leguia (Civ) Manuel Ponce

Col. Luis M. Sanchez Cerro Ricardo Leoncio Elias Gustavo A. Jimenez David Samanez Ocampo Col. Luis M. Sanchez Cerro Gen. Oscar Raimundo Benavides Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (Civ) Jose Luis Bustamente y Rivero (PDC)

Oct 29-30 1948 Zenon Noriega 1948-50 Gen. Manuel A. Odria Jun-Ju11950 Zenon Noriega 1950-56 Gen. Manuel A. Odria 1956-62 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche 1962-63 Gen. Ricardo Perez Godoy &

1963-68 junta Arq Fernando Belaunde Terry (AP-PDC)

Election do. do. do. Military coup

Election Election and coup

Coup Provisional Provisional

Election Assassination of President; coup in 1936 Election

do.

Coup; acting Coup Acting Election Election Coup

Election

196K-75 1975-80

Gen. Juan Valasco Alvarado Coup

1980-85

1985-90 1990-

Gen. Francisco Morales Internal coup Bermudez Arq Fernando Belaunde Terry Election (AP) Alan Garcia Perez (APRA) Alberto Keinya Fujimori (Cambio '90)

do. do

AP = Acci6n Popular, APRA = Alianza Popular Revolucionaria de America,


Cambio '90 = Change 1990, Civ = Civilista, Dem = Democrat, PDC = Partido Democrata Cristiano

URUGUAY

1897-1903 1903-D7 1907-11 1911-15 1915-19 1919-23 192J-.27 1927-31 1931-38

Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (C) Jose Batlle y Ordonez (C) Dr Claudio Williman (C) Jose Batlle y Ordonez (C) Dr Feliciano Viera (C) Dr Baltasar Brum (C) Jose Benigno Serrato (C) Juan Campisteguy (C) Gabriel Terra (C)

Jun-Aug 1938 Gen. Alfredo Baldomir (C) Aug 9-15 Cesar Charlone 1938-43 Gen. Alfredo Baldomir (C) 1943-47 Juan Jose Amezaga(C) Mar-Aug 1947 TomasBerreta(C) 1947-48 Luis Batlle Berres (C) Aug-Sep 1948 Cesar Mayo Gutierrez 1948-51 LuisBatlieBerres(C) 1951-52 Andres Martinez Trueba (C) 1952-{)7 Consejo Nacionalde

Administraci6n

Assassination of President Election Election Election Election Election Election Election Election; then assumed dictatorial powers

Acting Election Election Interim Election Acting Election Election

Mar-Dec 1967 Gen. Oscar Daniel Gestido (C)Election 1967-71 Jorge Pacheco Areco (C) Vice-President; death of

1971-76 Juan M. Bordaberry Arocena (C)

May-July 1976 Alberto Demichelli 1976-81 Dr Aparicio Mendez

Manfredini

1981-84 Gen. Gregorio Alvarez Armellino

Feb 11-29 1984 Rafael Addiego Bruno

1984-90 Dr Julio Maria Sanguinetti Cairolo(C)

President Electoral technicality; then autogolpe Coup; resignation of President Military co-option; appointment by Council of State Military co-option

President of the Court of Justice; resignation of President Election

1990- Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera do. (PN)

C = Partido Colorado, PN = Nationalist (Blanco) Party


VENEZUELA 1899-1908 1908-13

1913-14

1914-22

1922-29

1929-31 1931-35 193~1

1941-45 194~8

Gen. Cipriano Castro Gen. Juan Vicente G6mez

Jose Gil Fortoul

Victoriano Marquez Bustillo

Gen. Juan Vicente G6mez

Coup Coup; in charge of executive power 1908-09; acting President 1909-10; elected for four years 1910 Acting President in absence of President G6mez on campaign Vice-President in charge of the executive power 1914; acting President 1914-22 Elected 1915 but did not serve; re-elected 1922 under new Constitution

Juan Bautista Perez Election Gen. Juan Vicente G6mez Coup Gen. Eleazar L6pez Contreras Death of President; military

co-option, then election Gen. Isaias Medina Angarita Elected by Congress R6mulo Betancourt (AD) Coup; provisional President

with junta Fel>-Nov 1948 R6mulo Gallegos (AD) Election 1948-50 Gen. Carlos Delgado

195G-52 1952-58 1958-59

1959--64

1964-{)9 1969-74 1974-79 1979-84

1984-89 1989-

Chalbaud & military junta German Suarez Flamerich Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez Military junta

R6mulo Betancourt (AD coaln) Raul Leoni (AD coaln) Rafael Caldera (COPEI) Carlos Andres Perez (AD) Dr Luis Herrera Campins (COPEI) Dr Jaime Lusinchi (AD) Carlos Andres Perez (AD)

Coup

Assassination of President Military co-option and election Popular uprising followed by coup Election

do. do. do. do.

do. do.

AD = Acci6n Democratica, COPEI = Social Christian Party

Prime Ministers of Caribbean States ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

Independent 1 November 1981 1981- Vere C. Bird, Sr. (ALP)

THE BAHAMAS

Independent lOJuly 1973 1973- Sir Lynden Pindling (PLP)

BARBADOS

Independent 30 November 1966 1966-71 Errol Barrow (DLP) 1971-85 1. M. G. M. (Tom') Adams

1985-86 1986-87 1987-

BELIZE

(BLP) Bernard St John (BLP) Errol Barrow (DLP) Erskine Sandiford (D LP)

Independent 21 September 1981 1981-84 George Price (PUP) 1984---89 Manuel Esquivel (UDP) 1989- George Price (PUP)

DOMINICA

Independent 2 November 1978

Election

Election

Election Election

Election Election Death of predecessor


1978--80 Patrick John (DLP) Election 1980- Dame (Mary) Eugenia Charles Election

(DFP)

GRENADA

Independent February 1974 1974---79 Sir Eric Gairy (GULP) Election

224

Prime Ministers of Caribbean States

1979-83 1983 Oct 1983-84 1984-89 1989 1989-90 1990-

GUYANA

Maurice Bishop (NJM) Gen. Hudson Austin (NJM) Nicholas Braithwaite Herbert Blaize (NNP) Herbert Blaize (NP) Ben Jones (NP) Nicholas Braithwaite (NDc/NP)

Independent 26 May 1966 Executive Presidents 1980-85 Forbes Burnham (PNC) 1985- Desmond Hoyte (PNC)

Prime Ministers 1966-80 Forbes Burnham (PNC) 1980-85 Desmond Hoyte 1985- Hamilton Green

JAMAICA

Independent 6 August 1962 1962-64 Dr Alexander Bustamante

19~7 1967-72 1972-80 1980-89 1989-92 1992-

(JLP) Donald Sangster (JLP) Hugh Shearer (JLP) Michael Manley (PNP) Edward Seaga (JLP) Michael Manley (PNP) Percival Patterson (PNP)

ST CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS

Independent 19 September 1983 1983- Dr Kennedy Alphonse

Simmonds (PAM)

SAINT LUCIA

Independent 22 February 1979 1979 John G. M. Compton (UWP) 1979-81 Allan Louisy (SLP) 1981-82 Winston Cenac (SLP) 1982- John G. M. Compton (UWP)

Coup Coup Caretaker Election Govt. reconstructed Death of PM Election

Election Election


Election

Election Election Election Election Election Resignation of Manley

Election

Election Election Election Election

225

226 Prime Ministers of Caribbean States

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Independent 27 October 1979 1979--84 Milton Cato (SVLP) 1984- James Mitchell (NDP)

SURINAME Independent 25 November 1975 Presidents 1975-80 1980-82 1982-87

1987-90 1990-91 1991-

Johan Ferrier Hendrik Chin A Sen L. Fred Ramdat Misier

Ramesewak Shankar Johan Kraag (NPS) Ronald Venetiaan (NF)

Prime MinisterslHeads of government 1975-80 Henck Arron (NPS)

Election Election

Election Military co-option Interim; Vice-President, Supreme Court Election Elected after military coup Election

1980-82 Hendrik Chin A Sen Military coup 1982 Henry Neyhorst Military co-option 1982-83 Lt.-Col. Desi Bouterse Military government 1983-84 Dr Errol Alibux (PALU/RVP) Military co-option 1984-87 Wim Udenhout (St) Military co-option 1987-90 Lt. Col. Desi Bouterse Military government 1990-91 Jules Wijdenbosch (NDP) Elected after military coup 1991- Jules Ajohida (NF) Elected

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Independent 31 August 1962; Republic 1976 1962-81 Dr Eric Williams (PNM) 1981-86 George Chambers (PNM) 1986-90 Arthur Napolean Raymond

Robinson (NAR) 1990- Patrick Manning (PNM)


Election

ALP = Antigua Labour Party, BLP = Barbados Labour Party, DFP = Dominica Freedom Party, DLP (Barbados) = Democratic Labour Party, DLP (Dominica) = Dominica Labour Party, GULP = Grenada United Labour Party, lLP = Jamaica Labour Party, NAR = National Alliance for Reconstruction, NDC = National Democratic Congress, NDP = New Democratic Party, NF = New Front for Democracy and Development, NNP = New National Party, NJM = New Jewel Movement, NP = The National Party, NPS = National Partij Suriname, PALUIRVP = Progressive Workers and Farm Labourers UnionlRevolutionary People's Party, PAM = People's Action Movement, PLP = Progressive Liberal Party, PNM = People's National Movement, PNP = People's National Party, PNC = People's National Congress, PUP = People's United Party, SLP = St Lucia Labour Party, St = Standvaste, SVLP = St Vincent Labour Party, UDP = United Democratic Party, UWP = United Workers' Party

Some Further Reading The following is a selection of books in English, intended simply to serve as a guide to further reading. It is by no means intended to be exhaustive.

REFERENCE

The South American Handbook, published annually by Trade and Travel Publications Ltd., London.

South America, Central America and the Caribbean, published biennially by Europa Publications Ltd., London.

GENERAL

Anglade, Christian and Fortin, Carlos, The State and Capital Accumulation in Latin America (London: Macmillan, 1985).

Archetti, Eduardo P., Cammack, Paul and Roberts, Bryan (eds.), Sociology of 'Developing Societies': Latin America (Basingstoke, Hants.: Macmillan, 1987).

Baloyra, Enrique A. (ed.), Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987).

Bryce, James, South America: Observations and Impressions (New York: Macmillan, 1914)

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Cardoso, Fernando Enrique, and Faletto, Enzo, Dependency and Develop-ment in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).

Clapham, Christopher, and Philip, George (eds), The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes (London: Croom Helm, 1985).

Gott, Richard, Guerrilla Movements in Latin America (London: Nelson, 1970).

Gutierrez, Gustavo, A Theology of Liberation (London: SLM Press, 1988). Janvry, Alain de, The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America

(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981). Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred (eds), The Breakdown of Democratic

Regimes: Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).

Malloy, James M. (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977).

O'Brien, Phil and Cammack, Paul (eds), Generals in Retreat (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985).

Pearce, Jenny, Under the Eagle (London: Latin American Bureau, 1981). Philip, George, The Military and South American Politics (London: Croom

Helm, 1985).

227

228 Some Further Reading

Philip, George, Oil and Politics in Latin America: Nationalist Movements and State Companies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

Rouquie, Alain, The Military and the State in Latin America (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1987).

Thorp, Rosemary, and Whitehead, Laurence (eds), Latin American Debt and the Adjustment Crisis (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987).

Sheahan, John, Patterns of Development in Latin America: Poverty, Repres-sion and Economic Strategy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987). .

Wesson, Robert (ed.), The Latin American Military Institution (New York: Praeger, 1986).

Wynia, Gary W., The Politics of Latin American Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Best, Edward, US Policy and Regional Security in Central America (Aldershot: Gower and International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1977).

Duran, Esperanza, European Interests in Latin America (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1985). .

Feinberg, Richard E.~ The intemperate zone: the Third World challenge to US foreign policy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983).

Ferrell, Robert H., Latin American Diplomacy: The Twentieth Century (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988).

Martz, John D., and Schoultz, Lars (eds), Latin America, the United States, and the Inter-American System (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1980).

Morris, Michael A., and Millan, Victor, Controlling Latin American Conflicts (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1983).

Munoz, Heraldo, and Tulchin, Joseph S. (eds), Latin American Nations in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984)

Munro, Dana G., Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900-1921 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964).

Munro, Dana G., The United States and the Caribbean Republics (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1974).

Perkins, Dexter, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (London: Longmans, 1960).

Wood, Bryce, The Dismantling of the Good Neighbor Policy (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1985).

ARGENTINA

Calvert, Susan and Peter, Argentina: Political Culture and Instability (London: Macmillan, 1989)

Corradi, Juan E., The Fitful Republic: Economy, Society, and Politics in Argentina (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985).

Di Tella, Guido, Argentina under Peron, 1973-76; The Nation's Experience with a Labour-based Government (London: Macmillan, 1983).

Some Further Reading 229

Rock, David, Argentina 1516-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

BELIZE

Bolland, O. Nigel, Belize: A New Nation in Central America (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1986).

Bolland, O. Nigel, The Formation of a Colonial Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).

Grant, C. H., The making of modern Belize (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

BOLIVIA

Alexander, Robert J., Bolivia: Past, Present, and Future of its Politics (New York: Praeger, 1982).

Dunkerley, James, Rebellion in the Veins: Political Struggle in Bolivia, 1952-82 (London: Verso, 1984).

Klein, Herbert S., Bolivia: The Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

BRAZIL

Bresser Pereira, Luiz, Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930-1983 (trans, Marcia Van Dyke) (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984).

Fiechter, Georges-Andre, Brazil since 1964 (London: Macmillan, 1975). Flynn, Peter, Brazil: a political analysis (London: Ernest Benn, 1978). Roett, Riordan, Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society (New York: Praeger,

1984). Stepan, Alfred, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988).

THE CARIBBEAN

Barry, Tom, Wood, Beth, and Preusch, Deb, The Other Side of Paradise: Foreign Control in the Caribbean (New York: Grove Press, 1984).

CrassweIler, Robert, The Caribbean Community (Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, 1972).

Manley, Michael, Jamaica: Struggle in the Periphery (London: Third World Media Ltd., n.d.).

Palmer, Ransford W., Caribbean dependence on the United States economy (New York: Praeger, 1979).

Payne, Anthony, The International Crisis of the Caribbean (London: Croom Helm, 1984).

Williams, Dr Eric, Forged from the Love of Liberty: Selected Speeches of Dr Eric Williams (Port-of-Spain: Longmans Caribbean, 1982).


CHILE

Monteon, Michael, Chile in the Nitrate Era: The Evolution of Economic Dependence, 1880-1930 (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982).

Moreno, Francisco Jose, Legitimacy and Stability in Latin America: A Study of Chilean Political Culture (New York: New York University Press, 1969).

North, Liisa, Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, Chile and Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966).

O'Brien, Phil, and Roddick, Jackie, Chile, the Pinochet Decade (London: Macmillan, 1983).

Pollack, B. and Rosenkranz, H., Revolutionary Social Democracy: The Chilean Socialist Party (London: Frances Pinter, 1986).

Roxborough, Ian, O'Brien, Phil, and Roddick, Jackie, Chile, the State and Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1972).

Smith, Brian, The Church and Politics in Chile, Challenges to Modern Catholicism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).

COLOMBIA

Fluharty, Vernon Lee, Dance of the Millions: Military Rule and the Social Revolution in Colombia, 1930-1956 (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1957).

Hartlyn, Jonathan, The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Peeler, John A., Latin American Democracies: Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1985).

COSTA RICA

Ameringer, Charles D., Don Pepe - a political biography of Jose Figueres of Costa Rica (Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1979).

Bird, Leonard, Costa Rica: The Unarmed Democracy (London: Sheppard Press, 1984)

CUBA

Dominguez, Jorge I. (ed.), Cuba: Internal and International Affairs (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982).

Draper, Theodore, Castroism, Theory and Practice (New York: Praeger, 1969).

Goldenberg, Boris, The Cuban Revolution and Latin America (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965).

Guevara, Ernesto 'Che', Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War (London: Monthly Review Press, 1961).


Huberman, Leo, and Sweezy, Paul M., Cuba: Anatomy of a Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968).

Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, The Economy of Socialist Cuba: A Two-Decade Appraisal (Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press, 1981).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Atkins, G. Pope, Anm and Politics in the Dominican Republic (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1981).

Black, Jan Knippers, The Dominican Republic: Politics and Development in an Unsovereign State (Boston, Mass.: Allen & Unwin, 1986).

Gleijeses, Piero, The Dominican Crisis: the 1965 Constitutional Revolt and American 1ntervention (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).

Wiarda, Howard J., and Kryzanek, Michael J., The Dominican Republic: A Caribbean Crucible (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982).

ECUADOR

Corkill, David, and Cubitt, David, Ecuador: Fragile Democracy (London: Latin American Bureau, 1988).

Cueva, Agustin, The Process of Political Domination in Ecuador (trans. Danielle Salti) (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1982).

Wood, Bryce, Aggression and History: The Case of Ecuador and Peru (Institute of Latin American Studies, Columbia University Press, 1978).

EL SALVADOR

Armstrong, Robert, and Shenk, Janet, El Salvador: The Face of Revolution (London: Pluto Press, 1982).

Dunkerley, James, The Long War: Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador (London: Verso, 2nd edn, 1985).

Webre, Stephen, Jose Napoleon Duarte and the Christian Democratic Party in Salvadoran Politics, 1960-1972 (Baton Rouge: Louisana State University Press, 1979).

White, Alistair, El Salvador (London: Benn, 1973).

GRENADA

Thorndike, Tony, Grenada: Politics, Economy and Society (London: Frances Pinter, 1985).

GUATEMALA

Black, George, Garrison Guatemala (London: Zed Books, 1984).


Calvert, Peter, Guatemala, a Nation in Turmoil (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985).

Painter, James, Guatemala: False Hope, False Freedom: the Rich, the Poor and the Christian Democrats (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations and Latin American Bureau, 1987).

Schlesinger, Stephen C., and Kinzer, Stephen, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (London: Sinclair Browne, 1982).

GUYANA

Spinner, Thomas J., Jr., A Political and Social History of Guyana, 1945-1983 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984).

HAITI

Weinstein, Brian, and Segal, Aaron, Haiti: Political Failures, Cultural Successes (New York: Praeger, 1984).

HONDURAS

Lapper, Richard, and Painter, James, Honduras: State for Sale (London: Latin American Bureau, 1985).

Morris, James A., Honduras: Caudillo Politics and Military Rulers (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984).

MEXICO

Dulles, John W. F., Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1961).

Gonzalez Casanova, Pablo, Democracy in Mexico (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).

Knight, Alan, The Mexican Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 2 vols.

Reed, John, Insurgent Mexico (New York: Clarion, 1969). Sanderson, Steven E., The Transformation of Mexican Agriculture: Inter-

national Structure and the Politics of Rural Change (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).

Stevens, Evelyn P., Protest and Response in Mexico (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1974).

Wilkie, James W., and Wilkie, Edna The Mexican Revolution: Federal expenditure and social change since 1910 (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1970).

Womack, John Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1969).


NICARAGUA

Crawley, Eduardo, Dictators Never Die: a portrait of Nicaragua and the Somozas (London: C. Hurst, 1979).

Pastor, Robert A., Condemned to Repetition: the United States and Nicaragua (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987).

Vilas, Carlos M., The Sandinista Revolution: National Liberation and Social Transformation in Central America (trans. Judy Butler) (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1986).

Walker, Thomas W. (ed.), Reagan versus the Sandinistas: the undeclared war on Nicaragua (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987).

PARAGUAY

Lewis, Paul H., Paraguay under Stroessner (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1980).

Warren, Harris Gaylord, Paraguay, An Informal History (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949).

PERU

Alexander, R. J. (sel. and ed.), Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrines of Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1973).

Bourricaud, Franc;ois, Power and Society in Contemporary Peru (New York: Praeger, 1967).

Fitzgerald, E. V. K., The State and Economic Development: Peru since 1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo, Peruvian Democracy under Economic Stress: An Account of the Belaunde Administration, 1963-1968 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977).

McClintock c., and Lowenthal, A. (eds), The Peruvian Experiment Recon-sidered (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983).

MariateJUi, Jose Carlos, Seven .Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1988).

Stepan, Alfred, State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978).

URUGUAY

Kaufman, Edy, Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1979).

Weinstein, Martin, Uruguay: the Politics of Failure (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975).


VENEZUELA

Gil Yepes, Jose Antonio, The Challenge of Venezuelan Democracy (trans, Evelyn Harrison I., Lolo Gil de Yanes and Danielle Salti) (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1981).

Martz, John D., and Myers, David J. (eds), Venezuela: The Democratic Experience (New York: Praeger, 1977)

Moron, Guillermo, A History of Venezuela (ed. and trans. John Street) (London: Allen & Unwin, 1964).

Index Adams,JohnQuincy 16--17 Afghanistan 163 Aguirre Cerda, Pedro 37 Alaska 16,143 Alejos Ami, Roberto 99 Aleman Valdes, Miguel 109,111 Alessandri, Arturo 28-9,36,136 Alessandri, Jorge 136--7 Alfonsin, Raul 122,181-2 Allende Gossens, Salvador 136--8,

162 Alliance for Progress 99-100, 148 Almazan, Juan Andreu 109 Alvarez Armellino, Gregorio 116 Alvear, Marcelo T. de 26,46 Amador Guerrero, Manuel 39 Anoon, Treaty of (1904) 49 Anoon, Treaty of (1929) 34,50 Andes 2,5,6,7,29,46,142 Angeloz, Eduardo 182 Angola 4, 162-3 Antarctica 37,180 Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio 118 Arana, Francisco 8~90 Arana Osorio, Carlos 145 Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo 88-91 Ardito Barletta, Nicolas 150 Arevalo Bermejo, Juan Jose 8~90,

145 Argentina 4,7,9,10,11,13,14,15,

24-5,26,27,31,32,34,36--7, 45-6,47,48,50-1,52-4,66, 71-4,81,82,89,101,105-6,114, 116,117,118-22,123,124,126, 138,180-2,186,188,18~90, 193,194-5,197,199

Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance (AAA) 120

Arias, Arnulfo 148-9 armed forces 10,15,25,28,33-4,

40,46, SO, 52, 56--8,59 65,73, 74-5,79-80,102,103-4,114, 117-51,170,171,176

Arosemena, Carlos Julio 141

Arosemena, Florencio Harmodio 40

Arosemena, Pablo 39 Arron, Henck 171 Arroyo del Rio, Carlos 140 Aruba 46,170 Ascension Island 181 Atacama Desert 49 Atlantic Charter 70 Austin,Hudson 170,183 Austin, Stephen 17 Australia 23 Avila Camacho, Manuel 109 Avril, Prosper 185 Ayala, Eligio 49 Ayala, Eusebio 49,51,80 Aylwin, Patricio 139 Azores 2

Baez, Cecilio 48 Bahamas 2 Baja California 1, 4, 70 Balaguer,Joaquin 62,101,104-5 Baldomir, Alfredo 113 Balmaceda, Jose Manuel 27-8 Banzer Suarez, Hugo 124 Barbados 166 BarrientosOrtuno, Rene 78,109,

123 Batista y Zaldiva, Fulgencio 92-5,

106,172 Batlle y Ord6nez, Jose 27, 112, 113 Bay Islands 3,17 Bay of Pigs 98-9,106 Belaunde Terry, Fernando 133-4,

135-6 Belize 17,68 Benavides,OscarRaimundo 34-5,

40 Bering Straits 2 Betancourt, R6mulo 57,61, 102,

158-9 Betancur Cuartas, Belisario 158 Billinghurst, Guillermo 33-4,40

235

236 Index

Bishop, Maurice 170,183 Black, Eli 147 Blaine, James G. 14,66 Blaize, Herbert 170,183 'Bogotazo' (1948) 86-7 Boland Amendment 179 Bolivar, Sim6n 6-7,20,56,88 Bolivia 2,4,7,9,13,14,28,34,44,

45,46-7,48-51,52,54,70,74-8, 105,107-9,117,122-6,188,191, 192,194-5,197

Bolivian Revolution 74-8,107 Bonaire 170 Booker McConell 168 Borely, Joseph 27 Borj a Cevallos, Rodrigo 144 Bordaberry, Juan Maria 115--16 Bosch, Juan 102-5 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de 5 Bouterse, Desi 171 Brasilia 127, 128 Brazil 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,

15,29-33,47,48,49,52,54, 62-6,67,69,70,81,83,85,101, 104,107,115--16,123-4,126-33, 138,142,181,186-9,192,194, 1%

Brazilian Expeditionary Force 65, 67-70,129

Britain, see United Kingdom British American Tobacco 189 Brizola, Leonel 128-9 Brum, Baltasar 112-13 Bruma, Eddy 171 Bryan-ChamorroTreaty(1913) 21,

38 Bucaram, Assad 141-3 Bucaram Ortiz, Abdala 144 Buenos Aires 6,7,10,48,66,72,

141,180,193 Burnham, Forbes 168 Busch, German 51,75-6 Bush, George Herbert Walker 151,

180 Bustamante, Alexander 169

Caamafio Defi6, Francisco Alberto 103

Carareco, an hippopotamus 128

Caceres, Ram6n 20 Caldera, Rafael 58, 159-60 Calder6n Guardia, Rafael

Angel 152-5 California 1,4-5,11,17-18 Calles, Plutarco Elias 43,45 Cambodia 136, 163 Campora, Hector 120 Canada 4,17,47,68,85 Canning, George 16-17 CapeHorn 36 Cardenas, Cuauhtemoc 111 CariasAndino, Tiburcio 71,147 CariosIV 6 Cardenas, Lazaro 43-5,109,110 cardenal Martinez, Ernesto 174 cardenal Martinez, Fernando 174-

5 Caribbean Basin, 2, 7,10,12,16-22,

58-62,67,68-9,162,164-5, 166-71,182-3

Carpio, Salvador Cayetano 175-6 Carranza, Venustiano 42 Carter, James Earl, Jr.

('Jimmy') 105,111,125,151, 164-6,173,176-7,179,185

Casement, Sir Roger 31 Castello Branco, Humberto 129-31 Castillo, Ram6n S. 73 Castillo Armas, Carlos 91 Castro, Cipriano 20,46 Castro Ruz, Fidel 61,93-101,106-

7,109,159,161-4,166,176, Castro Ruz, Raul 106 caudillos 7-8 Central America 2,5,9,10,18,

20-2,23,29,38-9,111,138, 145--51,152,186,199

Central American Common Market (CACM) 147-8

Central American Court 20-1, 39 Centro de Altos Estudios Militares

(CAEM) 133 Chaco Boreal 46-7, 49-51, 80 Chaco War (1932-35) 47-51,67,

75,79-80 Chamberlaine, Neville 45,68 Chamorro, Emiliano 38-9 Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin 173,174

Index 237

Chamorro, VioletaBarriosde 174,180 Chapultepec, Act of (1945) 84--5 Chaves, Federico 81-2 Chiari, Roberto 40 Chibas, Eduardo ('Eddy') 93-4 'Chicago School' 138 Chile, 2, 4, 7,8,11,13,14,24,25,

27-9,31,33,36-7,49,50,52,54, 67,70,85,117,136-9,152,161, 162,180,188,193,194-6,199

Chilean Civil War (1891) 28 Chin A Sen, Hendrik 171 China 2,88,98 Church 9-10,15,25,40,43-4,83,

102,136,141,146,173,194 Churchill, Winston Leonard

Spencer- 68,167 class, 25, 73-4 Coard, Bernard 170 coca, cocaine 75,126,158,191 Cold War 37,85,92 Collor de Mello, Fernando 133 Colombia 1,4,7,8,9,11,12,19,

31,35,40,55-6,70,86-7,88, 140,155-8,160,175,179,192-3, 194

Comintern 26 Comte, Auguste 15 Commonwealth 167, 170, 183 communism 85,90--1,94,97-100,

102,104,106,120--1,123,134, 145-6,167-8,174-5,176-7,183

Concordancia 72-3, see also Infamous Decade

Congo-Brazzaville 107 Conqueror, HMS 181 'Conquest ofthe Desert'

(Argentina) 24,26 'contras', see Nicaraguan Democratic

Force (FDN) Coolidge, Calvin 38,67 'Cordobazo' (1969) 119 C6rdova Rivas, Rafael 174 Correinte Democratica 111 Costa, Lucio 127 Costa e Silva, Artur 131 CostaRica 9,21,38,44,68,71,88,

104,152-5,173-4,186-8,194, 199

Cristiani, Alfredo 178 Cuba 2-3,4,16,18,20,35,37-8,

44,52,61,68,88,92-101,102, 106-7,108-11,133,135,148, 150,161-4,166,169,170,171, 174,191-2,195-7,199

Cuban Missile Crisis 100-1,161, 169

Cuban Revolution 92-100,127 Curacao 170 Czechoslovakia 68,88,91

da Fonseca, Marshal Hermes 32 da Silva Bernardes, Arturo 32 da Silva Pessoa, Epitacio 32 d'Aubuisson, Roberto 176-7 Davila, Carlos 36 de la Espriella, Ricardo 150 de la Huerta, Adolfo 47 de la Madrid Hurtado, Miguel III Debray, Regis 108-9 debt 33, 186-90 Declaration of Lima (1938) 67,85 Delgado Chalbaud, Carlos 58 Demerara Bauxite Company 168 Denmark 21 dependency 12 53-4 d'Escoto Brockmann, Miguel 174 Diaz, Adolfo 21 Diaz, Carlos Enrique 91 Diaz, Jose de la Cruz Porfirio 24,

29,41,43,45 Diaz, Ordaz, Gustavo 110 'Dirty War' 121-2, see Process of

National Reorganization Doheny, Edward L. 45 'Dollar Diplomacy' 20 Dominguez, Jorge I. 161 Dominica 167 Dominican Republic 20,21,38,52,

59-62,68,93,95,101-5,129-30, 188,192,193,194-6

Dortic6s Torrado, Osvaldo 96 drug (narcotics) 191 Duarte, Jose Napole6n 148,176-8 Dulles, Allen 90,99 Dulles, John Foster 88-9,90,91 Dunlop, John Boyd 30 Dutra, Enrico Gaspar 65

238 Index

Duvalier, Fran<;ois 59, 183--4 Duvalier, Jean-Claude 183--5

Echandi' Jimenez, Mario 155 Echeverria Alvarez, Luis 110--11 Ecuador 9,29,31,52,101,139-44,

162,187,192,194,196, education 199-200 Eisenhower, DwightD. 61-2,90,

91,97,98,149,167 ElDorado 1 El Salvador 9,38-9,52,68,70, 104,

145,147,175-8,188,192,194-5, 198-9

Endara, Guillermo 151 Enlightenment 5 Enriquez, Alberto 140 Escola Superior de Guerra

(ESG) 130 Esst> 189 Estigarribia, Jose Felix 51,80 Estrada Palma, Tomas 37 Ethiopia 163 exports 189

Falkland IslandsIIslas Malvinas 17, 122,180-2

Falklands War (1982) 122,168, 180-2,190

Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) 176

Farrell, Edelmiro J. 73 Fayad,Alvaro 157 FebresCordero,Le6n 144 Ferreira, Benigno 48 Ferreira Aldunate, Wilson 116 FernMdez, Eduardo 160 Fernando VII 6 Figueiredo, Joao Baptista 132 Figueres Ferrer, Jose Maria 102,

153--5 Figueroa Larrain, Emiliano 36 Firestone 189 First World War, see Great War Flores, Florencio 150 Florida 4,16 'Football War' (1969) 147-8 foquismo 107-8

France 3,5,6-7,9,10--11,16,19, 34,68,171

Franco, Rafael 80--1 Franco Bahamonde, Francisco 115 Frei Montalva, Eduardo 136, 162 French Revolution 102 Frondizi, Arturo 101,118 Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de

Colombia(FARC) 157-8

Gadea, Hilda 106 Gairy, Sir Eric 170 Gaitan, Jorge Eliecer 56, 86 Galan Sarmiento, Luis Carlos 158 Galapagos Islands 140 Gallegos, Romulo 57-8 Galtieri, Leopoldo 122, 181 Garcia, Alan 136 Garcia Godoyi Hector 104 Garcia Menocal, Mario 37 Garcia Meza Tejada, Luis 76, 126 Geisel, Ernesto 132 Germani, Gino 73 General Be/grano, ARA 181 Germany 15,19,21,34,45,54,70,

90 Gestido, Oscar 113 G6mez, Jose Miguel 37 G6mez, Hurtado Aluaro 158 G6mez,JuanVicente 46,56-7 G6mez, Laureano 56,86-7, 156 Gondra, Manuel 48-9,67 Gondra Treaty (1923) 67 Gonzalez,JuanNatalicio 81 Gonzales Videla, Gabriel 37,85 'GoodNeighbor'Policy 66-7,104 Gorbachev, Mikhail 164 Goulart, Joao ('Jango') 66,127-9,

131 GrauSanMartfn,Ram6n 44,92 Great Depression SO, 52-5, 59-60,

62-3,71 Great War 21-2,28,31,70 Grenada 161,163--4,167,170,171,

182-3 Grove, Marmaduque 36 Grupo de Oficiales Unidos

(GOU) 73 Guadeloupe 4,171

Index 239

Guadelupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1849) 17

Guatemala 9,29,38,47,52,54,68, 71,85,89-91,98-9,101,105-6, 107,145-6,154,188,192,193, 194-9

GueilerTejada, Lidia 125-6 guerrilla movements 157-8 Guevara de la Serna, Ernesto ('Che

Guevara') 95,96,105-9,123, 125

Guevara Arze, Walter 125 Guggiari, Jose 49 Gulf Steam 2 Gunther, John 127 Gutierrez, Col. 177 Guyana (former British

Guiana) 160,166,167-8 Guyane (French Guiana) 171 GuzmAn, Antonio 105

Haig, Alexander M., Jr. 181 Haiti, 6-7, 21,38, 59, 60-1, 68,74,

103,183-5,188,192,194-6, 198-9

Harding, Warren Gamaliel 38 Havana 4 Hawaii 18 HayadelaTorre, Victor Raul 29,

34-5 Hearst, William Randolph 18 Hernandez Martinez,

Maxmiliano 70,147 Herrera, Luis Alberto de 113 Herrera Campins, Luis Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel 6 Hitler, Adolf 54,67,70 Honduras 3,9,11,23,38,68,71,

101, 104, 147, 178, 188, 194-6 Hoyte, Desmond 168 Huerta, Victoriano 21,41-2 Hull, Cordell 172 human rights 164-5 Humboldt, Alexander von 5 Humphrey, George 92 Hurtado,Osvaldo 143-4

IbMiez del Campo, Carlos 36 Illia, Arturo 119

Imbert Barrera, Antonia 104 India 69 Indians (Amerindians) 24-5, 29,

40,146,192 Indonesia 186 indigenismo 29, 34 Infamous Decade 71-3 Inter-American Conference - First-

Fourth 66; Fifth-Eighth 67; Ninth (1948) 86-7;Tenth (1953) 88,90

Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) 85, 154

International Court of Justice (ICJ) 179-80

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 82,124,135,143,169

International Petroleum Corporation (IPC) 134

International Railways of Central America (IRCA) 38

International Workers of the World (IWW) 15

Iran 179 isolationism 68 Itaipu 83 Italy 15,19,45,54,65,72

Jagan, Cheddi 167-8 Jamaica 3,38,163-4,166,167,

168-9,193 Japan 2,37,69,70 Jara, Albino 48-9 Jimenez Moya, Enrique 61 Joao VI, King of Portugal 6 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 104, 129

Keith, Minor C. 38 Kennedy,JohnFitzgerald 99-100,

102,149,184 Khrushchev, Nikita S. 97-9 Kirkpatrick,Jeane 161 Kissinger, Henry M. 124 Korean War (1950-53) 88 Kubitschek, Juscelino de

Oliveira 127

Lacalle, Luis Alberto 116 La Coubre, French freighter 97

240 Index

Lacerda, Carlos 66 Lafontant, Roger 185 Lakas Bahas, Demetrio 150 land question 23-5,74,77,190-3 Lanusse, Alejandro 119-20 Larrazabal, Wolfgang 158 Laugerud Garcia, Eugenio

Kjell 145 League of Nations 21,31,50-1 Lechin, Juan 78 Legufa, Augusto 33-4 Lemus,J0s6Maria 147 Lenin, Vladimir I1'ych 106 LeoXITI, Pope 10 Leoni, Raul 159 Leticia dispute 55-6 Levingston, RobertoM. 119 life expectancy 198 Uma,Congressof(I849) 14 Und, Jenny 31 literacy 199-200 L1eras Camargo, Alberto 56, 156 L1eras Restrepo, Carlos 156 Lonard{, Eduardo 118 L6pez Arellano, Osvaldo 147 L6pez Contreras, Eleazar 56-7, 58 L6pezMateos, Adolfo 110 L6pez Michelsen, Alfonso 56 L6pez Portillo, Gustavo 111 L6pez Pumarejo, Alfonso 56 L6pez Rega, Jose ('el Brujo') 120 Louisiana 5,16 Lucas Garcia, Fernando

Romeo 146 Lusinchi, Jaime 160

Machado y Morales, Gerado 38 Madero, Francisco I. 41-2 Magana Borja, Alvaro 177 Maine, USS 18,97 Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra

(1957) 94-5 Manigat, Leslie 185 Manley, Michael 163,169-70 Manley, Normal 168--9 Mao Tse-tung 106 Maricitegui, Jose Carlos 29, 135 Marshall, George Catlett 87 Marti,Farabundo 176

Marti, Jose 18,37,94 Martinique 4,171 Matos, Huber 96 Marati6n River 140 Marx, Karl 94, 106 Matthews, Herbert L. 92 Medici, Emilio Garrastasu 131 Medina Angarita, Isaias 57 Mein, Gordon 117 Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto 147 Mendez Montenegro, Julio

Cesar 145 Menem, Carlos Saul 182 Menem,Zulemade 182 Mexican WarfWarof 1847 17 Mexico 1,2,4,5,6-7,9,10-11,12,

14,15,17,19,21,22,24,29,34, 41-4,47,54,56,70,89,94,106, 109-12,149,162,179,186-7, 190-3,194,196,198

militarydevelopmentalism 118, 125,142,145

Miranda, Francisco de 6 Mir6,Jose 95 Mitrione, Dan 114,164 Molina Urena, Jose Rafael 103 Moncada, Jose Maria 39 Mongolia 162 Monje, Luis 108 Monroe, James 16-17 MonroeDoctrine 16-17,20,22 Montes, Ismael 49 Montoneros 119 Morales, CarlosF. 20 Morales Bermudez, Francisco 135 Moreira da Costa, Delfim 32 Moreno Diaz, Maria Eugenia Rojas

de 156-7 Morinigo, Higinio 80-1 Morrow, Dwight D. 43 Mosconi, General 46 Mosquitia 17 Movement for National Uberation,

see also Tupamaros Mussolini, Benito 54,65,70

Namphy, Henri 185 Napoleon I, Emperor ofthe

French 1,6-7,14

Index 241

'national security' ideology/ state 116,117,123

National System of Aid to Social Mobilization (SIN AMOS) 135

nationalism 37-9,64,74,75,134, 142-3

Natusch Busch, Alberto 76, 125 Netherlands 22,46, 17{}-1 Neves, Tancredo 133 New International Economic Order

(NIEO) 163 Newly Industrializing Countries

(NICs) 190 Nicaragua 9,17,18,19,21,71,104,

154-5,161,164,172-5,178-80, 188,193,194, 199

Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) 178-80

NicaraguanRevolution 148,155, 163,172-5

Niemayer, Oscar 127 Nixon, Richard M. 91-2, 124 Nobel Peace Prize 51 Nombre de Dios 4 Non-Aligned Movement 135,150,

163 Noriega, Manuel 149-51 North Sea 143 North, Col. Oliver 179-80

Obreg6n,Alvaro 42-3,47 O'Donnell, Guillermo 117 Odria, Manuel A. 35 oil 44-7,58,70,97, n{}-l1, 131-2,

134,142-3,146,157,159-60, 169,187

Olaya Herrera, Enrique 55 Ongania,JuanCarlos 119 Operaci6n Carlota 162 Organization of American States

(OAS) 15,61,88,97-100,104, 147,154,184

Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) 170

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 142, 159

Orinoco, River 20 Ortega Saavedra, Daniel 174-5

Ospina Perez, Mariano 56,86--7 Ovando Candia, Alfredo 123-4

Pacheco Areco, Jorge 113-14 Pact ofthe Caribbean (1947) 153 Pact of Sitges (1957) 156--7 Padilla Arancibia, David 125 Paiva, Felix 51 Pan-American Highway 178 Pan-American Union 14,50,61,

67,84-5,87, Panama 2,18,19,39-40,52,68,

120,142,148-51,155,165-6, 173,179,188,192,194

Panama, Congress of (1826) 14 Panama Canal 19,39 Panama Canal Treaties (1903) 19;

(1926) 39-40;(1936) 149; (1977) 165-6

Panama Canal Zone 149,165 Pando, Jose 49 Panz6s, Alta Verapaz 146 Paraguay 5,7,10,14,46,48-51,54,

78-83,104,188,192,194-5 Pardo,Jose 34 Paredes, Ruben Dario 150 Partido Dominicana (PD) 60 Pascal-Trouillot, Ertha 185 Pastrana Borrero, Misael 156 Patiiio Sim6n 75 Paul, Jean-Claude 185 Paz Estenssoro, Victor 77-S,123-5 Pearl Harbor 69 Pearson, Fred Stark 47 Pearson, Sir Weetman (Lord

Cowdray) 44 Pe~nha,Nilo 31 Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil 31 Peralta Azurdia, Enrique 145 Pereda AsbUn, Juan 125 Peredo brothers 35 Pereira de Souza, Washington

Luiz 32,63 Perez, Carlos Andres 160-1 Perez Jimenez, Marcos 58,88,91,

158 Per6n, Eva Duarte de ('Evita') 73,

182

242 Index

Per6n,JuanDomingo 73-4,118, 120

Per6n, Maria Estela Martinez de ('Isabel') 12(}-1,125

Peronism 74,82,118-22,182,190 Pershing, Gen. John Joseph 21 Peru 1,4,6,7,9,11,14,15,25,28,

29,31,33-5,40,49,50,52,55-6, 70,101,105,114,115,117, 133-6,140,142,148,162,163, 187,192,199

Petr6leos Venezolanos (PDVSA) 160

Philippines 18 Picado Michalski, Teodoro 153-4 Pierola, Nicolas 33 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 137-9 Plaza, Le6nidas 141 Plaza Lasso, Gala 140-1 Poland 68 Polk, James Knox 17 Ponce, Camilo 141 Ponce Vaides, Federico 89 Port Stanley 181 Portugal 3,4,6,14,54,65 Potrero del LJa,w, Mexican

tanker 109 Poveda, Alfredo 143 PradoyUgarteche,Manuel 35,101 Prebisch, Raul 8(r 7 Prestes, Julio 32,63 Prestes, Captain Luiz Carlos 32 Prio Socarras, Carlos 92 Process of National

Reorganization 121 Protocol of Rio de Janeiro

(1942) 140 Puerifoy, John L. 91 Puerto Rico 18,103,165 Puga, Arturo 36

Quadros, Janio 127 Queen Elizabeth II, RMS 165

Ramirez Mercado, Sergio 174 Reagan, Ronald Wilson 68, 150,

164-5,169,177-80,182-3,187 Reid Cabral, Donald 103 Rem6n, Jose Antonio 148-9

Rio-Branco, Baron of 30 Rio GrandelRio Bravo 17 Rio Pasct, see Inter-American Treaty

of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR)

Rios Montt, Efrain 146 Rivera, Julio Adalberto 148 Rivera y Damas, Arturo 177 Robelo, Alfonso 179 Roca, Julio A. 11,26 Roca-Runciman Treaty (1933) 53 Rocky Mountains 1 Rod6,JoseEnrique 41 Rodrigues Alves, Francisco de

Paula 32 Rodriguez, Andres 83 Rodriguez Lara, Guillermo 142-3 Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo 87, 155-7 Rold6s, Jaime 143 Roman Fernandez, Jose 62 Romero, Carlos Humberto 148,

176 Romero, Oscar 17fr7 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 45,67,

68,70,89,104,172 Roosevelt, Theodore 19-21,37 Root, Elihu 20 Rosas, Juan Manuel de 9 Rostow, Walt Whitman 11 Royal Dutch-Shell 45 Russia 16,26,44, see also Soviet

Union

Saavedra, Bautista 50 Saavedra Lamas, Carlos 50 Saenz Peiia, Roque 26 St Christopher (St Kitts) 3 StLucia 167 St Petersburg, Fla. 4 St Vincent and the Grenadines 167 Salamanca, Daniel 51 Salazar, Dr 54,65 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos 112 San Martin, Jose de 7, 10 Sanchez Cerro, Luis 34-5 Sanchez Hernandez, Fidel 148 Sandinista National Liberation Front

(FSLN) 155,173-5,193 Sandino, Augusto 39, 172

Index 243

Sangster, Donald 169 Santo Domingo 2-3 Santos, Eduardo 56 Sarney,Jose 133 Schaerer, Eduardo 49 Schick, Renb 172 SchooloftheAmericas 101,142 Sanguninetti, Julio Maria 116 Scott, Gen. Winfield 17 Scoon, Sir Paul 170, 183 Seaga, Edward 164, 169 Second Declaration of Havana

(1962) 100 Second World War 37,45,56,57,

60, 65, 73-4, 76, 81, 148, 152, 183

Sendero Luminoso (SL) 13:; Servicio de Inteligencia Militar

(SIM) 60--2 Servicio Nacional de Informa<;<>es

(SNI) 130--1 Shearer, Hugh 169 Sheffield, HMS 181 Shultz, George 181 Siles, Hernando 50 SilesZuazo, Hernan 78,125-6 'Social Darwinism' 25 socialism 25-6, 29, 44 Solano L6pez, Francisco 14 Somalia 163 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio 155,

172-5 Somoza Debayle, Luis 172 Somoza Garcia, Anastasio 71, 154-

5,172,193 South Africa 162 South Georgia 180--1 Soviet Union 55,69,96-101, 1()(r7,

124,161-4,183, Spain 1-7,8,13,14,15,16,18,54,

72 Spanish-American War (1898) 16,

18,59 Stalin, JosefV. 44,55 Stalingrad (Volgograd) 69 Standard Oil 75 Stroessner, Alfredo 79,81-3 Suriname 170--1 Switzerland 112, 181

Taft, William Howard 20 'TanialaguerriUera' 108 Tejada Sorzano, Jose Luis 51 Terra, Gabriel 52,55,112-13 Texas 5,17-18 Thatcher Margaret Hilda 181-2 'Third World' 84,107,136,162-3,

169,193 Tinoco,Fernando 21 'Tiradentes' 6 Titicaca, Lake 49 Tomic, Radomiro 136-7 Toro, Jose David 51 Toriello Garrido, Jorge 89 Torrelio Villa, Celso 126 Torres Gonzalez, Juan Jose 124 TorrijosHerrera,Omar 149--50,

165 torture 58,61-2,115-16, 121, 126,

131,138,164 Trinidad and Tobago 166 Trujillo Molina, Rafael

Leonidas 59,93,101-2,104, 159,172,184

Trujillo, Rafael Jr. ('Ramfis') 61, 102

TupacAmarulI 6,114 Tupamaros 113,164

UbicoyCastafieda,Jorge 68,71,89 Ulate Blanco, Otilio 153-4 unemployment 196 United Fruit Company (United

Brands) 38,89--91,105,147 United Kingdom 17,19,52-3, 6g....,

9,161,170,180--2,195 United Nations 15,37,70,84,88,

98,111,163,169,170,179,180--1 UN Economic Commission for Latin

America (ECLA) 12,85-6, 87

United States 4,7,9,10,11,12-13, 15-22,35,37-44,50,52,55,58, 59--62,66-70,77,78,81,84-5, 96-105,107,109,111,114,117, 123,124-6,128,129,135,142, 144,145,148,149--51,153,158, 161-71, 175, 177, 17g....,g5, 188-9, 191,193,194-5,197

244 Index

US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 61-2,90-1,98,106, 108,137,168,169,178

USCivilWar 15,18,30,41 US National Security Council 178-

80 Uriburu, Jose Felix 71-2 Urrutia Lleo, Manuel 95-6 Uruguay 7,9,11,14,15,25,26-7,

41,52,55,89,112-16,138,152, 161,164,188,193,194-6,199

Valencia, Guillermo Le6n 156 Vallejo, Demetrio 110 Vanderbilt, Commodore 18-19 Vargas, Getulio Domelles 32-3,

63--6,69,126 Vasconcelos, Jose 42 Velasco Alvarado, Juan 134,148 Velasco Ibarra, Jose Maria 139-42,

162 Venezuela 9,12,20,45-6,56-8,61,

70,88,91-2,155,158-61,168, 179,186-7,192,194,196,197

Videla, Jorge 121-2 Viera, Feliciano 27 Vietnam 162-3 Vietnam War (1964-75) 135 Villa, Francisco ('Pancho') 21,42,

47

Villaroel, Gualberto 75,76,81 Viola, Roberto 122 Virgin Islands (US) 21

Walker, William 18 WarofthePacific 14,49 War of the Triple Alliance 14,26,

48 Watling Island 3 Waugh, Evelyn 44 Wessin y Wessin, Elias 103 WestIndianFederation 167,169 WeyleryNicolau, Valeriano 18 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow 21,38,

42 World Cup 135

Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF) 46

Y digoras Fuentes, Miguel 90-1, 145

Yrigoyen, Hip6lito 26,46,71-2

Zaire 107,162 Zapata, Emiliano 24,42,47 Zayas, Alfredo 38 Zelaya, Jose 21 Zemurray, Samuel Lee 38 Zimmerman Telegram 21

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