ByBy

Muhammad Rizwan LiaqatMuhammad Rizwan Liaqat

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

PREVALANCE OF TOBACCO BLACK SHANK IN MARDAN AND

CHARSADA REGION AND ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH HOST RESISTANCE AND IRRIGATION

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES MATERAILS AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Tobacco (Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccumNicotiana tobaccum) is the most ) is the most important cash crop of Pakistan, belong to important cash crop of Pakistan, belong to Solanacea family. Solanacea family.

It is utilized as an organic pesticide, in some It is utilized as an organic pesticide, in some medicine as Nicotine Tartrate, chewing medicine as Nicotine Tartrate, chewing tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, creamy snuff, tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, creamy snuff, electronic cigarettes, gutka, hooka, rollies or electronic cigarettes, gutka, hooka, rollies or roll ups and pipe smoking.roll ups and pipe smoking.

Pakistan Pakistan Area (hact):Area (hact): 25936 25936 Production (Mio kgs): Production (Mio kgs): 64.670 64.670 Average yield (kg/ha) Average yield (kg/ha) 2493 2493

(PTB 2010-2011)(PTB 2010-2011)

DISEASESDISEASES

Tobacco crop is attacked by several serious Tobacco crop is attacked by several serious diseases in which black shank is very diseases in which black shank is very important caused by important caused by Phytophthora parasiticaPhytophthora parasitica. .

Black shank disease losses can reach up to 100 Black shank disease losses can reach up to 100 % in individual fields (Gallup % in individual fields (Gallup et al,et al, 2006) 2006) . .

The disease is prevalent in all the tobacco The disease is prevalent in all the tobacco growing areas of KPK.growing areas of KPK.

SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS

OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES

To survey the major tobacco growing areas To survey the major tobacco growing areas (Charsada, Mardan) of KPK to find out disease (Charsada, Mardan) of KPK to find out disease incidence and severity of black shank of tobacco. incidence and severity of black shank of tobacco.

To evaluate the resistance of commercial tobacco To evaluate the resistance of commercial tobacco cultivars against black shank of tobacco. cultivars against black shank of tobacco.

To investigate the effect of number of irrigations on To investigate the effect of number of irrigations on the severity of black shank and its effect on yield/ the severity of black shank and its effect on yield/ yield components under natural infection yield components under natural infection conditions.conditions.

MATERIALS MATERIALS AND AND

METHODSMETHODS

Disease surveyDisease survey

Field survey was conducted in all the Field survey was conducted in all the tobacco growing areas of Mardan and tobacco growing areas of Mardan and Swabi district.Swabi district.

Disease incidence (%)Disease incidence (%)

Disease incidence was calculated by the following Disease incidence was calculated by the following formulaformula

No. of infected plants No. of infected plants x 100x 100

Total no. of plantsTotal no. of plants

Disease severity (%)Disease severity (%)

Disease severity was calculated for each location Disease severity was calculated for each location using disease severity scale of Wright using disease severity scale of Wright etet alal (2005). (2005).

The scale ranges from 0-4.The scale ranges from 0-4. 0 = Plants totally healthy.0 = Plants totally healthy. 11 = 1-25% of the plants infected.= 1-25% of the plants infected. 2 = 26-50 % of the plants infected.2 = 26-50 % of the plants infected. 3 = 51-75 % of the plants infected.3 = 51-75 % of the plants infected. 4= 76-100 % of the plants infected. 4= 76-100 % of the plants infected.

SCALE FOR DISEASE SEVERITY (%)SCALE FOR DISEASE SEVERITY (%)

100 x Σn 100 x Σn S = -----------------S = -----------------

4N4N S = Black shank severity (%).S = Black shank severity (%). Σn = Summation of individual rating.Σn = Summation of individual rating. N = Total number of plants assessed andN = Total number of plants assessed and 4 = Highest value on the severity scale to 4 = Highest value on the severity scale to

determine disease severity (%).determine disease severity (%).

The experiment was consist of five cultivars and four number of irrigations.

Design Split Plot Design Replication 3 Plant to plant distance 24 cm Row to Row distance 36 cm Plot size 1 ha Fertilizer applied NPK @ 10 bags per

ha -1`

ParametersParameters

Plant heightPlant height Leaves at harvestLeaves at harvest Cured leaves per kg-1Cured leaves per kg-1 Leaf size Leaf size Days to maturityDays to maturity Yield ha-1Yield ha-1

RESULTSRESULTS

S. No LocationCultivar

Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%)

1 KoperPVH-2310

4 1

2 BadragaSpeight-28

16 4

3 PirsaddiPVH-2310

0 0

4 ShahbatkheilK-399

16 4

5 RaidanPVH-50

8 2

6 HossaiRGH-4

12 3

7 Takht bhaiK-399

8 2

8 Said AbadPVH-50

0 0

9 Jamal GhariRGH-4

0 0

10 GhalegaySpeight-28

8 2

Table 4.1. Prevalence of Black shank of tobacco in district Mardan

S. No Location Cultivar Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%)

1 Shareef AbadPVH-2310

4 1

2 QadameySpeight-28

12 3

3 SolanjerPVH-2310

0 0

4 Kalu DhairK-399

12 3

5 TolandeyPVH-50

8 2

6 DageyRGH-4

8 2

7 YaqoobeyK-399

0 0

8 DhobianPVH-50

0 0

9 Ghazi KoatRGH-4

0 0

10 Sara CheenaSpeight-28

8 2

Table.4.2 Prevalence of Black shank of tobacco disease in district Swabi

VarietiesNumber of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 1 EF 0.6 EF 1.3 DEF 1 EF 1 C

PVH-50 1.3 DEF 1 EF 1 EF 1.6 CDE 1.2 C

RGH-4 1.6 CDE 1.3 DEF 1.6 CDE 2.3 ABC 1.7 B

K-399 2 BCD 1.6 CDE 1.6 CDE 2.6 AB 2 B

Speight G-28 2.6 AB 2.3 ABC 2 BCD 3 A 2.5 A

Mean 1.7 B 1.4 C 1.5 BC 2.1 A

Table 4.3 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on disease severity as affected by black shank of tobacco.

VarietiesNumber of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 147 158 152 151 152 a

PVH-50 148 154 152 151 151 a

RGH-4 147 153 151 150 151 a

K-399 146 151 150 148 149 b

Speight G-28 145 150 149 147 148 b

Mean 147 c 153 a 151 b 150 b

Table 4.4 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on tobacco plant height (cm) as affected by black shank of tobacco.

Varieties

Number of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 27 ef 33 a 31 d 28 de 30 a

PVH-50 27 ef 31 b 30 bc 27 ef 29 b

RGH-4 27 ef 29 cd 28 de 28 de 28 c

K-399 25 g 29 cd 28 de 26 fg 27 d

Speight G-28 25 g 27 ef 27 ef 26 fg 26 e

Mean 26 d 30 a 29 b 27 c

Table 4.5 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on number of leaves at harvest as affected by black shank of tobacco.

VarietiesNumber of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 137 138 134 134 136 b

PVH-50 136 138 135 135 136 b

RGH-4 139 140 137 136 138 a

K-399 134 136 134 132 134 b

Speight G-28 135 137 133 133 135 c

Mean 136 b 138 a 135 c 134 d 136

Table 4.6 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on number of cured leaves kg-1 as affected by black shank of tobacco.

VarietiesNumber of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 975 1002 996 988 990 a

PVH-50 969 994 992 985 985 b

RGH-4 966 988 987 981 981 c

K-399 956 985 984 976 975 d

Speight G-28 951 d 982 a 976 b 970 c

Table 4.7 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on leaf size (cm) as affected by black shank of tobacco.

VarietiesNumber of Irrigations

Mean

Seven Eight Nine Ten

PVH-2310 82 84 86 87 85 d

PVH-50 83 85 87 88 86 cd

RGH-4 84 86 87 90 87 c

K-399 88 91 93 95 92 b

Speight G-28 90 93 96 97 94 a

Mean 85 d 88 c 90 d 91 a

Table 4.8 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on days to maturity as affected by black shank of tobacco.

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Among the cultivars, PVH-2310 was found Among the cultivars, PVH-2310 was found to be the most resistant to black shank of to be the most resistant to black shank of tobacco. It also performed better than other tobacco. It also performed better than other cultivars in terms of yield ha-1, plant height, cultivars in terms of yield ha-1, plant height, leaf size, leaves at harvest and minimum leaf size, leaves at harvest and minimum days to maturity.days to maturity.

Eight irrigations resulted in the lowest Eight irrigations resulted in the lowest disease severity and highest yield and yield disease severity and highest yield and yield components.components.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

The combination of PVH-2310 and eight The combination of PVH-2310 and eight irrigations gave the lowest disease severity irrigations gave the lowest disease severity and highest yield. Therefore this combination and highest yield. Therefore this combination is recommended for controlling the disease is recommended for controlling the disease and obtaining the maximum yield.and obtaining the maximum yield.

Other number of irrigations should also be tested Other number of irrigations should also be tested including several other varieties of tobacco to find including several other varieties of tobacco to find the most appropriate combination.the most appropriate combination.

THANKSTHANKS