Date post: | 07-Jul-2015 |
Category: |
Science |
Upload: | private-veterinary-hospital |
View: | 207 times |
Download: | 0 times |
PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN
Project report
By
(Group leader)
ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16
(Group members)
JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91
KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96
Department of veterinary Medicine
faculty of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences Sindh agriculture university Tandojam
2010
PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN
BY
(Group leader) ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16
(Group members)
JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND
VETERINARY SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM IN CONNECTION WITH PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ID OF FINAL PROF. DVM
2010
DEDICATION
This humble effort is dedicated to
Our
Beloved Teacher
JAVAID GADAHI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
i
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE ii
PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF TABLES v
ABSTRACT vi
i INTRODUCTION 1
ii REVIEW OF LITRATURE 4
iii MATERIALS AND METHODS 12
iv RESULTS 14
v DISCUSSION 17
VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 20
LITERATURE CITED 23
SYNOPSIS 25
PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN
BY
ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16
(GROUP LEADER)
JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Supervisor MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON
Assistant Professor Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry And Veterinary Sciences
Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
Co-Supervisor JAVAID GADAHI
Lecturer Department Of Veterinary Paracitology
Faculty of Animal Husbandry And Veterinary Sciences
Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
DATE OF PROJECT DEFENCE _________________ 2010
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM
RESEARCH CERTIFICATE
Certified that the research work entitled “PREVALENCE OF
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO
MUHAMMAD KHAN” embodied in project report has been carried out by the group of
final Prof. D.V.M students under my supervision and guidance in connection with the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for ID of Final Prof. D.V.M. I confirm that the
work is original.
MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON Assistant Professor Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Date ____________________ 2010
SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM
PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM
We, Abdul Hussain Memon, Junaid Hussain Memon, Khuda Dino Dars,
Kaleemullah Talpur and Khuda bux Khushik, here by authorize Sindh Agriculture
University Tandojam to supply copies of our Project Report to libraries or individuals
upon request.
Date: …………….2010 (Abdul Hussain Memon)
(Junaid Hussain Memon)
(Khuda Dino Dars)
(Kaleemullah Talpur)
(Khuda bux Khushik)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors express their most humblest, true, honest, deep, genuine and
sincerest words of thanks to Almighty ALLAH who bestowed upon us the ability
potential, courage, health, strength, wisdom and all the resources through which we
succeeded in preparing this manuscript and Who is the entire source of knowledge and
wisdom endowed to mankind. The authors offer their humblest thanks from the core of
their hearts to The Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), who is a torch of
guidance and knowledge for humanity, a symbol of peace, tolerance and true leadership
for ever.
We wish to express our profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to our
respectable and worthy research Supervisor Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Memon, Assistant
Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Co-supervisor Mr. Javaid Gadahi,
Department of Paracitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences,
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, for their healthy suggestions, constructive and
positive criticism, sympathetic treatment and providing utmost facilities during the
research work.
We are affectionately thankful to our dear sisters, loving brothers,
passionately thankful to our juniors for their sweet company, moral support and innocent
love. Thanks are also extended to our parents, friends and class fellows who were always
helpful to us.
AUTHORS
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1 Summary of Review of Litrature 10
2 sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. 14
3 age wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites.
15
4 species wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites 16
AN ABSTRACT OF PROJECT REPORT OF
2K5-AV-16 ,86 ,91 ,93 , 96 For ID OF FINAL PROF: D.V.M.
Major VETERINARY MEDICINE
TITLE: PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN
AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN
Study was conducted to record the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of
cat in and around Tando Muhammad Khan. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) was collected from Tando Muhammad Khan and examined
regarding intestinal parasites presence. Samples was appropriately collected and transported
to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and
breed will also be collected.
Overall of 100 faecal samples 24 samples are positive showing 24 percent 9
samples were found positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3
samples were found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5
samples found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of
small intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with
overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of
Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
The cat (Felis catus), also known as the domestic cat or housecat to
distinguish it from other felines and felids, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal
that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and
household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years. Cats can
suffer from a wide range of health problems, including infectious diseases, parasites,
injuries and chronic disease. Vaccinations are available for many of these diseases, and
domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and
fleas (National Geographic News, 2004-2007).
Domestic cats first arrived in North America with European colonists
several hundred years ago. Since that time, cats have multiplied and thrived as cherished
pets, unwanted strays, and semi-wild predators. Although often overlooked as a problem,
free-ranging cats affect other animals, often far from the homes and farms they share with
people. Because we brought the domestic cat to North America, we have a responsibility
to both the cats and to the wild animals they may affect. Here are some interesting and
perhaps surprising facts concerning the contemporary dilemma posed by free-ranging
domestic cats in the United States. Domestic cats originated from an ancestral wild
species, Felis silvestris, the European and African Wild Cat.
The domestic cat is now considered a separate species, named Felis catus.
In appearance, domestic cats are similar to their wild relatives, and many of their
behaviors, such as hunting and other activity patterns, remain essentially unchanged from
their ancestral form. Cats were first domesticated in Egypt around 2000 BC. Domestic
cats spread slowly to other parts of the globe, possibly because Egyptians prevented
export of the animal they worshiped as a goddess. However, by 500 BC the Greeks had
acquired domestic cats, and they spread cats throughout their sphere of influence. The
Romans introduced the domestic cat to Britain by 300 AD. (Serpell S.A, 1988).
The parasites that your cat can get are externals and internals. The
external cat parasites are most commonly fleas and ticks. However, your cat can get and
other external parasites like ear mites and lice. The internal cat parasites are primarily in
the form of a worm. And unfortunately for cats, these worms come in a variety of shapes
and sizes as well as bring a number of different health issues too. (Peter John
adams,2003).
Giardia is a common cat parasite. Symptoms may include foul-smelling
stools that may contain mucus, loss of appetite and weight loss. hookworms, tapeworms,
roundworms and whip worms attach to the intestinal wall of the cat and can cause serious
illness if not treated (iVillage Staff, 1999).
Gastrointestinal parasitism is a common problem in cats, with prevalence
rates as high as 45 percent. The parasites can be wormlike (e.g., stomach worms,
roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms) or one-celled (e.g, Isospora, Giardia,
Toxoplasma) organisms. The signs associated with parasite infections are fairly
nonspecific, such as a dull haircoat, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, mucoid or bloody
feces, loss of appetite, pale mucous membranes, or a pot-bellied appearance. The
vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration caused by intestinal parasites will weaken a
cat, making it more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections and diseases; thus robbing
your cat of good health. Furthermore, some parasites have the potential of infecting
humans.(American Association of Feline Practitioners,2006).
Internal parasites that are fairly common in cats include eye worms
(worms found in the eye of your cat that need to be removed only under anesthesia),
flukes (worms that get into the lungs and liver of your cat), and urinary worms (parasites
that are difficult to diagnose but cause an infection in your cat’s bladder).
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes
parasites in pet and stray cats of Tando Muhammad Khan and its surrounding area.
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the study are
• To determine the over all prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cat.
• To determine the sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat.
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
v mircean et al (2010) study on prevalence of endoparasites in household
cat (Felis catus) populations from transylvania (Romania) and association with risk
factors overall prevalence of endoparasites in household cats was (34.3%) the detected
parasites were Toxocara cati (20.3%), Ancylostoma spp. (10.1%), Isospora rivolta
(8.9%), Isospora felis (5.3%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (5.6%), Strongyloides spp.
(3.4%), Capillaria aerophila (3.1%), Taenia taeniaeformis (2.7%), T. gondii/H.
hammondi (1.2%), Sarcocystis spp. (1%), Giardia duodenalis (0.7%) and Dypillidium
caninum (0.2%). Risk factors for infection with parasites in cats were identified to be age
and medium (rural or urban area). Thus, I. felis, I. rivolta and T. cati were more common
in cats less than/equal to 1-year old, and Ancylostoma spp. and A. abstrusus were more
prevalent in cats older than 1-year of age.
Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) conducted a study on prevalence of stray cat
with intestinal protozoan parasites. The overall prevalence was recorded as 13.26%.
species wise prevalence was recorded as 4.08% (Cryptosporidium) , 7.14% (Giardia spp)
and 5.1% (Isospora spp). Entamoeba spp. was not found in samples. 13.2% of the
female cats were eliminating cysts or oocysts of intestinal protozoan in their faeces, while
13.3% of the male cats were infected.
Overgaauw Paul A.M, et al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal
samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. A fecal and fur samples from in
total 224 investigated dogs and cats,. In the fur of 18 dogs (12.2%) and two cats (3.4%)
Toxocara eggs were found. From the remaining samples not enough material could be
extracted to perform PCR for the confirmation of these eggs as toxocara. Positive canine
hair samples for toxocara eggs originated from different breeds and fur length: seven
short, nine medium and two long hair breed the feces were also investigated all tested
negative for intestinal parasites from the cats.
Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of Protozoa and
Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Forty-
two percent of cats were infected with intestinal protozoan parasites, 33% were infected
with cestodes and 39% infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Four species protozoan
parasites and eight gastrointestinal helminthes were recovered from the animals,
including taenia taeniaeformis, dipylidium spp., Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati,
Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp., Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp., Toxoplasma
gondii, and Sarcocystis spp.
Arbabi Mohsen (2008) performed Gastrointestinal parasites of stray cats
in Kashan, Iran From a total 113 stray cats examined, 67(59.3%) were male and
46(40.7%) were female overall 108 cats (95.6%) have been infected parasites found were
nematodea:Toxocara cati 13.3%, Physaloptera preputialis 39.8%, rictularia 52.2% and
uncinaria stenocephala 1.8%; cestodea: mesocestoides lineatus 7.1%, taenia
taeniaformis 15%, diplopylidium nolleri 64.6%, dipylidium caninum 68.1% and
joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides 85%; sporozoea: Isospora rivolta 5.3%, Isospora felis
5.3%, sarcocystis spp 8%, blastocystis spp 16.8% and giardia felis 0.9% and
trichomonas spp 1.8%.
Sathaporn, et al (2007) estimated Gastrointestinal Parasites of Stray Cats
in Bangkok Metropolitan Areas, Thailand the total of 1,485 fecal samples were collected
from stray cats resided in monasteries of 50 districts of Bangkok areas, performed ethyl-
acetate centrifugation to identify parasites’ eggs, cysts and oocysts and examined under
light microscopy. Overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats was 11.9%. Cats of less
than 1 year were highly infected for 12.3 %. Ancylostoma spp, (9.9 %) Toxocara cati spp,
(3.5 %) Isospora spp (1.01 %) and Dipylidium caninum (0.07 %) were the most prevalent
parasites in stray cats
Zibaei Mohammad et al (2007) observed Prevalence of toxocara cati and
other intestinal helminthes in stray cats in shiraz, Iran The overall infection rates in stray
cats infected with cestoda and nematoda were 105(99.1%) and 101(95.3%) respectively.
The detected cestodes were joyeuxiella pasqualei (34.3%), dipylidium caninum (49.5%),
taenia taeniaeformis (12.3%), spirometra sp. (3.8%) and the detected nematodes were
physaloptera sp. (44.6%), toxocara cati (42.6%) and toxascaris leonina (12.9%). The
study revealed that T. cati was one of the most frequently detected intestinal helminths,
which is an important source of zoonotic helminths.
Changizi et al (2007) conducted a study on the gastrointestinal helminthic
Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of infection was
90%, with those of individual parasites being diplopylidium nolleri 54%, physaloptera
praeputialis 32%, ancylostoma tubaeforme 20%, Joyeuxiella pasqualei 10%, toxocara
cati 8%, pterygodermatites affinis 6%, ancylostoma caninum 4%, and taenia
taeniaeformis 2%. Concurrent infections with two or more parasites were recorded in
34% of the individuals.
J Lopez et al (2006) carried out a study on Intestinal parasites in dogs and
cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile. Protozoa were found in 66.5% of
cats and helminthes in 45.2% of cats Species found in cats were Blastocystis sp. in 37%,
Ameba sp. In 30%, G intestinalis in 19%, Chilomastix sp. in 12%, Isospora sp. in 12%,
Toxocara cati in 10%, D caninum in 7%, Sarcocystis sp. in 5%, Trichomona sp. in 5%,
Toxoplasma gondii in 4%, Taenia sp. in 2% and Physaloptera sp. in 1%. and 49% found
in cats have zoonotic potential.
Sohn Woon-Mok (2005) investigate the infection status with helminth in a
group of feral cats in Korea. More than 29 helminth species including adults or eggs
among these were a host of nematodes, including toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. and the
larva of Anisakis simplex; trematodes, including Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus
westermani, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Metagonimus spp.,
Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summa, Heterophyopsis continua, Stictodora fuscata,
Stictodora lari, Acanthotrema felis, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Centrocestus armatus,
Procerovum varium, Cryptocotyle sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma hortense,
Echinochasmus japonicus, Stephanoprora spp., Plagiorchis muris, Neodiplostomum sp.
and diplostomulum. We also detected a variety of cestodes, including Spirometra
erinacei, Taenia taeniaeformis and unidentified species of tapeworm.
Gustavo et al (2004) investigated Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs
and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil The total
amount of examined samples was 1,761, being 1,473 (83.6%) from dogs and 288 (16.4%)
from cats. Positive results 26.6% (392) for dog samples and to 20.5% (59) for cat
samples. In both hosts, ancylostoma spp., aoxocara spp., isospora spp. And giardia spp.
were the more frequent parasites. the rates of 39.5% for dogs and 29.5% for cats. Highest
infection rates were diagnosed for isospora spp. And toxocara spp. Importantly, our
findings showed the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats that cause zoonotic
diseases.
Carleton Renee E, et al (2003) investigated that prevalence of dirofilaria
immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in
northwest Georgia Cats euthanized at six northwest Georgia animal control agencies
were examined for adult Dirofilaria immitis in heart and lung tissue and presence of
gastrointestinal helminth ova by fecal flotation. D. immitis were found in 4 of 184 cats
(2.1%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth ova were found in 39.6% of the fecal
samples examined and 6.1% of the samples contained two or more species.
Peter John adams (2003) conducted a survey of gastro-intestinal parasites
was conducted on faecal samples collected from 379 feral cats and 851 native fauna from
16 locations throughout Western Australia. the prevalence of Common helminth parasites
detected in feral cats included Ancylostoma spp. (29.8%), Oncicola pomatostomi
(25.6%), Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (14%), Taenia taeniaeformis (4.7%), Physaloptera
praeputialis (3.7%) and Toxocara cati (2.6%). The most common protozoan parasites
detected in feral cats were Isospora rivolta (16.9%) and I. felis (4.5%). Several species of
Eimeria were detected in the marsupials whilst unidentified species of Entamoeba and
coccidia were common in most of the native fauna.
Barutzki D and Schaper R (2002) study on endoparasites in dogs and cats
in Germany In the investigation. 771 cats (24.3%) have been infected with
endoparasites. In the 771 infected cats the following prevalences of parasites have been
found: Class Nematodea: Toxocara mystax: 26.2%, Ancylostoma tubaeforme: 0.3%,
Capillaria spp.: 7.0%, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: 2.7%; Class Cestodea: Taeniidae:
2.6%, Dipylidium caninum: 0.1%, Class Sporozoea: Sarcocystis spp.: 2.2%,
Cystoisospora spp.: 21.9%, C. felis: 15.3%, C. rivolta: 7.9%, Toxoplasma/Hammondia:
4.5%; Class Zoomastigophorea: Giardia spp.: 51.6%.
Table-1 Summary of Review of Litrature
Reference Year Species Result
v mircean et al 2010 Cat Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma spp Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Isospora felis, Isospora rivolta , Taenia taeniaeformis, Giardia duodenalis, Sarcocystis spp, Dypillidium caninum, Capillaria aerophila, Strongyloides spp, gondii/H. hammondi
Mirzaei Mohammad
2010 Cat Giardia spp , Isospora spp Entamoeba spp , oocysts
Overgaauw Paul A.M, etal
2009 Cat and Dog
Toxocara
Esmaeilzadeh M, et al
2009 Cat Taenia taeniaeformis , Dipylidium spp Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati, Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp , Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp , Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis spp
Arbabi Mohsen 2008 Cat Toxocara cati, Physaloptera preputialis, Rictularia, Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia taeniaformis, Diplopylidium nolleri, Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides, Isospora rivolta, Isospora felis, Sarcocystis spp, Blastocystis spp, Trichomonas spp, Giardia felis
Zibaei Mohammad, et al
2007 Cat Joyeuxiella pasqualei , Dipylidium caninum , Taenia taeniaeformis Spirometra spp, Physaloptera, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina
Changizi et al
2007
Cat
Diplopylidium nolleri, Physaloptera praeputialis, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Joyeuxiella pasqualei, Toxocara cati, Pterygodermatites affinis, Ancylostoma caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis
In above studies these species were found similarly in present study we
also find species of Class: Nematodea: Toxocara cati, Aelurastronglum obstrusus ,
Class: Cestodea:Taenia taeniaformis, Dipylidium caninum and Class: Trematodea:
Paragonimus kellikotti
Sathaporn et al 2007 Cat Ancylostoma spp Toxocara spp
J Lopez et al 2006 Cat D. caninum,Blastocystis sp Toxocara cati ,Isospora sp ,Trichomona sp ,Sarcocystis sp ,Toxoplasma gondii , Taenia sp ,Physaloptera sp
Sohn Woon-Mok 2005 Cat Toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Taeniaeformis, Taenia Cryptocotyle, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Acanthotrema felis
Gustavo et al 2004 Cat and Dog
Ancylostoma spp, Toxocara spp, Isospora spp, Giardia spp, Toxocara spp, Isospora spp.
Carleton Renee. .E, et al
2003 Cat D. immitis
Peter John adams
2003 Cat and Native fauna
Ancylostoma spp , Oncicola pomatostomi , Spirometra Erinaceieuropaei , Taenia taeniaeformis, Physaloptera Praeputialis , Toxocara cati, Rivolta, Isospora
Barutzki D and Schaper R
2002
Cat and Dog
Toxocara mystax, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Aelurostrongylus Obstrusus, Capillaria spp, Dipylidium caninum, Sarcocystis spp, Cystoisospora spp, Giardia spp
CHAPTER-III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection:
A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from male and 50 from
female) were collected from the Tando Muhammad Khan and examined regarding
intestinal parasites presence. Samples were appropriately collected and transported to the
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture
University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed
were also be collected.
Parasitological Procedure:
Fecal samples was examined using flotation technique in saturated
sodium chloride solution. One sample of each animal was examined, and the result was
considered as positive when at least one parasite egg or cyst was observed in one of each
employed technique.
The principle for the simple flotation method was the same as for the
simple test tube flotation method. Approximately 3 g of faeces with a precalibrated
teaspoon was put into Container 1. 50 ml of flotation fluid into Container was poured
mixed (stir) the contents thoroughly with a stirring device (tongue blade, fork). Pour
the resultant faecal suspension through a tea strainer or a double-layer of cheesecloth into
Container 2. Container was leaved to stand for 10 minutes. Test tube was pressed into the
bottom of the filtrate, lift it quickly and transfer a few drops adhering to the surface to a
microslide. The test tube ought to touch the microslide for at least 2-4 seconds for the
drops to run off. Mount the coverslip on the microslide for microscopical examination.
CHAPTER-IV
RESULTS
The study was carried out during the year 2010 on prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites in feline (cats) in and around Tando Muhammad Khan district
of sindh province. A total of hundred samples were collected from both male and female
of cats including 50 faecal samples from male and 50 faecal samples from female. The
sample and data were subjected in laboratory analysis for prevalence of gastrointestinal
parasites in the faecal samples.
Table-2 sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites
The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise was 24.00
percent. In females 14 samples were positive showing 28.00 percent and in males 10
samples were positive showing 20.00 percent ( Table-2)
Sex No . of sample analyzed
No. of samples
+ve
Infection rate
positive (%)
Female 50 14 28%
Male 50 10 20%
Total 100 24 24%
Table-3 age wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites
The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by age wise
prevalence is 24.00 percent. Seventy samples were collected from adult and 15 samples
were positive showing 21.42 percent. While in kitten collected sample were 30 and
positive samples were 9 showing 30 percent prevalence. ( Table-3)
Parasites identified in cats
Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found positive for Dipylidium
caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were found positive for Taenia
taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples found positive for prevalence
of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small intestine. Similarly 5 samples
were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with overall infection of 5.00
percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of Paragonimus kellikotti
although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.( Table-4)
Age No . of sample analyzed
No. of samples
+ve
Infection rate
positive (%)
Adult 70 15 21.42
Kitten 30 9 30
Total 100 24 24%
Table-4 species wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites
Species No .of sample
analyzed
No. of samples +ve Infection
rate positive (%)
Dipylidium caninum
Toxocara cati
Aelurostronglun Obstrusus
Taenia taeniaeformis
Pargonimus kellikotti
100
9
5
5
3
2
9%
5%
5%
3%
2%
Total 100 24 24%
CHAPTER-V
DISCUSSION
The result and present study revealed that coverall prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites was 24 percent Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found
positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were
found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples
found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small
intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with
overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of
Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent .
In parallel to present study v mircean et al (2010) study on prevalence of
endoparasites in household cat (Felis catus) populations from transylvania (Romania) and
association with risk factors overall prevalence of endoparasites in household cats was
(34.3%) the detected parasites were Toxocara cati (20.3%), Ancylostoma spp. (10.1%),
Isospora rivolta (8.9%), Isospora felis (5.3%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (5.6%),
Strongyloides spp. (3.4%), Capillaria aerophila (3.1%), Taenia taeniaeformis (2.7%), T.
gondii/H. hammondi (1.2%), Sarcocystis spp. (1%), Giardia duodenalis (0.7%) and
Dypillidium caninum (0.2%).
The result of over study also revealed by the overall prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise prevalence is 24.00 percent. In females 14 samples
were positive showing 28.00 percent and in males 10 samples were positive showing
20.00 percent. And from the study of Arbabi Mohsen (2008) performed Gastrointestinal
parasites of stray cats in Kashan, Iran From a total 113 stray cats examined, 67(59.3%)
were male and 46(40.7%) were female overall 108 cats (95.6%) have been infected
parasites found were nematodea:Toxocara cati 13.3%, Physaloptera preputialis 39.8%,
rictularia 52.2% and uncinaria stenocephala 1.8%; cestodea: mesocestoides lineatus
7.1%, taenia taeniaformis 15%, diplopylidium nolleri 64.6%, dipylidium caninum 68.1%
and joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides 85%; sporozoea: Isospora rivolta 5.3%, Isospora felis
5.3%, sarcocystis spp 8%, blastocystis spp 16.8% and giardia felis 0.9% and
trichomonas spp 1.8%. in parallel to above study we also found nematodea:Toxocara
cati cestodea: Taenia Taeniaformis, Dipylidium Caninum. And Zibaei Mohammad, et al
(2007) observed Prevalence of toxocara cati and other intestinal helminthes in stray cats
in shiraz, Iran the overall infection he also found stray cats infected with cestoda and
nematode.
Changizi et al (2007) conducted a study on the gastrointestinal helminthic
Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of infection was
90%. Where over present study the infection was 24%. Sathaporn (2007) examined the
overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats of Bangkok areas and says the most
prevalent parasite detected in stray cats and toxocara spp. (3.5%) was the second mostly
found in cats . in present result we also revealed that the second mostly found species in
cat is toxocara cati spp. (5%). Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of
Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West
of Iran he found four species of parasites and in present study we found difference of
species from above studies we found five species of parasites. Overgaauw Paul A.M, et
al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in
The Netherlands Toxocara eggs were found. From the remaining samples not enough
material could be extracted to perform PCR for the confirmation of these eggs as
Toxocara. we found all species of gastrointestinal parasites by Flotation methods.
CHAPTER-VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Summary
In order to study prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIT) parasites of
feline (cats) in and around Tando Muhammad khan, district of sindh province. The study
was carried out during the year 2010 on prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in feline
(cats) in and around Tando Muhammad Khan district of sindh province . A total of
hundred samples were collected from both male and female of cats including 50 faecal
samples from male and 50 faecal samples from female of cat. the sample and data were
subjected in laboratory analysis for prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the faecal
samples.
The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise
prevalence is 24.00 percent. In females 14 samples were positive showing 28.00 percent
and in males 10 samples were positive showing 20.00 percent. The overall
prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise prevalence is 24.00 percent. Seventy
samples were collected from adult and 15 samples are positive showing 21.42 percent.
While in kitten collected sample were 30 and positive samples are 9 showing 30 percent
prevalence.
Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found positive for Dipylidium
caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were found positive for Taenia
taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples found positive for prevalence
of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small intestine. Similarly 5 samples
were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with overall infection of 5.00
percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of Paragonimus kellikotti
although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.
Conclusions
It was concluded from the present studies that little care is being
taken by the owners for the health of their animals, particularly of cats. Most for the
faecal samples of cats in disrtrict Tando Muhammad khan were found negative and the
species of positive samples are, Class: Nematodea: Toxocara cati, Aelurastronglum
obstrusus, Class: Cestodea:Taenia taeniaformis, Dipylidium caninum and Class:
Trematodea: Paragonimus kellikotti are found in (GIT) parasites species.
Suggestions
On the basis of findings of the present investigations, the following
suggestions could be offered.
1. special project may be launched to examine the cats of district
Tando Muhammad khan for for prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and give free
treatment may be given to animals at government veterinary hospital Tando Muhammad
khan.
2. The cats owners and social workers may be given training to
care their animals, particularly to guide them the causes of gastrointestinal parasites
infection
LITERATURECITED
American association of Feline Practitioners (2006) Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cats
Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
Arbabi Mohsen and Hossein H (2008) Gastrointestinal parasites of stray cats in Kashan. Trop Biomed :26(1):16-22.
Barutzki D and Schaper R (2002) Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany Parasitol
Res:90(32): 148-50 Changizi E , I Mobedi , MR Salimi-Bejestani and A Rezaei-Doust (2007)
gastrointestinal helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. Iranian J Parasitol: 2(4) :25-29
Carleton Renee E. and Mary Katherine Tolbert (2004) prevalence of dirofilaria
immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in northwest Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology :119 319–326.
Esmaeilzadeh M, M Shamsfard, A Kazemi, and SA Khalafi (2009) Prevalence of Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Iranian J Parasitology.
Gustavo Loriezni, Tiana TASCA and Geraldo Attilio De CARLI (2004) intestinal
parasites in dogs and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Braz. J. vet. Res: 44(2):137-145
iVillage Staff (1999) Common Cat Parasites ON Jan 1, 1999 at 12:00PM
J Lopez, Abarca K and Paredes P (2006) Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with
gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile Rev Med Chil:134(2):193-200
Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) Prevalence of Stray cats with Intestinal Protozoan Parasites. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5 (2): 86-90
National Geographic News.( 2004-2007) Burial Found on Cyprus" Oldest Known Pet
Cat 9500-Year-Old
Overgaauw Paul A.M., Linda van Zutphen , Denise Hoek and Felix O. Yaya (2009) Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. VETPAR-4790
Peter John adams (2003) parasites of native fauna from werstren Australia the
applications of molecular study of parasitic infection in Australia. J. (Nat. Sci.) 03 : 12 – 26
Sathaporn Jittapalapong, Tawin Inparnkaew and Nongnuch Pinyopanuwat (2007)
prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats of Bangkok. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 69 – 73
Serpell S.A. (1988). The domestication of the cat. In: D.C. Turner and P. Bateson (eds.)
The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,151-158
Sohn Woon-Mok and Jong-Yil Chai (2005) infection status with helminth in a group of
feral cats in Korea. Korean J Parasitol :43(3)
V mircean, Titilincu A and, Vasile C (2010) Prevalence of endoparasites in household cat (Felis catus) populations from Transylvania (Romania) and association with risk factors Vet Parasitolgy.:171(1-2):163-6
Zibaei Mohammad, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi and Bahador Sarkari (2007)
Prevalence of toxocara cati and other intestinal helminthes in stray cats in shiraz, Iran. Tropical Biomedicine 24(2): 39–43
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH WORK TO BE DONE IN CONNECTION WITH PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE ID PURPOSE OF FINAL PROF. DVM TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF VET MEDICINE (SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM).
BY
ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16 (GROUP LEADER) JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86
KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96
TITLE: PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN
INTRODUCTION
The cat (Felis catus), also known as the domestic cat or housecat to
distinguish it from other felines and felids, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal
that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and
household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years
(National Geographic News, 2004).
Domestic cats first arrived in North America with European colonists
several hundred years ago. Since that time, cats have multiplied and thrived as cherished
pets, unwanted strays, and semi-wild predators. Although often overlooked as a problem,
free-ranging cats affect other animals, often far from the homes and farms they share with
people. Because we brought the domestic cat to North America, we have a responsibility
to both the cats and to the wild animals they may affect. Here are some interesting and
perhaps surprising facts concerning the contemporary dilemma posed by free-ranging
domestic cats in the United States. Domestic cats originated from an ancestral wild
species, Felis silvestris, the European and African Wild Cat. The domestic cat is now
considered a separate species, named Felis catus. In appearance, domestic cats are similar
to their wild relatives, and many of their behaviors, such as hunting and other activity
patterns, remain essentially unchanged from their ancestral form. Cats were first
domesticated in Egypt around 2000 BC (Serpell, 1988).
Parasites are the most common causes of gas-trointestinal disease in
domestic cats. Stray cats provide a potential reservoir of helminthic parasites to domestic
cats, especially in rural areas (Calvete, 1998). Rural cats prowl in urban and rural regions
near residential areas. They are reservoir of many zoonotic infestations such as
hookworm & ascariasis (Fisher, 2003 and Laberthe 2004). Excretion of large quantities
of faeces by rural cats, presents a health hazard to the human population especially
children.
Gastrointestinal parasitism is a common problem in cats, with prevalence
rates as high as 45 percent. The parasites can be wormlike (e.g., stomach worms,
roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms) or one-celled (e.g., Isospora, Giardia,
Toxoplasma) organisms. The signs associated with parasite infections are fairly
nonspecific, such as a dull haircoat, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, mucoid or bloody
feces, loss of appetite, pale mucous membranes, or a pot-bellied appearance. The
vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration caused by intestinal parasites will weaken a
cat, making it more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections and diseases; thus robbing
your cat of good health. Furthermore, some parasites have the potential of infecting
humans.
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal
helminthes parasites in pet and stray cats of Tando Muhammad Khan and its surrounding
area.
OBJECTIVES:
• To determine the over all prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cat.
• To determine the sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) conducted a study on prevalence of stray cat
with intestinal protozoan parasites. The overall prevalence was recorded as 13.26%.
species wise prevalence was recorded as 4.08% (Cryptosporidium) , 7.14% (Giardia spp)
and 5.1% (Isospora spp). Entamoeba spp. was not found in samples. 13.2% of the
female cats were eliminating cysts or oocysts of intestinal protozoan in their faeces, while
13.3% of the male cats were infected.
Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of Protozoa and
Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in Zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Forty-
two percent of cats were infected with intestinal protozoan parasites, 33% were infected
with cestodes and 39% infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Four species protozoan
parasites and eight gastrointestinal helminthes were recovered from the animals,
including Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium spp., Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati,
Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp., Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp., Toxoplasma
gondii, and Sarcocystis spp.
Overgaauw Paul A.M, et al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal
samples and fur from dogs and cats in the Netherlands. A fecal and fur samples from in
total 224 investigated dogs and cats, the average weight of the fur samples, collected after
thorough combing, was 0.129 g for the dog and 0.037 g for the cat (range: 0.0026–
0.4725). In the fur of 18 dogs (12.2%) and two cats (3.4%) Toxocara eggs were found.
The average number of eggs per sample was 3.5 (1–31) and recalculating to eggs per
gram fur resulted for the dogs in a mean of 94 (3.8–1065) and a median of 17. For the cat
a mean as well as median epg of 28 (22.9–32.5) was found. The eggs in five examined
samples were fertilized (25%), except one egg (from the sample of 31 eggs) and
measured from 65–80 mm. Out of the 20 samples there was sufficient remaining material
of only five samples to perform PCR and these eggs were confirmed as Toxocara. From
the remaining samples not enough material could be extracted to perform PCR for the
confirmation of these eggs as Toxocara. The viability of the eggs was examined after 6
weeks culturing in sulphur acid solution. None of these eggs were viable. Positive canine
hair samples for Toxocara eggs originated from different breeds and fur length: seven
short, nine medium and two long hair breed. The average age of the dogs was 6.5 years
(0.5–13). From nine dogs with egg-positive hair samples, the feces were also
investigated. These all tested negative for intestinal parasites. From the two cats, one had
no outdoor access.
Sathaporn (2007) examined the overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray
cats of Bangkok areas were 11.9% Infection with only one species of parasite was more
common (9.5%) than multiple infections (2.4%). Cats less than a year were highly
infected by GI parasites (12.3%) compared to cats with 1- 3 years (11.9%) and cat more
than 3 years (6.5%). Males (12.1%) had the higher rates of infection than females
(11.7%). Ancylostoma spp. (9.9%) was the most prevalent parasite detected in stray cats
and Toxocara spp. (3.5%) was the second mostly found in cats .
Changizi et al. (2007) conducted a study on the Gastrointestinal
Helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of
infection was 90%, with those of individual parasites being Diplopylidium nolleri 54%,
Physaloptera praeputialis 32%, Ancylostoma tubaeforme 20%, Joyeuxiella pasqualei
10%, Toxocara cati 8%, Pterygodermatites affinis 6%, Ancylostoma caninum 4%, and
Taenia taeniaeformis 2%. Concurrent infections with two or more parasites were
recorded in 34% of the individuals.
Gustavo Lorenzini et al (2007) estimated the Prevalence of intestinal
parasites in dogs and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil fecal samples from dogs (1,473) and cats (288) were examined regarding intestinal
parasites presence. All samples were from animals from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil that received veterinary care. Samples were appropriately collected and sent to
Laborvet (Veterinary Laboratory), including animal data such as age, sex, and breed.
Lefkaditis and smithb (2006) carried out a stoudy on the Prevalence of
Dipylidium caninum, in domestic cats from the city of Thessaloniki, Greece.Prevalence
of infected cats with D. caninum, 117 were (17.70% from totally 661)Domestic
shorthaired, 4 (7.41% from totally 54) Siamese and 1 (7.69 % from 13) Persian race, 58
(16.71% from totally 347) males, 66 (17.32% from totally 381) females, 51 (17.35%
from totally 294) young, 72 (16.59% from totally 434) adults. The prevalence of D
caninum in this study was higher in European race than Siamese, in females than males,
in young than adults.
Thomas J. Nolan (2006) studied on time series analysis of the prevalence
of endoparasitic infections in cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. The overall
mean monthly prevalence of feline infections was 16% for ascarids, 0.9% for
hookworms, 4.0% for tapeworms, 2.4% for Giardia spp. and 4.2% for coccidia. The
overall mean monthly prevalence of canine infections was 5.7% for ascarids, 9.7% for
hookworms, 9.7% for whipworms. 1.8% for tapeworms, 4.7% for Giardia spp. and 3.1%
for coccidian.
Coati N. et al (2004) investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal
nematodes in cats from France and Germany.approximately 60% of the positive cats live
in urban, 40% in rural environment, 20% on agricultural farms. About 20% of the
positive cats were housed indoors without any access to outdoor environments.
Furthermore the study showed that a frequency of anthelmintic treatment 3-4 times per
year reduced the prevalence significantly,.80% of the cats were dewormed less than 3
times per year, only 2% of the more frequent dewormed cats (3-4 times per year of more
often) belong to the study included population.
PLANE OF WORK Sample collection
A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from male and 50 from female)
will be collected from the Tando Muhammad Khan and examined regarding intestinal
parasites presence. Samples will be appropriately collected and transported to the
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture
University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed
will also be collected.
Parasitological Procedure
Fecal samples will be examined using flotation technique in saturated
sodium chloride solution. One sample of each animal will be examined, and the result
will considered as positive when at least one parasite egg or cyst will be observed in one
of each employed technique.
The principle for the simple flotation method is the same as for the simple
test tube flotation method. Approximately 3 g of faeces into Container 1. Pour 50 ml of
flotation fluid into Container 1. Mix (stir) the contents thoroughly with a stirring device
(tongue blade, fork). Pour the resultant faecal suspension through a tea strainer or a
double-layer of cheesecloth into Container 2. Leave the container to stand for 10 minutes.
Press a test tube to the bottom of the filtrate, lift it quickly and transfer a few drops
adhering to the surface to a microslide. The test tube ought to touch the microslide for at
least 2-4 seconds for the drops to run off. Mount the coverslip on the microslide for
microscopical examination.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Calvete ,C (1998). Gastrointestinal helminth parasites in stray cats from the mid-Ebro
Valley, Spain. Vet Parasitol :75:235–240. Changizi, E , I Mobedi , M. R Salimi-Bejestani and A Rezaei-Doust (2007).
Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. Iranian J Parasitol: .2 (4): 25-29.
Coati N., Hellmann K., Mencke N. and Epe C.(2004). Recent investigation on the
prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cats from France and Germany. Veterinary parasitology :90,146-147
Esmaeilzadeh .M (2009). Prevalence of Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in Zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology: 4(3) : 71-75
Fisher, M, (2003). Toxocara cati an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends
Parasitol:19:167-170. Gustavo Lorenzini (2007). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats under
veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Braz. J. vet. Res. anim. Sci., São Paulo: 44(2) 137-145.
Sathaporn Jittapalapong (2007) Gastrointestinal Parasites of Stray Cats in Bangkok
Metropolitan Areas, Thailand. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 69 - 73 Laberthe, N, (2004). Survey of gastrointestinal helminthes in cats of the SI metropolitan
region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol: 123:131-9. Lefkaditis.A.M. and Koukeri Smaragda E. (2006). Prevalence of Dipylidium caninum,
in domestic cats from the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Scientia Parasitologica: 1-(2), 100-103.
Mirzaei, Mohammad (2010). Prevalence of Stray cats with Intestinal Protozoan
Parasites. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5 (2): 79-83
National Geographic News.( 2004-2007) Burial Found on Cyprus" Oldest Known Pet Cat 9500-Year-Old
Overgaauw ,Paul, A.M. (2009) .Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs
and cats in The Netherlands G Model VETPAR-4790. Serpell ,S.A. (1988). The domestication of the cat. In: D.C. Turner and P. Bateson (eds.)
The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,151-158
Thomas.J.Nolana, and Gary.Smithb (2006). Time series analysis of the prevalence of
endoparasitic infections in cats and dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. Veterinary Parasitology 59 (2) : 87-96.
Duration of work One Semester
Place of study
Department of Vet. Parasitology
Educational unit involved
Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
Research Supervisor
Mujeeb-ur-Rahman Memon Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.
APPROVED BY
STUDENTS
MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON) Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and
Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University
Tandojam.
(Abdul Hussain Memon) 2K5-AV-16
(Junaid Hussain Memon) 2K5-AV-86
(Khuda Dino Dars) 2K5-AV-96
(Kaleemullah Talpur)
2K5-AV-93
(Khuda bux Khushik)
2K5-AV-96