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POLLUTION
PREVENTION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Pollution Prevention:
A Win-Win Solution P2 Hierarchy
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DEFINITIONS OF POLLUTION
• THE UK: A SUBSTANCE WHICH IS PRESENT
AT CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAUSE HARM OR
EXCEED AN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD.
• POLLUTION MAY ALSO BE REFERRED AS ANY
HARMFUL CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT DUE
TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
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ACCORDING TO THE 1996 EU
DIRECTIVE ON
INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION &
CONTROL,
POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS
“ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT
INTRODUCTION AS A RESULT OF
HUMAN ACTIVITY, OF SUBSTANCES,
VIBRATION, ETC. WHICH MAY BE
HARMFUL TO THE QUALITY OF
ENVIRONMENT”
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SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS: PESTICIDES, SOLVENTS,
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS, SOME
EXAMPLES :
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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)
1) pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene
2) industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and
polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and
3) unintended by-products: dioxins and furans
India signed the Stockholm convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POP) on 14 May 2002, to
restrict the use of a dozen toxic chemicals.
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India moves to eliminate the POP
India has to a large extend banned the use and manufacture of the 8 identified
pesticides and HCB (listed in both categories of intentional and non-intentional POPs)
and has been permitted as of now to use DDT only for its malaria control programme.
The main objective of the convention is to protect the human health and the environment from the twelve of these toxic organic compounds or POPs, popularly known as the dirty dozen.
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What is Pollution Prevention?
Reducing or eliminating toxic materials
replacing a material in the production line
reformulating the product
installing new or modifying existing process
equipment
Closed loop (on-site) recycling
Should involve a holistic approach
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Pollution Prevention Policy
pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible;
pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible;
pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and
disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.
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Source Reduction
Example: H2O2 as replacement oxidant for chlorine based oxidants: New cost
effective benign manufacturing process makes this possible.
Pollution Reduction at Source
Reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants
through:
increased efficiency in the use of raw
materials, energy, water, or other resources,
or
protection of natural resources by
conservation.
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Define "source reduction" to mean any
practice which:
reduces the amount of any hazardous
substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering
any waste stream or otherwise released into
the environment (including fugitive emissions)
prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and
reduces the hazards to public health and the
environment associated with the release of
such substances, pollutants, or contaminants.
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Pollution Reduction at Source
Reduce or eliminate the
creation of pollutants
through:
increased efficiency in the
use of raw materials,
energy, water, or other
resources, or
protection of natural
resources by conservation.
synthesis, processing and
use of chemicals that
reduces risks to human
health and the environment
synthetic chemistry
designed to use and
generate fewer hazardous
substances
aims at reducing the use of
endangered resources by
switching to more plentiful
or renewable resources
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Conventional H2O2 process: Catalytic hydrogenation
followed by auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.
The autoxidation of 2-ethyl-9,10-
dihydroxyanthracene (C16H14O2) to 2-
ethylanthraquinone (C16H12O2) and
hydrogen peroxide using oxygen from
the air.
In this reaction, the hydroxy groups on
the middle ring of anthracene are
deprotonated and are turned into
ketones, while two double bonds are
lost from the middle ring and are
replaced as C=O double bonds in the
ketone groups.
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Conventional process: Catalytic hydrogenation followed by
auto-oxidation of alkylated anthraquinone.
The anthraquinone derivative is then extracted
out and reduced back to the dihydroxy
compound using hydrogen gas in the presence
of a metal catalyst.
The overall equation for the process is
deceptively simple: H2 + O2 → H2O2
However the economics of the process depend
on effective recycling of the quinone and
extraction solvents, and of the hydrogenation
catalyst.
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H2O2 manufacture by cleaner Technology:
Recent Development
Catalytic route to aqueous H2O2 by DUPONT
Controlled oxidation of hydrogen.
In 2009, a new process of producing hydrogen peroxide using gold-palladium nanoparticles has been reported. This process claims to be inexpensive, efficient, and environmental friendly.
^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090219141507.htm ".
Science) 323 (5917): 1037–41. doi:10.1126/science.1168980. PMID 19229032.
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Solvay is a fully integrated producer of hydrogen
peroxide using the Auto-Oxidation process to
combine the basic raw materials oxygen and
hydrogen for manufacturing technical grades of
hydrogen peroxide on a large scale.
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RECYCLE
RECLAIM
Recycling paper by reusing paper
as a raw material Papers such as newspaper, magazines, cardboard,
packaging, wrapping paper, etc. can be recycled. In Europe, an average of 50% of the paper is recovered for recycling.
The first step in the recycling process is the cleaning of the used fibers. The fibers are made into a slush substance similar to the slurry used when the originally paper was made. Reused pulp is usually not sufficient in strength to be used alone, so new pulp must be added to the mixture of recycled pulp before the paper is made. Depending on the grade of paper desired, large or small quantities of new pulp must be added.
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Under the US Pollution Prevention Act,
recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal
are not included within the definition of pollution
prevention.
Some practices commonly described as "in-process
recycling" may qualify as pollution prevention.
Recycling that is conducted in an environmentally
sound manner shares many of the advantages of
prevention—it can reduce the need for treatment or
disposal, and conserve energy and resources.
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Process Development And Design
Refinement of a process concept from
early conceptual stages through
preliminary engineering
Waste generation can often be minimized
through proper design and operation of the
process system
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Typical Environmental Design Constraints
and Objectives
Constraints Objectives
Compliance with all applicable
environmental regulations
Minimal use of toxics in-process
Compliance with existing permit
requirements for discharge and emissions
Minimize life-cycle impact within
acceptable financial parameters
Process loadings not to exceed existing
treatment capacity
Implement all pollution prevention options
meeting investment hurdles
Zero discharge of regulated wastes Maximize use of recycled raw materials
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Academic Award in 1999
General Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide for Green
Chemistry: a series of environmentally friendly
oxidant activators based on iron. These TAMLTM
(tetraamido-macrocyclic ligand)
activators catalyze the reactions of oxidants in
general. Their activation properties with hydrogen
peroxide in water are of greatest environmental
significance.
Professor Terry Collins
Carnegie Mellon University
TAML™ Oxidant Activators:
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TAML™ Oxidant Activators: General Activation of
Hydrogen Peroxide for Green Chemistry: 1999 Award
Users of TAMLTM peroxide activators will
range from huge primary extractive-
processing industries to household consumers
throughout the world. In laboratory tests, the
Collins activators have shown this potential in
the major industrial application of wood-pulp
delignification and
In the broad-based consumer process of
laundry cleaning
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totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching.
It has been clearly demonstrated that TAMLTM
activators can provide the Pulp and Paper Industry
(P&PI) with the first low-temperature hydrogen
peroxide-based delignification technology for
treating pulp.
The new process moves the elemental balance of
pulp delignification closer to what Nature
employs for degrading lignin, a strategy reflected in
the industry‘s recent development of totally chlorine
free (TCF) bleaching procedures.
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What tasks enable Pollution Prevention?
1. equipment or technology modifications,
2. process or procedure modifications,
3. reformulation or redesign or products,
4. substitution of raw materials, and
5. improvements in housekeeping,
maintenance, training, or inventory control.
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LCA
Life-cycle analysis (LCA) is a sophisticated
way of examining the total environmental
impact of a product through every step of its
life -- from obtaining raw materials all the way
through making it in a factory, selling it in a
store, using it in the home, and disposing of
it.
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What is LCA?
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique for
assessing the potential environmental aspects
associated with a product (or service), by:
compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and
outputs,
evaluating the potential environmental impacts
associated with those inputs and outputs,
interpreting the results of the inventory and impact
phases in relation to the objectives of the study.
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What is LCA of a product?
A product: From
obtaining raw materials
all the way through
making it in a factory,
selling it in a store,
using it in the home,
and disposing of it.
It asks three basic
questions
Where does the
product come from ?
What is its effect on
Environment ?
Where does it go ?
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Product Life Cycle
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LCA and the Regulatory Process
LCA is voluntary in the U.S. At present
its use is limited, but expanding
LCA is mandatory in some European
countries
used as the basis of packaging recovery and
recycling targets
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Benefits Of LCA
companies can claim one product is better
than another on the basis of LCA
LCA inventory process helps to narrow in on
the area where the biggest reductions in
environmental emissions can be made
can be used to reduce production costs
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Basis of Pollution Prevention Planning
requires a detailed understanding of how a
company does business and how it makes its
products
the plan should provide a mechanism for
comprehensive and continuous review of
company‘s activities as they pertain to
environmental issues
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Major Elements of a
Pollution Prevention Plan
building support for the plan throughout the
company
organizing the program
setting goals and objectives
performing a preliminary assessment of P2
opportunities
identifying potential problems and solutions
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Environmental Management Systems
[EMS]
P2 planning procedures are now unified into
a comprehensive system for managing
environmental impacts by industry
ISO 14000 standards establish benchmarks
for environmental management performance,
and describe the measures that must be
taken by industry to conform to these
standards
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Examples of Bioprocesses in EMS:
1.Biological Wastewater Treatment
systems; Solid and Sludge Disposal by
Composting, and Landfills Technology;
2.Biodegradation of xeno - biotic
compounds; 3.Bioremediation; 4. Bio-fuel
Technology to provide supplements to
fossil fuels; 5.Bio-fertilizers, Bio-
pesticides and Plant Biotechnology for
Agriculture; 6.Bio-leaching of ores.
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ISO 14000 EMS Model Principles
ISO 14000:
Commitment and Environmental Policy
Environmental Management Plan
Implementation
Measurement and Evaluation
Continual Review and Improvement
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Green Design
term coined by Office of Technology
Assessment-USA
signifies a design process in which
environmental attributes of a product are
treated as design opportunities, rather than
design constraints
incorporates environmental objectives with
minimum loss to product, useful life or
functionality
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Dual Goals of Green Design
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Product Design
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Product Design example: milk satchet
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Green Chemistry
synthesis, processing and use of chemicals
that reduces risks to human health and the
environment
synthetic chemistry designed to use and
generate fewer hazardous substances
aims at reducing the use of endangered
resources by switching to more plentiful or
renewable resources
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Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs
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POLLUTION PREVENTION
APPROACH
APPLICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN
INDIA
Pollution prevention approaches can be
applied to all pollution-generating activities:
In the energy, agriculture, consumer, as well
as industrial sectors. The impairment of
wetlands, ground water sources, and other
critical resources constitutes pollution, and
prevention practices may be essential for
preserving these resources. These practices
may include conservation techniques and
changes in management practices to prevent
harm to sensitive ecosystems.
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In the agricultural sector, pollution
prevention approaches include:
reducing the use of water and chemical
inputs;
adoption of less environmentally harmful
pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with
natural resistance to pests; and
protection of sensitive areas.
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In the energy sector, pollution prevention can
reduce environmental damages from extraction,
processing, transport, and combustion of fuels.
Pollution prevention approaches include:
increasing efficiency in energy use;
substituting environmentally benign fuel sources;
and
design changes that reduce the demand for energy.
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Environmental Protection in India-1
Particularly in urban slums and rural areas,
problems emerge in the supply of safe drinking
and service water.
At the same time, sewage disposal from private households and industries is not ensured.
An environmentally sound communal
waste disposal system and proper treatment of
industrial residuals are still not in place.
Rivers are burdened with effluents and wastes to a large extent.
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Environmental Protection in India-2
Urban traffic, wood-burning and firing
plants of numerous small industries lead to air pollution, frequently exceeding the stipulated limits.
Urban industrial conglomerations are
responsible for severe pollution of the environment.
Several enterprises in rural areas also
contribute to considerable contamination.
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Environmental Protection in India-3
Even though the statutory organization of
the Indian Government, i.e. Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), was
constituted in September, 1974, the
awareness of environmental protection
and pollution control in India came into
sharp focus only in the aftermath of the
―Bhopal Gas Tragedy‖ in 1984
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Ministry of Environment and Forests
At Bhopal, on 2-3 December 1984, thousands
died due to a leakage of over 40 tonnes of highly
poisonous methylisocyanate gas from the
pesticide factory of Union Carbide in Bhopal.
Thereafter, the environment industry received
formal recognition in the year 1985 when a full
fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests was
constituted at the federal level.
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In 1986, following the tragedy of Bhopal,
THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT
was enacted. Under this measure, the central
government has responsibility for
• deciding standards,
• restricting industrial sites,
• laying down procedures and safeguards
• for accident prevention and handling of
hazardous waste,
• oversight of investigations.
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THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT-2
Central Govt has also responsibility for research on pollution issues, on-site inspections, establishment of laboratories, and collection and dissemination of information.
Samples collected by central government officials can be admissible in court.
The Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife, which is within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, was designated as the lead agency for administration and enforcement.
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Biomethanation Technology in Industry
2000
Industries Existing Biomethanation
plants units
Distilleries 254 145
Paper & Pulp 347 5
Starch 13 1
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Questions-A
1. Discuss hydrogen peroxide as an
alternative clean oxidizing agent in organic
synthesis and as replacement of chlorine
based oxidizing agent. Describe alternate
processes that can make H2O2 production
less expensive.
2. Discuss the general powers under the
Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and
subsequent notification of Rules, to take
measures to protect and improve
environment?
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Questions-B
3. What are the parameters mentioned and the
standards for control of emissions or discharge of
environmental pollutants for Thermal Power
Plants?
4. Explain the pollution problems associated with
large application of Pesticides and alternatives that
are available/ being developed.
5. Distinguish between industrial pollution 'control ‗
and 'prevention'. Explain end of pipe emission
control. Give examples
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Wood-pulp delignification has traditionally relied
on chlorine-based processes that produce
chlorinated pollutants. It has been clearly
demonstrated that TAMLTM activators can
provide the Pulp and Paper Industry (P&PI) with
the first low-temperature hydrogen peroxide-
based delignification technology for treating
pulp.
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Text books
Green Engineering , D. T. Allen and D. R.
Shonnard,2002, Prentice-Hall PTR New York
T.K. Roy, (Editor), Chemical Technology for
better Environment, Allied publishers Ltd,
Chennai 1998
Bishop P., Pollution Prevention:
Fundamentals and Practice, McGraw-Hill
International Edition, McGraw-Hill book Co,
Singapore, 2000
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Reference books;
• El Halwagy, M. M, Pollution Prevention through
Process Integration : Systematic Design Tools,
Academic Press, N.Y. (1997)
• P.T. Anastas and J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry:
Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press.
N.Y. 1998