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Preventing Diabetes
Cecilia Sauter MS, RD, CDE
Diabetes Self-Management Education Program
University of Michigan
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1990
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1991-92
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1993-94
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1995-96
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1995
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1997-98
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1999
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 2000
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among
Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 2001
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 Jan 1;289(1).
No Data <4% 4%-6% 6%-8% 8%-10% >10%
Diabetes in the US
• Currently 20.8 million have diabetes
• 14.6 million have the diagnosis
• 6.2 million don’t know they have diabetes
Etiology of Diabetes• Family history
• Ethnicity– African American– Native American– Hispanic– Asian Americans– Pacific Islanders
• Age
• Gestational Diabetes or babies over 9 pounds
Etiology of Diabetes• Increased weight
– BMI: • overweight = 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2
• obese > 30.0 kg/m2
• Increased central (i.e., visceral) obesity– Waist circumference:
• Men > 40 in
• Women > 35 in
• Decreased activity
FBG: 80-125
10-30 years
Insulin Resistance
Insulin Production
Glucose Intolerance
Diagnosis of Diabetes
Fasting Blood Glucose
Progression of Diabetes
Prevention of Diabetes
• Diabetes Prevention Program
– Lifestyle changes• Changes in eating habits• Increase in physical activity• 58% reduction in type 2 diabetes
Prevention of Diabetes
• Weight loss– 5% to 10% weight loss– Weight loss rate of 1 to 2 lb/week– Decrease of 300 to 500 kcal/day = 1/2 to 1 lb weight
loss/week• Increased physical activity and/or decreased food intake
Prevention of Diabetes
• Healthy Nutrition Recommendations:– Decrease total fat intake
• smaller amounts of high fat foods
• broiling/stir fry vs. frying
• remove skin from chicken
• substitute with low calorie/low-fat foods
Prevention of Diabetes
• Healthy Nutrition Recommendations:– Increase fruits and vegetables
– Whole grains vs. processed
– Include dry beans and lentils
– Drink water & calorie free drinks
– Cut back on high calorie snacks
– Watch portion sizes
Prevention of Diabetes
• Healthy Nutrition Recommendations:– Rate your plate
• ¼ grains or starchy foods
• ¼ protein
• ½ non starchy vegetables
• Add 1 glass milk or small piece of fruit
Prevention of Diabetes
• Physical Activity– Benefits:
• Increases insulin sensitivity
• Decreases weight
• Decreases blood pressure and cholesterol
• Decreases stress
• DECREASES risk of type 2 diabetes
Prevention of Diabetes
• Physical Activity– Recommendations:
• 30 minutes/day for 5 to 7 days a week
• 10 minutes of activity 3 times/day
Prevention of Diabetes
• Getting started:– What activities can you do
– Realistic activities
– Start slow:• What, when, where, how often, how long
• Challenging but not overly difficult
– Be flexible
– Reward yourself
Calories Spent in Various Activities
• Walking, 3.0 miles/hr• Walking 5 miles/hr• Cycling, 8 miles/hour• Mopping, vacuuming• Scrubbing floors• Gardening• Vigorous dancing
• 275/hr• 420/hr• 325/hr• 240/hr• 300/hr• 220/hr• 320-500/hr
Nutritional Supplements
• They DO not reduce risk of Type 2 Diabetes
• Safety is uncertain
• No scientific evidence to aid in weight loss
• Expensive
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes
• Positive family history
• Ethnic group
• Increased weight and/or central obesity
• Gestational diabetes or big babies
• Decreased activity
• Symptoms of diabetes– Increased thirst, increased urination & weight loss
Diagnostic Criteria for Type 2 Diabetes
• Fasting blood sugar > 126 mg/dl
• 2 hour glucose tolerance > 200 mg/dl
• Acute symptoms plus random glucose > 200 mg/dl
Impaired Glucose Tolerance“Pre-diabetes”
• Impaired Fasting: – Level between >100 mg/dl and <126 mg/dl
• Impaired glucose:– During 2 hour glucose tolerance test– Level between >140 and <200 mg/dl
Thank you
If you would like a copy of this presentation please send an email to: [email protected]
Questions?