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Slide 101.05.2023 Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
Prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination
in value chains
Contribution of GIZ
Bruno Schuler
Slide 201.05.2023
Content
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
1. Background: Food losses, issue of aflatoxin, challenges, abbreviations followed by GIZ project activities:
2. Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination: by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”, commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin contamination: by various projects worldwide
4. Aflasafe technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other countries in Africa: by IITA/CGIAR - CCAFS, GIZ/ITAACC, Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation, USDA, PACA and other partners
5. Aflatoxin risk assessment as part of the Rapid Food Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT): by Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
Slide 301.05.2023
Aflatoxin - Background
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
• FAO estimates that one third of all food produced around the world is lost before it reaches our plates. Losses and waste occur at every level of the value chain
• Food losses occur mainly at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing countries (whereby causes are often related to pre-harvest stages, i.e. choice of seed)
• Around a quarter of the world food crops as well as world’s grain harvest may be contaminated with mycotoxins (FAO)
• Contamination with aflatoxin is a major barrier in linking African farmers to markets as aflatoxin prevents commodities from meeting international, regional and local regulations and standards
• Most severely affected countries are those located between the 40 th northern and the 40th southern lines of latitude
• Aflatoxin is a significant threat to both human and animal health.
Slide 401.05.2023
Biological causesMechanical
causes
Quantitative losses
Qualitative losses
Food Losses
Aflatoxin – important factor for food losses
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
Aflatoxin
AflatoxinAflatoxin
Slide 501.05.2023
Most severely affected countries by aflatoxin
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
Slide 601.05.2023
Challenges for development cooperation
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
• Awareness for aflatoxin contamination and health danger is low, especially at producer and consumer levels
• No alternatives to contaminated food available
• No methodology: How can contaminated food be treated?
• Lowering aflatoxin levels requires a systematic approach addressing various causes
Slide 701.05.2023
Abbreviations of organisations and programmes
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
• BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development with the special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger”
• CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (research programme of CGIAR)
• GIAE Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (global programme concentrating on 12 countries in Africa)
• GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (German development cooperation)
• ITAACC Innovation Transfer into Agriculture – Adaptation to Climate Change (GIZ sector project with focus on Africa)
• NAREN Sustainable Agriculture (GIZ sector project with global focus)
• PACA Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (initiative)
2. Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination
by the“Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”
in some countries in Africa
Slide 901.05.2023
Activities of GIZ
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
2. Promotion of value chains with risk of aflatoxin contamination and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination:
by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector” (GIAE),
commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
Projects in Benin (rice, soya), Burkina Faso (rice), Cameroon (poultry), Ethiopia (wheat, beans), Ghana (maize, rice) Kenya (milk), Malawi (groundnuts, soya, sunflower), Mali (rice), Nigeria (rice, maize), Togo (groundnuts, soya), Tunisia (milk, meat), Zambia (soya, groundnuts, milk)
Seite 10
„ONEWORLD – No Hunger“ Initiative - Focus countries
BEN
MWL
SAM
ETHJME
SOM
GHA KAM
KEN
MLI
TGO
KMBNIG
IND
BUR
TUN
Food and nutrition security, enhanced resilience
Innovation Centres for the agriculture and food sector
Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security
Global Programmes:
Examples of planned project activities related to groundnuts in 2016
Malawi- Provision of aflatoxin management training services- Provision of diagnostic services - Integrated aflatoxin management along the whole value chain- Storage of aflatoxin-free products through improved drying technologies and warehouse management practices
Togo- Establishing of a national lab for aflatoxin analysis- Extension towoards prevention of contamination during production and post-harvest activities
Zambia- Control and reduction of aflatoxin during production, storage and processing
3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin
contamination
by various projects
in some countries worldwide
Slide 1301.05.2023
Activities of GIZ
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
3. Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin contamination:
by various projects
commissioned by BMZ
Projects in
Africa: Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, ASEAN countries
Latin America: Bolivia, Guatemala
4. Aflasafe Technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other countries in Africa through
on-farm trials for wide uptake and utilisation
Opportunities and difficulties in the research and development cooperation
by IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
ITAACC - Innovation Transfer into Agriculture – Adaptation to Climate Change (GIZ sector project with focus on Africa)
and other partners
www.iita.org
Aflatoxin in Zambia
District Range Mean
Proportion of samples (%)
Safe (< 4 ppb)*
Unsafe (> 10
ppb)#
Chipata 0.7 – 108.8 15.1 69.2 30.8
Katete 0.0 – 10.9 3.3 85.7 14.3
Mambwe 0.0 – 255.0 55.1 10.0 80.0
Nyimba 0.0 – 81.4 16.6 60.0 33.3
Petauke 0.1 – 103.2 17.5 73.3 20.0
Aflatoxin levels (ppb) in maize flour from markets & homesteads
*As per EU standard; # As per Zambia standard
A member of CGIAR consortium
Aflatoxin in Zambia
District Range Mean
Proportion of samples (%)
Safe (< 4 ppb)*
Unsafe (> 10
ppb)#
Chipata0.4 – 3435 176.5 28.6 53.6
Lundazi0.7 – 310 63.6 15.8 68.4
Mambwe1.1 – 5234 523.3 10.0 80.0
Nyimba 1.4 – 376 76.0 33.3 55.6
Petauke 1.7 – 775 147.3 13.3 66.6
Aflatoxin levels (ppb) in groundnut flour from markets & homesteads
*As per EU standard; # As per Zambia standard
Aflasafe
Dead sorghum grains coated with a mixture of atoxigenic strains, a polymer and a blue dye
2012/2013 2013/20140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2012/2013 2013/20140
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ControlTreated
Afla
toxi
n (p
pb)
www.iita.org
Aflasafe efficacy in Zambia
A member of CGIAR consortium
96% reductio
n
Maize Groundnut
89% reductio
n
74% reductio
n
84% reductio
n
A member of CGIAR consortium
Aflasafe Product Development
Senegal
Burkina Faso Ghana
Nigeria
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique
Zambia
Rwanda
Malawi
Burundi
Uganda
The Gambia
Strain development in
progress
Products under testing in
farmers’ fields
Product ready for registration
Product registered
A member of CGIAR consortium
Upscaling of aflasafe application
• Nigeria: Farmers to produce 260,000 tons of Aflasafe maize; Public-Private Partnership
• Senegal: Area-wide treatment during 2013 to 2015 with 32 tons; private sector led
• Kenya: Government buy-in; about 230 tons procured; excellent support
• Zambia: New effort beginning
Senegal
Kenya
A member of CGIAR consortium
Biocontrol efforts
• Create a sustainable system (commercialization/public good) where small holder farmers have access to Aflasafe and are incentivized to utilize Aflasafe to control aflatoxin levels
• Need for business plan, manufacturing capacity, marketing and distribution strategies
• Advocacy, awareness, demonstration of product value
• Full registration, licensing and stewardship
• Training and technical back-stopping• Develop second generation product• Develop regional strains
www.aflasafe.com
Slide 2301.05.2023
5. Rapid Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT) for agribusiness value chains
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
by the Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
can be applied in crop value chains in Africa
Slide 2401.05.2023
Aflatoxin assessment
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
Rapid Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT) for agribusiness value chains” contains a part for aflatoxin risk assessment
Tool developed by the Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture in cooperation with project in Ghana
Publications: user guide for maize (2015), toolbox (2016), case study of maize in Ghana (2016)
The tool can be applied for food loss and aflatoxin risk assessment in crop value chains in cooperation with projects.
Slide 2501.05.2023
Integrating the aflatoxin risk into the Rapid Food Loss Appraisal Tool
Division „Rural Development and Agriculture“
Bio-physical measurements: Indication of aflatoxin risk via number of discoloured grains (which has no direct
relationship with aflatoxin, but indicates a higher risk) Use of blue-light as aflatoxin indicator not successful – high rate of
instrumentation needed in the field, including access to power Laboratory testing is too lengthy and complicated (sampling!) for RLAT, but
should be recommended as a follow up if a high risk has been detected by the number of discoloured grains
Aflatoxin checklist: Points of increased risk for aflatoxin contamination along the production to
consumption chain Risk evaluated as percentage of positive responses List has to be specifically conceived for every commodity
Sector Project „Sustainable Management of Resources in Agriculture" Page 26
Example: Transect Walk
Think out of the box!
Slide 27
Small Scale Farmer
Production
Market lossSupply shortageDiscarded GrainLitigationHuman health impact
Sale to local market
Market lossReduced milk productivityLivestock disease burdenReduced prices of productsDiscarded products
Human health impactDisease burdenReduced productivity
Contaminated livestock products
Own consumptionLivestock feed
Export - oriented Farmer
Production
Human health impactDisease burdenReduced productivity
Own consumptionSale to trader
Export
Quality standards not met
Maize: Most aflatoxin-contaminated products remain part
of the food chain within developing countries
Slide 28
Thank you for your attention!
Sector Project "Sustainable Agriculture"
See also library on post-harvest publications:https://www.donorplatform.org/postharvest-losses-and-food-waste/on-common-ground