BiologyLectures – winter term 2006

1st year of Pharmacy study

Novemebr 30th, 2006

8th lecture

6. Cytology– organelles, structure, function

Animal cell

Plant cell

Components of “typical” animal cell

lysosome

mitochondrion

peroxisome

Golgiapparatus

endoplasmicreticulum

nuclearenvelope

vesicle

cytosol

plasmamembrane

nucleus

Cytoskeletonactin microtubule

Intermedialfilaments

Adapted from ECB Fig 1-20

• Network of long and thin protein fibers • Thin fibers contractile machinery • Thick fibers microtubules • movements of chromosomes• Intermedial filaments – mechanical stench of cell

• Intracellular space

• The biggest compartment of cell

• Viscous water solution (gel) of small and big molecules

• Space for biochemical reaction

Adapted from ECB Fig 1-17

Cytoplasm

Membrane organelles

Nucleus

• The high prominent organelle

• Storage of genetic information - DNA

Nucleus envelope

nucles

2 µmAdapted from ECB Fig 1-8

NucleicacidesDNA

ChromosomesNucleus of cell storages one or more molecules of DNA organised in structure of chromosomes

Human: – 22 pairs of autosomes

– 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Human karyotyp

DNAfolding

Organisation of chromatin

DNA is wrapped around histone proteins as chromatinOrganisation of chromatin

Nucleus

Freeze-fracture/freeze etch technique

Nuclear pores

Nuclear pores

Nuclear pores

Endoplasmatic reticulum is wide prides network system in whole cell space (compartment)

Endoplasmatic reticulum

Endoplasmatic reticulum

Function

• Production ofmembranes

• Rough ER⇒synthesis ofproteins

NucleusNuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum

1 µm

Endoplasmatic reticulum

• Production ofmembranes

• Metaboĺicprocessesmetabolickédeje

• Metabolism ofdrug

Endoplazmatické retikulum (ER)

Najrozsiahlejší membránový systém v eukaryotickej bunke

Funkcia: Syntéza ⎯ Uskladnenie ⎯ Transport

Endoplazmatické retikulum (ER)

Rozdeľujeme ho na drsné (s ribozómami) a hladké (metabolické)

Proteíny, ktoré končia v Golgiho aparáte, endozómoch, lyzozómoch alebo na povrchu plazmatickej membrány majú pôvod v ER

Endoplazmatické retikulum

Endoplazmatické retikulum

Vznik drsného endoplazmatického retikula

See notes page

Plug keeps the translocator closedwhen it is not beingused for co-translationalinsertion

Continue to next slide

Golgiho aparát

Na membranunaviazanévezikuly

Golgiaparát

endoplazmické retikulumObaly jadra

1 µm

• Syntéza a zbalenie molekúl sekretovaných z bunky

• Odposlanie sytetizovanýchproteínov k rôznym celulárnymkompártmentom

• Tvorba vezikúl, ktoré budúsekrétované z bunky

Golgiho aparát

Golgiho aparát

Golgiho aparát

Zbalenie a odposlanieproteínov

Obnova bunečných membrán

Spôsob sekrécie vezikúl z bunky

Figure 14-26 ECB - Exocytosis

Transport vezikúl k špecifickým kompartmentom

Figure 14-19 ECB - Vesicle budding

Cargo

Sorting receptor

adaptin

Clathrin coat

dynamin

Coated vesicle

Figure 14-18 ECB - Clathrin-coated pits and vesicles

Electron micrograph showing formation of clathrin-coated vesicle from clathrin-coated pit

Splynutie (fúzia) vezikúl

Tvorba a transport vezikúl v (z) bunky

Lyzozomálnadegradácia

Lysosomes

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

10 µm

• In all eukaryotecells

• Double membraneorganelle

• mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

• Oxidation ofmolecules ⇒ ATP -energy

• aerobicmetabolizmus

Adapted from ECB Figs 1-10,1-11 100 nm

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion / -aMitochondrion

Metabolic pathways in mitochondrion

Oxidative phosphorylation–synthesis of ATP

Structure of F1F0-ATPase

Nonmembrane organellesCytoskeleton

Ribosomes

Cilia, centriols, flagella

Microvillus

Cytoskeletonactin microtubule

Intermedialfilaments

Adapted from ECB Fig 1-20

• Network of long and thin protein fibers • Thin fibers contractile machinery • Thick fibers microtubules • movements of chromosomes• Intermedial filaments – mechanical stench of cell

Microtubules

+

-

rows =

Nonmembrane organellesCytoskelet

Ribosomes

Cilie, centriols, flagelates

Microvilli

Ribosomes

Ribosome

60% rRNA + 40% protein

Traslation & protein synthesis

bound vs free ribosomes

rRNAsecondary structure

Ribosome

Ribosome

Free and bound ribosome

Nonmembrane organellesCytoskelet

Ribosomes

Cilie, centriols, flagelates

Microvilli

Mitoticapparatus

In 9+0 array2 centrioles

Cilies - microviles

+

-

rows =

Flagellar Beating

Complex of cell flagellate

Eukaryotic flagelle (9+2 units)