Primary Productivity, Nutrients and Heavy
Metal Concentrations at Kepulauan Sembilan, Pulau Besar and Merambung Shoals
NATIONAL SEMINAR ON THE STATUS OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF THE ISLANDS
AND COASTAL WATERS OF MALAYSIA l 26 - 28 Nov 2012
Intro Present Future Results
101
Aazani Mujahid, Moritz Mueller, Natasha Nur Amarina Mohd Kaie, Faddrine Holt, Sivaraj, Jessica Song, Changi Wong, and Azizan A. Samah
Sampling Sites 101
WHAT? WHERE?
Strategy of 3-part series of transect cruises to complement biological cruises
(K9, PB, MS)
Spatial coverage: Transects gridded approx. 2 nm interval
from coast – islands (Total 45 stations)
3 depths: 1m, 5m, 10m, bottom -1m
Three-fold main aims:
1. Update of coral reef ecology/ diversity of selected dive sites
2. Physico-chemical parameters and hydrodynamics of the
shallow coastal waters 3. Coral reef video transect mapping (JTLM staff)
4. Opportunistic sampling for VSLS, microbiology, plankton &
hyperspectral studies
Background
Kepulauan Sembilan (K9) 12 - 13 May
Group of is. and rocks, 45mins Lumut,
12nm Sg Perak (tin mining)
Pulau Besar (PB) 27 - 28 June
Group of 8 islands, 30mins Melaka,
12nm Sg Muar
21.5nm Petronas refinery Sg. Udang
Merambung Shoals (MS) 29 – 30 September
Group of is. and rocks, 30mins Sg Pendas,
4nm Port (Tjg. Pelepas)
Opportunity to discuss
further collaboration
btwn institutions
- and for students to
increase field experience
Brief Notes on Instrumentation
Hydrolab Surveyor
Multi-parameters
ADCP Shallow water current
(magnitude and direction)
Water sampler
Nutrients, HM, Chl a
Phytoplankton, Zooplankton
Nets
HACH Kit, AAS
Spectrophotometer
Microscopy
(SEM, TEM, Molecular)
PRESENT RESULTS
Primary Productivity,
Nutrients and Heavy Metal
Concentrations
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
Chlorophyll a (mg/L)
(K9)
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
Chlorophyll a (mg/L)
(PB)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 MS9 MS10
Chlorophyl a (mg/L)
Merambung Highest productivity in
Merambung >K9>PB
Shallow coastal areas
have higher productivity?
Mixing? Nutrients?
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Orthophosphate
Concentration (mg/L) (K9)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Orthophosphate Concentration
(mg/L) (PB)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 MS9 MS10
Orthophosphate Concenration
(mg/L) Merambung
Highest orthophosphates in
K9>Merambung>PB
Shallow coastal sites and
selected areas around islands
have higher orthophosphate?
Fertilisers from land?
Natural fluctuations
(internal processes/ variable
local transports?
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Nitrate Concentration (mg/L)
(K9)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nitrate Concentration (mg/L)
(PB)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 MS9 MS10
Nitrate Concentration (mg/L)
Merambung Highest nitrates in
Merambung >PB>K9
Shallow sites nearest to islands
have higher nitrates?
Except in Merambung,
average generally high
Leaching and runoff from land?
Station / HM [ppm] Cu Fe Mn Pb As Zn
MS1 0.000 0.085 0.000 0.007 0.026 0.628
MS2 0.000 0.150 0.003 0.013 0.061 0.628
MS3 0.000 0.109 0.000 0.013 0.052 0.508
MS4 0.000 0.190 0.000 0.033 0.073 0.496
MS5 0.000 0.228 0.004 0.029 0.000 0.526
MS6 0.000 0.202 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.378
MS7 0.000 0.223 0.001 0.041 0.000 0.366
MS8 0.000 0.214 0.000 0.022 0.000 0.317
MS9 0.000 0.117 0.000 0.032 0.000 0.381
MS10 0.000 0.198 0.001 0.038 0.000 0.637
Shallow sites on
average have
higher Zn and As
concentrations.
Deeper sites in
the mid-channel
on average have
higher Fe and Pb
concentrations
Merambung
SUMMARY
K9, KB and MS
High productivity in Merambung >K9>PB
Shallow coastal areas
High orthophosphates in K9>Merambung>PB
Shallow coastal sites and shallow sites islands
High nitrates in Merambung >PB>K9
All Merambung; shallow sites around islands
High Zn and As around shallow sites
High Fe and Pb in the mid-channel, deeper sites
CLASS 2
Marine Life,
Fisheries, Coral
Reefs, Recreational
and Mariculture
CLASS 3
Ports, Oil & Gas
Fields
Malaysia Marine Water Quality
Criteria and Standard (DOE)
Linking Physico-chemical and Biological
Marine Aspects of Kepulauan Sembilan, Perak
NATIONAL SEMINAR ON THE STATUS OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF THE ISLANDS
AND COASTAL WATERS OF MALAYSIA l 26 - 28 Nov 2012
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
T1S1
T1S2
T1S3
T1S4
T1S5
T1S6
T1S7
T2S1
T2S2
T2S3
T2S4
T2S5
T2S6
T2S7
T2S8
T2S9
Chlorophyll a (mg/L)
(K9)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
T1S1
T1S3
T1S5
T2S1
T2S3
T2S5
T3S1
T3S3
T3S5
P1
P2
P2
B
P3
P4
P5
Orthophosphate
Concentration (mg/L) (K9)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
T1S1
T1S3
T1S5
T2S1
T2S3
T2S5
T3S1
T3S3
T3S5
P1
P2
P2
B
P3
P4
P5
Nitrate Concentration
(mg/L) (K9)
Pulau Agas
Tukun Jepun
Pulau Payung
Pulau Lalang
Pulau Rumbia
CONSERVATION?
ZONING?
Caution for ‘snapshot’ data: Increasing, decreasing, stable over time?
Seasonal trends, periodical effects monsoons,
Rapid events (storms)?
Sub-annual or Inter-annual?
Seasonal or Periodical?
X
FUTURE WORK?
K9, KB and MS
1. Continue investigation of results from ADCP and CTD data,
hyperspectral data for all sites: comparison to previous research?
Source & sinks?
2. Continue investigations of results of productivity, nutrients, heavy
metals for all sites: comparison to previous research? Source &
sinks?
3. Compile all data from cruises, determine relationship to biology
e.g. Plankton, fish, bacteria community structure, VSLS
4. Gridded transect data allowing for numerical modeling efforts,
and future validation in-situ or feasibility studies of satellite altimetry
© Aazani Mujahid
Many Thanks!Many Thanks!
Jabatan Taman Laut Malaysia (JTLM)
University of Malaya (UM)
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Faculty of Resource Science & Technology
Postgraduates (IOES, NARC-UM; IBEC, FSTS-UNIMAS)
