References: Aguirre, E. (1970). Indetificacion de Paranthropus en Makapansgat. Cronica del XI Congreso de Arqueologia, Merida, pp: 98- 124. Alvesalo, L.; Tammisalo, E. & Hakola, P. (1985). Enamel thickness in 47 XYY males permanent teeth. Annals of Human Biology, 12: 421- 427. Alvesalo, L.; Tammisalo, E. & Therman, E. (1987). 47 XXX females, sex chromosomes and tooth crown structure. Human Genetics, 77: 345- 348. Alvesalo, L.; Tammisalo, E. & Townsend, G. (1991). Upper central incisor and canine tooth crown size in 47 XXY males. Journal of Dental Research, 70: 1057- 1060. Amar, S., Luo, W., Snead, M.L., Ruch, J. 1989. Amelogenin gene expression in mouse incisor heterotipic recombinations. Differentiation 41, 56- 61. Anemone, R.L. (1995). Dental development in chimpanzees of known chronological age: Implications for understanding the age at death of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. In: Moggi-Cecchi, J. (ed). Aspects of dental biology: paleontology, anthropology and evolution. International Institute for the Study of Man. Florence. pp: 201- 216. Anemone, R.L. (2002). Dental development and life history in hominid evolution. In: Minugh-Purvis, N. & McNamara, K.J. Human evolution through developmental change (Eds). Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London. pp 223- 248. Anemone, R.L.; Watts, E.S. & Swindler, D. (1991). Dental development of known age chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (Primates, Pongidae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86: 229- 242. Anemone, R.L., Mooney, M.P., Siegel, M. (1996). Longitudinal study of dental development in chimpanzee of known chronological age: Implications for understanding age at death of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Am. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 99: 119-134. Antoine, D., Dean, M.C. & Hillson, S. (1998). The periodicity of incremental structures in dental enamel based in the developing dentition of post-medieval known-age children. In: Mayhall, J.T. & Heikknen, T. (eds). Dental Morphology ’98. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Dental Morphology. Oulu University Press. Pp: 48-55. Armstrong, W.D., Singer, L (1965). Composition and constitution of the mineral phases of bone. Clinic Orthopaed, 38: 179-190. Asfaw, B., White, T.D., Lovejoy., O., Latimer, B., Simpson, S. & Suwa., G. (1999). Australopithecus garhi: A new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science. 284: 629- 635. Atchley, W.R. (1985). Developmental quantitative genetics and the evolution of ontogenies. Evolution, 41: 316- 330. Atchley, W.R. & Hall, B.K. (1991). A model for development and evolution of complex morphological structures. Biological Reviews, 66: 101- 157.

367

Bamford, M. K. (2000). Cenozoic macro-plants. In: Partridge, T.C. and Maud, R.R. The Cenozoic of Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp: 531-356. Bawden, J.W.; Creshaw, M.A.; Takano, Y & Hammarstrom, L. (1982). Ion transport through the enamel organ: An update. Journal of Dental Research, 61: 1552- 1554. Berger L.R., Lacruz R., de Ruiter D.J. (2002). Revised age estimates of Australopithecus-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:192-197. Beynon, A D. (1992). Circaseptan rhythms in enamel development in modern humans and Plio-Pleistocene hominids. In Smith, P & Tchernov, E (eds). Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth. London, pp 295- 310. Beynon, A.D & Wood, B. (1986). Variations in enamel thickness and structure in East African hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 70: 177- 193. Beynon, A.D & Dean M.C. (1987). Crown formation time of a fossil hominid premolar tooth. Archives of Oral Biology, 32 (11). 773- 780. Beynon, A.D. & Wood, B. (1987). Patterns and rates of enamel growth on the molar teeth of early hominids. Nature, 326: 493- 496. Beynon, A.D. & Dean, M.C. (1988). Distinct dental development patterns in early fossil hominids. Nature, 335: 509-514. Beynon, A.D., Dean, M.C., & Reid, D.J. (1991). On thick and thin enamel in hominoids. American J. Phys. Anthropology. 86: 295-310. Beynon, A.D. & Reid, D.J. (1995). Comparative studies on enamel structure and development in modern hominoids. In: Radlanski, R.J. & Renz, H. (eds). Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium of Dental Morphology. Berlin, “M” Marketing Services. pp: 320- 323. Beynon, A.D.; Dean, M.C.; Leakey, M.G.; Reid, D.J. & Walker, A. (1998). Comparative dental development and microstructure of Proconsul teeth from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, 35: 163- 209. Blackwell BA. (1994). Problems associated with reworked teeth in electron spin resonance (ESR) dating. Quat Geochron (Quat Sci Rev) 13:651-660. Bobe R, Eck GG. (2001). Responses of African bovids to Pliocene climatic change. Paleobiol Mem 27 (Suppl 2):1-48. Bogin, B. (1999). Patterns of human growth. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. Bogin, B. (2003). The human pattern of growth and development in palaeontological perspective. In: Thompson, J.L.; Krovitz, G.E. & Nelson, A.J. (eds). Patterns of growth and development in the genus Homo. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp 15- 44.

368

Boughner, J.C. & Dean, M.C. (2004). Does space in the jaw influence the timing of molar crown initiation? A model using baboons (Papio anubis) and great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus). Journal of Human Evolution, 46: 255- 277. Boyde, A. (1964). The structure and development of mammalian enamel. PhD Dissertation, University of London. Boyde, A. (1969). Correlation of ameloblast size with enamel prism pattern: use of scanning electron microscope to make surface area measurements. Z. Zellforsch. 93: 583- 593 Boyde, A. (1978). Development of the structure of the enamel of the incisor teeth in the three classical subordinal groups of the Rodentia. In Butler PM & Josey KA, (eds) Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth. Academic Press. Pp: 43- 58. Boyde, A. (1979). Carbonate concentration, crystal centres, core dissolution, caries, cross striations, circadian rhythms and compositional contrast in SEM. Journal of Dental Research. 58b, 981-983. Boyde, A. (1989). Enamel. In Berkovizt, BKB.; Boyde, A.; Frank, RM.; Hohling, HJ.;Moxham, BJ.; Nalbandian, J & Tonge, CH (eds). Teeth. Handbook of microscopic anatomy, vol 6: pp: 309- 473. Boyde, A. (1990). Developmental interpretations of dental microstructure. In: de Rousseau, J. (ed). Primate Life History and Evolution. Wiley-Liss, Pub.New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. pp: 229-267. Boyde, A. & Martin, L.B. (1984). A non-destructive survey of prism packing pattern in primate enamel. In: Fearnhead, R.W. & Suga, S. (eds). Tooth Enamel IV. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. pp: 417-421. Boyde, A & Fortelius, M. (1986). Development, structure and function of Rhinoceros enamel. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 87: 181- 214. Bowman, E. (1991). Life history, growth and development in young primates: a study using captive rhesus macaques. PhD Dissertation, University of Cambridge. Braga J. & Thackeray J.F. (2003). Early Homo at Kromdraai B: probabilistic and morphological analysis of the lower dentition. C. R. Palevol (2): 269- 279. Brain CK. (1958). The Transvaal Ape-man – bearing cave deposits. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 11. Brain CK. (1976). A re-interpretation of the Swartkrans site and its remains. S Afr J Sci 72:141-146. Brain CK. (1981). The hunters or the hunted? Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brain CK. (1993). Structure and stratigraphy of the Swartkrans cave in light of the new

369

excavations. In: Brain, CK, Editor. Swartkrans: a cave’s chronicle of early man. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 8, Pretoria. p 23-34. Brain, CK. (1995). The influence of climatic changes on the completeness of the early hominid record in Southern African caves, with particular reference to Swartkrans. In: Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle L editors. Palaeoclimate and evolution with emphasis in human origins. New Haven and London: Yale Univ Press. p 451- 458. Brock A, McFadden PL, Partridge TC. (1977). Preliminary palaeomagnetic results from Makapansgat and Swartkrans. Nature 266:249-250. Bromage, T.G. (1985). Taung facial remodeling: a growth and development study. In: Tobias, P.V (Ed) Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future. Alan R. Riss: (New York). pp. 239-245. Bromage, T.G. (1989). The ontogeny of the early hominid face. Journal of Human Evolution, 18: 751- 773. Bromage, T.G. (1987). The biological and chronological maturation of early hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 16: 257-272. Bromage, T.G. (1991) Enamel incremental periodicity in the pig-tailed macaque: a polychrome fluorescent labelling study of dental hard tissues. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86: 205 – 214. Bromage, T.G.; Schrenk, F. & Zonnenveld, F.W. (1995). Journal of Human Evolution, 28: 71- 108. Bromage, T.G. & Dean, M.C. (1985). Re-evaluation of the age at death of immature fossil Hominids. Nature; 317: 525- 527. Bromage, T.G.. & Schrenk, F. (Eds) (1995). Evolutionary History of the Malawi Rift. . Journal of Human Evolution, Vol. 28, pp. 1-120. Bromage, T.G. Perez-Ochoa, A., Boyde, A., 2003. The Portable confocal microscope: Scanning optical microscopy anywhere. In: Méndez-Vilas, A. (Ed), Science, Technology and Education of Microscopy: An Overview. Formatex, Badajoz, Spain, pp. 742-752. Bromage, T.G. Perez-Ochoa, A., Boyde, A., 2005. Portable confocal microscope reveals Fossil hominid microstructure. Microsc. Anal. May Issue. Broom R. (1938). The Pleistocene anthropoid apes of South Africa. Nature 142:377-379. Broom R. (1950). The genera and species of the South African fossil ape-men. Am J Phys Anthropol 8:1-14. Broom R. & Robinson J.T. (1950). Man contemporaneous with the Swartkrans ape-man. Am J Phys Anthropol 8:151-156.

370

Broom R. & Robinson J.T. (1952). Swartkrans ape-man Paranthropus crassidens. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 6. Butler, P.M. (1956). The ontogeny of molar pattern. Biological Review. 31, 3-70.

Butler, P.M. (1965). Preface in : Kraus, B.S., Jordan, R.E.The human dentition before birth. (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia). Butler, P.M. (1967). Dental merism and tooth development. Journal of Dental Research

5: 845- 850. Butzer K.W. 1974. Paleoecology of South African australopithecines: Taung revisited. Curr Anthropol 15:367-416. Butzer K.W. 1976. Lithostratigraphy of the Swartkrans Formation. S Afr J Sci 72:136-141. Carroll, S.B.; Grenier, J.K. & Weatherbee, S.D. (2001). From DNA to diversity: Molecular genetics and the evolution of animal design. Blackwell Science. Clarke R.J. (1988). A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing in the ancestry of Paranthropus. In: F. Grine editor. Evolutionary history of the robust australopithecines. New York, Aldine de Gruyter. p 287-298. Clarke R.J. (1994). On some new interpretations of Sterkfontein stratigraphy. S Afr J Sci 90:211-214. Clarke R.J. (1998). First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of Australopithecus. S Afr J Sci 94:460-463. Clarke R.J.; Tobias, P.V. (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269:521-524. Conroy, G.C. (1988). Alleged synapomorphy of the M1/I1 eruption pattern in robust australopithecines and Homo: Evidence from high-resolution computerized tomography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 75: 487- 492. Conroy, G.C. & Vannier, M.W. (1991). Dental development in South African australopithecines part 1: Problems of pattern and chronology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86: 121- 136. Conroy, G.C. & Vannier, M.W. (1991). Dental development in South African australopithecines part 1: Dental stage assessment. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86: 137- 156. Cooke HBS. (1938). The Sterkfontein bone breccia: a geological note. S Afr J Sci 35:204-208. Curnoe D., Grun G., Taylor L., Thackeray J.F. (2001). Direct ESR dating of a Pliocene hominin from Swartkrans. J Hum Evol 40:379-391.

371

Cuy, J.L.; Mann, A.B.; Livi, K.J.;Teaford, M.F & Weihs, T.P. (2001). Nanoindentation mapping of the mechanical properties of human molar tooth enamel. Archives of Oral Biology., 47: 281- 291. Daculsi,G.; Menanteau, J. Kerebel, L.M. & Mitre, D. (1984). Enamel crystals: size, shape and growing process, high resolution TEM and biomechanical study. In Fearnhead & Suga,(eds). Tooth Enamel vol 4. pp: 14- 18. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Dart RA. (1925). Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature 115:195-199. Dart RA. 1948b. The adolescent mandible of Australopithecus prometheus. Am J Phys Anthropol 6:391-412. Dean, M.C. (1985). The eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67: 251- 257. Dean, M.C. (1987). Growth layers and incremental markings in hard tissues, a review of the literature and some preliminary observations about enamel structure of Paranthropus boisei. Journal of Human Evolution; 16: 157- 172. Dean, M.C. (1988).Growth of teeth and development of the dentition in Paranthropus. In: Grine, F.E. (Ed), The Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp, 43-53. Dean, M.C. (1989). The developing dentition and tooth structure in hominoids. Folia. Primatol. 53: 160-176. Dean, M.C. (1995a). The nature and periodicity of incremental lines in primate dentine and their relationship to periradicular bands in OH 16 (Homo habilis). In Moggi-Cecchi, Ed. Aspects of dental Biology, Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution. International Institute for the Study of Man. Pp: 36 – 46. Dean, M.C. (1995). Developmental sequences and rates of growth in tooth length in hominoids. In: Radlanski, R.J. & Renz, H. (eds). Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium of Dental Morphology. Berlin, “M” Marketing Services. Pp: 308-313. Dean, M.C. (1998). A comparative study of cross striation spacing in cuspal enamel and four methods of estimating the time taken to grow molar cuspal enamel in Pan, Pongo and Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 35, 449- 463. Dean, M.C. (2000). Progress in understanding hominoid dental development. J. Anat. 197, 77- 101. Dean MC. (2004). 2D or not 2D, and other interesting questions about enamel: reply to Macho et al. (2003). Journal of Human Evolution, 46, 633- 640. Dean, M.C. & Wood, B.A. (1981). Developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. Folia Primatol, 36: 111- 127.

372

Dean, M.C., Stringer., C.B., & Bromage, T.G. (1986). Age at death of the Neandertal child from Devil’s Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and the development in Neanderthals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 70: 301- 309. Dean, M.C., Beynon, A.D., Thackeray, J.F., Macho, G.A., (1993a). Histological reconstruction of dental development and age at death of a juvenile Paranthropus robustus specimen, SK 63, from Swartkrans, South Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91, 401-419. Dean, M.C., Beynon, A.D., Reid, D.J. & Whittaker, D.K. (1993b). A longitudinal study of tooth growth in a single individual based on long and short-period incremental markings in dentine and enamel. In. J. Osteoarchaeol. 3: 249-264. Dean, M.C & Scandret, A.E. (1995). The relationship between long period incremental markings in dentine and daily cross-striations in enamel in human teeth. Archives of Oral Biology, 41: 233- 241. Dean, M.C. & Shellis., R.P. (1998). Observations on stria morphology in the lateral enamel of Pongo, Hylobates and Proconsul teeth. J. Hum. Evol. 35: 401- 410. Dean, M.C & Reid, D.J. (2001a). Perikymata and distribution on Hominid anterior teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology; 116: 209- 215. Dean MC, Reid DJ. (2001b). Anterior tooth formation times in Australopithecus and Paranthropus. In: Brook A. (ed). Dental Morphology. Sheffield University Press. p 135. Dean, M.C; Leakey, M; Reid, D; Schrenk, F; Schwartz, G; Stringer, C and Walker, A. (2001). Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature, 44: 628-631. Delson E. (1984). Cercopithecid biochronology of the African Plio-Pleistocene: correlation among eastern and southern hominid-bearing localities. Cour Forsch Inst Senckenberg 69:199-218. Delson E. (1988). Chronology of South African Australopiths site units. In: Grine FE editor. Evolutionary history of the robust Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 317-325. Demirjian, A., Goldstein, H. & Tanner, J. M. (1973). A new system of dental age assessment. Hum. Biol., 45, 211-227 de Ruiter D.J. (2001). A methodological analysis of the relative abundance of hominids and other macromammals from the site of Swartkrans, South Africa. Ph.D. dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Dhamija, S.; Liu, Y.; Yamada, Y.; Snead, M.L. & Krebsbach, P.H. (1999). Cloning and characterization of the murine ameloblastin promoter. Journal of Biochemical Chemistry, 274: 20738- 20743.

373

Dirks, W. (1998). Histological reconstruction of dental development and age at death in a juvenile gibbon (Hylobates lar). Journal of Human Evolution, 35: 411- 426. Dirks, W., Reid, D.J., Jolly, C.J., Phillips-Conroy, J.E. & Brett, F.L. (2002). Out of the mouth of the baboons: stress, life history and dental development in the Awash National Park hybrid zone, Ethiopia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118: 239-252. Driessens, F.C.M.; Heijligers, H.J.M.; Borggreven J.M.P.H. & Woltgens, J.H.M. (1984). Variations in the mineral composition of human enamel on the levels of cross striations and striae of Retzius. Caries Research, 18: 237 – 241. Dumont, E. R. (1995). Enamel thickness and dietary adaptations among extant primates and chiropterans. Journal of Mammology, 76: 1127- 1136. Dunlap, J.C. (1999). Molecular basis for circadian clocks. Cell, 96: 271- 290. Eisenman, D.R.; Ashrafi, S. & Zaki, A.E. (1982). Multimethod analysis of calcium localization in the secretory ameloblasts. Journal of Dental Research, 62: 1555- 1562. Fincham, A.G.; Belcourt, A.B.; Termine, J.D.; Butler.; W.T. & Cothram, W.C. (1983). Amelogenins. Sequence homologies enamel-matrix proteins from three mammalian species. Biochemistry Journal. 211: 149- 154. Fincham, A.G.; Luo, W.; Moradian-Olnack. J.; Paine, M.L.; Snead, M.L. and Zeichner-David, M. (2000). Enamel biomineralization: the assembly and disassembly of the protein extracellular matrix. In: Teaford, M.F.; Meredith- Smith, M.; Ferguson, M.W.J. Development, Function and Evolution of teeth. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp 37- 61. Fitzgerald, C.M. (1998). Do enamel microstructures have regular time dependency? Conclusions from the literature and a large-scale study. Journal of Human Evolution. 35: 371- 386. Fong, H., White, S.N., Paine, M.L., Luo, W., Snead, M.L., Sarikaya, M. (2003). Enamel structure properties controlled by engineered proteins in transgenic mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 18: 2052- 2059. Forsberg, C.M.; Vingren, B. & Wesslen, U. (1989). Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space assessed on lateral cephalograms. Swedish Dental Journal, 13: 23- 31. Fosse, G. (1968). A quantitative analysis of the numerical density and the distributional pattern of prisms and ameloblasts in dental enamel and tooth germs. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 26: 501-503. Garn, S.M.; Lewis, A.B.; Koski, K. & Polacheck, D. (1958). Journal of Dental Research, 37 (3): 561- 567. Garn, S.M.; Lewis, A.B. & Kerewsky, R.S. (1965). Genetic, nutritional and maturational correlates of dental development. Journal of Dental Research, 44: 228- 242.

374

Godfrey, L.R.; Samonds, K.E.; Junagers, W.L. & Sutherland, M.R. (2001). Teeth, brains and primate life histories. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114: 192- 214. Goodman, A.H. & Rose, J.C. (1990). Assessment of systemic physiological perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasias and associated histological structures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 33: 59-110. Gohdo, S. (1982). Differential rates of enamel formation on human tooth surfaces deduced from striae of Retzius. Archives of Oral Biology, 27: 289- 296. Grine, F.E. (1981). Trophic differences between the “gracile” and “robust” australopithcines: a scanning electron analysis of occlusal events. South African Journal of Science, 77: 203- 230. Grine, F.E. (1982). A new juvenile hominid (Mammalia: Primates) from Member 3, Kromdraai Formation, Transvaal, South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 33: 165- 239. Grine, F.E. (1985). Australopithecine evolution : the deciduous dentition dental evidence . In: Delson, E. (ed). Ancestors the hard evidence. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp: 153- 167. Grine, F.E. (1988). Analysis of new cranio-dental specimens of Paranthropus from the Swartkrans Formation. In: Grine, F.E. (ed). Evolutionary history of the robust australopithecines. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp: 223- 245. Grine, F.E. (1993). A description and preliminary analysis of new hominid craniodental fossils from the Swartkrans formation. In: Brain, C.K. (ed). Swartkrans: a cave’s chronicle of early man. Transvaal Museum Monograph No 8, pp: 75- 116. Grine, F.E. (2002). Scaling of tooth enamel thickness and molar crown size in modern humans. South African J. Science. 98: 503-509. Grine,F.E. & Martin, L.B. (1988). Enamel thickness and development in Australopithecus and Paranthropus. In Grine, FE (ed). The evolutionary history of the robust australopithecines: 3- 42. Guatelli-Steinberg, D. (2004). Analysis and significance of linear enamel hypoplasias in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 123:199- 215. Guatelli-Steinberg, D.; Spencer-Larsen, C. & Hutchinson, D.L. (2004). Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution, 47: 65- 84. Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Reid, D.J., Bishop, T.A. & Spencer Larsen, C. (2005). Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. Gustafson, A.G. (1959). A morphologic investigation of certain variations in the structure and mineralization of human dental enamel. Odontologisk Tidskrift. Lund.

375

Gustafson, G. & Gustafson, A.G. (1967). Microanatomy and histochemistry of enamel: In Structural and Chemical Organization of Teeth. Miles, AEW, (ed). Academic Press, New York, vol1, pp: 75- 134. Hall, B.K. (2002). Evolutionary developmental biology: where embryos and fossils meet. In: Minugh-Purvis, N. & McNamara, K.J. Human evolution through developmental change (Eds). Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London. pp 7-27. Hart, P.S.; Aldred, M.J.; Crawford, P.M.J.; Wright, N.J. Hart, T.C & Wright, J.T. (2002). Amelogenesis imperfecta phenotype-genotype correlations with two amelogenin gene mutations. Archives of Oral Biology, 47: 261- 265. Harvey, P. & Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1985). Life history variation in primates. Evolution, 39: 559- 581. Hattab, F.N. & Alhaija, E.S.J.A. (1999). Radiographic evaluation of mandibular third molar eruption space. Oral Surgery Medicine Oral pathology, 88: 285- 291. Haughton S.H. (1947). Notes on the Australopithecine-bearing rocks of the Union of South Africa. Trans Geol Soc S Afr 50:55-59. Hillson, S. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge Univ. Press. Hirota, F. (1982). Prism arrangement in human cusp enamel deduced by X-Ray diffraction. Archives of Oral Biology, 27: 931- 937. Hlusko, L.J. (2004). Integrating genotype and phenotype in hominid palaeontology. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 2653-2657. Howell F.C. (1978). Hominidae. In: Maglio VJ, Cooke HBS editors. Evolution of African mammals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p 154-248. Howell, F.C. (2002). Foreword. In: Minugh-Purvis, N. & McNamara, K.J. Human evolution through developmental change (Eds). Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London. pp IX-XII. Huda, T.F.J. & Bowman, J.E. (1994). Variation in cross striation number between striae in an archaeological population. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 4: 49- 52. Hughes, A.R. & Tobias, P.V. (1977). A fossil skull probably of the genus Homo from Sterkfontein, Transvaal. Nature 265: 310- 312. Hunter, J.P. & Jernvall, J. (1995). The hypocone as a key innovation in mammalian evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 10718- 10722. Imai, H.; Osumi-Yamashita, N.; Ninomiya, Y. & Eto, K. (1996). Contribution of early migrating midbrain crest cells to the dental mesenchyme of mandibular molar teeth in rat embryos. Developmental Biology, 176: 151- 165.

376

Jiang, Y., Spears, I.R. & Macho. G.A. (2003). An investigation into fractured surfaces of enamel of modern human teeth: a combined SEM and computer visualization study. Archives of Oral Biology, 1310: 1-9. Jernvall J. (1995). Mammalian molar cusp patterns: Developmental mechanisms of diversity. Acta Zool Fennica 198: 1-61. Jernvall, J. (2000). Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 2641-2645. Jernvall, J. & Thesleff, I. (2000). Reiterative signaling and patterning during mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Mechanisms of Development, 92: 19- 29. Jernvall, J., & Jung, H.S. (2000). Genotype, phenotype and developmental biology of molar tooth characters. Yearbook Phys. Anthropol. 43: 171-190. Jernvall, J.; Berg, T.; Kettunen, P.; Keranen, S. & Thesleff, I. (1998). The life history of an embryonic signalling centre: BMP-4 induces p21 and is associated with apoptosis in the mouse tooth enamel knot. Development, 125: 161- 169. Johanson, D.C. & White, T.D. (1979). A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science, 203: 321- 329. Jolly, C.J. (1970). The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on baboon analogy. Man, 5: 5- 26. Johnson, SE. (2003). Life history and the competitive environment: Trajectories of growth, maturation, and reproductive output among chacma baboons. Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. 120, 83- 98. Kangas, A.T., Evans, A.R., Thesleff, I., Jernvall, J. (2004). Non-independence of mammalian dental characters. Nature, 432, 211-214. Karcher-Djuric, V; Staubli, A; Meyer, M & Ruch, J.V. (1985). Acellular dental matrices promote functional differentiation of ameloblasts. Differentiation, 29: 169 – 175. Kawano, S.; Saito, M.; Handa, K.; Morotomi, T.; Toyano, T.; Seta, Y.; Nakamura, N.; Uchida, T.; Tayoshima, K.; Ohishi, M.& Harada, H. (2004). Characterization of dental epithelial progenitor cells derived from cervical loop epithelium in rat lower incisor. Journal of Dental Research, 83: 129-133. Kay, R.F. (1981). The nut-crakers- A new theory of adaptations of the Ramapithecine. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55: 141- 151. Kay, R.F.; Rasmussen, D.T. & Beard, K.C. (1984). Cementum annulus counts provide a means for age determinantion in Macaca mulatta (Primates, Anthropoidea). Folia Primatologica, 42: 85- 95.

377

Kelley, J. (2002). Life history evolution in Miocene and extant apes. In: Minugh-Purvis, N. & McNamara, K.J. Human evolution through developmental change (Eds). Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London. pp 223- 248. Kelley, J. & Smith, T.M. (2003). Age at first molar emergence in early Miocene Afropithecus turkenensis and life history evolution in the Hominoidea. Journal of Human Evolution, 44: 307- 329. Kennedy G. E. (2005). From the ape’s dilemma to the weanling’s dilemma: early weaning and its evolutionary context. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 123-145. Keyser AW, Menter CG, Moggi-Cecchi J, Pickering TR, Berger LR. (2000). Drimolen: a new hominid-bearing site in Gauteng, South Africa. S Afr J Sci 96:193-197. Kimura, O.; Dykes E. & Fearnhead, R.W. (1977). The relationship between the surface area of the enamel crowns of human teeth and the of the dentine junction. Archives of Oral Biology. 22: 677- 683. King LC. (1951). The geology of Makapan and other caves. Trans Roy Soc S Afr 33:121-150. Kollar, E.J., and Baird, G.R. (1969). The influence of dental papilla on the development of tooth shape in embryonic mouse tooth germs. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 21:131-148. Kono, R.T.; Suwa, G. & Tanijiri, T. (2002). A three dimensional analysis of enamel distribution patterns in human permanent first molars. Archives of Oral Biology, 47: 867- 875. Kontges, G. & Lumsden, A. (1996). Rhombencephalic neural crest segmentation is preserved throughout craniofacial ontogeny. Development 122, 3229-3242. Kraus, B.S. (1965). Morphogenesis of deciduous molar pattern in man. In: Brothwell, D.R. (Ed). Dental Anthropology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp: 87- 104. Kraus, B.S., Jordan, R.E. (1965). The human dentition before birth. (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia). Kuman K, Clarke RJ. (2000). Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, Member 5. J Hum Evol 38:827-847. Kuykendall, K.L. (1996). Dental development in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): The timing of tooth calcification stages. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99: 135-158. Katzenberg, M., Herring, D.A. & Saunders, S.R. (1996). Weaning and infant mortality: Evaluating the skeletal evidence. Yearbook of Phys. Anthropol. 39, 177- 199. Kuykendall, K. L. (2002). An assessment of radiographic and histological standards of dental development in chimpanzees. In: Minugh-Purvis, N. & McNamara, K.J. Human evolution through developmental change (Eds). Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London. pp 281- 304.

378

Kuykendall, .L. (2003). Reconstructing australopithecine growth and development: What do we think we know?. In: Thompson, J.L., Krovitz, G.E., Nelson, A.J. (Eds). Patterns of growth and development in the genus Homo. Cambridge University Press. pp, 191- 218. Lacruz, R.S. & Jernvall, J. in prep. Interpreting enamel knot changes in fossil hominid molars. Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Walker A. 1995. New four million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay. Nature 376:565-571. Leakey, M.G., Spoor, F., Brown, F.H., Gathogo, P.N., Klarie, C., Leakey, L.N. & McDougall, I. (2001). New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature, 410: 433- 440. Lesot, H. (1991). Genetic control of the dentition. In: Ferguson, D.B. (ed): Aspects of oral molecular biology. Front. Oral Physiol. Basel, Karger, vol 8, pp: 1-16. Lieberman, D. (2004). Humans and primates: New model organisms for evolutionary developmental biology. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 302B: 195. Lockwood, C. A. (1997). Variation in the face of Australoithecus africanus and other African hominids. PhD Dissertation, University of Witwaresrand, Johannesburg. Lovejoy, C.O. (1981). The origin of Man. Science, 211: 341- 350. Lovejoy, C.O. (2005). The natural history of human gait and posture Part 1. Spine and Pelvis. Gait and Posture, 21: 95- 112. Lovejoy, C.O., Cohn, M.J., White, T.D. (1999). Morphological analysis of the mammalian post-cranium. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 23, 13247-13252. Lovejoy, C.O., Meindl, R.S.; Ohman, J.C.; Heiple, K.G.; White, T.D. (2002). The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concept of human morphogenesis to the fossil record. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 119, 97-133. Lovejoy, O.C.; McCollum, M.A.; Reno, P.L., Rosenman, B.A. (2003). Developmental biology and human evolution. Ann. Rev. of Anthropol. 32, 85-109. Lumsden, A. (1988). Spatial organization of the epitheluim and the role of neural crest cells in the initiation of mammalian tooth germs. Development 103 (suppl). 155- 169. Macho, G.A. (1995). The significance of hominid enamel thickness for phylogenetic and life history evolution. In: Moggi-Cecchi, J. (ed). Aspects of Dental Biology, Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution. Florence, International Institute for the Study of Man, pp: 51-68. Macho, G.A. (2001). Primate crown formation time and life history evolution revisited. American Journal of Primatology, 55: 189-201.

379

Macho, G.A. & Moggi-Cecchi, J. (1992). Relationship between size of distal accesory tubercles and hypocones in permament maxillary molar crowns of South Africans. Archives of Oral Biology 37: 575- 578. Macho, G.A. & Berner, M.E. (1993). Enamel thickness of human maxillary molars reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92: 189- 200. Macho, G.A. & Thackeray, J.F. (1992). Computed tomography and enamel thickness of maxillary molars of Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai (South Africa): an exploratory study. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89: 133-143. Macho, G.A. & Spears, I.R. (1999). Effects of loading on the biomechanical behavior of molars of Homo, Pan and Pongo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 109: 211- 227. Macho, G.A. & Wood., B.A. (1995). The role of time and timing in hominid dental evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 4: 17-31. Macho, G.A.; Reid, D.J.; Leakey, M.G.; Jablonsky, N.. & Beynon, D. (1996). Climatic effect on dental development of Theropithecus oswaldi from Koobi Fora and Olorgesailie. Journal of Human Evolution, 30: 57 – 70. Macho, G.A. & Williamson. D. (2002). The effects of ecology on life history strategies and metabolic disturbances during development. An example from African Bovids. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 75: 271- 279. Macho G.A, Jiang Y, Spears I.R. 2003. Enamel microstructure- a truly three-dimensional structure. Journal of Human Evolution 45, 81-90. Mann, A.E. (1988). The nature of Taung dental maturation. Nature 33: 123 Mann, A.E. (1975). Palaeodemographic aspects of the South African australopithecines. University of Pennsylvania Publications in Anthropology, No 1. Mann, A.E. Lampl, M & Monge., J. (1986). Maturational patterns in early Hominids. Nature.328: 673-674. Mann, A.E.; Lampl, M; Monge, J. (1990). Patterns of ontogeny in humans evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology: evidence from dental development, 33: 111- 150. Mann, A.E.; Monge, J. & Lampl, M. (1991). Investigation into the relationship between perikymata counts and crown formation time. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86: 175- 178. Martin, L.B. (1983). The relationships of the later Miocene Hominoidea. PhD Thesis, University College London, London. Martin, L.B. (1985). Significane of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution. Nature, 314: 260- 263.

380

Massler, M. & Schour, I. (1946). The appositional life span f the enamel and dentine forming cells. Journal of Dental Research, 25: 145- 150. Massler, M., Schour, I., and Poncher, H.G. (1941) Developmental pattern of the child as reflected in the calcification pattern of the teeth. American Journal of Diseases of Children 629:33-67. McCollum, M.A. (1999). The robust australopithecine face: a morphogenetic perspective. Science, 284: 301- 305. McCollum, M., Sharpe, P. (2001). Developmental genetics and early hominid craniodental evolution. Bioessays 23, 481-493. McFadden PL. (1980). An overview of palaeomagnetic chronology with special reference to the South African hominid sites. Palaeont Afr 23:35-40. McFadden PL, Brock A, Partridge TC. (1979). Palaeomagnetism and the age of the Makapansgat hominid site. Earth Plan Sci Lett 44:373-382. McHenry, H. M. (1994). Early hominid postcrania: Phylogeny and function. In: Corruccini R.S. & Ciochon, R.L. (eds). Integrative paths to the past. Palaeoanthropological advances in honor of F. Clark Howell. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Pp: 251- 268. McHenry, H.M. (2002). Introduction to the fossil record of human ancestry. In: (Ed) The primate Fossil Record, pp: 401- 405. McHenry, H.M. & Skelton, R.R. (1985). Is Australopithecus ancestral to Homo? In: Tobias, P.V. (Ed). Hominid Evolution, Past, Present and Future. Alan Riss, Inc. pp:221- 226. McHenry, H.M. & Berger, L.R. (1998). Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus, and the origin of the genus Homo. Journal of Human Evolution, 31: 1- 22. McKenzie A., Fergusson M.W.J. & Sharpe, P. (1992). Expression of the homeobox gene Hox-8 in the mouse embryo suggests a role in specifying tooth initiation and shape. Development 115: 403- 420. Menter C.G., Kuykendall K.L., Keyser A.W., Conroy G.C. (1999). First record of a hominid teeth from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Gondolin, South Africa. J Hum Evol 37:299-307. Moggi-Cecchi, J. (2001). Questions of growth. Nature. 414: 595-597. Moggi-Cecchi, J. (2003). The elusive second species in Sterkfontein Member 4: the dental metrical evidence. South African Journal of Science, 99: 268-270. Moggi-Cecchi, J.; Pacciani, E. & Pinto-Cisternas, J. (1994). Enamel Hypoplasia an age at weaning in 19th century Florence, Italy. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93, 299- 306.

381

Moggi-Cecchi J., Tobias P.V, Beynon A.D. (1998). The mixed dentition and associated skull fragments of a juvenile fossil hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 106: 425- 466. Moggi- Cecchi, J.; Grine, F.E. & Tobias, P.V. (in press). Early hominid dental remains from Members 4 and 5 of the Sterkfonrein Formation (1966- 1996) Excavations: Catalogue, individual associations, morphological descriptions and initial analysis. Journal of Human Evolution. Molnar, S. & Gantt, D.G. (1977). Functional implications primate enamel thickness. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 46: 447- 454. Moorreess, C.F.; Fanning, E.A. & Hunt, E.E. (1963). Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. Journal of Dental Research, 42: 1490- 1502. Moss-Salentjin, L. & Hendricks-Kluivert, M. (1990). Dental and oral tissues. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia, London. Moss-Salentjin, L.; Moss, M.L. &Yuan, M.S. (1997). The ontogeny of mammalian enamel. In v. Koenigswald W & Sander, PM (eds). Tooth Enamel Microstructure. Proceedings of the Enamel Microstructure workshop, University of Bonn. A.A. Balkena Publishers, Rotterdam. Pp: 5- 30. Nanci,, A. & Warshasky, H. (1984). Characterization of putative secretory sites on ameloblasts of the rat incisor. American Journal of Anatomy. 171: 163- 189. Newman, HN. & Poole, DFG. (1974). Observations with scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the structure of human surface enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 19: 1135- 1143. Nishikawa, S. (1992). Correlation of the arrangement pattern of enamel rods and secretory ameloblasts in pig and monkey teeth: A possible role of terminal webs in ameloblasts movement during secretion. The Anatomical Record. 232: 466- 478. Nissen, H.W. & Riesen, A.H. (1964). The eruption of the permanent dentition of chimpanzee. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 22: 285-284. Olive, M. & Ruch, J.V. (1982). Does the basement membrane control the mitotic activity of the inner enamel epithelium of the embryonic mouse first lower molar? Developmental Biology, 93: 301- 307. Osborn, J.W. (1965). The nature of the Hunter-Schreger Bands in enamel. Arch. Oral Biol. 10: 929-933. Osborn, J.W. (1973). Variations in structure and development of enamel. Oral Science Review, 3: 3- 3. Osborn, J.W. (1970). The mechanisms of ameloblasts movement: A hypothesis. Calcified Tissue Research, 5: 344- 359.

382

Osborn, J.W. (1990). A 3-Dimensional model to describe the relation between prism directions, parazones and diazones, and the Hunter-Schreger Bands in human tooth enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 35: 869 – 878. Osborn, J.W. & Ten Cate, A.R. (1983). Advanced Dental Histology. John Wright & Sons Ltd. Bristol, London & Boston. Paine, M.L. & Snead, M.L. (1997). Protein interactions during assembly of the enamel organic extracellular matrix. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12: 221- 227. Paine, M.L., White, S.N. Luo, W., Fong, H., Sarikaya, M., and Snead, M.L. (2001). Regulated gene expression dictates enamel structure and tooth function. Matrix Biology, 20: 273-292. Parker, S.B.; Eichele, G.; Zhang, P.; Rawls, P.; Sands, A.; Bradley, A.; Olson, E.N.; Harper, J.W. & Elledge, S.J. (1995). p53 independent expression of p21 in muscle and other terminally differentiated cells. Science, 267: 1024- 1027. Partridge T.C. (1973). Geomorphological dating of cave opening at Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Taung. Nature 246:75-79. Partridge T.C. (1978). Re-appraisal of lithostratigraphy of Sterkfontein hominid site. Nature 275:282-287. Partridge T.C. (1979). Re-appraisal of lithostratigraphy of Makapansgat Limeworks hominid site. Nature 279:484-488. Partridge T.C. (1982). The chronological positions of the fossil hominids of southern Africa. In: De Lumley H, De Lumley MA editors. Proceedings Congre International de Paleontologie Humaine. Nice: Union Internationale de Sciences Prehistorique et Protohistorique. Volume 2:617-675. Partridge T.C. (1985). Spring flow and tufa accretion at Taung. In: Tobias PV editor. Hominid evolution: past, present and future. p 171-187. Partridge T.C. (1986). Palaeoecology of the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene hominids of southern Africa: how good is the chronological and palaeoenvironmental evidence? S Afr J Sci 82:80-83. Partridge T.C. (2000). Hominid-bearing cave and tufa deposits. In: Partridge T.C. & Maude, R.R (eds). The Cenozoic of southern Africa. Oxford: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics. pp 100-125. Partridge, T.C. (2005). Dating of the Sterkfontein hominids: progress and possibilities. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 60 (2): 107- 110. Partridge TC, Wood BA, de Menocal PB. 1995. The influence of global climatic change and regional uplift on large mammalian evolution in Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle LH. editors. Palaeoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press. p 331-355.

383

Partridge, T.C.; Granger, D.E.; Caffee, M.W.; Clarke, R.J. (2003). Lower Pliocene remains from Sterkfontein. Science, 300: 607- 612. Poole, D.F.G.; Newman, H.N. & Dibdin, H. (1981). Structure and porosity of human cervical enamel studied by polarizing microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Archives of Oral Biology, 26: 977- 982. Popowics, T.E.; Rensberger, J.M. & Herring, S.W. (2001). The fracture behavior of human and pig molar cusps. Archives of Oral Biology, 46: 1- 12. Qui, M.; Bulfone, A.; Ghattas, I.; Meneses, J. ; Christensen, L. ; Sharpe, P. ; Presley, R. ; Pedersen, R. & Rubenstein, J.L. (1997). Role of DLX homeobox genes in proximodistal patterning of the branchial arches: Mutations of Dlx-1, Dlx-2, and Dlx-1 and -2 alter morphogenesis of proximal skeletal and soft tissue structures derived from first and second arches. Developmental Biology, 185: 165- 184. Raaum, R.L.; Sterner, K.N.; Noviello, C.M.; Stewart, C.B. & Disotell, T.R. (2005). Catarrhine primate divergence date estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence. Journal of Human Evolution, 48: 237- 257. Radlanski, R.J., Renz, H., Willersinn, U., Cordis, C.A. & Duschner, H. (2001). Outline and arrangements of enamel rods in human deciduous and permanent enamel. 3-D reconstructions obtained from CLSM and SEM images based on serial ground sections. Eur. J. Oral. Sci. 109: 409-414. Radlanski, R.J.; Seidl, W. & Steding, G. (1995). Prism arrangement in human dental enamel. In Aspects of dental biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution, Moggi-Cecchi, J (Ed) International Institute for the Study of Man. Pp: 33- 50. Ramirez Rozzi, F., (1993). Tooth development in East African Paranthropus. J. Hum. Evol. 24, 429-454. Ramirez Rozzi, F. (1994). Enamel growth markers in hominid dentition. Eur. Micr. and Anal. July issue: 21- 23. Ramirez Rozzi F.V. (1995). Time of formation in Plio-Pleistocene Hominid teeth. In Moggi-Cecchi, J, editor. Aspects of Dental Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution. Florence: International Institute for the study of Man. pp 217- 238 Ramirez Rozzi, F. (1998). Can enamel microstructure be used to establish the presence of different species of Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Omo, Ethiopia?. Journal of Human Evolution; 35: 543- 576. Ramirez Rozzi, F. (1998b). Enamel structure and development and its application in hominid evolution and taxonomy. Journal of Human Evolution, 35: 327-330. Ramirez Rozzi, F. (2002). Enamel microstructure in hominids: New characteristics for a new paradigm. In Minugh-Purvis, N & McNamara, KJ (eds). Human Evolution Through Developmental Change. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London. Pp 319- 348.

384

Ramirez Rozzi., F.V., Bromage, T.G. & Schrenk, F. (1997). UR 501, the Pliocene hominid from Malawi. Analysis of the microanatomy of the enamel. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 325: 231-234. Ramirez Rozzi, F; Walker, C & Bromage, TG. (1999). Early hominid dental development and climate change. In Bromage, TG & Schrenk, F (eds), African Biogeography, Climate change and human evolution. New York, Oxford University Press, pp: 349- 363. Ramirez- Rozzi, F.V. & Bermudez de Castro, J.M. (2004). Surprisingly rapid growth in Neanderthals. Nature, 428: 936- 939. Rasmussen, S.T.; Patchin, R.E.; Scott, D.B. & Heuer, A.H. (1976). Fracture properties of human enamel and dentin. Journal of Dental Research, 55: 154- 164. Reed KE. (1996). The paleoecology of Makapansgat and other African Plio-Pleistocene hominid localities. Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook. Reid, D.J., Beynon, A.D., Ramirez Rozzi, F.V., (1998a). Histological reconstruction of Dental development in four individuals from a medieval site in Picardie, France. J. Hum. Evol. 35, 463- 478. Reid, D.J., Schwartz, G.T., Dean, C. Chandrasekera, M.S. (1998b). A histological reconstruction of dental development in the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes. J. Hum. Evol. 35, 427- 448. Reid, D.J., Dean, M.C. (2006). Variation in modern human enamel formation times. J. Hum. Evol. 50: 329-346. Reid, D.J., Ferrell, R.J. (2006). The relationship between number of striae of Retzius and their periodicity in imbricational enamel formation. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 195-202. Reith, E.J. (1960). The ultrastructure of ameloblasts from the growing end of rat incisors. Archives of Oral Biology, 2: 253- 262. Reith, E.J. (1983). A model for transcellular transport of calcium based in membrane fluidity and movement of calcium carriers within the more fluid microdomains of the plasma membrane. Calcified Tissue International. 35, 129- 134. Reith, E.J & Boyde, A. (1981). The arrangement of ameloblasts on the surface of maturing enamel of the rat incisor tooth. Journal of Anatomy, 133: 381- 388. Rensberger, J.M. (2000). Pathways of functional differentiation of mammalian enamel. In: Teaford, M.F.; Meredith- Smith, M.; Ferguson, M.W.J. Development, Function and Evolution of teeth. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp 252- 268. Richardson, M.E. (1977). The etiology of mandibular third molar impaction. Angle Orthodontist, 55: 51- 57.

385

Rightmire G.P. (1984). The fossil evidence for hominid evolution in southern Africa. In: Klein RG Editor. Southern Africa Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema. p 147-168. Risnes, S. (1986). Enamel apposition rate and the prism periodicity in human teeth. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research; 94: 394- 404. Risnes, S. (1987). Multiplane sectioning and scanning electron microscopy as a method for studying the three dimensional structure of mature dental enamel. Scanning Microscopy, 1 (4): 1893- 1902. Risnes, S. (1998). Growth tracks in dental enamel. Journal of Human Evolution, 35: 331- 350. Risnes, S. (1990). Structural characteristics of stair-case Retzius Lines in human dental enamel analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Anatomical Record, 226: 135- 146. Robinson J.T. (1952). The australopithecine-bearing deposits of the Sterkfontein area. Ann Transv Mus 22:1-19. Robinson, J.T. (1956). The dentition of the Australopithecines. Transvaal Museum Memoir. N.9. Robinson, C.; Kirkham, J., Briggs, HD & Atkinson, PJ. (1982). Enamel proteins: from secretion to maturation. Journal of Dental Research, 61: 1490- 1495. Robinson, C.; Briggs, HD.; Kirkham, J. & Atkinson, PJ. (1983). Changes in protein components of rat incisor enamel during tooth development. Archives of Oral Biology, 28: 993- 1000. Rose, J.C. (1979). Morphological variations of enamel prisms within abnormal striae of Retzius. Human Biology, 51: 139 -151. Rose, J.C.; Armelagos, G.J. & Lallo, J.W. (1978). Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 49: 511- 516. Ruch, J.V. (1987). Determinisms of odontogenesis. Servicio Universidad del Pais Vasco. Ruch, J.V. (1990). Patterned distribution of differentiating dental cells: facts and hypotheses. Journal of Biol. Buccale, 18: 91- 98. Sarnat, BG & Schour, I. (1941). Enamel hypoplasias (chronologic enamel hypoplasia) in relation to systemic diseases: Achronological, morphological and etiological classification. J. Am. Dental Assoc. 28, 1989- 2000. Sasaki, T. (1990). Cell biology of tooth enamel formation. Monographs in Oral Science, vol 14. Karger Publisher. Basel, Switzerland.

386

Schmid P. (2002). The Gladysvale Project. Evolutionary Anthropology, Supplement 1:45-48. Schmid, P. & Berger, L.R. (1997). Middle Pleistocene hominid carpal proximal phalanx from the Gladysvale site, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 93, 430-411. Schour, I. & Hoffman, M.M. (1939). The rate of apposition of enamel and dentine in man and other animals. Journal of Dental Research, 18: 161- 175. Schour, I. & Poncher, H.G. (1937). Rate of apposition of enamel and dentine measured by the effect of acute fluorosis. American Journal of Dis. Child., 54: 757- 756. Schour, I., and Massler, M. (1940a) Studies in tooth development: the growth pattern of human teeth: part I. Journal of the American Dental Association 27:1778-1793. Schour, I., and Massler, M. (1940b) Studies in tooth development: the growth pattern of human teeth: part II. Journal of the American Dental Association 27:1918-1931. 346 Schwartz, G.T. (2000). Taxonomic and functional aspects of the patterning of enamel thickness distribution in extant and large-bodied hominoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111: 221- 244. Schwartz, G.T. & Dean, C. (2000). Interpreting the hominid dentition: ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects. (In O’Higgins P & Cohn, M, eds). Development, Growth and Evolution. Linnaean Society of London, Academic Press. Pp: 207- 234. Schwartz, G.T. & Dean, M.C. (2001). Ontogeny of canine dimorphism in extant hominoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115: 269-283. Schwartz, G.T., Samonds, K.E., Godfrey, L.R., Jungers, W.L. & Simmons, E.L. (2002). Dental microstructure and life history in subfossil Malagasy lemurs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 99: 6124-6129. Schwartz, G.T. Liu, W. & Zheng, L. (2003). Preliminary investigation of detal microstrsucture in the Yuanmou hominoid (Lufegpithecus hudienensis), Yunnan Province, China. J. Hum. Evol. 44: 189-202. Sharpe, P.T. (1995). Homeobox genes and the orofacial development. Connective Tissue Research, 32: 17- 25. Sharpe, P.T. (2000). Homeobox genes in intitiation and shape of teeth during development in mammalian embryos. In: Teaford, M.F.; Meredith- Smith, M.; Ferguson, M.W.J. Development, Function and Evolution of teeth. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp: 3- 12. Shellis, R.P. (1984). Variations in growth of the enamel crown in human teeth and a possible relationship between growth and enamel structure. Archives of Oral Biology, 29 (9): 697-705.

387

Shellis, P. (1998). Utilization of periodic markings in enamel to obtain information on tooth growth. Journal of Human Evolution, 35: 387- 400. Shellis, P. & Poole, D.F.G. (1977). The calcified dental tissues of Primates. (In Lavelle, LLB; Shellis, P. & Poole, D.F.G eds). Evolutionary Changes to the Primate Skull and Dentition. Thomas Springfield, Illinois. Pp: 197 - 279. Simmelink, J.W. (1982). Mode of Enamel Matrix Secretion. Journal of Dental Research, vol 61 Special Issue: 1483- 1489. Simmelink, J.W & Nyagaard, V.K. (1982). Ultrastructure of striations in carious human enamel. Caries Research, 16: 179: 188. Simpson, S.W. (1999). Reconstructing patterns of growth disruption from enamel microstructure. In: Hoppa, R.D. & Fitzgerald, C.M. (Eds). Human growth in the past: studies from bone and teeth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp: 241- 263. Simpson, S.W., Lovejoy, O, & Meindl, R. (1991). Relative dental development in hominoids and its failure to predict somatic growth velocity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86: 113-120. Skelton, R.R.; McHenry, H.M. & Drawhorn, G.M. (1986). Phylogenetic analysis of early hominids. Current Anthropology, 27: 21- 42. Skelton, R.R. & McHenry, H.M. (1992). Evolutionary relationships among early hominids. Journal of Human Evolution, 23: 309- 349. Skinner, M.F. (1986) Enamel hypoplasia in sympatric chimpanzee and gorilla. Human Evolution 1:289-312. Skobe, Z. & Stern, S. (1980). The pathway of enamel rods at the base of the cusps of human teeth. Journal of Dental Research, 59 (6): 1026- 1032. Skobe, Z; Stern, D. & Prostak, K. (1981). Ultraestructure of differentiating preameloblasts from tooth germs of the permanent dentition of Macaca mulatta and Macaca arctoides. Calcified Tissue International, 33: 603- 618. Skobe, Z.; Prostak, K.S.; & Trombly, P.L. (1985). Scanning electron microscope of cat and dog enamel structure. Journal of Morphology. 184: 195 – 203. Smith, C.E. & Warshasky, H. (1976). Quantitative analysis of cell turnover in the enamel organ of the rat incisor: evidence for ameloblast death immediately after enamel matrix secretion. The Anatomical Record, 187: 63- 98. Smith, B.H. (1989). Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution. 43: 683-688. Smith, B.H. (1986). Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo. Nature, 323: 327- 330.

388

Smith, B.H. (1991). Dental development and the evolution of life history in the Hominidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86: 157- 174. Smith, B.H., Crummett, T.L., and Brandt, K.L. (1994) Ages of eruption of primate teeth: a compendium for aging individuals and comparing life histories. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:177-231. Smith, R.J., Gannon, P.J. & Smith B.H. (1995). Ontogeny of australopithecines and early Homo: evidence from cranial capacity and dental eruption. J. Hum. Evol. 29: 155-168. Smith, R.J., Jungers, W.L. (1997). Body mass in comparative primatology. J. Hum. Evol. 32, 523- 559. Smith, T.M. (2004). Incremental development of primate dental enamel. PhD Thesis. Stony Brook University. Smith, TM (2006). Experimental determination of the periodicity of incremental features in enamel. Journal of Anatomy, 208: 99-103. Smith, T.M., Martin, L.B., Leakey, M.G. (2003). Enamel thickness, microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 283-306. Smith, T.M., Martin, L.B., Reid, D.J., de Bonis, L., Koufos, G.D. (2004). An examination of dental development in Graecopithecus freybergi (=Ouranopithecus macedoniensis). J. Hum. Evol. 46, 551-577. Smith, T.M., Olejniczak, A.J., Martin. L.B. & Reid, D.J. (2005). Variation in hominoid molar enamel thickness. J. Hum. Evol. 48: 575-592. Snead, M.L.; Luo, W.; Lau, E.C. & Slavkin, H.C. (1988). Spatial and temporal restricted pattern of amelogenin gene expression during mouse molar tooth organogenesis. Development, 104: 77- 85. Snead, M.L.; Lei, Y.P.; Dickerson, K. & Snead, M.L. (2002). Altered amelogenin self assembly based on mutations observed in human x-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH1). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277: 17112- 17116. Spears, I.R.; van Noort, R.; Crompton, R.H.; Cardew, G.E. & Howard, I.C. (1993). The effects of enamel anisotropy on the distribution of stress in a tooth. Journal of Dental Research, 72: 1526- 1531. Spears, I.R. & Crompton, R.H. (1996). The mechanical significance of the occlusal geometry of great ape in molars in food breakdown. Journal of Human Evolution, 31: 517- 535. Strait, D.S.; Grine, F.E. & Moniz, M.A. (1997). A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. Journal of Human Evolution, 32: 17- 82.

389

Suwa, G., Wood., B.A. & White., T.D. (1996). Further analysis of mandibular molar crown and cusp areas in Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominids. American Journal of physical Anthropology, 93: 407- 426. Teaford, M.F.; Meredith- Smith, M.; Ferguson, M.W.J. (2000). Development, Function and Evolution of teeth. Cambridge Univ. Press. Teaford, M.F. & Ungar, P.S. (2000). Diet and evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 13506- 13511. Thackeray, J.F. & Braga, J. (2005). Early Homo, “robust” australopithecines and stone tools at Kromdraai, South Africa. In: d’Errico, F. & Backwell, L. (eds). From tools to symbols. Wits University Press, pp: 229- 237. Thackeray J.F., Kirschvink J.L., Raub T.D. (2002). Palaeomagnetic analyses of calcified deposits from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid site of Kromdraai, South Africa. S Afr J Sci 98:537-540. Thesleff, I. & Hurmerinta K. (1981). Tissue interactions in tooth development. Differenntiation; 18: 75- 88. Thomas, B.L.; Tucker, A.S., Ferguson, C; Qui, M., Rubenstein, J.L. & Sharpe, P.T. (1998). Molecular controls of odontogenetic patterning: position dependent initiation of morphogenesis. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 106: 122-125. Tucker, A.S. & Sharpe, P. (1998). Patterning of the murine dentition by homeobox genes. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 1: 47- 54. Tucker, A.S.; Mathews, K.L. & Sharpe, P. (1998). Transformation of tooth type induced by inhibition of BMP signaling. Science. 282: 1136- 1138. Turner A. (1990). Late Neogene/Lower Pleistocene Felidae of Africa: Evolution and dispersal. Quartarpalaontologie (Berlin) 8:247-256. Turner A. (1997). Further remains of Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Sterkfontein hominid site. Palaeont Afr 34:115-126. Turner A. & Wood B.A. (1993). Taxonomic and geographic diversity in robust australopithecines and other African Plio-Pleistocene larger mammals. J Hum Evol 24:147-168. Ungar, P.S. (1998). Dental allometry, morphology and wear as evidence for diet in fossil primates. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6: 205- 217. Ungar, P.S. (2004). Dental topography and diets of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo. Journal of Human Evolution, 46: 605- 622. Ungar, P.S. (in press). Dental topography and human evolution: with comments on the diets of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. In: Bailey, S & Hublin, J.J. (eds). Dental Palaeoanthropology, Springer, Berlin.

390

Vaahtokari, A.; Aberg, T., Jernvall, J., Keranen, S. & Thesleff, I. (1996). The enamel knot as a signaling center in the developing mouse tooth. Mechanisms of Development, 54: 39- 43. Vainio, S.; Karavanova, I., Jowett, A. & Thesleff, I. (1993). Identification of BMP-4 as a signaling mediating secondary induction between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during early tooth development. Cell, 75: 45- 58. V. Koenigswald, W.; Rensberger, J.M.; Pretzschner, H.U. (1987). Changes in the tooth enamel of early Palaeocene mammals allowing increased diet diversity. Nature, 328: 150 – 152. V. Koenigswald, W.; Clemens, W.A. (1992). Levels of complexity in the microstructure of mammalian enamel and their application in studies of systematics. Scanning Microscopy, 6: 195- 218. Vrba ES. (1974). Chronological and ecological implications of the fossil Bovidae at the Sterkfontein australopithecine site. Nature 250:19-23. Vrba ES. (1982). Biostratigraphy and chronology, based particularly on Bovidae, of southern hominid-associated assemblages: Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans; also Elandsfontein (Saldanha), Broken Hill (now Kabwe) and Cave of Hearths. In: De Lumley H, De Lumley MA editors. Proceedings Congre International de Paleontologie Humaine. Nice: Union Internationale de Sciences Prehistorique et Protohistorique. Volume 2:707-752. Vrba ES. (1985a). Early hominids in southern Africa: updated observations on chronological and ecological background. In: Tobias, PV, Editor. Hominid evolution: past, present and future. New York: Alan R Liss. p 195-200. Vrba ES. (1985b). Ecological and adaptive changes associated with early hominid evolution. In: Delson, E. (ed). Ancestors: the hard evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss. pp: 63-71. Vrba E.S. (1995). The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba, ES, editor. Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins. New Haven: Yale University Press. p 385-424. Walker, J.; Cliff, R.A.; Partridge, T.C. & Latham, A. (2004). Research into U-Pb dating of “little foot”. Abstract. GeoSciences Africa Conference, p: 684. . Warshasky, H. (1978). A freeze-fracture study of the topographic relationship between the inner enamel-secretory ameloblasts in the rat incisor. American Journal of Anatomy. , 152: 153- 208. Warhshasky, H.; Josphsen, K., Thyslstrup, A. & Fejerskov, O. (1981). The development of enamel structure in rat incisors as compared between the teeth of monkey and man. Anatomical Record, 200: 371- 399.

391

Warshasky, H.; Bai, P. & Nanci, A. (1984). Lack of evidence of rythmicity in enamel development. In: Belcourt, A.B. & Ruch, J.V. (eds) Tooth morphogenesis and differentiation. INSERM. Paris, pp: 241- 255. Weber, D.F. & Eisenmnan, D.R. (1971). Microscopy of the neonatal line in developing human enamel. American Journal of Anatomy, 132: 375- 392. Weber, D.F.; Eisenman, D.L. & Glick, P. (1974). Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of Retzius Lines in Human Cervical Enamel. American Journal of Anatomy, 141: 91- 104. Weber, D.F. & Ashrafi, S.H. (1979). Structure of Retzius Lines in Partially Demineralized Human Enamel. Anatomical Record, 194: 563 – 570. Weber, D.F. & Glick, P.L. (1975). Correlative microscopy of enamel prism orientation. American Journal of Anatomy, 144: 407- 420. White, T.D. (2002). Earliest hominids. In: Hartwig, W.C. (ed). The primate fossil record. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, pp: 407- 417. White TD., Harris JM. (1977). Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities. Science 198:13-21. White, T.D.; Johanson, D.C. & Kimbel, W.H. (1981). Australopithecus africanus: it’s phylogenetic position reconsidered. South African Journal of Science, 77: 445- 470. Wilson, D.F. & Shroff, F.R. (1970). The nature of the striae of Retzius as seen with the optical microscope. Australian Dental Journal, 15: 162- 173. Winkler, L.A. & Swindler, D.R. (1991). Primate dental symposium: Old and New Questions, New Trends. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86: 10- 112. Winkler, L.A. & Anemone, R.L. (1996). Recent developments in hominid ontogeny: An overview and summation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99: 1-8. Wood, B.A. (1985). A review of the definition, distribution and relationships of Australopithecus africanus. In: Tobias, P.V. (Ed). Hominid Evolution, Past, Present and Future. Alan Riss, Inc. pp: 227- 232. Wood, B.A. (1995). Evolution of early hominin masticatory system: Mechanisms, events and triggers. (In, Vrba ES, Denton G, Partridge TC & Burckle, LH eds). Palaeoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press. Pp: 438- 448. Wood, B.A. (1996). Hominid palaeobiology: have studies of comparative development come of age? Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99: 9-16. Wood, B.A. (2000). Investigating Human Evolutionary History. Journal of Anatomy, 197: 3- 17.

392

Wood, B.A. & Abbot, S.A. (1983). Analysis of the dental morphology of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. I. Mandibular molars- crown area measurements and morphological traits. Journal of Anatomy, 136: 197- 219. Wood, B.A.; Abbot, S.A. & Graham, S.H. (1983). Analysis of the dental morphology of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. II. Mandibular molars- study of cusp areas, fissure patterns and cross sectional shape of the crowns. Journal of Anatomy, 137: 287- 314. Wood, B.A. & Richmond, B.G. (2000). Human evolution: taxonomy and palaeobiology. Journal of Anatomy, 196: 19- 60. Zhao, Z.; Weiss, K.M. & Stock, D.W. (2000). Development and evolution of dentition Patterns and their genetic basis. In: Teaford, M.F.; Meredith- Smith, M.; Ferguson, .W.J. Development, Function and Evolution of teeth. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp 152- 172.

393