Priming the Pump for EVsMoving Beyond the Barriers to Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment
Source: Audi
BC CappsDavid Worthington
General Services DepartmentCounty of SonomaCA General Services Association Conference
San Diego, CA – April 3, 2014
Overview of Presentation
• Two Big Questions:1. What are the Barriers to Large-Scale Adoption
and Deployment of Electric Vehicles and EV Charging Infrastructure?
2. What are the Policy Levers Available for Local Government to Overcome These Barriers?
• Bonus Case Study• Sonoma County’s Experience Around EV
Charging Infrastructure and Accessibility Issues
• Q&A / Group Discussion
But first, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…
Transportation is a major source of global GHG emissions
Transportation is a major source of national GHG emissions
Transportation is a major source of statewide GHG emissions
There are multiple ways to reduce emissions from transportation• Fuel efficiency
standards• Additional fuel taxes• Cap-and-trade
program• Mass transit systems• Urban planning
measures • Alternative fuel
vehicles
Changeover of our existing vehicles to electric is critical• Dramatic reductions of
GHG emissions• Lower levels of CO2, HCs,
NOx, PM, and HCHO• Beware of merely shifting
emissions upstream• Potential creation of
“green jobs” industry• Increased energy security
and independence
Adoption of EVs can be analyzed through two related questions1. Is the availability
of charging infrastructure a barrier to the deployment of EVs?
2. What are the barriers to large scale deployment of EV charging infrastructure?
We must also better understand what is driving consumers choices
And now, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…
In 2010, Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) began to study these issues• C40 Cities Climate
Leadership Group (C40)• Began in 2005• 66 Affiliated Cities• 1 in 12 people on globe
• C40 Electric Vehicle Network (C40 EVN)• Formed in 2009• 14 of the C40 Cities +
4 EV Manufacturers• Worked in partnership
with CCI to analyze key barriers to EV adoption
What are the barriers to large-scale adoption of EVs?1. Upfront cost of EVs2. Range anxiety3. Availability of
charging infrastructure
4. Technology uncertainty
5. OEM inertia and sunk costs of supply chain
6. Lack of information
What are barriers to deployment of EV charging infrastructure?A. Regulatory Barriers
1. Lack of standards2. Policy uncertainty3. Permitting uncertainty
B. Economic Barriers4. Demand uncertainty5. Economic uncertainty
C. Technology Barriers6. Technological
uncertainty
And now, let’s take a short “brake” for some humor…
What are the policy levers available to local government?1. Regulatory levers2. Monetary and non-monetary incentives3. Real estate4. Advocacy and public relations5. Procurement for public fleets
But which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers?
Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers? 1. Regulatory levers
• Zoning and building codes• Regulation regarding EV-related
investments and third-party sale of electricity
• Permitting rules and guidelines
Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers?
2. Monetary and non-monetary incentives• Subsidies and/or tax credits• Subsidies for charging
infrastructure•Free parking for EVs•Electricity discounts for EV charging•Access to HOV lanes
Which policy levers are the best fit to overcome each set of barriers? 3. Real estate
• Ownership of public garages & on-street spacethat can be used for charging infrastructure4.Advocacy and public relations
• Demonstration projects• Advocacy by public
figures5.Procurement for public fleets
• Government purchase of EVs for public fleets
Final Recommendations from Clinton Climate Initiative Study1. Design EV programs based on individual setting
and partners, but draw on lessons from peers2. Local governments can use other policy levers
to affect the total cost of ownership3. Use regulatory influence smartly—and only
provide subsidies under specific circumstances4. There is a strong case for
subscription fee-based business models to gain consumer acceptance
5. Be aware of technological uncertainties and don’t commit prematurely
And now, let’s take one final “brake” for some humor…
Sonoma County Case Study: EV Charging and Accessibility Issues
Source: Kenguru
County Installed EV Charging Stations To Date
• 37 Charging Stations• 17 Fleet Use Only • 20 Public
• 16 Different Sites• 6 Fleet Use Only • 10 Public
• 74 Charging Ports• 34 Fleet Use Only• 40 Public
Total EV Charging Stations Located in the County To Date
• 85 Charging Stations• 30 Fleet Use Only • 55 Public
• 34 Different Sites• 9 Fleet Use Only • 25 Public
• 150 Charging Ports• 60 Fleet Use Only• 90 Public
• 8 Different Cities or Towns
• 10 Different Cities and Towns
Site Location Choice
•Public or Fleet Use?•Location Needs Assessment•Voltage Available•Accessibility•Infrastructure Costs•Vehicle Designs
Public or Fleet Use Only Challenges
Fleet Use Only Public• Accessibility• Fee Structure• Hours of Operation• Ease of Use• Vandalism• Customer Service
• Data Tracking• Driver Training• Sophistication of Equipment• Restricting Public Access
Fleet Use Only
Typically Less Expensive on a
Per Station Cost Average
Publicly Accessible
Higher Infrastructure CostsPath of Travel Limitations
Hardware Ease of Use Requirements
One of Our First Sites In 2009
Same Site in 2013
Public Accessibility ChallengesIs It a Fueling Station or a Parking Space?
Federal -- American with Disabilities Act (ADA)
State – Building Codes
Local – Permitting
Infrastructure Costs Vary Greatly
Low Cost Example
High Cost of Installation….
….300 Feet of Trenching….
…….Through Two Parking Lots
Realized Infrastructure Costs
Realized Infrastructure Costs
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Choices?
Which Design Meets ADA Requirements?
Charging Port at the Right Quarter PanelOK Design.
Is the cord long enough?
Charging Port at Left Front FenderBetter Design
Angled or Straight In Vehicle Positioning?
Charging Port in the FrontBest Design
Driver Training. The Key to Everything…..
California Office of Planning and Research Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Guidelines
http://opr.ca.gov/docs/PEV_Access_Guidelines.pdf
Help? You Are Not Alone in Figuring It Out
Plug-In Electric Vehicle Collaborativehttp://www.evcollaborative.org/
Bay Area Climate Collaborative Collaborativehttp://www.baclimate.org/
Sonoma County Electric Vehicle Charging Station Program and Installation Guidelines
http://www.sonoma-county.org/prmd/docs/misc/ev_prog_guidelines.pdf
Thank You!Questions and Discussion
Source: Audi
BC Capps Energy and Sustainability Division
David Worthington Fleet Operations Division
