119
Primm-2015 The Cold War and the 1950s
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Primm-2015
The Cold War and the 1950s
Origins of the Cold WarFebruary
1945 April 1945 July 1945 March 1946
Yalta Conference
President Roosevelt dies
Potsdam Conference
Churchill delivers ldquoIron
Curtain Speechrdquo
Post-WWII American Concerns American leaders focused on
economic problems believing that the Great Depression had caused WWII
By 1945 Roosevelt and his advisors were convinced that Economic growth would lead to world peace They wanted to promote democracy and free enterprise
Post-WWII Soviet Concerns
After the war Soviet leaders became concerned about security Germany had invaded Russia twice in less than a 30 years
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control
Believed that Communism was a superior economic system and would eventually replace capitalism
Yalta Conference February 1945 Stalin joined FDR and Churchill
in their call for a meeting in April to draft UN charter
Discussed postwar reorganization of land German Occupation
Divided into four zones Russia to get control of eastern half
of Germany and Berlin US Britain and France to get
control of western half of Germany and Berlin
Arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the United States and the USSR
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland Debate concerning two governmental claims
to govern Poland one Communist and one non-Communist
Demanded free elections be held in Poland itself
Compromised reached setting up a blended government
Elections were never held Stalin could not see why Americans and
British were upset especially as Americans dominated many Latin American nations and supported unpopular regimes there
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Origins of the Cold WarFebruary
1945 April 1945 July 1945 March 1946
Yalta Conference
President Roosevelt dies
Potsdam Conference
Churchill delivers ldquoIron
Curtain Speechrdquo
Post-WWII American Concerns American leaders focused on
economic problems believing that the Great Depression had caused WWII
By 1945 Roosevelt and his advisors were convinced that Economic growth would lead to world peace They wanted to promote democracy and free enterprise
Post-WWII Soviet Concerns
After the war Soviet leaders became concerned about security Germany had invaded Russia twice in less than a 30 years
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control
Believed that Communism was a superior economic system and would eventually replace capitalism
Yalta Conference February 1945 Stalin joined FDR and Churchill
in their call for a meeting in April to draft UN charter
Discussed postwar reorganization of land German Occupation
Divided into four zones Russia to get control of eastern half
of Germany and Berlin US Britain and France to get
control of western half of Germany and Berlin
Arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the United States and the USSR
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland Debate concerning two governmental claims
to govern Poland one Communist and one non-Communist
Demanded free elections be held in Poland itself
Compromised reached setting up a blended government
Elections were never held Stalin could not see why Americans and
British were upset especially as Americans dominated many Latin American nations and supported unpopular regimes there
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Post-WWII American Concerns American leaders focused on
economic problems believing that the Great Depression had caused WWII
By 1945 Roosevelt and his advisors were convinced that Economic growth would lead to world peace They wanted to promote democracy and free enterprise
Post-WWII Soviet Concerns
After the war Soviet leaders became concerned about security Germany had invaded Russia twice in less than a 30 years
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control
Believed that Communism was a superior economic system and would eventually replace capitalism
Yalta Conference February 1945 Stalin joined FDR and Churchill
in their call for a meeting in April to draft UN charter
Discussed postwar reorganization of land German Occupation
Divided into four zones Russia to get control of eastern half
of Germany and Berlin US Britain and France to get
control of western half of Germany and Berlin
Arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the United States and the USSR
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland Debate concerning two governmental claims
to govern Poland one Communist and one non-Communist
Demanded free elections be held in Poland itself
Compromised reached setting up a blended government
Elections were never held Stalin could not see why Americans and
British were upset especially as Americans dominated many Latin American nations and supported unpopular regimes there
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Post-WWII Soviet Concerns
After the war Soviet leaders became concerned about security Germany had invaded Russia twice in less than a 30 years
The Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control
Believed that Communism was a superior economic system and would eventually replace capitalism
Yalta Conference February 1945 Stalin joined FDR and Churchill
in their call for a meeting in April to draft UN charter
Discussed postwar reorganization of land German Occupation
Divided into four zones Russia to get control of eastern half
of Germany and Berlin US Britain and France to get
control of western half of Germany and Berlin
Arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the United States and the USSR
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland Debate concerning two governmental claims
to govern Poland one Communist and one non-Communist
Demanded free elections be held in Poland itself
Compromised reached setting up a blended government
Elections were never held Stalin could not see why Americans and
British were upset especially as Americans dominated many Latin American nations and supported unpopular regimes there
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Yalta Conference February 1945 Stalin joined FDR and Churchill
in their call for a meeting in April to draft UN charter
Discussed postwar reorganization of land German Occupation
Divided into four zones Russia to get control of eastern half
of Germany and Berlin US Britain and France to get
control of western half of Germany and Berlin
Arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the United States and the USSR
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland Debate concerning two governmental claims
to govern Poland one Communist and one non-Communist
Demanded free elections be held in Poland itself
Compromised reached setting up a blended government
Elections were never held Stalin could not see why Americans and
British were upset especially as Americans dominated many Latin American nations and supported unpopular regimes there
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Declaration of Liberated Europe America placed restrictions
against Communist nations following the war
The Declaration ensured all European nations could democratically elect their post-war governments
Allies promised People of Europe could create
democratic institutions To create temporary
governments that represented democracy
The earliest establishment through free elections of governments responsible to the will of the people
6
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Creation of United Nations
Roosevelt believed a new international peace organization would prevent another world war
Created the UN General Assembly where every member country in the world would have one vote
Security Council would consist of 11 member countries ndash goal is to maintain international peace and security Britain France China Soviet
Union and United States have permanent spots the other 6 rotate every 2 years
April 1945 representatives created the UN Charter
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin
ChurchillAgreed to try Nazi leaders as
war criminalsConfirmed the division of the
country into four zones to be occupied separately by American Soviet British and French troops Berlin deep in Soviet zone was
also dividedStalin rejected all arguments
that he loosen his grip on Eastern Europe Truman who had received news
of successful atomic test refused to make any concessions ndash wanted to lsquoget toughrsquo with the Russians because he no longer needed their help against Japan
Russiarsquos eastern zone was primarily an agricultural region
Desired industrial reparations from the western zone
Stalin believed Truman aimed to keep Russia week increasing tensions
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Stalinrsquos Iron Curtain Speech Marked the beginning of the Cold
War separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West
Despite the Declaration of Liberated Europe the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro-Soviet Communists governments would be established in Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary and Czechoslovakia
Satellite Nations Eastern European nations such as
Poland and Romania that practiced Communism but were not fully controlled by the Soviet Union
Required to remain Communist be friendly towards the USSR and followed Soviet approved policies
9
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Cold War (1946-1990)
An era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
Rival nations competing to influence their political and economical ideologies upon weaker and unstable nations
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Early Cold War
March 1947 June 1948 April 1949
Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift Formation of NATO
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Containing Communism
Containment Policybull Long Telegrambull Trumanrsquos Containment Policy bull Crisis in Iranbull Truman Doctrinebull Marshall Plan
The Berlin Crisisbull West Germany founded
bull Berlin Airlift bull NATO
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Long Telegram
United States was exasperated by Sovietrsquos refusal to cooperate after the Potsdam Conference
February 22 1946-Upon request by the Department of State Moscowrsquos US Diplomat George Kennan sent what came to be know as the Long Telegram explaining his views of the Soviet goals
Communism feared capitalism was economically weak and needed to spread to survive
American policy reflected Russiarsquos belief that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism and pushed for ldquoa long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendenciesrsquo
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Trumanrsquos Containment Policy American willingness to
help struggling European countries
Theory that if the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power it was only a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart
Communism could therefore be beaten without going to war
Achieved through diplomatic economic and military actions
14
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Crisis in Iran
March 1946 following the conclusion of WWII Soviet troops refused to evacuated occupied Northern Iran in order to secure a supply line from the Persian Gulf
Demanded access to oil supplies and helped local Communists to establish a separate government
Soviet forces withdrew due to US demand and military pressure 15
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Truman Doctrine
August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey
Helped Greece and Turkey and was an attempt to halt Soviet aggression
Sent 400 million dollars in aide to European nations to help stop the spread of Communism
Provided assistance and support free people of the world against subjugation and totalitarian regimes
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Marshall Plan
Postwar Western Europe faced problems politically and economically
Terrible winter in 1946 made things worse June 1947 Secretary of State George C Marshall
proposed the European recovery plan Established to combat poverty and hunger in
Eastern Europe to support the use of foreign aid as a means to fight the spread of Communism
Set billions of dollars worth of supplies machinery and food into Western Europe ending the appeal of Communism and opening new markets for trade
Soviets reacted by developing their own economic program
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Berlin Airlift Truman believed that Westernrsquos Europersquos
prosperity depended on Germanyrsquos recovery 1948 the United States Great Britain and France
merged their zones allowing Germans to have their own government
Also agreed to merge West Berlin and make it part of the new German Republic known as the Republic of Germany
June 1948 as a result of the merger Stalin believed it would never receive reparations from Germany
In retaliation Soviet troops set up a blockade cutting off all and road and rail traffic to West Berlin
Deemed a crisis If Berlin fell Western Germany would be next
Berlin Airlift-transported needed supplies (food medicine and coal) from West Germany through East Germany to West Berlin
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Prompted by the Berlin Blockade Created in 1949 as a mutual-defense
alliance with Western Europe Initially included 12 democratic nations
the United States Canada Britain France Italy Belgium Denmark Portugal the Netherlands Norway Luxembourg and Iceland
First commitment to mutual defense alliance by the United States
6 years later allowed Germany to rearm and join
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Warsaw Pact
Response to the formation of NATO Defensive alliance for nations who
shared a political and economical ideology with other communist nations
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Cold War Spreads to Asia
1946 October 1949 September 1949 June 1950
French-Vietminh War begins
Peoplersquos Republic of China established
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms race
Korean War begins
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1949 Heightened Concerns about Communism
Communist Revolution in China Soviet Union successfully detonates
an atomic bomb North Korean army invades South
Korea
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Civil War and Revolution in China
1920s ndash Mao Zedong leads communist forces Against Chiang Kai Shek ndash
leader of Chinarsquos Nationalist government
During WWII ndash set aside civil war to resist Japanese occupation
End of WWII ndash civil war continues Mao makes great gains but
still doesnrsquot succeed
REVIEW 41
Re-view 41
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Civil War and Revolution in China
Mid-1940s ndash US sends $2 billion in aid to Nationalists Money was wasted because of poor
military planning and corruption By 1949 ndash US discontinued aid to
Chinese Nationalists October 1949 ndash Communists win-
establish the Peoplersquos Republic of China Nationalist leaders flee to Taiwan
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
After The Fall of China
America shocked by Chinarsquos fall to communism September 1949
Soviets announce successful atomic bomb test
Soviets enter Nuclear Arms Race Early 1950s
Peoplersquos Republic of China amp Soviet Union sign treaty Friendship and Alliance
Western leaders fear that China and Soviet Union support communist revolutions in other nations
US kept formal relations with Nationalists US used veto powers to keep New Communist
China out of UN
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
After Fall of China
Chinese revolution brought significant change in American policy toward Japan at end of WWII Douglas MacArthur took charge
of Japan introduce democracy After loss of China moved
towards rapid recovery of Japanrsquos industrial economy
Japan = key to defend Asia West Germany = key to defend
Europe
Review 36
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Beginning of Korean War
End of WWII US and USSR forces enter Korea to disarm Japanese troops
Allies divide Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude
North Korea South Korea
bull Controlled by Sovietsbull Communist Korean
government
bull American troops stationed
bull American-backed government
Review 20-22
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Beginning of the Korean War Problems
Both governments claimed authority
Border clashes were common Soviets gave North Koreans
military aid quickly built large well equipped army
June 20 1950 = North Korean troops invade south
Review 20-22
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
UN Intervenes
Truman saw North Korean invasion as test of containment policy Ordered US naval and air power into
action Truman called UN to act
Call was successful because Soviet delegates were boycotting the security council over policy on China not present to veto American proposal
US troops and South Korean troops able to resist Korean onslaught at Pusan Perimeter = bought time for MacArthur
Review 20-22
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Attacks on North Korea
September 15 1950 MacArthur ordered an
invasion behind enemy lines of Inchon = took North Koreans by surprise
Within weeks North Koreans full retreat across 38th
Truman ordered to pursue beyond 38th
MacArthur pushes North Koreans to Yalu River
Review 20-22 36
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
China Enters the War
Communist Chinese feared advancing UN troops Warned forces to halt = was
ignored November 1950 ndash China
launches massive attack across Yalu River 100000 Chinese troops
flooded drove UN forces back Review 20-22
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Truman Fires MacArthur Truman faced criticism from
MacArthur when he refused to give into his demands to expand the war with China or use the atomic bomb
Truman wanted to show that president was in charge
April 1951 ndash MacArthur was fired by President Truman for insubordination
MacArthur remained popular ndash returned a hero
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Changes in Trumanrsquos Policy Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur By mid-1951 UN forces push Chinese and
North Korean forces back across 38th parallel War settled down ndash still small battles November 1951 ndash peace negotiations began
but war did not end until July 1953 Armistice -mutual ceasefire of belligerent
nations Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel Beginning of Korean War marked important
turning point in the Cold War
Before Korean War After Korean War
1 US preferred political pressure2 US focused on Europe in containing
communism
1 Cold War expanded in Asia2 US became militarily involved in Asia
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Significance of the Korean War
Important turning point in the Cold War
Until 1950s the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism
American now embarked on a military roundup and expanded its influence into Asia
Defense agreements were signed with Japan South Korea Taiwan the Philippines and Australia 35
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower suggested that the fall of French Indochina might create a ldquodominordquo effect
According to this Domino theory if South Vietnam fell to Communism neighboring Southeast Asian countries who also fall to Communism like a row of dominos
After taking Vietnam Cambodia and Laos Communists would threaten Thailand to the west and the Strait of Malacca to the South Resisting the Communists in Vietnam might prevent this collapse
US justification for stopping the spread of communism in South East Asia Review
18
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Intro to First Indochina War
French Occupation ndash Early 17th century French colonization Vietnam Cambodia and Laos = French
Indochina Early 1990s
Nationalism became a powerful force in Vietnam
Several political parties formed to push for independence or reform the French colonial government
Ho Chi Minh One of the nationalist leaders At 21 sailed for Europe Visited Soviet Union found communism
REVIEW 38 23
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Intro to First Indochina War
1930 Returned to SE Asia and founded the
Indochinese Communist party = worked to overthrow French
Became a wanted man fled and spent years exiled in Soviet Union and China
1941 Returned to Japanese occupied Vietnam Ho Chi Minh organized nationalist group
called the Vietminh Group united communists and non-
communists to fight Japanese US began sending military aid to Vietminh
REVIEW 25
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Intro to First Indochina War cont
August 1945 Japanese surrendered control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh announced that Vietnam was an
independent nation Created a Declaration of Independence =
similar to American Declaration of Independence
French refused to see Vietnam become independent wanted to regain colonial empire in SE Asia
1946 French troops returned to Vietnam and
pushed Vietminh forces into hiding in countryside
1949 French officials set up new government in
Vietnam Vietminh fought back Fighting escalated = France asked US for aid
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
US Perceptions of Vietnam French Occupation The United States supported French re-colonization of Vietnam post WWII because the US believed France was better suited to practice containment in SE Asia
40
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Intro to First Indochinese War Truman administration
United States was in difficult position
Was opposed of colonialism Also opposed of Vietnamrsquos
independence movement due to ties with communist movement
2 events convinced Truman to help France
Fall of China to communism Outbreak of Korean War
REVIEW 26
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Divided American State Department
1113088 European Experts in American Government Support Backing France
Asia Experts in American Government Support Backing Ho Chi Minh
1113088 Feel he is Nationalist or ldquoAsian Titordquo
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
US Backs France
1113088 Truman Administration Followed by Eisenhower Back the French
1113088 Korean War 1113088 Loss of
China 1113088 Idea of
Monolithic Communism
1113088 Cold War 1113088 Strong
France Helps Stop Communism in Western Europe
1113088 Containment 1113088 Ho Chi Minh
and Viet Minh were more Communist than Nationalist
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
First Indo-China War
1945-1954 1113088 France vs
Vietminh 1113088 French try to
keep Vietnam Vietminh Fight for Independence
1113088 70 of French costs are paid by US
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Dien Bien Phu
1113088 1954 1113088 Final Defeat of the French by the
Vietminh 1113088 French Surrender and Lose
Indochina=Vietnam was no longer a French colony
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1954 Geneva Conference
1113088 End Hostilities Between French and Vietnamese
1113088 Temporarily Divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel until French Leave
1113088 Elections to be held in 1956
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Realities of Geneva Conference 1113088 Dominated by Soviets and Chinese 1113088 America does not directly
participate or Recognize results= US wonrsquot negotiate with Communist China
1113088 Americans know Ho Chi Minh and Communists will easily win unification election
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
If Vietnam Goes Communist
1113088 Failure of Containment 1113088 Domino Theory 1113088 Fear of Monolithic Communist
Alliance of China Vietnam and USSR
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
South Vietnam
1113088 Instead of Support Geneva Agreement and Allowing Unification Elections and Communist Victory the United States stepped in to support the creation and protection of a pro-western government in South Vietnam
1113088 American War in Vietnam is fought to keep South Vietnam Non-Communist
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after WWII
Chinese Communists win control of China
US and Soviet Union explode atomic bomb
Marshall Plan provides aid to Western Europe
Western nations form NATO Communist nations form Warsaw Pact
Korean War erupts American and
Soviet arms race begins
Red Scare leads to hunt for Communists in US
CAUSES
EFFECTS
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Cold War and American Society
March 1947 February 1950 1950
Loyalty Review Board established
McCarthy claims to have a list of
Communists in State Department
Rosenbergrsquos accused of espionage
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Red Scare
September 1945 ndash Igor Gouzenko defected outside of Soviet Embassy in Ottawa Canada Defected ndash abandon onersquos
country or cause in favor on an opposing one
Revealed several efforts made by Soviet Union to infiltrate govrsquot organizations in US and Canada = this meant that spies have infiltrated American government
The search for spies escalated into fear of Communist subversion
Subversion ndash effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
American fear of spies intensified Cold War
Review 34
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Loyalty Review Program
Established early 1947 screened all federal employees
Confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the govrsquot and increased fear
6 million screened 14000 subject to intense scrutiny 2000 quit and 212 fired for ldquoquestionable loyaltyrdquo
Review 4
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
HAUC ndash House Un-American Activities Committee
Created in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in US
1947 ndash FBI Director J Edgar Hoover wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion Targeted
Communists and Communist sympathizers
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss-A member of the US State Department convicted of perjury (lying under oath) about his affiliation with the Communist party
Whittaker Chambers accused State Dept employee Alger Hiss of spying
Hiss claimed not to be part of the Communist Party
Representative Richard Nixon pressed the case
Chambers produced ldquopumpkin papersrdquo (secret documents along with microfilm) to defend himself
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Hollywood Ten
Hollywood studios produced film which sympathizes with communism
ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Partyrdquo
A blacklist was created and producers agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry who was believed to be a Communist or refused to cooperate with the committee
Ten screenwriters known as the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo used their 5th Amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination ands refused to testify before HUAC
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Rosenbergrsquos
Sovietrsquos success with atomic bomb raised suspicion 1113088 Americans believed that the Sovietrsquos ability to produce it so quickly was unlikely without help
Belief that spies aided in selling secrets of atomic bomb to Soviets
1950 ndash Man hunt led to successful information
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1113088NY couple charged with passing government secrets to the Soviet Union
Rosenbergrsquos denied charges were condemned to death for espionage
Espionage- the practice of spying or of using spies typically by govrsquots to obtain political and military information
June 1953 ndash couple was executed
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Rosenbergrsquos
Effects of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg being charged with atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
Mass hysteria that containment was not working and the US was losing the Cold War
Panic among Americans fearing anyone could be a Communist spy
HUAC accusations of suspected communist and McCarthy hearingsReview 34 35
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Project Venona Venona Papers -responsible
for incriminating the Rosenbergs and other spies in the US
1946 project to crack Soviet spy code
Cracked about 3000 messages between Moscow and US during Cold War Messages confirmed Soviet
spying Led to federal investigators
on massive hunt US chose not to make
intercepted messages public to keep Soviets out of loop
Revealed in 1995
Review 13
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Communist trying to take over the world
Has infiltrated Churches Schools Work place Your neighbors
They want to turn Your Friends Your Children Your Family and YOUhellipCOMMUNIST
Communist secretly working to destroy America Teachers Government Agents Writers Journalist Liberals Entertainers
The Red Scare Spreads
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator Claimed to know of dozens of govrsquot
officials that were communist Held hearings to question possible
communists in the US Senate
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
McCarthyism
1952 1113088 became chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations Used power to force
officials to testify alleged Communist influences
Investigations turned into witch hunt 1113088 a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fear
His tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfound charges became known as McCarthyism
Review 7 34 40
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Downfall of McCarthy People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
Would make large accusations that drew press
Badger and question witnesses refusing to accept their answer leaving suspicion and therefore supposed guilt
1954 1113088Created a media frenzy that began his witch-hunts by saying that there were spies in the United States Army
Army did own internal investigation 1113088 found no spies or suspicion of espionage
McCarthy was furious 1113088 took his own investigation onto television 1113088 Army-McArthy hearings
Harshly questioned officers and harassed them
Popular support began to fade when millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
ldquoHave you no sense of decencyrdquo Later 1113088 Senate passed a vote of censure =
formal disapproval against McCarthy Review 7 34 40
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Facing the Bomb
Fear of Communism and of nuclear war dominated ordinary American life
Americans were shocked by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949
Fear increased in 1952 when USSR successfully tested more powerful bomb 1113088 hydrogen bomb (achieved in less than a year after the Americans)
Americans prepared for surprise Soviet attack Schools set aside special bomb
sheltered areas School would participate in bomb
drills ldquoDuck and coverrdquo actions taken for
protection against nuclear blast Duck under desks turn away
from windows and cover heads with handsReview 1 33c
34
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Facing the Bomb
Fallout- radiation left over after the blast Experts stated that for
every person killed outright by a nuclear blast four more would die later from fallout
Fallout shelter Underground buildings
stocked with food and water
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Space and Arms Race
1952 1957 1957
Both the US and the USSR have successfully
denoted the H-bomb
The Soviets launched Sputnik
Congress created NASA and passed the NDEA
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons
Not limited to USA amp USSR
Arms Race
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Nuclear Deterrence Theory that an
enemy will not use nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
Arms Race
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1949 USSR develops A-Bomb US no longer lone
Superpower
Mid 1950s Both sides have H-Bombs Americans were shocked
when the Soviets surpassed US technology by testing the worldrsquos first hydrogen bomb in 1952
1960s enough warheads to destroy
one another Massive Fallout ldquoNuclear
Winterrdquo
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
ldquoMore Bang for the Buckrdquo Eisenhowerrsquos ldquoNew Lookrdquo in defense
policy Convinced that the key to victory
was not simply military might but also a strong economy1113088 must show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society
Rather than maintaining a large expensive military nuclear weapons provided ldquomore bang for your buckrdquo 1113088threaten to use nuclear weapons aka massive retaliation
Cut military spending from $501113088$34 billion Increased bombs from 1000111308818000 (1953-1961)
New technology such as the B-52 bomber (1955) and the ICBM
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Sputnik Crisis Space Race started as a
means to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
Oct 4 1957-Soviets launch Sputnik- 1st satellite to orbit earth
Americans afraid US had fallen behind Soviets
US tried to catch up to Soviets January 31 1958 ndash US
Launches first Satellite from Cape Canaveral (Explorer 1)
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Reactions to Sputnik President John F
Kennedy set the goals of landing on the moon
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) created Created by congress Research rocket sci-
ence amp space explo-ration
National Defense Edu-cation Act (NDEA) passed Provided funds for
education and train-ing in science math and foreign lan-guages
Space Race
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to
the brink of war to make the other side back down
Conflicts in Asia Korean war ends ldquounder
circumstances of their own choosingrdquo
China threatened to seize Taiwan1113088 US threatened w nuclear weapon1113088China backed down
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Fighting Communism Covertly To prevent Communist uprisings
in other countries used covert or hidden operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency Took place in developing
nations with primarily agricultural economies many of which blamed European Imperialism and American Capitalism for their problems
Used covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them the pro-American leaders
Iran and Guatemala
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Crisis Middle East
Iran 1953 Great Britain stealing Iran oil Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh
nationalized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company USA claims Iran going Communist US and GB overthrow Iran govrsquot1113088 bring
back pro-American Shah of Iran Puppet regime in mid-east Containment but really oil
Suez Crisis 1956 Prevent communism in the middle
east1113088Dulles (SoS) offer to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River1113088 Revoked after Egypt bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia
GB France amp Israel want control of Suez Canal
USSR sides with Egypt USA stops GB France amp Israel Diplomatic victory on behalf of the
Soviets who offered aid to Egypt1113088 Other Arab nations began to accept Soviet aid
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Nikita Khrushchev
1953 Stalin Dies Power Struggle
ensues 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of USSR
Secretly defied Stalinrsquos policy1113088 later exposed by the CIA
Defiance caused E European countries to rebel=uprising in Hungary
Used military force
Your grandchildren will live under COMMUNISM
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states it doesnt depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) existIf you dont like us dont accept our invitations and dontinvite us to come to see you Whether you like it our not history is on our side We will bury you -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col Francis Gary Powersrsquo plane was
shot down over Soviet airspace
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
ldquoBalance of Terrorrdquo
Main idea Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Neither side can get advantage both have to fear destruction Cities purposely targeted held hostage to Nuclear Terror Retaliatory capability ensures that neither US nor USSR will attack Enough weapons survive first strike to retaliate with second strike
Must have variety of delivery systems so enough survive a first strike ldquoTriadrdquo of Missiles Bombers and Submarines
Must have protected (and automated) Command Systems to ensure second strike happens Strategic Command (STRATCOM) HQ deep underground Standing Orders for retaliation if Washington is wiped out
ldquoDestabilizingrdquo Weapons not goodmdashmake war more likely Neutron bombs kill people not property Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs)mdashSTAR WARS
1950s60s Political IssuemdashKennedy elected 1960 promising to fix ldquoMissile Gaprdquo
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Cuba becomes Soviet Ally
1958mdashCastro overthrows US-backed dictator Batista pledges Socialist reforms accepts Russian aid
1961mdashUS-trained and supplied Cuban exiles land at Bay of Pigs Operation planned by CIA approved by Pres Eisenhower Pres Kennedy allows but refuses to provide USAF support
Invasion fails but Castro turns to Soviets for more security assistance
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Khrushchevs Gambit
Sees Kennedy as weak sees advantage in setting up ICBMs to ldquodefendrdquo Cuba
October 1961 we discover Russians setting up missile bases
Proximity gives USSR superior first-strike capabilitymdashtoo little warning to retaliate
Kennedy demands removal Establishes Naval Blockade of
Cuba Tensions never highermdash
Fingers on Nuclear Trigger Khrushchev backs down
war averted
Khrushchev amp JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young inexperienced and can be rolled
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Brinkmanship
Bay of Pigs- 1961 Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba Made the USA amp Kennedy
look weak
Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US amp USSR USSR remove missiles
from Cuba USA remove missiles from
Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
World Nuclear Arms Control
Several Treaties try to limit Nuclear Proliferation Partial Test Ban 1963 Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1968
India Pakistan and North Korea signmdashlater withdraw Comprehensive Test Ban 1996
USUN Sanctions against violators New agreement reached with PDRK over suspension of their
program Security Council debating action against Iran but uranium
production continues missiles already exist 03 DEC 07mdashNEW DEVELOPMENT US Intelligence
Estimate now says Iran suspended Nuke development in 2003
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1950s Culture and Prosperity
1944 1955 1956 1957
Congress passes GI Bill
Salkrsquos polio vaccine
becomes widely available
Congress passes Federal Highway Act
40 million television sets
in use in the US
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Return to Peacetime Economy After war 1113088 Americans worried about
unemployment Despite worries economy continued
to grow Increases in consumer spending =
no recession Servicemenrsquos Readjustment Act
AKA the GI Bill Provided loans to veterans Loans to buy homes establish
businesses and attend college Further boosted the economy
Review 32e
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Ike as President
Campaign slogan ldquoItrsquos time for a changerdquo Believed that business growth was
vital for the nation He took on an activist role
Advocated for large government projects
Review 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Ike as President Federal Highway Act of 1956
Eisenhowerrsquos idea for Federal Highway Act Transcontinental Motor Convoy ndash 2 months
to cross 1956 ndash Congress passes act Largest public works program in US History Number of Americans owning cars increase 1113088
needed more room Act appropriated $ 25 billion for a 10-year
effort to construct more than 40000 miles of interstate highway
Secretly created to transport nuclear weapons
Review 42 33a 32g
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Federal Highway Act of 1956
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
American Abundance
Spread of wealth After WWII increase in countryrsquos economic growth =
dramatic changes in work environments Less farmers due to factories
More technological advances that allowed farmers to do their job more efficiently
More Americans working in white-collar jobs Worked for large corporations Businesses competed with each other 1113088 some
moved overseas Multinational corporations located themselves
closer to raw materials Rise of franchises-store owners had multiple locations
fast-food and restaurants Establishment of drive-ins and drive- thru (more freedom
for teens)
Review 32d
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
American Abundance
New Consumerism Americans in 1950s had
sense of conformity Desire to buy same new
products as neighbors More disposable income 1113088
buying luxury items IE Fridges ACs
washing machines vacuums
More labor-saving machines coffeemakers blenders lawn trimmers
Review 32f
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
American Abundance
Growth of Suburbia Advertisers targeted
consumers to move out to suburbia Helped promote the
ldquomarried couple lifestylerdquo and ldquobaby boomrdquo
Provided affordable home in safe middle class neighborhoods
Helped regulate women to the role of the housewife
Levittown ndash NY town One of the earliest
new suburbs
Review 33f 33g
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1950s Family
Baby Boom 1945 ndash 1961 More than 65 million
children born in US Factors contributing to
baby boom Young couples who
had delayed marriages due to war
Government encouraged growth of families by offering GI benefits to buy homes
Review 33a
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
1950s Family 2 Women in the Fifties
Many women focused on traditional role as a homemaker
Emphasis on establishing families = discouraged employment
Assumption that a good mother was to stay at home
Still had an increase of women who worked outside of home
Women who worked did so to help their families maintain a comfortable lifestyle
By 1960 ndash nearly 13 of married women were part of workforce
Worked as secretaries or teachers
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Technological Breakthroughs
Advances in Electronics 1946 ndash Electronic Numeral Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) US Army contracted out one of
nationrsquos earliest computers Made military calculations
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) Handled business data Launched computer revolution
Computers and other advancements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more efficiently and quickly
As a result 1113088 families in 1950s had more free time and leisure activities became popular
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Technological Breakthroughs
2 Medical Miracles Development of powerful antibiotics Introduction of combative drugs to
fight off arthritis diabetes cancer and heart disease
Struggles in fighting off Polio 1940s and 1950s ndash polio
epidemics brought a wave of terror to postwar America
Primarily affected infants and younger people ndash affects nerves and can lead to paralysis
No one knew what caused disease
Review 33b
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Technological Breakthroughs cont
Medical Miracles Jonas Salk
Developed injectable vaccine that prevented polio
First tested it on himself 1113088 moved on to test wife and 3 sons
Moved to bigger study = tested 2 million school children
1955 ndash vaccine was declared safe and effective
Review 33b
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
New Mass Media Rise of Television Popularity
During WWII ndash Televisions became more affordable
1946 1113088 7000 ndash 8000 television sets in US
1957 1113088 40 million television sets
Television families in 1950s ndash simplistic and stereotyped entertainment
Television advertising became a large growing market 1113088 consumerism
Portrayed an ideal American society however did not reflect lifestyles of the impoverish or minorities
Review 30c 31
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
New Mass Media
Hollywood and Radio Adapt Movie and radio industry losing viewers to television Movies
1952 ndash 1954 1113088 3-D films became revolutionized with use of 3-D glasses
Cinemascope movies ndash shown on panoramic screen ndash gave pull Hollywood needed
Radio Specialized in presenting recorded music news
talk shows and shows for specific audiences Targeted programming allowed radio to flourish 1948 1113088 1690 stations 1957 1113088 3600 stations
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
New Youth Culture
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll White artists began making music that
spawned from rhythm and blues popularized by African American artists
Loud and heavy beat = ideal for dancing Lyrics about romance cars and other
themes that spoke to young people Was wildly popular among nations teens Artists Buddy Holly Chuck Berry Bill
Haley Comets 1956 ndash Elvis Presley emerges as first
Rock lsquonrsquo Roll hero for teens Dancing was see as crude vulgar and
unacceptable by parents Parents found the music unfamiliar as
it focused on teen themes such as love
Review 30b
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
New Youth Culture and Independence
Beat Movement Came from feeling among
group members of being ldquobeaten downrdquo by American culture
Young people who sought to live unconventional lives ndash out of the norm
Examples Allen Ginsberg ndash poet
who wrote ldquoHowlrdquo Jack Kerouac ndash author
who wrote On The Road
Review 30a
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
African American Entertainers African American entertainers
struggle to find acceptance within nation
Television shut out African American entertainers
African American rock lsquonrsquo roll singers had more luck in gaining acceptance Examples Ray Charles Little
Richard Chuck Berry and Drifters
Rise of women groups as well Examples Crystals the
Chiffons the Shirelles and the Ronettes
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Education Parents grew concerned
over nationrsquos educational system as baby boomers began entering school system
More schools were constructed School enrollment
increased by 13 million School districts struggled
with building new schools and hiring new teachers Frequent shortages of
buildings and staff
Review 32b
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Education cont
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II by Soviets in 1957 ndash Americarsquos education worries intensified Overall feeling that American
education was behind Life Magazine proclaimed
ldquoCrisis in Educationrdquo Efforts made to improve math
and science education in schools Fears for young Americans
dominated the education progression
Review 32b
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
The Civil Rights Movement
July 1868 Mar 1870 May 1896 Feb 1909 July 1948 May 1954
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Plessy v Ferguson
NAACP founded
Executive Order 9981
Brown v Board
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Origins of Civil Rights Movement1 14th Amendment (1868)
Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US
Forbade any state from depriving a person of life liberty or prosperity or to deny any person the equal protection of the laws
2 15th Amendment (1870) Grants African American men the right to
vote States still used discriminatory practices to
prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote ndash especially in the South
Review 27a 27b
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Origins of Civil Rights Movement Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
US Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state segregation law
ldquoSeparate-but-equalrdquo standard was constitutional
States provide segregated facilities for different races ndash so long as they were equal in quality
Facilities such as schools suppose to be equal ndash in reality most schools in South were inferior to white ones
Review 27c
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Origins of Civil Rights Movement
National Association for Advancement of Colored People NAACP (1909) AKA NAACP Civil rights organization in the US Focused on legal strategies to confront civil
rights issue in early years 1930s NAACP lawyers began challenging
ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Sweatt v Painter (1950) ndash NAACP wins case
involving African American attending Law School at the University of Texas at Austin
Review 29c
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Brown v Board (1954)
1 Background African American students denied admission
to an all-white public school near homes Thurgood Marshall ndash NAACP lawyer argued the
case2 Decision
NAACP lawyers argued that education received by African American students was inherently (by its very nature) inferior Sent African American children message
they were not good enough to be educated with others
Courts agreed Overturned Plessy v Ferguson Marked end of legal segregation in public
schools Key turning point in Civil Rights Movement
Review 27d
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Emmett Till (1955)1 Background
14-year-old African American From Chicago Visiting family in Money Mississippi
2 August 24 1955 Bragged to his cousins and friends outside
country store that his girlfriend back home was white
Cousins and friends did not believe him 1113088 dared Till to ask out white woman sitting behind counter
He went in bought some candy and flirted with her some
Review 29a
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Emmett Till
3 August 28 1955 Womenrsquos husband returned from
business trip and found out how Till spoke to his wife
Husband (Mose Wright) and brother-in-law (JW Milam) beat Till to death
Body was so disfigured could only identify by initialed ring
Murder of Till shocked people and caused many African Americans to join the NCAAP
Review 29a 29c
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
1 Rosa Parks African American seamstress and local NAACP
member Refused to surrender her bus seat to white
passenger in Montgomery Alabama Her arrest 1113088 led to local African American leaders
start boycotting cityrsquos public buses2 Dr Martin Luther King Jr
Pastor in Montgomery Leader of boycott ndash led boycott for 13 months Believed in nonviolent protest Rallied boycotters at meetings in his church Boycotted case to federal court 1113088 courts ruled that
segregation on buses operated by city violated ldquoequal protectionrdquo clause of the 14th Amendment
Review 27e 29b
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
1 AKA SCLC2 After Montgomery bus boycott ndash showed that
nonviolent demonstration could be successful African American ministers led by Dr King
established SCLC in 19573 Purpose
Eliminate segregation from American society Encourage African Americans to register to vote
4 First president = Dr King5 Challenged segregation at
Voting booths Public transportation Housing Public accommodations
Review 27b 27d
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (1957)
1 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Eisenhower believed firmly in right
to vote 1113088 wanted to protect voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957 1113088 intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote
2 Strom Thurmond US Senator from South Carolina Opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Conducted longest filibuster by a
lone senator 24 hours and 18 minutes long
Review 28b 4244
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Little Rock 9 (1957)
1 Background September 1957 Little Rock Arkansas School board won court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High School School with 2000 white students
2 Orval Faubus ndash Governor of Arkansas Believed to be moderate on racial issues ndash unlike
many Southern politicians Determined to win re-election 1113088 began to campaign as
a defender of white supremacy Ordered AK National Guard to prevent 9 African
American students from entering school White mob joined troops Was televised
Used armed state forces to oppose authority of federal government
Review 28a
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
Little Rock 9 (1957)
3 Eisenhower Had conference with Faubus 1113088 did
nothing Faubus refused to provide protection
Ordered federal troops to Little Rock to ensure that nine African American students could attend school
Law was upheld 1113088 troops stayed rest of school year
Review 28a 42
