Prince of Asturias Awards 1981–2014 Speeches · 2021. 7. 12. · 1995 Miguel Batllori i Munné...

Prince of Asturias Awards1981–2014

—Speeches

This volume contains the speeches given by HM King Felipe VI at the thirty-four Prince of

Asturias Awards Ceremonies held between 1981 and 2014. Following his proclamation

as King of Spain, HRH Leonor de Borbón y Ortiz, Princess of Asturias, assumed the

honorary presidency of the Foundation.

This edition also contains excerpts from speeches given by Laureates at the Campoamor

Theatre over the years, in addition to some words from HM The King and the President

of the Princess of Asturias Foundation. It further includes an index of names and another

of subject matter.

1 SpeecheS index

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI

1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII

1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII

1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV

1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV

1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI

1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII

Year Speech Year Speech

Speeches

Presentation

Indexes

HM King Felipe VI

Matías Rodríguez Inciarte

Laureates 1981–2014

Subject index

Index of names

1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII

1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX

2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI

2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII

2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII

2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV

2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV

2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI

2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII

2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII

2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX

2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI

2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII

2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII

2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV

Prince of Asturias Awards 1981–2014. Speeches

Prince of AsturiAs AwArds 1981-2014. sPeeches3

Among the many magnificent memories I treasure of the thirty-four years over which the Prince of Asturias Awards Ceremonies have been held, which are now reflected in this publication, one of the most powerful is the image of the Laureates who have spoken from the stage of the Campoamor Theatre . Their thoughts, their counsel, their opinions and warnings, all the dreams that they have sketched are what essentially make up the history of the Foundation, constructing an edifice built of grandeur, ideals and positivity . The Awards have grown —as have we along with them— accompanied by the forthright, emotive and sincere words of so many courageous and socially committed wise men and women . Furthermore, this body of thought —part of which can be read in this book— constitutes a prominent and unforgettable part of the Foundation’s heritage .

The reading of this evocative volume also awakens a certain sense of nostalgia . This always happens when looking back, bringing to mind anecdotes and experiences such as those I cherish of this time: the brevity of my first public speech, in 1981, and the solicitude with which I read it; different incidents that slowly but surely reveal the inside story of the institution; the ever-suggestive recourse to quotes from poems . And, above all, the realization that one word is repeated more than any other in my speeches: Spain . This fact fills me with deep emotion and heartfelt pride . Herein lies the hopeful, socially committed, democratic, diverse and united Spain . The Spain of peace and relentless progress . The Spain of concord and understanding . And, in constant dialogue with Spain, its brilliant history and fortitude, the grandeur of its millenary journey, its sense of fellowship and the oft-times proven solidarity of the Spanish people; its pursuit of common interest and well-being, its strong sense of justice, its unswaying Europeanism and its deep historical ties with Latin America . All these values and virtues that our country possesses are reflected each year in the Awards Ceremony .

The Foundation is now the Princess of Asturias Foundation and the Awards, the Princess of Asturias Awards . Yet their essence —all that has driven them, made them prestigious and enabled them to grow— remains intact . As intact as the words of those who have been, and continue to be, the true protagonists of the event: our Laureates . These exceptional witnesses to our times, lovers of beauty, who are committed to aiding humanity, while remaining faithful to their principles and values, imbue these texts with meaning, proffering words which collectively symbolize the yearnings that drive us, exemplify the founding goals of the Awards and represent our hopes and aspirations .

HM King Felipe VI


Matías Rodríguez Inciarte — President of the Princess of Asturias Foundation

Last year, following from the proclamation of Felipe as King of Spain, Princess Leonor became Honorary President of our institution and our awards were renamed the Princess of Asturias Awards . We believed it was then time to publish the speeches given by HM The King at the 1981-2014 Awards Ceremonies as a compendium of years that evoke memories and moments of such significance for us .

The Call for the 2015 Awards gave continuity to what has been an ever-growing endeavour for our institution throughout thirty-four years . This publication provides the opportunity to place that firm and steady evolution on record, an evolution that has brought us so much gratification .

The texts published here thus remind us where we have come from, while at the same time illuminating our future . The words of the Laureates and HM The King —always touching, socially committed and evocative— situate us in a time which, from the past, continues to call on and move us to continue along the path already laid out in 1980 by the Foundation and its Awards: that of commitment to society, that of recognizing the finest in culture, science, sports and humanitarian actions . The path of excellence and solidarity .


Prince of Asturias Awards

Laureates 1981–2014

8


Arts 2014 Frank O . Gehry

2013 Michael Haneke

2012 Rafael Moneo

2011 Riccardo Muti

2010 Richard Serra

2009 Norman Foster

2008 National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela

2007 Bob Dylan

2006 Pedro Almodóvar

2005 Maya Plisetskaya Tamara Rojo

2004 Francisco Sánchez Gómez, Paco de Lucía

2003 Miquel Barceló

2002 Woody Allen

2001 Krzysztof Penderecki

2000 Barbara Hendricks

1999 Santiago Calatrava

1998 Sebastião Salgado

1997 Vittorio Gassmann

1996 Joaquín Rodrigo

1995 Fernando Fernán Gómez

1994 Alicia de Larrocha

1993 Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza

1992 Roberto Matta

1991 Victoria de los Ángeles Teresa Berganza Montserrat Caballé José Carreras Plácido Domingo Alfredo Kraus Pilar Lorengar

1990 Antoni Tàpies

1989 Oscar Niemeyer

1988 Jorge Oteiza

1987 Eduardo Chillida

1986 Luis García Berlanga

1985 Antonio López

1984 Orfeón Donostiarra

1983 Eusebio Sempere

1982 Pablo Serrano Aguilar

1981 Jesús López Cobos

10 Laureates 1981–2014

Social Sciences 2014 Joseph Pérez

2013 Saskia Sassen

2012 Martha C . Nussbaum

2011 Howard Gardner

2010 The Archaeological Team of the Terracotta Warriors of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang in Xi’an (China)

2009 David Attenborough

2008 Tzvetan Todorov

2007 Ralf Dahrendorf

2006 Mary Robinson

2005 Giovanni Sartori

2004 Paul Krugman

2003 Jürgen Habermas

2002 Anthony Giddens

2001 El Colegio de México (comex) Juan Iglesias Santos

2000 Carlo Maria Martini

1999 Raymond Carr

1998 Jacques Santer Pierre Werner

1997 Martín de Riquer y Morera

1996 John H . Elliot

1995 Miguel Batllori i Munné Joaquím Veríssimo Serrão

1994 Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez

1993 Silvio Zavala

1992 Juan Velarde Fuertes

1991 Miguel Artola Gallego

1990 Rodrígo Uría González

1989 Enrique Fuentes Quintana

1988 Luis Díez del Corral Luis Sánchez Agesta

1987 Juan José Linz

1986 José Luis Pinillos

1985 Ramón Carande Thovar

1984 Eduardo García de Enterría

1983 Julio Caro Baroja

1982 Antonio Domínguez Ortiz

1981 Román Perpiñá Grau

http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/esp/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria843.html


Communication and Humanities

2014 Joaquín S . Lavado Tejón, Quino2013 Annie Leibovitz2012 Shigeru Miyamoto2011 The Royal Society2010 Zygmunt Bauman Alain Touraine2009 National Autonomous University of Mexico (unam)2008 Google2007 The journals Nature and Science2006 National Geographic Society2005 Alliance Française British Council Goethe-Institut Instituto Cervantes Instituto Camões Società Dante Alighieri2004 Jean Daniel2003 Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino Ryszard Kapuściński2002 Hans Magnus Enzensberger2001 George Steiner 2000 Umberto Eco1999 Instituto Caro y Cuervo1998 Reinhard Mohn1997 Cable News Network (cnn) Václav Havel1996 Julián Marías Aguilera Indro Montanelli1995 efe news agency José Luis López Aranguren1994 Spanish Missions in Rwanda and Burundi1993 The magazine Vuelta1992 Emilio García Gómez1991 Luis María Anson1990 José Simeón Cañas Central American University (uca)1989 Fondo de Cultura Económica (fce) Pedro Laín Entralgo1988 Horacio Sáenz Guerrero1987 The Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo1986 O Globo Communications Group1985 José Ferrater Mora1984 Claudio Sánchez Albornoz1983 The newspaper El País1982 Mario Augusto Bunge1981 María Zambrano Alarcón


Technical and Scientific Research

2014 Avelino Corma Canós Mark E . Davis Galen D . Stucky2013 François Englert Peter Higgs European Organization for Nuclear Research (cern)2012 Richard A . Lerner Gregory Winter2011 Joseph Altman Arturo Álvarez-Buylla Giacomo Rizzolatti2010 David Julius Baruch Minke Linda Watkins2009 Martin Cooper Raymond Samuel Tomlinson2008 Sumio Iijima Robert Langer Tobin Marks Shuji Nakamura George M . Whitesides2007 Peter Lawrence Ginés Morata2006 Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturáin2005 Antonio Damasio2004 Judah Folkman Tony Hunter Joan Massagué Bert Vogelstein Robert A . Weinberg2003 Jane Goodall2002 Tim Berners-Lee Vinton Cerf Robert Kahn Lawrence Roberts2001 Francis Collins Hamilton Smith John Sulston Craig Venter Jean Weissenbach2000 Robert Gallo Luc Montagnier

1999 Ricardo Miledi Enrique Moreno1998 Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar Emilio Méndez Pérez1997 Atapuerca Research Team1996 Valentín Fuster Carulla1995 National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica Manuel Losada Villasante

1994 Manuel Elkin Patarroyo1993 Amable Liñán Martínez1992 Federico García Moliner1991 Francisco Bolívar Zapata1990 Santiago Grisolía Salvador Moncada1989 Guido Münch1988 Manuel Cardona Marcos Moshinsky1987 Jacinto Convit Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty1986 Antonio González González1985 Emilio Rosenblueth David Vázquez Martínez1984 Antonio García Bellido1983 Luis Antonio Santaló Sors1982 Manuel Ballester Boix1981 Alberto Sols


Sports 2014 New York City Marathon2013 José María Olazábal2012 Iker Casillas Xavi Hernández2011 Haile Gebrselassie2010 Spanish National Football Squad2009 Yelena Isinbayeva2008 Rafael Nadal2007 Michael Schumacher2006 Spanish National Basketball Team2005 Fernando Alonso2004 Hicham El Guerrouj2003 Tour de France2002 Brazilian Football Squad2001 Manuel Estiarte2000 Lance Armstrong1999 Steffi Graf1998 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario1997 Spanish Marathon Team1996 Carl Lewis1995 Hassiba Boulmerka1994 Martina Navratilova1993 Javier Sotomayor1992 Miguel Induráin1991 Sergey Bubka 1990 Alfonso Sito Pons1989 Severiano Ballesteros1988 Juan Antonio Samaranch Torelló1987 Sebastian Coe


Literature 2014 John Banville

2013 Antonio Muñoz Molina

2012 Philip Roth

2011 Leonard Cohen

2010 Amin Maalouf

2009 Ismaíl Kadaré

2008 Margaret Atwood

2007 Amos Oz

2006 Paul Auster

2005 Nélida Piñón

2004 Claudio Magris

2003 Fatema Mernissi Susan Sontag

2002 Arthur Miller

2001 Doris Lessing

2000 Augusto Monterroso

1999 Günter Grass

1998 Francisco Ayala

1997 Álvaro Mutis

1996 Francisco Umbral

1995 Carlos Bousoño

1994 Carlos Fuentes

1993 Claudio Rodríguez

1992 Francisco Morales Nieva

1991 People of Puerto Rico

1990 Arturo Uslar Pietri

1989 Ricardo Gullón

1988 Carmen Martín Gaite José Ángel Valente

1987 Camilo José Cela

1986 Rafael Lapesa Melgar Mario Vargas Llosa

1985 Ángel González

1984 Pablo García Baena

1983 Juan Rulfo

1982 Miguel Delibes Setién Gonzalo Torrente Ballester

1981 José Hierro Real


International Cooperation

2014 Fulbright Program2013 Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science2012 International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement2011 Bill Drayton2010 Spanish National Transplant Organization The Transplantation Society 2009 World Health Organization (who)2008 Ifakara Health Institute Kintampo Health Research Centre Malaria Research and Training Center Manhiça Health Research Centre2007 Al Gore2006 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2005 Simone Veil2004 European Union Erasmus Programme 2003 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva2002 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (scar)2001 International Space Station2000 Fernando Henrique Cardoso1999 Pedro Duque John Glenn Chiaki Mukai Valery Polyakov1998 Emma Bonino Fatiha Boudiaf Fatana Ishaq Gailani Olayinka Koso-Thomas Graça Machel Somaly Mam Rigoberta Menchú1997 Government of Guatemala and Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1996 Helmut Kohl1995 Mário Soares1994 Yaser Arafat Isaac Rabin1993 United Nations Blue Berets stationed in the former Yugoslavia1992 Frederick W . de Klerk Nelson Mandela

1991 United Nations High Commission for Refugees (unhcr)1990 Hans Dietrich Genscher1989 Jacques Delors Mikhail Gorbachev1988 Óscar Arias 1987 Javier Pérez de Cuellar1986 The Universities of Coimbra and Salamanca1985 Raul Alfonsín Foulkes1984 Contadora Group1983 Belisario Betancur1982 Enrique V . Iglesias1981 José López Portillo


Concord 2014 Caddy Adzuba2013 Spanish Organization for the Blind (once)2012 Spanish Federation of Food Banks2011 Heroes of Fukushima2010 Manos Unidas2009 City of Berlin, on the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Wall2008 Ingrid Betancourt2007 Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem2006 unicef2005 The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul2004 The Way of Saint James2003 Joanne Kathleen Rowling2002 Daniel Barenboim Edward Said2001 World Network of Biosphere Reserves2000 Association of Academies of the Spanish Language Royal Spanish Academy1999 Caritas Spain1998 Nicolás Castellanos Vicente Ferrer Joaquín Sanz Gadea Muhammad Yunus1997 Yehudi Menuhin Mstislav Rostropovich1996 Adolfo Suárez González1995 HM King Hussein I of Jordan1994 Mensajeros de la Paz National Movement of Street Children Save the Children1993 Association for Peace in the Basque Country1992 American Foundation for aids Research (Amfar)1991 Doctors without Borders (msf) Medicus Mundi

1990 Sephardic Communities1989 Stephen Hawking1988 International Union for Conservation of Nature (iucn) wwf

1987 Villa El Salvador1986 Vicariate of Solidarity, Chile

© Fundación Princesa de Asturias

This text forms part of the collection included in the book Prince of Asturias Awards 1981-2014. Speeches, printed in Asturias (Spain) in January 2016 .The inclusion of excerpts from the works of third parties is covered by the limits on quotations regulated in Article 31 .1 of Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law .Edited by: Princess of Asturias FoundationPublication coordinator: Teresa Caso MachicadoTranslation supervisor: Paul BarnesPhoto: VirgiliDesign and layout: Juan JareñoPrinted by: Cízero Digital

L .D .: AS 03463–2015

Prince of Asturias Awards 1981–2014. Speeches

Indexes

1 Prince of AsturiAs AwArds 1981–2014. sPeeches

@ symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 7th Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

A abuse of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 acid rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Adamic tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 combating hiv/aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 algorithm building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ambition, unbridled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 American common market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 American continent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Antarctic research stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 anti-Semitism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 apartheid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 approaches Capabilities Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 Human Development Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Arabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 Cervantes’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 dehumanized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Flamenco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 graphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of living together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

of photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of storytelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Astur kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 attacks on the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 austerity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8

B

backwardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 balance of terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Balkan Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 banana republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 barbarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 barbarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Basileus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . .4, 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . .7, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . .3, 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 7, 8

Subject index

Speech Page Speech Page A-B

A

2

Speech Page Speech Page

Subject index

C B-C

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 belief, lack of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Berlin Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 fall of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Bicentenary of the Independence [of the sister republics in America] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 bioenergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 biological catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 developmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 molecular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 biomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Bolivarian inspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Bolshevism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 book of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 boson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Higgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 scalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 breath of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 brotherhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 building of a solid and democratic European Community . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 building blocks of the universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

C Cain-like angst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 carbon nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Carolingian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Celts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Central American area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 cerebral plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 child mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 children of Adam and Eve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 chimpanzees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Central European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 clerical Feudalism in the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 fight against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 coexistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 free, peaceful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 harmonious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 peaceful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 peaceful and free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3


Prince of AsturiAs AwArds 1981–2014. sPeeches

C C

peaceful, fertile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 respectful, peaceful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 colonial period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 colonialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 colonialization, dialectic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 combinatorial antibody libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Commercial Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 communication humanistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 immediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 in the world of politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 journalistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 community European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Ibero-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 conflicts, internal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 conquest of equality [for women] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 conscientious utopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 consensus civil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

conservation and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 of all life on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 constitutional mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 constitutional pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 constitutionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 construction of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of present day, democratic Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ibero-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 international structures of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 international, beneficial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 multilateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

4


Subject index

C-D C

with Ibero-America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 cooperative redistribution of the world’s wealth . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Cosmos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 countries brother-and sister-countries on the other side of the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 developing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 sister countries of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 cowboys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 creation aesthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 artistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 intellectual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 spiritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 financial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 financial, but also environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 humanitarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Latin American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 critical thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . .7, 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . .7, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . .7, 9, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 Andalusian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Catalan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 global Spanish-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of peace and solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of the Balkan Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 pluralistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 shared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 universal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 cups, Spanish, Italian and European [water polo] . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

D deactivation of nuclear warheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 declaration of Bologna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

5



D D

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . .4, 8, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Communist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 liberal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 democratic coexistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 democratization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 democratizing progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . 6, 7, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 agricultural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 disorderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of the embryo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 scientific and technical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 sustainable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 uncontrolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 developmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 diasporas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 digital imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

6


Subject index

D-E D

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 for women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 man’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 national and human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 of every man and woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of human beings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 of men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 dimension, Latin American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 disarmament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 discomfort, cinema of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 discovery of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Quincentenary of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 displaced man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 cultural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ethnic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 of languages, cultures and religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 respect for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 territorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 donation of organs, vid. organ donation

E Ebola, epidemic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ecological aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 globalization of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 supranational control of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

7



E E

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 humanistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 moral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 musical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 right to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 universal primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 electronic mail, e-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 emigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 engineering tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 genetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 environment, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 attacks on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 preservation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 protection of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 transformation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 environmental change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 degradation of the planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 [worldwide crisis] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 environmentally-friendly light bulbs, vid. LEDs e-paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 equitable distribution of wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 era global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Napoleonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Esperanto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 subordination to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 European cultural institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 European project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Europeanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 militant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 excellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 exile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

8


Subject index

F E-F

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 expulsion decree [of the Jews] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

F

faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 religious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 faith in a better future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 human beings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 humankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 the human race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 famine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 fanaticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 fear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 feminism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 feminist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 fight against climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 hunger and poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 pain and illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 poverty and social exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 poverty, privilege and discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 social injustice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 the deprivation and pain of the innocent . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 the illegal trafficking of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 the many ills that afflict mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 fight for justice and freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 firm believers in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Flamenco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 flux of both the capital and labour markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 force of arms, by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 forefathers of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 fossil fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 framework, constitutional, democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fraternity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

9



G F-G

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . 3, 4, 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 8, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . .6, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 10 absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 continent of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 in diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 lack of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 love of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 reclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 opinion and ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 French romances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 frontier zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 frontiers historical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 virtual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Fukushima nuclear power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

G Gateses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 gazette [of the Instituto Caro y Cuervo] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Generation of ‘98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 generosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . .7, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 11 genetic mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 glial cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 global city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 partnership for development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 totalitarian state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 6 globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 of markets and information exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of the economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 goodness [of tolerance, justice and the creative spirit of freedom] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 green chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

10


Subject index

H G-H

Green parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 greenhouse effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 growth across the board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

H H1N1 pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . .3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 hedonism, raw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Heroes of Fukushima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hispanic tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Hispanism, Britain’s fertile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 hiv/aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 homeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 common, of culture and science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 spiritual, of language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Homo sapiens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

homo videns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 house common [European] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 human genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 human race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 8, 9 human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 universal protection and the ubiquity of . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 defence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 defending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9humanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 humanitarian aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 humanities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

11



I H-I

humanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

I Iberia, land of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Iberians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ibero-American nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ideal of a united Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 ideological immobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 ideological imposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 ignorance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 illegal trafficking of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 immunization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 imposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 impoverishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Incas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 incorporation of women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of judgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 alarming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 iniquitous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 injustice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

12


Subject index

I-J -K I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 institution of the Monarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 institutional improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 intellectual globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 8, 9 intelligent, controlled release of drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 international community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10 of free, democratic nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Internet, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Internet search engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 intolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Israeli-Arab conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Israelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

J Jewish Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 4, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 expulsion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6, 10 rule of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

K K’iche’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 kindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5

13



L -M K-L

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 9, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . 6, 7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9

L Ladino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Jewish Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of Cervantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 11 lasting prosperity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 law of laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 leds, light-emitting diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 ultraviolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 liberal democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 lack of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 limb regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 love of truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 love for culture and freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 knowledge and beauty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 the cultivation of the sciences and the arts . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

M malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 manga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 marathon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 marginalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 mass tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Materials Science and Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Mayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 mechanics of fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 mediation between countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 member states of the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 men/book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 metalanguage of politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 metaphysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

14


Subject index

N-O-P M-N

migratory flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 migratory trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 missionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 model of social inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spanish, for transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 modern age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 modernity liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 reflexive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 molecular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 motherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 motif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Mullahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 multi culturalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Muslims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Mussolini’s troops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

N nanopress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 nation of the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 national identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 nationalism extremist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 totalitarian, ostracising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 nations fellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 sister, across the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 sister nations on the other side of the Atlantic . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Nazi conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Nazis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Nazism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 neighbourliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 neurobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 sensory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 neurogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 mirror neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 neuronal theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 new politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 nihilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 North-South debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 nuclear warheads, vid. deactivation of nuclear warheads

nuclear weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

O oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 old gods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Omayyads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 opening up to new ideas and diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 the outside world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 oppression of the weak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 order, institutional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 organ donation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 organ transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 organizations international NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 non governmental humanitarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 organized crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ouccac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

P participation of the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

15



P P

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . .3, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 6, 9 daily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 democratic and fertile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 firm, long-lasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 for everyone and for ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 long-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of the brave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 tolerant, supportive and productive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 peasants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 penthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 people Israeli and Palestinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 Palestinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 of Ibero-America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of Spain and Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Spanish American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 per capita income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 phenomenon of emigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 existentialist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 of classical Antiquity and humanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of Socrates and Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 phone camera phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 photosynthesis, mechanisms of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 physics Condensed Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 solid state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Pizmonim [hymns] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 pluralism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 plurality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 pogroms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 polio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 poliomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5

16


Subject index

P-Q P

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 balanced, pro-conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 blind, headlong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 economic and social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 peaceful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 scientific and technological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 spirit of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 spiritually or materially . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 toward freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 pro-Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 pro-Latin American approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 pro-Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 prosperity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 protection of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 prudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Q quantum computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 field theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 abject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 eradication of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 extreme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 fight against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 intellectual and ethical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 struggle against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 precarious employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 primate behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 principle of asylum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 priority anti-hunger programme [in Brazil] . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 process Bologna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of European integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 of European union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 pro-European feeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 11

17



R-S R

life and dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Righteous Among the Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 rights of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of the defenceless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of the vast gamut of men and women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 rule of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 social and democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

S sacrifice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 capacity for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 self- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 spirit of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 safety, collective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

R racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 reason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Somalian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 regime communist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Nazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Soviet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 religious fundamentalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 repression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 research basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 neuroscientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 oncogene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 reunification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 reunifying Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of demagogy and bloodshed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 peaceful, of the people of Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 technological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 right to [a better life] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 exist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

18


Subject index

S S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 among all the people of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 creative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 body and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 heart and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Slavonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 sovereignty, national . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Soviet communism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Spanish-American community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Spanish historiography, updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Spanish Marathon Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Spanish scholars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 speculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

scholarship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 science fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 life sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Secretary-General of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 self-determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 self-knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 semiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 sensors, biological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 sentence, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Sephardic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sephardim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5 sepulchre of St James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 sickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 single [European] currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 21st-century version of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 sexual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 social entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 social entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 social inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 social photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 society communication and knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 industrial society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of solidarity and inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 post-industrial society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 soft lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6

19



S S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Spain and Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 struggle and passionate dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 triumph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 the European community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 understanding, tolerance and generosity . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 world brotherhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 spiritualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 political and institutional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 starvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 strategic goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 stock market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 struggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 armed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 for peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 for self-improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 to excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 to prevent and treat cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 to survive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 struggle against absolutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 all that is absurd and unjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 coronary diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 deprivation, social inequality, ignorance, disease or fear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 ignorance and injustice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 poverty, sickness and ignorance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 social ills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 the evils and ignorance blighting [Jovellanos’] age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 subjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 synthetic vaccine [against malaria] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 all-embracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 collective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 constructive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 creative, of freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 liberal and critical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 nobility of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 to excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 spirit of Asturias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 bravery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 hope and enthusiasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 peace, justice and democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 sacrifice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 shared endeavour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

20


Subject index

T S-T

attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 madness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 theory and praxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Critical Theory [of the Frankfurt School] . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 economistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 genetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 legislative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 neuronal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of international trade and economic development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 of relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 quantum field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 social justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 of political options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Toltecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 totalitarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Soviet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 tragedy between Jew and Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spain’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 to the modern era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 towards democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 trauma-producing technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 tropical countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Troubadours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 truth, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

system financial, failure of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

T teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 economic and political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 science and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 scientific research and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 barbarism of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 murderous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 terrorist act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 attack in Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

21



V T-U

V vessel of the Danaïds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 victims of armed conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 intolerance and terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 poverty, alienation and social isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 [terrorism] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 the Holocaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 the savage terrorist act [of September 11th] . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 violence and exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 war, injustice and abject poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 video games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 village global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 technological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 end to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 terrorist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 vocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 tsunami [in Japan in 2011] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8

U unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 unesco Special Envoy for Education and Sport . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 unification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 [German] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 union European, process of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 monetary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Latin American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of the arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of the Spanish language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 united Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 universal community in peace and freedom . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 university . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 “soulless” or ( . . .) bleak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

22


Subject index

W V-W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of irony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of nuances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 shared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 shared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Word, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 world a better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ibero-American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 intellectual and aesthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 unfixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9 European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 voluntary workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 volunteers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 [at the New York City Marathon] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 [of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 [from the Red Cross and the Food Banks] . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 [working with Cáritas] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 [working with Manos Unidas] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

W war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . .3, 9, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 6 on poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 wars and dissension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 of independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 water polo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

23

Speech Page


W-X-Y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 World Championship [football] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 in Japan [basketball] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 world’s overpopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 worldwide info-net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

X xenophobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Y yesteryear’s provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

25 Prince of AsturiAs AwArds 1981–2014. sPeeches


A A Espania, poem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A View from the Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Abraham Lincoln Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Abreu, José Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Acción Católica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 acnur, vid. United Nations High Commission for Refugees

Age of Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Adam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Adzuba, Caddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9, 10 Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Horn of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 After the Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Al-Andalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Alas, Leopoldo, Clarín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 Albéniz, Isaac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Alfonsín Foulkes, Raúl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Alfonso I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Alfonso II the Chaste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 All My Sons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Allen, Woody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 Alliance for Climate Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Alliance Française . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Almodóvar, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Alonso, Fernando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Alonso, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Altman, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Álvarez-Buylla, Arturo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 8, 9 Álvarez Martín, María . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Álvarez Rendueles, José Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Alzheimer’s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Amadis of Gaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 pre-Columbian [civilization of] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 American Pastoral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 9 Americas, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Amphictyonic Congress [of Panama] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Andalusia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Index of names

A A

26


Index of names

Ángeles, Victoria de los . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Angrois, district of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Anson, Luis María . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Antarctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Antarctic Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Anthology of Catalan Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Antón, Abel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Apocalittici e integrati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Arabi, Ibn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Arafat, Yaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Arango, Plácido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Areces, Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Ariadne’s thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Arias, Óscar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ariosto, Ludovico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Armed Forces Colombian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Armstrong, Lance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Artola, Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Arzú Irigoyen, Álvaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Association of Academies of the Spanish Language . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Association for Peace in the Basque Country . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 Asturias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 Principality of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Asturies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Atapuerca paleoanthropological discoveries at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 world championship in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Athens Olympics, vid. Olympic Games in Athens

Atlantic across the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 on both sides of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 on the other shore of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 on the other side of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Attenborough, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Atwood, Margaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 Augustine, Saint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Auschwitz [extermination camp] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Auster, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Ayala, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 8, 9 Aylwin, Patricio [President] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Azorín, José Martínez Ruiz, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

A A

27



B Babel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 languages of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 second Fall at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Baghdad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Ballesteros, Severiano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Bank of the Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Banville, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 8, 9 Barceló, Miquel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Barcelona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Barenboim, Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 Basque Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Basra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Batllori, Miquel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Batres Montúfar, José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Bauman, Zygmunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 8, 9 Bay of Biscay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Beethoven, Ludwig van . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Berganza, Teresa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Berners-Lee, Tim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Bertelsmann media group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Betancourt, Ingrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Betancur, Belisario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 Bible, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Big Bang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Bilbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Black, Benjamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Black Legend [of Spain] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Black Paintings [by Francisco de Goya] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Blue Berets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Bocairent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Boétie, Étienne de la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Bolívar, Simón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Bolívar Zapata, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Bologna Declaration of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Bonino, Emma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 9 Borbón, Don Juan de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Borges, Jorge Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Borinquen, land of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Bosque, Vicente del . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Boudiaf, Fatiha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Boulmerka, Hassiba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Bousoño, Carlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Bradbury, Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Brin, Sergey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 British Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Brout, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Bubka, Sergey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Buendías, saga of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Buñuel, Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Burgos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Busoni, Ferruccio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

C Caballé, Montserrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Cable News Network, cnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Cabo Rojo, rocky outcrops of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Cairo Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Calatrava, Santiago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Calvino, Italo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Camões, Luís de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Campoamor, Ramón de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Camus, Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Cantabrian coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Cardona, Manuel [Professor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Caritas Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 parish groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Carr, Raymond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

B-C B

28


Index of names

Carreras, José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Carta Magna [Spanish Constitution] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cartagena de Indias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Casa de España . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Casaldáliga, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Casas, Friar Bartolomé de las . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Casillas, Iker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Castellanos, Nicolás . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Casti, Giovanni Battista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Castile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Castile and León provinces of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Catalonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Catholic Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Catholic Monarchs, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Cela, Camilo José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Cerf, Vinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 cern, vid. European Organization for Nuclear Research

Cernuda, Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Championship National [tennis] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 World [basketball] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 World [football] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Chan, Margaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 Charlemagne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Charles III [of Spain] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Charles V [Holy Roman Emperor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Charter of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Chillida, Eduardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Cicero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Cirac Sasturáin, Juan Ignacio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Clarín, Leopoldo Alas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Classical Antiquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 cnn, tv network, vid. Cable News Network

Coe, Sebastian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4 Cohen, Leonard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 9 Colegio de México [Colmex] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Collins, Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Republic of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Columbus, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Comenius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Commission of the European Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Fulbright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Committee International Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 International Olympic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Scientific, on Antarctic Research, scar . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spanish Olympic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 European Economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Concierto de Aranjuez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Conde, the [guitar] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Congo, vid. Democratic Republic of (the) Congo

Conradie, Frederich G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Constitution 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

C C

29



of Cadiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 [Spanish] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Constitutional Council [of France] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Contadora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4, 5 Convit, Jacinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Cooper, Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Corma Canós, Avelino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 Crown, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 heir to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 successor to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Cortes of Cadiz [1812 Parliament] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Covadonga, Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

D da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10, 11 Dahrendorf, Christiane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Dahrendorf, Ralf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9, 10 Damasio, Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Daniel, Jean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Darío, Rubén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 Davis, Mark E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 de Klerk, Frederik Willem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 Death of a Salesman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Declaration of Principles [Israeli-Palestinian], dop . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Universal, of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Delors, Jacques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Descartes, René . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Dictionary Academic, of Americanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of the Construction and Rules of

Castilian Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 of the [Spanish] Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Diepgen, Eberhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Díez del Corral, Luis [Professor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Díez Espelosín, Pilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Dilthey, Wilhelm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Discovery, the [of America] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Doctors without Borders (msf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Domingo, Plácido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Don Quixote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 D’Ors, Eugenio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Drayton, Bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Dudamel, Gustavo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Duque, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Dylan, Bob, vid. Zimmerman, Robert Allen

E Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

D-E C-D

30


Index of names

Echenique Landiríbar, Pedro Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Ecclesiastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Eco, Umberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Eden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Edinburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Duke of, vid. Philip, HRH Prince, Duke of Edinburgh efe news agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Einstein, Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 El Escorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 El Espectador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 El Guerrouj, Hicham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 El Tiempo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Eliot, T . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Ellacuría, Ignacio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Elliott, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Emerson, Ralph Waldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Englert, François . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Enlightenment, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Asturian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Episcopal Conferences of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Erasmus [European Union Programme] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 Espríu, Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Estiarte, Manuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Estrada, Miguel Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ethical Globalisation Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 eu, vid. European Union

Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Central and Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 dearly loved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 democratic, integrated and prosperous . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 heir of Charlemagne and Charles V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 of Charlemagne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 that integrating and enlightening force of civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 European Commission President of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 European Higher Education Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 European Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 European Soccer and Basketball Championships . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Eve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

F Falla, Manuel de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fao, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fernán Gómez, Fernando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Fernández Campo, Sabino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Ferrer, Vicente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ferrer Salat, Carlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Firm and Long-lasting Peace Accords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 First World War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Fiz, Martín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Florence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Folkman, Judah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Food Banks, vid. Spanish Federation of Food Banks

Formula 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Foster, Norman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Foucault’s Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Foundation

E-F E

31



American, for aids Research (Amfar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Ashoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Bill and Melinda Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Children for Tomorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 for the Memory of the Shoah (the Holocaust) . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Franc, Sister Evelyne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Franco, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Frankenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Frankfurt School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Friends of the Villaviciosa-Cubera Countryside Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Fuentes, Carlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 Fukushima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Fulbright Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 James William [Senator] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Fundamental Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fuster, Valentín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10

G Gabriel de Castilla [Spanish science base in the Antarctic] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Gailani, Ishaq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Galicia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Gallo, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Gandhi, Mahatma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Gaon, Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 García, Diego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 García, José Manuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 García Berlanga, Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 García García, Graciano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 García Gómez, Emilio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 García Lorca, Federico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 García Márquez, Gabriel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 García Moliner, Federico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Gardner, Howard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Gassmann, Vittorio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Gates, Bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Gateses, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Gates, Melinda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Gates, Mimi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Gates, William H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Gebrselassie, Haile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Gehry, Frank O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Generation of ’98 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich [Dr] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Giddens, Anthony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Glenn, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Godard, Jean-Luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Goethe-Institut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Gombe Stream Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Góngora, Luis de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 González, Ángel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 González, Felipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Goodall, Jane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Book Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Gorbachev, Mikhail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Gore, Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gospel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Goya, Francisco de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Gracián, Baltasar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Graf, Steffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Granada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Granados, Enrique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Grand Slam [tennis tournaments] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Grande Covián, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Grass, Günter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 6, 7

G F-G

32


Index of names

Great Lakes [region of Africa] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Greece Ancient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 classical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Grisolía, Santiago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Gross Domestic Product, GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 10 Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity [Spanish acronym, urng] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Guernica [by Picasso] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Guijarro, María . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Gullón, Ricardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Gutiérrez Merino, Gustavo [Father] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

H Habermas, Jürgen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 8, 9 Hafez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Hammurabi, Code of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Haneke, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 Harry Potter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hatikva [poem] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Havel, Václav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 10, 11 Hawking, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Hazlitt, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Hendricks, Barbara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Hernández, Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Hernández, Pepu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hernández, Xavi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hernández Colón, Rafael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Hespérides [Spanish research vessel] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Hierro Real, José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Higgs, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Hitler, Adolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Holocaust, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 Holy Spirit grace from the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Holy Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Humanitarian Office of the European Community . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Hunter, Tony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Hussein I of Jordan, HM King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

I

Ibero-America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Ibero-American Summit [in Estoril] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ibn Maymun, [Maimonides] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Ifakara Health Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Iglesias Prada, Juan Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Iglesias Santos, Juan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Ignatius of Loyola, Saint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 ihrs [international health regulations] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Iijima, Sumio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Inca Garcilaso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Independence, bicentenary of the War of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Indian Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Induráin, Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 institutes Biblical Institute of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Institute of Building Statics and Construction, Zurich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Institute of International Education (iee) in New York . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 [Jane Goodall] Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Max Planck Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Instituto Camões . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Caro y Cuervo de Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 Cervantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 International Criminal Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 International Criminal Tribunal (ict) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 International Red Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12 International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9, 12 International Space Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 Isaiah, the Prophet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Isinbayeva, Yelena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Parliament of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 State of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

I G-H

33



. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

J James, Saint [Santiago] sepulchre of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 the Apostle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10 Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Jesus, Our Lord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Jesus Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Jiménez, Juan Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Joyce, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Juan, Jorge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Juan Carlos I [Spanish science base in the Antarctic] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Juan Sebastián Elcano [Spanish training ship] . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Jubilee years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Jugo de la Raza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Julius, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Juzdado, Alberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

K Kadaré, Ismail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9, 10 Kahn, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Kant, Immanuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Kapon, Abraham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Kapuściński, Ryszard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 Karamazov, Ivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Karenina, Anna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Kibuye, hospital in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Kintampo Health Research Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Kohl, Helmut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11 Konoé, Tadateru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Koran, the Holy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Koso-Thomas, Olayinka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Kraus, Alfredo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Krugman, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Kundera, Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Kursaal [Congress Centre and Auditorium] . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

L La Mancha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 La Regenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Las Palmas [support ship] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Laforgue, Jules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Land the Holy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 the Promised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Landívar, Rafael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Langer, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Lanzarote, island of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Larrocha, Alicia de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lavado Tejón, Joaquín Salvador, Quino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Lawrence, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Leibniz, Gottfried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Leibovitz, Annie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 León, Fray Luis de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Leonor, Princesss of Asturias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Lerner, Richard Alan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Lessing, Doris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 Levi, Primo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Lewis, Carl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Life of Don Quixote and Sancho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Life on Earth [TV series] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

K-L I-J-K

34


Index of names

Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Colombia . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Link, child-hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Linz, Juan José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Liñán, Amable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Lipset, Seymour Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Lisbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Llull, Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 London School of Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 López, Amando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 López Aranguren, José Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 López y López, Joaquín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Lorengar, Pilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Losada Villasante, Manuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Louise de Marillac, Saint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Lucía, Paco de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Luquillo, beaches of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

M Maalouf, Amin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 Machado, Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Machel, Graça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Madariaga, Salvador de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 International Conference for Peace in the Middle East, held in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Mafalda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Magistracy, Supreme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Magris, Claudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . 4, 7, 8, 11 Majorca, island of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Malraux, André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mam, Somaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mandela, Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Manhattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Manhiça Health Research Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Manos Unidas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Maqroll el Gaviero, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Maragall, Joan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 March 11th [2004, in Madrid] [terrorist attack of] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Marías Aguilera, Julián . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Marks, Tobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Martí, José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Martín Baró, Ignacio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Martín Gaite, Carmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 Martini, Carlo Maria [Archbishop] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 Masaveu, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Massagué, Joan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Matta, Roberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Maurer, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Max Planck Society [for the Advancement of Science] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mayor Zaragoza, Federico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Medicus Mundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Mediterranean, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Menchú, Rigoberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Méndez Pérez, Emilio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Menéndez, Aurelio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Menéndez, Clara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Menéndez Pidal, Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Menorca, island of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Mensajeros de la Paz [Messengers of Peace] . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Menuhin, Yehudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 Mernissi, Fatema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Mihura, Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Miledi, Ricardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Millennium Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Miller, Arthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 Minke, Baruch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

M L -M

35



Miró, Pilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Miyamoto, Shigeru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Modern Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Mohn, Reinhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Mon, Alejandro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Monarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 parliamentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Moncada, Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Moneo, Rafael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 Momper, Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Montagnier, Luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Montanelli, Indro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Monterroso, Augusto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Montes, Segundo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Moon, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Morata, Ginés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Morales Paúl, Isidro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Moreno, Enrique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Moreno, José Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Moses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Moshinsky, Marcos [Professor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 movements International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 National Movement of Street Children . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Peace Now Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Mukai, Chiaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Muniellos [Biosphere Reserve] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Muñoz Molina, Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 Murcia [province of] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 museums Guggenheim Museum, in Bilbao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Holocaust Memorial Museum, in Jerusalem . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 Prado Museum [Museo del Prado] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Museum of Roman Art, in Mérida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Musil, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Musset, Alfred de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Mussolini, Benito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Muti, Riccardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 Mutis, Álvaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 N

Nadal, Rafael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Nadal, Toni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Nakamura, Shuji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Naples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Narro, José Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 National Geographic Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela [the “Sistema”] . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 Nature [scientific journal] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Navratilova, Martina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Neaphus, Ralph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Nebrija, Antonio de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Nemesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 New York City Marathon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Newark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Nieva, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Nobel Laureate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Laureates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Prize for Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Prize Laureates in Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Prize-winner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Nussbaum, Martha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11

O Ochoa, Severo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ogata, Sadako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Olazábal, José María . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Olympic Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Barcelona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Beijing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Seoul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Omayyads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 once, vid. Spanish Organization for the Blind

One Hundred Years of Solitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Ordesa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Orestes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

N-O M

36


Index of names

organizations European Organization for Nuclear Research, cern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Spanish National Transplant Organization, ont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Spanish Organization for the Blind, once . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 United Nations Organization, uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Assembly of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 World Health Organization, who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 Ortega Durán, Oydén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Ortega y Gasset, José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Orwell, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Os Lusiadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Oteiza, Jorge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Otero, Blas de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Oviedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Oz, Amos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

P Page, Larry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Palestine/Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Palestinian National Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 8 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 Paniagua Alonso, Esther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Paradise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Parkinson’s [disease] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Pastrana, Andrés . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Patarroyo, Manuel Elkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6 Paz, Octavio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Pedrol Ríus, Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Penderecki, Krzysztof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Pérez, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Pérez de Ayala, Ramón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4 Pericles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Persian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Pessoa, Fernando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Philip, HRH Prince, Duke of Edinburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Philip II [of Spain] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Picasso, Pablo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Picos de Europa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Piñón, Nélida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9 Plato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Plisetskaya, Maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Polyakov, Valery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Ponce [town of] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Pons, Alfonso Sito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Pope Benedict XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pope John Paul II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9 Popol Vuh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Portnoy’s Complaint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Portuguese Academy of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Prado, vid. Museums

Princess, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 and I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

P O-P

37



Princess of Asturias, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Leonor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 my wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 my wife, Letizia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Principality [of Asturias] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Program Fulbright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Programme Man and Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Projects Goodwork Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Literacy Project[Google] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Provisional Directive Committee for the formation of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Party, urng . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Q Quantum Optics Department [Max Planck Institute] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Quevedo, [Father Edmundo] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Quino, vid. Lavado Tejón, Joaquín Salvador

Quincentenary of the Discovery of America . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

R Rabin, Isaac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ramírez Ocampo, Augusto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Ramos, Alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ramos, Cristina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Reconquest [of Spain from the Moors] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Redes Nature Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Reding, Viviane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Reed, Joseph Verner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Reis, Ricardo vid. Pessoa, Fernando Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Republic, the [Spanish Second] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 republics

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11 Democratic Republic of [the] Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Federative Republic of Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 German Democratic Republic, gdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 German Federal Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 [Republic of] Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Republic of Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Richter, Jean Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Riquer y Morera, Martín de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Rizzolatti, Giacomo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 Roberts, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Robinson, Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 Rodrigo, Joaquín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Rodrigo Kamhi, Cecilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Rodríguez, Claudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Rodríguez Inciarte, Matías . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Rojo, Tamara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Roland Garros [tennis tournament] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 Romanovski, Serguei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Rome rugged vestiges of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Roncero, Fabián . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Rostropovich, Mstislav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 Roth, Philip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 9 Rousseau, Jean Jacques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Rowling, Joanne Kathleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10 Royal Federation [of Spanish Football] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Society for the Conservation of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Theatre of San Carlos [Naples] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Royal Academy of History [of Spain] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Medicine [of Spain] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 [of the Spanish Language] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Royal Ballet [London] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Royal British Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Royal Society, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Rudomín, Pablo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Russell, Bertrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Rusticatio mexicana [poem] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Ryder Cup, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

R P-Q-R

38


Index of names

S Sáenz de Oíza, Francisco Javier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Sáenz Guerrero, Horacio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Said, Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10, 11 Saint Anthony’s College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Saint Petersburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Salah al-Din [Saladin] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Salamanca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 School of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Salgado, Sebastião . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Salinas, Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Samaranch, Juan Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 San José, island of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 San Juan quarter [Puerto Rico] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Sánchez Agesta, Luis [Professor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Sánchez Gómez, Francisco, vid Paco de Lucía

Sánchez Vicario, Arantxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sanjurjo, Teresa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Santer, Jacques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 Santiago de Compostela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sanz-Gadea, Joaquín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sarajevo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Sartori, Giovanni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 Sassen, Saskia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8 Save the Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Schumacher, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Science [scientific journal] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Scorza, Manuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Second World War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Seneca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Seoul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Sepharad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 September 11th [2001, in New York] [terrorist attacks of] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Sepúlveda Amor, Bernardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Sermon on the Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Serra, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Seve, vid. Ballesteros, Severiano

Shakespeare, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Shiraz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Shoah [the Holocaust] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Sydney 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mágina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Silver Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Sinbad the Sailor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Slava, vid. Rostropovich, Mstislav

Smith, Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Soares, Mário . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Società Dante Alighieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Sofía, Princess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Solidarność . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Solomont, Alan D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Sols García, Alberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Somiedo [Biosphere Reserve] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Sontag, Susan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 Sotomayor, Javier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 6, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 6, 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 7, 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 9, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . .4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . .3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12

S R-S

39



. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . .3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 16th- and 17th-century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 19th- and 20th-century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 a better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 constitutional and democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 democratic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of peace and freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 diverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 fully integrated in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 in control of its destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Kingdom of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 love for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Muslim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 of all and for all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Spains [the two] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Spanish America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Spanish Basketball Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spanish Federation of Food Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spanish Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spinoza, Baruch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Squad Brazilian Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Spanish Football . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 Standard Model of Particle Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Statute of Regional Autonomy [of Asturias] . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Steiner, George [Professor] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Strauss, Johann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Stucky, Galen D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Suárez González, Adolfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10 Suárez, Marco Fidel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Sulston, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Super Mario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

T Tagore, Rabindranath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Tàpies, Antoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Tartessos, ruins of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Taylor, Elizabeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 7 Teatro Real [in Madrid] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Teatro Real de San Carlos [in Naples] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ten Commandments, Tablets of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Teresa of Avila, Saint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 The Crucible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 The Great Ethiopian Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 His Majesty, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11, 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of all Spaniards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 my father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 my father, His Majesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The King and Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 my parents, Juan Carlos and Sofía . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Their Majesties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The Legend of Zelda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 The Malaria Research and Training Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 The Name of the Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 The Names of Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 The Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 and I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Her Majesty, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 my mother, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Transplantation Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 The Voyage to Nowhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Theory of Multiple Intelligences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Third World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Thousand and One Nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Throne, the

S-T S

40


Index of names

T-U U

heir to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Tigris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Tirant lo Blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Titov, Gherman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Todorov, Tzvetan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Toledo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Jewish community of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Tolstoy, Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Tomioka, Toyohiko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Tomlinson, Raymond Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Torga, Miguel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Torrente Ballester, Gonzalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Torres, Eduardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Tour de France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Touraine, Alain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 8, 9 Trieste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8 Turina, Joaquín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Turner, Ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

U Umbral, Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 unam, vid. National Autonomous University of Mexico

Unamuno, Miguel de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 unesco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 unicef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10 Union European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Soviet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 United Nations, un . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Development Programme, undp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Goodwill Ambassador for the Millenium Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 High Commission for Refugees, unhcr (Spanish acronym, acnur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 High Commissioner for Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Secretary-General of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 United States [of America], usa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 universities Autonomous University of Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Columbia University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Complutense University of Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Harvard University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Ibero-American University of Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 José Simeón Cañas University, uca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 [National] Autonomous University of Mexico, unam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 New York University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Pontifical Gregorian University [in Rome] . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Polytechnic University of Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Stanford University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Universite Libré de Bruxelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 University of California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 University of Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 University of Oviedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

41



U-V-W W-X-Y-Z

University of Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 University of the Basque Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 unprofor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Uría, Rodrigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Uslar Pietri, Arturo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Utuado, mountains of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

V Valente, José Ángel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Van der Hulst, Hendrik Christoffel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Vargas Llosa, Mario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Vega, Garcilaso de la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Veil, Simone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Velarde Fuertes, Juan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Veneman, Ann M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Venter, Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Verdi, Giuseppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Veríssimo Serrão, Joaquím . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Verlaine, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Vilanova, Arnau de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Villa El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Vincent de Paul, Saint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Vogelstein, Bert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Voltaire, Françoi-Marie Arouet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Vuelta, magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

W War Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 of Independence [Spanish], bicentenary of the . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Second World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 [Spanish] Civil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Warsaw ghetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Watkins, Linda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Way of Saint James, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Weinberg, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Weissenbach, Jean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Werner, Pierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 West, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 East and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 East to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Whitesides, George M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Williamson, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Willy Loman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Winter, Gregory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 World Cup [Football] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 World Fair in Seville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 World Land Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 World Network of Biosphere Reserves, unesco . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Wowereit, Klaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 11 wwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

X Xi’an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Y Yad Vashem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Yugoslavia, the former . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Yunus, Muhammad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Z Zambrano Alarcón, María . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Zapata, Emiliano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Zavala, Silvio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Zimmerman, Robert Allen [Bob Dylan] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Zweig, Stefan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11


This text forms part of the collection included in the book Prince of Asturias Awards 1981-2014. Speeches, printed in Asturias (Spain) in January 2016.The inclusion of excerpts from the works of third parties is covered by the limits on quotations regulated in Article 31.1 of Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law.Edited by: Princess of Asturias FoundationPublication coordinator: Teresa Caso MachicadoTranslation supervisor: Paul BarnesDesign and layout: Juan JareñoPrinted by: Cízero Digital

L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech I

3rd October 1981

1

Prince of Asturias Awards—1981

Arts

Jesús López Cobos

sociAl sciences

Román Perpiñá Grau

ibero-AmericAn cooperAtion

José López Portillo

literAture

José Hierro Real

technicAl And scientific reseArch

Alberto Sols García

communicAtion And humAnities

María Zambrano Alarcón

3 Prince of AsturiAs AwArds 1981-2014. sPeeches

Laureates. Excerpts

I said at the beginning of my speech that I would try to be objective, since I am simply the spokesman of those favoured with this truly important distinction . Man proposes and the demon of subjectivism disposes . My speech has become a sort of Russian doll . Inside, the Jury . Containing the Jury, the Prince of Asturias Foundation . And, embracing the Foundation, the land, the landscape and its people . And its culture . Or, if you will permit me another example: first the string, then the sound box, and, finally, the premises, the concert hall . Although the sound made by those who write, make music or carry out research could not be transmitted without air . So, after thanking the Jury, the Foundation and the people of a land that make a beautiful cultural adventure possible, it is necessary to thank the air . The air, distancing ourselves now from the slippery terrain of metaphor and allegory, is called freedom, the beautiful freedom of our classic: the air that those of us who believe have to breathe . And in this ceremony lies a sign that the air has recently begun to reach our lungs .

José Hierro Real—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1981

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature on 3/10/1981.

4 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 3rd OctOber 1981


Speech


Speech I

It was my wish that the backdrop for the first public words uttered in my life would be precisely this Principality of Asturias, whose title I so honourably hold .

Words that express the satisfaction I feel upon once more being in this land with which I have close ties, and presiding over, also for the first time, at my father’s behest, a ceremony as significant as the one we are celebrating here today .

My congratulations to those who have received the Awards bearing my name and to the members of the Juries who have exercised their good judgement in selecting them .

My thanks to all those who are in attendance here today in order to exalt a ceremony that holds great promise for the future .

And lastly, my most sincere felicitation to the Foundation, whose important undertaking is now underway and that ought to attain a notable and effective significance, to the benefit of this beloved Asturias, which I carry and will always carry in the deepest recesses of my heart .

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This text forms part of the collection included in the book Prince of Asturias Awards 1981-2014. Speeches, printed in Asturias (Spain) in January 2016 .The inclusion of excerpts from the works of third parties is covered by the limits on quotations regulated in Article 31 .1 of Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law .Edited by: Princess of Asturias FoundationPublication coordinator: Teresa Caso MachicadoTranslation supervisor: Paul BarnesPhoto: EFE news agencyDesign and layout: Juan JareñoPrinted by: Cízero Digital

L .D .: AS 03463–2015

Speech II

2nd October 1982

1


Arts

Pablo Serrano Aguilar

sociAl sciences

Antonio Domínguez Ortiz


Enrique V. Iglesias

literAture

Miguel Delibes Setién and

Gonzalo Torrente Ballester


Manuel Ballester Boix


Mario Augusto Bunge

2 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 2nd OctOber 1982

Along with so many fictions invented by my childhood, that of Spain without fear of the truth, bold in its discovery and capable of transforming reality is the oldest, most cherished, most dreamed of fiction born in my childhood, when I used to try to decipher the hand of Jorge Juan as a sign, on the old Herrera promenade of that industrial and seafaring city where I was born . I have known times of cultural indifference and times of great hope . Now, in my old age, I have felt —I feel every year— the miracle of the approach of the Supreme Magistracy of the country to those who think, who dream, who believe; and I consider it the most wonderful historical novelty brought by the monarchy . Your Majesty, these men of science, of the arts, of literature, carry the future in their minds . And the future will be Your Highness, The Prince of Asturias . In the old Byzantine ceremonial, it was said to the Basileus, “For you countless years .” I say it to ours . But one day, Your Highness, the torch will rest in your hands . I ardently hope that is true then what right now is just a dream . With this hope I end my words .

Gonzalo Torrente Ballester—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1982

© Beneficiaries of Torrente Ballester’s estate —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literatureon 2/10/1982.

Laureates. Excerpts


Speech II

I once more have the satisfaction of congratulating those who have received the Awards that bear my name and which are conferred by the Prince of Asturias Foundation .

The personality of those who have been distinguished in the different cultural, artistic and scientific activities that come under the scope of the Awards constitutes the finest demonstration of the wise decisions of the corresponding Juries, to whose members I also express my congratulations .

And lastly, I likewise congratulate the Foundation, whose activities do honour to this beloved region and exalt the values of education and culture .

Allow me to state that it is my belief that culture and education hold the secret that the relationships among the Spanish people will lead towards progress and peace, which is my heartfelt wish for both Asturias and Spain .

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© Fundación Princesa de AsturiasExcerpt from speech: © Beneficiaries of Gonzalo Torrente Ballester’s estate

This text forms part of the collection included in the book Prince of Asturias Awards 1981-2014. Speeches, printed in Asturias (Spain) in January 2016 .The inclusion of excerpts from the works of third parties is covered by the limits on quotations regulated in Article 31 .1 of Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of 12 April, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law .Edited by: Princess of Asturias FoundationPublication coordinator: Teresa Caso MachicadoTranslation supervisor: Paul BarnesDesign and layout: Juan JareñoPrinted by: Cízero Digital

L .D .: AS 03463–2015

Speech III

8th October 1983

1


Arts

Eusebio Sempere

sociAl sciences

Julio Caro Baroja


Belisario Betancur

literAture

Juan Rulfo


Luis Antonio Santaló Sors


The newspaper El País

2 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 8th OctOber 1983

Belisario Betancur was President of the Republic of Colombia from 1982 to 1986. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation on 8/10/1983.

Daily peace, as essential as daily bread, is the result of justice . Sometimes it seems as if we are only joined together by the subversive common denominator of being unfair with each other, under the cover of archaic institutions with unequal opportunities in order to continue being unequal, in which the ruling classes dominate but do not represent, knowing that democracy lives due to participation and dies due to imposition and poverty .

For that reason, destroying poverty must be humanity’s only war . To change the armour of soldiers for a fertile willingness towards dialogue that becomes a beacon in this new dwelling place of man, that is the image of our dream . In that we shall leave our mark, defeating the obstacles of the saga of the Buendías in One Hundred Years of Solitude by our Nobel Laureate García Márquez, when he says that “Aureliano spent his days making little gold fish during the day, only to melt them down at night .”

Similarly, contemporary man spends his time building schemes that the dementia of power undoes . On the other shore, being fair is becoming increasingly more difficult; we are full of ideas and intentions for peace, but short on actions, on a continent for which the pariah president Marco Fidel Suárez said that “the fate of humanity is to make progress suffering” .

Is man tied to the mast of his instinct, condemned to fight tooth and nail, cruisers and missiles? Just and unjust alike, are we destined to walk the earth breathlessly hacking our way through the blind foliage of ideologisms?

Belisario Betancur—Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1983

Laureates. Excerpts


Speech III

The Prince of Asturias Foundation’s family, with its far-reaching and deeply fraternal embrace, keeps increasing in size .

This is the third occasion on which I have had the opportunity to address you during the solemn presentation ceremony of the Awards that bear my name and, like in previous years, I feel moved and full of responsibility .

An “examination” of sorts is what I am experiencing now, like every year, but with much more satisfaction and joy than with other types of academic examinations .

At this point I would like to recall a special event .At the beginning of last June, on behalf of my father, The King, I made my first trip to America

in order to attend the commemoration of the four hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Cartagena de Indias . It was an unforgettable experience for me . To beautiful and plural America, the prolongation of our homeland across the oceans, I would like to return again and again .

For this reason, I express my gratitude in this public ceremony for the hospitality and affection that were afforded to me by the President of the Republic of Colombia, Belisario Betancur, who is among us here today .

Mr President, thank you very much . I give you thanks from here, from my universal home of Asturias, from where so many of its children set out to join together in ardour and work with their fellows from the communities of Spanish America .

In culture and education lies the secret of coexistence, progress and peace . Because of this I believe, as I said at the beginning of my speech, that the aims of this Foundation contribute to broadening our great Spanish-American community . In this regard, I feel whole-heartedly united to all of your initiatives and objectives .

On the other hand, the Awards, which have gained more renown and importance with each passing day, have turned into a permanent and necessary message that is dispatched from here, to Spain as well as to the nations of America, enabling us to enrich the legacy of distinguished names in the different spheres of the arts, literature, science and cooperation among individuals and communities .

I congratulate all of the Laureates . The fact that you have been chosen demonstrates how very demanding the Prince of Asturias Foundation’s requirements are .

I also congratulate the Jury for their wise work, as difficult and committed as it is . I express my gratitude to the wonderful region of Asturias and to this noble city of Oviedo for

offering us these magnificent surroundings . And lastly I express my desire to be a diligent student in learning and studying the scientific

and artistic works and biographies that have been distinguished here . These symbolise the fecund life of the communities, to which our Foundation, through culture and humanism, wishes to be of service .

Thank you very much .

“In culture and education lies the secret

of coexistence, progress and peace.”

Watch video



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech IV

16th October 1984

1


Arts

Orfeón Donostiarra

sociAl sciences

Eduardo García de Enterría


Contadora Group

literAture

Pablo García Baena


Antonio García Bellido


Claudio Sánchez Albornoz


Laureates. Excerpts

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation on 16/10/1984.

It is therefore important to reflect on the profound value of peace in our day . To recognize that it is the heritage of the global community and hence of an indivisible part of the conscience of each nation . Wherever peace is violated, the sovereignty of countries is in effect infringed upon . Peace is our historic responsibility . Mexico underlines its hope that the governments of the Central American area will know how to interpret —with a sense of history— the voice of those who reject the prospect of brothers fighting against brothers and the murky option of resentment .

The complexity of the situation in Central America has logically necessitated the search for solutions in accordance with the circumstances . Nothing has remained immovable in our world or our century . International institutions face problems of efficacy, aggravated by the interests of those who benefit from conflict . The creation of the Contadora Group was —and continues to be— a useful, original and committed response aimed at facilitating communication . It does not seek to supplant the responsibilities that do not correspond to it or impose asymmetric obligations on anyone . In a changing reality, this diplomatic formula is the unequivocal fruit of our modernity, of the imperative to fit requirements and possibilities to the different causes within a conciliatory framework . Our four nations foment the validity of the postulates and foundations on which the society of states is built .

An act of political imagination and complex diplomatic management, the Contadora Group proposes —it does not impose— a system of peace and cooperation . The foundations of this system are legitimate because they bring together the best of contributions from Central America . However, its viability depends on an inexorable political reality: the fundamental responsibility of putting into effect and fulfilling a set of imperative norms of coexistence between states belongs to each Central American government .

Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor (Mexico), on behalf of the Contadora Group — Contadora Group —Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1984



Augusto Ramírez Ocampo (Colombia), on behalf of the Contadora Group—Contadora Group —Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1984

Contadora came into being as the fruit of serene meditation on the destiny of Latin America, in the midst of the convulsions of the struggle which pretended, by force of arms, to turn that land —which is also ours— into the scenario of the fight between two major powers . It was, therefore, a statement about our capacity to decide and is also a system of unity and cooperation of regional scope . Our conception is not limited to understanding peace as the mere absence of war or of seeing it as a brief interlude between two armed conflicts . That is how the major powers conceive it . For them, peace is linked only to the deactivation of nuclear warheads or to achieving a balance of terror .

For us, peace is a concept which is intimately related to poverty, hunger and injustice . That is why economic and social issues are as important as disarmament in the Contadora Act . (…) The Contadora Group does not aim to impose peace in Central America, but simply to help these countries in conflict to establish it in accordance with their own free will . The difficulty lies in making conflicting interests accept this approach; this need for a peace based, as Quevedo put it, “on religion, conscience, and freedom justified by the motherland” . Disarmament, democracy, development, human rights, the participation of the people and social justice… these are, in short, the fundamentals of this joint effort which, in San José, found firm institutional support from the European Community, Spain and Portugal .



Enthused by solidarity, the countries that make up the Contadora Group —Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela—, that is to say, the successor nations to Spain mixed with black and indigenous blood, have assumed the task of seeking peace in Central America . This task has been spurred by the understanding and support of friendly governments and peoples, among which Spain’s heartening words stand out, due to this country’s historical significance and close affinity .

With the conviction that peace cannot be the conscientious utopia that conceives it as an abstract good, nor is it a generous gift and even less a trophy that can be gained by means of the indifferent repose of those who forsake any form of action . Peace is a vocation and a decision which becomes an imperative to fight back when threatened . The peace we seek is first and foremost an act of justice .

With its burden of poverty and backwardness, social inequality alters our sense of balance, affects our nature as a continent of freedom . We have been the object of greed . Today, we are the focus of the craving for dominance of those seeking to exacerbate our contradictions and change our dream of living in a democracy for the nightmare of war . (…) We want democracy not as a formal structure or as a dream of a frustrated, ambitious mind, but as evidence of ways of life, of a permanent attitude of channelling society . We believe in political democracy as an instrument of social democracy . By social democracy, we understand the rule of justice, equitable distribution of wealth, guaranteed minimum living conditions: food, housing, education, the right to work . It is no wonder that it is Spain, the origin and font of our identity, which grants this Award as yet another irrefutable proof of its commitment to collaborate in furthering our development . Latin America is grateful for this deed and reiterates its irrevocable decision to continue fighting for peace and Latin American unity .

Isidro Morales Paúl (Venezuela), on behalf of the Contadora Group—Contadora Group —Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1984

6 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre |


Oydén Ortega Durán (Panama), on behalf of the Contadora Group—Contadora Group —Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1984

This dialogue was possible despite the nature and complexity of the problems accumulated by five states in times of extreme gravity .

In our efforts to promote understanding and entente, we have counted from the beginning on the solid and effective, dignified and constructive support of this nation, to which we are bound by deep-rooted ties established by history and reaffirmed today by destiny . (…)

Contemporary historiography highlights Spain’s three centuries in America as a model of institutional order and social humanism . And it was precisely a Spaniard, Miguel de Unamuno, who pointed out the deep-seated Hispanic roots of the Liberator Simón Bolívar . It would appear that his thinking has become contemporary on noting that, although he was born in Venezuela, the scene of his triumphs was Colombia and Panama was the focus of defensive alliances, the Amphictyonic Congress was to conclude in Mexico . So it may be said that our work boasts Hispanic tradition and Bolivarian inspiration .

This body of its history and soul of its policy —if I may use Gracián’s words— is what provides meaning to an intimate collaboration between yesteryear’s provinces and today’s sovereign republics with the motherland . In our endeavour to bring about peace in the region, we have worked with tenacity and faith, but also with the composure that experience provides, the patience imposed by perseverance and the shared elements Spain left as a spiritual legacy in America, all of which has allowed us to coordinate what initially appeared as irreconcilable issues and conflicting interests .

16th OctOber 1984


Speech IV 1

Once more Asturias extols its universality with the granting of the Awards that bear the name of their Prince, a clear bond between the successor to the Crown and this generous, robust and hospitable land, which is an example of industriousness for all of the Spanish people .1

In the distance, on the other side of the ocean that so many Asturians have crossed throughout the years, I know that my son feels nostalgia and regret for not being among us in order to bestow the Awards, congratulate those who receive them and express his gratitude for your attendance .

He is kept from us by unavoidable academic obligations in another faraway place, which imply sacrifice and concession on his part, and it is precisely in his outstanding performance as a student, in the arduous challenge of being faced with an unfamiliar world outside of Spain, heretofore unknown to him, from where, as a young Spaniard of his times, he proffers you the finest tribute that ought to be rendered .

These Prince of Asturias Awards have been created to acknowledge and exalt the qualities and merits of the individuals and entities that, within the different areas that these honours comprise, have earned the admiration and respect of us all .

No person is more than another if they do not accomplish more than the other . Yet you have all distinguished yourselves with your accomplishments .

The assiduous dedication of scientific and technical investigation, the noble tasks of creation in the arts, literature and sciences, communication between people and communities and cooperation with our fellow nations of America, the exaltation, in short, of activities of the spirit constitutes an indispensable and fundamental condition for the development of the society in which we live and means that we may also contribute to the well-being of the entire world .

We cannot move ahead through the complex weave of history in which we are presently immersed without the lucid, unwavering, sometimes anguished, always joint endeavour of those like yourselves; those who today receive the Prince of Asturias Awards, who have given up the best of your intelligence and effort to the service of progress and peace .

On this score, from among the Laureates and as a summation and compendium of all of them, allow me to make special mention of the Presidents of Colombia, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela —represented here by their respective Chancellors— whose bold efforts in favour of peace open up the way to concord

and understanding between peoples, as well as making progress toward freedom; efforts which merit our support and applause, as the Jury has well understood upon granting them such a high distinction .

In all of its scope and at every one of its levels, culture ought not to be only an instrumental possibility correlated to and denotative of our condition of social development, but rather something more profound and lasting: the proposal of an ethical conduct .

Culture and ethics occasionally seem to be terms removed from one another, independent, or perhaps even opposed . Nevertheless, they must be inseparable, because the former would not amount to much if it were not inspired by the latter and stimulated by the tremendous strength of the spirit .

1 On completing his secondary studies, HM King Felipe VI spent his final pre-university school year at Lakefield College School in Canada. King Juan Carlos I presided over the Awards Ceremony and delivered a speech.

“In the distance, on the other side of the

ocean that so many Asturians have crossed

throughout the years, I know that my son feels

nostalgia and regret for not being among us.”

Watch video


You have worked, struggled and attained the extraordinary achievements in your respective undertakings and these have been acknowledged by the outstanding Juries, who have fulfilled their difficult undertaking in such an exacting and just way and who likewise deserve our recognition .

You generously understand the soul, the anguish, and the aspirations involved in the human, historical and moral survival of your fellow man . You seek peace and union between peoples, the development of relationships among human beings .

You are distinguished for your knowledge, but, even more profoundly, you are committed individuals who make an outstanding contribution to all of our individual and social lives .

When we reflect on all of this, we feel the profound sensation of gratitude that we can only express with kind, affectionate, and simple words: thank you .

Asturias —which is to say Spain in its fundamental being, in its primary and eternal core— has understood how to esteem this surrendering of your humanistic and scientific vocation for the common good .

The ideal locus of understanding for work and its discipline, its fatigues, its resemblance to a divine mission, is to be found here . Asturias is a community that is synonymous with work, that sings and cries, lives and dies for work . For this reason, all of the Asturians who are represented in today’s ceremony feel honoured for having melded themselves into the granting of the Awards you have just received, and for having enjoyed your company or your memory, not only at this moment, but also for the rest of your lives . Because no matter where you are, Asturias will, time and time again, ensure that its noble and clear message of appreciation gets through to you .

Through your labour, Spain moves forward and the world can envision horizons of peace, a peace which is so badly needed . A peace which we seek for our homeland, for our fellow nations on the American continent, for every country in the world .

Coming after you is a new generation of researchers, writers, artists and technicians, individuals of good faith who are concerned about how they can resolve international problems with justice, and who will follow the outstanding course of your lives . We must not forget the opinion of a famous writer when he said that “in reality, there is no history . Everything comes down to biography .”

In this process of generational substitution, of the accumulation of biographies of outstanding individuals, we must all collaborate very closely so that Spain keeps pace with the world’s nations .

Thank you on behalf of The Prince of Asturias . Thank you in the name of Asturias, for the labour for which you have been deservedly honoured . To the Award’s sheer physical presence, you may add the affection and gratitude of all the

Asturian people and of Spain as a whole . And also an expression of thanks to the Prince of Asturias Foundation, which has created these

Awards and has afforded them distinction and character . These are Awards which, after spreading the seeds of their importance, reputation and prestige

throughout the world, will surely allow an effective and abundant harvest to be reaped, to the benefit of Asturias and the Asturian people .

Of the Asturian people, I ask that you increasingly love your region, this region to which my son, The Prince of Asturias, feels so attached . Think of it and work for it, united in enthusiasm and hope . Feel proud of your green fields, your imposing mountains, your bold sea, your mists that act like a softening filter on the countryside .

Feel increasingly Asturian because this is the way to become increasingly better Spaniards . I ask of you, the men and women of the Principality of Asturias, and I ask of all those in every

part of our nation, to be concerned and long for the ancestral lands where they were born, for the upkeep of their history, for their customs and traditions, for peace and the progress of their communities, for the culture of their inhabitants .

Because as soon as they add their love to the love of the rest, they boldly add to the growth of love for Spain, rather than fragmenting and weakening themselves .

16th OctOber 1984



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech V

5th October 1985

1


Arts

Antonio López

sociAl sciences

Ramón Carande Thovar


Raúl Alfonsín Foulkes

literAture

Ángel González


Emilio Rosenblueth and

David Vázquez Martínez


José Ferrater Mora


I am the first person born in Asturias to receive one of the Prince of Asturias Awards . Owing to that circumstance, I may be forgiven for making a specific reference to Asturias, a land that one day long ago, sixty years ago now, I first saw as a compendium and image of the whole earth . If the fact of having been born here, in this city, in Oviedo, has significance for me, it is because it was in fact the world that came to me precisely in this place, materializing before my astonished infant eyes as an unprecedented and magical apparition . Here in Asturias, I first saw all the wonders of the universe that are within our reach: mountains and rivers, the sea, animals and plants, the sky and the rain —especially the rain– . Here I discovered the meaning of love, even more valuable when its light stood out against the sombre background of misery and hatred . Here I became acquainted with not only the beauty of the earth, but also the great human virtues: the solidarity, selflessness, generosity and dedication of men determined to fight for justice and freedom .

Everything I saw and lived later, in my adulthood, never ceased to be a mere representation of that first, striking presence: the virginal appearance of the world that was indelibly etched in my spirit as an inevitable reference to understand the totality of things and events which life was to confront me with later .

Latin America and Spain have experienced a truly unique historical relationship . Colonized by Spain, we have fought against that colonial situation, in a struggle which, strictly speaking, did not seem to be considered as a conflict between the two peoples, but as a battle between political philosophies that fought each other in the domestic sphere of both peoples . Our wars of independence were part of an ideal struggle against absolutism which was also being fought within Spain itself . The outline of a struggle between colonizers and the colonized, which could have pitted us against each other, was diluted in a battle of principles which, to the contrary, brought us together . We were not peoples who fought each other, but peoples who were enduring parallel processes of internal conflicts .

Hence, both in the colonial period and in that of independence, Spain was a constant reference point for us, though not always of the same sign .

We are associated with you, hence, in one and the same cultural dialectic . There is a global Spanish-American culture that is common to our mistakes and our successes, our setbacks and our progress . Is a greater degree of identification conceivable between two peoples?

We are also joined by the common conviction that the democratic system will be incomplete and unstable as long as it lacks a basis of social justice, which means not only equitable distribution of wealth, but also framing this distribution within a production system that is effective in generating wealth to distribute .

Spain today demonstrates a thoughtful effort to harmonize these objectives, which is a sign not only of political mastery, but also of willingness to renew its own culture .

It can be said that such renovation is also our focus, aimed at the twofold objectives of moralizing and rationalizing relationships between man and his environment, on the one hand, bringing down unjust privileges and, on the other, overcoming the ideological immobility that impedes the perception of reality in a process of change .

Raul Alfonsín Foulkes was President of Argentina from 1983 to 1989. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation on 5/10/1985.

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literatureon 5/10/1985.

Laureates. Excerpts

Ángel González—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1985

Raúl Alfonsín Foulkes—Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1985


Speech V

May my first words at this ceremony be used to send from here —and from this Prince of Asturias Foundation that, with so much interest and concern, directs its gaze toward the peoples of Ibero-America— a message of support and affection to Mexico and the Mexican people that are experiencing, with firmness and courage, moments of anguish and misfortune1. As The King, my father, pointed out a few hours after the catastrophe, “Spain is with you.” And I am sure that Asturias, linked with Mexico through so many deep-seated bonds, feels more united than ever to those who suffer there.

This pledge to extend a helping hand to those in need, to unite races and peoples, to promote communication among human beings, to vitalise cultures and aggrandise the common spaces of civilization, is also the service to which the Foundation is committed .

In this new edition, which provides me with another welcomed opportunity to be among you, the essential values of the arts, sciences, literature, and Ibero-American cooperation are consecrated and embodied in the outstanding personality of the Laureates .

From them we learn the most important lesson of all: the value of our lives depends on how much we place ourselves at the service of others .

And we have to thank them again and again because they have dedicated the best of their endeavours to us, investigating Truth, successfully trying to reflect and describe Beauty, introducing an element of Goodwill into the relationships among individuals and communities .

These three goals —and I am especially qualified to say what I am about to say by virtue of my age— sometimes appear to be utopias to us when we still do not have much experience . We youth reach out for this trilogy: Truth, Beauty, Goodwill, a trilogy we consider far removed, perhaps unreachable .

Yet we must not renounce what may seem like a dream, but rather exert ourselves to the utmost day after day so that it becomes a reality, because it has been made clear to us that this is not impossible .

Without men of science, without researchers and teachers, without artists and poets, without individuals of good will, societies would grope blindly ahead and end up dying .

For this reason, we ought to feel proud of your permanent dedication to the tasks in which your own brilliance makes you stand out . With this brilliance, you are lighting our individual path and that of the society in which we live .

The Prince of Asturias Awards constitute no more than an acknowledgement of your labour . An acknowledgement limited in its material sense, but infinite in its moral stimuli and in the desire

to constantly enliven the spirit of progress within the scope of Spain and the nations of Latin America . We must all be prepared to take on the work that will be demanded of us in a not-so-distant

future . We have the obligation to follow the example given to us by those who stand out for their efforts . It must be understood that when we achieve something authentic and truthful, beautiful and good, it serves not only us, but also those around us and those generations yet to come .

Asturias is a region where these goals are understood very well, because life and work represent a daily duty here . We all fulfil this duty with honour and steadfastness, without pessimism or despair .

1 On 19th September 1985, Mexico suffered an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 with its epicentre in the Pacific Ocean, in which an estimated 10,000 people were killed.

“ We youth reach out for this trilogy: Truth,

Beauty, Goodwill, a trilogy we consider

far removed, perhaps unreachable.”

Watch video


My congratulations to the Laureates, to whom I have had the honour of presenting the corresponding Awards .

An expression of thanks to Asturias and to this city of Oviedo, noble and eminent platform of universality, which has so graciously received us with its warm welcome and unforgettable hospitality .

And thank you to the Prince of Asturias Foundation, which has tremendously ennobled these Awards which bear my name and that ennoble me as well, considering that they are granted to such distinguished personalities .

Thank you all very much .

5th OctOber 1985



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech VI

22nd November 1986

1


Arts

Luis García Berlanga

sociAl sciences

José Luis Pinillos


The Universities of Coimbra and Salamanca

literAture

Rafael Lapesa Melgar and

Mario Vargas Llosa


Antonio González González


O Globo Communications Group

freedom1

Vicariate of Solidarity, Chile

1 In its first edition, the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord was named the Award for Freedom. It was instituted on the coming of age of the Prince of Asturias, after he swore an oath to uphold the Constitution in a ceremony held in the Cortes Generales (Spanish Parliament).

2 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 22nd nOvember 1986

We, Spaniards and Latin Americans have shared 300 years of common history and, in these three centuries, the continent Columbus discovered has disappeared and been replaced by another, substantially different one . This is a continent which, though enriched with the contents of its pre-Spanish core and with what has come from other parts of the earth, mainly Africa, nevertheless thinks, believes, is organized, speaks and dreams within values and cultural parameters which are the same as Europe’s . Whoever refuses to see this has an inadequate view of America and of the West’s cultural horizon .

After three centuries when there was but one, the nations that Spain helped to form and on which she left an indelible mark broke up into a myriad of countries which, in the midst of fortune and misfortune —more the latter than the former— are trying to shape for themselves a becoming destiny and to wipe out those devils that have poisoned their history . Hunger, intolerance, iniquitous inequalities, backwardness, lack of liberty and violence, evils to which Spain is no stranger for they have damaged her, too .

What history has united, governments often take apart . Our past, in America, is marred by stupid quarrels, which have left us bloodstained and impoverished to no purpose . But all the wars and dissension have not been able to penetrate deep; beneath the passing differences those links which Spain forged between herself and us, and among ourselves, and which time goes on strengthening remain unbreakable: a language, beliefs, institutions and a very wide gamut of virtues and defects which, for good or evil, make us relatives above and beyond our idiosyncrasies and differences .

Mario Vargas Llosa—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1986


Laureates. Excerpts


Speech VI

In presenting these Awards here today, awards which are now in their sixth edition, I wish to bring to mind that this is the first time that I do so so after having taken the oath in the Spanish Parliament, as heir to the Crown, on my coming of age .

This is an important circumstance that links me even further to the obligations that derive from my condition as Prince of Asturias and increases the responsibilities that are incumbent on me within the institution of the Monarchy .

This institution is characterized by its continuity and permanence; it transcends individuals and must rise above transitory and circumstantial situations on both the national and international level .

If, on the national level, the Monarchy must exert itself in fulfilling its constitutional mission for all the people of Spain, then internationally it should spread its feelings of fellowship and desires for peace to all the nations of the earth, maintaining the most amiable relations with them .

This generality, this broad and generous point of view, which is consubstantial to the institution in which I am to serve Spain, must stand apart from limited or variable political concepts in order to form part of the grand, immutable feeling of harmony and peace, the permanent values of art and culture as a whole and in their most outstanding and valuable representations .

For me, the Prince of Asturias Awards are satisfying for this reason; it is precisely because they bear my name and represent what I do within the Monarchy that they must be separated from concrete political issues in order to refer to these other universal principles that pay no heed to constraints of time or space .

The desire for friendship on the part of the Crown, to whose succession I am called and which I share intensely, goes out —as I have just said— to all the nations of the world . Nevertheless,

the relationship between Spain and the countries of Ibero-America is an especially pronounced one and, on many occasions, these countries have been the recipients of the Prince of Asturias Awards .

In this regard, I would like to recall the recent words of His Majesty The King when, at the Assembly of the United Nations Organization, he emphasised that our integration in the European Economic Community enriches rather than lessens Spain’s relationship with the countries of America .

Within a short time, I will find myself aboard the Juan Sebastián Elcano on the high seas that were once crossed by Spaniards eager to discover new lands, new worlds and go beyond the limits of what was then known .

Those of you who receive these Awards today also symbolise the effort to chart a new course, to carry out new conquests, to extend the limits of culture, art, social communication, science, literature and cooperation between Spain and the countries of Ibero-America, joined together by a common language and so many spiritual bonds .

I am proud of this Asturias, with its tradition of emigration, many of whose children have taken their work, love and efforts to American soil .

I offer my heartfelt congratulations to the Laureates and I invite the young people of my generation to take your labour and dedication as an example . Nations would not progress spiritually or materially if it were not for individuals like those distinguished here today, individuals who transcend difficulties, open up new ground and elicit feelings of emulation .

My thanks to the members of the Juries for having wisely fulfilled the task of discerning the best . Thank you as well to this Foundation that is managing to convey the name of Asturias along the path of culture —which these Awards symbolise—, to the most far-off corners of the world and which once again provides me with this magnificent opportunity to be in this beloved land, with you all .

“Nations would not progress spiritually

or materially if it were not for individuals

like those distinguished here today.”

Watch video



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech VII

29th October 1987

1


Arts

Eduardo Chillida

sociAl sciences

Juan José Linz


Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

literAture

Camilo José Cela


Jacinto Convit and

Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty


The Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo

concord

Villa El Salvador

sports1

Sebastian Coe

1 The institution of the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports brought the number of categories distinguished with the Awards to eight.


Your Royal Highness, listen to what I am going to tell you, what I have come to tell you and bear in mind that no other desire moves me but the truth I owe to myself and the loyalty I owe to you .

Yours is the title of this ancient Principality of sailors and miners, of agricultural and livestock farmers, of men of industry and commerce, of literary men, of noble men and commoners, this Principality which is today our host . I am sure that, as a Prince of Asturias Laureate and discerning the sentiments of my more worthy and justly recognized companions, the other Laureates, it is my duty to express gratitude for your presence here and your patronage in the name of all . We are grateful not only for the Award we receive, but also for the fact that the Tirians who command and we Trojans who obey and think and work and do what we must and believe we can, for better or worse, are capable of meeting together with honest heart and will, to celebrate a joyful event: the concord that alone will be the salvation of us all . My words are of peace because nothing better subjugates war than moderation in judgement and bearing . Seneca required of those who find their delight in thought moderation even in suffering .

Our corner of the world needs a revolution; but not a revolution of demagogy and bloodshed, but rather of profound economic, social, cultural and humanitarian change within a genuinely democratic framework . The entrenched Latin American crisis will not be solved within an exclusively national framework . Close cooperation between our twenty countries and effective coordination with the many countries in other areas of the globe facing similar difficulties will be needed . It will be necessary, indeed essential, for the two great mother nations, Spain and Portugal, who well understand that what is at stake is not only the material well-being of Latin Americans, but also our joint spiritual heritage, to lend their support more in a spirit of solidarity than of cooperation . The timely incorporation of both nations into the European Community will mean that they can pursue their historic role with newfound vigour, and act as a bridge between Latin America and the Western world, helping the latter to understand the problems of the former and to contribute to solving them .

The point here is that nobody any longer doubts that the world is becoming ever more interdependent and that only the well being of the entire world’s peoples can guarantee real world peace . Do we not, therefore, have a right to expect and even to demand the contribution of the world’s countries to the full development of those of our countries that are most underdeveloped? I am, of course, well aware that my pro-Latin American approach does not suffice to commit powerful countries from other areas to the development of our region; it is only natural for them to pursue other interests . For this reason, our governments must inspire respect; they should deserve the aid they request; they should show that they are not like the vessel of the Danaïds1 . In other words, our subcontinent, which is neither willing nor capable of begging, should make a great national effort, just as so many other member countries have already done, to consolidate democracy; true democracy that strengthens its economy with wise, honest management of its taxes and improves social conditions by respecting the rights of the vast gamut of men and women . We should never ever forget that development is not just material progress .

1 Reference to the fifty daughters of Danaus, who killed their husbands at their father’s behest and were condemned for their crime to the endless task of filling a bottomless vessel with water.

Camilo José Cela—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1987

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar—Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1987

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation on 29/10/1987.


Laureates. Excerpts


Speech VII

The dynamic tradition of these Awards, which honour me by bearing my name, are once more renewed and exalted in the 1987 edition, with the presence of Their Majesties The King and Queen and those of you who have earned our recognition and admiration by virtue of your broad-ranging messages of creativity, dedication and intellectual energy .

Our family has grown, spread out and become popularised since the instigation of these Awards, whose fame and prestige now extend far and wide .

It was in 1981 when, in this same place, I spoke my first words in public . I remember the unease of those first moments very well, upon congratulating the illustrious personalities that were honoured at that time . It was a natural unease as I engaged in the process of learning the tasks that pertain to me .

It must be said that this Foundation, with its extraordinary outreach and its open fostering of cultural activities, work and the implementation of the most select moral faculties, constitutes one of the fundamental points of reference for my conduct .

On this occasion, fruit of the vitality that guided the creation of these Awards, the distinction has been extended to the world of sports . It was precisely Juan Antonio Samaranch, President of the

International Olympic Committee, who, at last year’s ceremony, suggested the creation of this Award which introduces a youthful element to the overall range of facets that prized here . And the now honoured Sebastian Coe, the great champion, comes to symbolise the nobility and demanding spirit that goes hand in hand with athletics .

You are a much-welcomed addition to this group of the humanities, literature, arts, communications, peace, concord, solidarity and cooperation with Ibero-America that unfolds every year on this stage in this Asturias that always finds a way to rise above itself .

In their lives and work, all of the Laureates invite us to be better in our activities . The ideals of men and societies cannot be limited to impressive conceptual and philosophical declarations, because, if they were to remain on the level of pure rhetoric, then they would be devoid of all utility .

Science, poetry and technology —progress in short— is made day by day, hour by hour, and minute by minute . They represent the fruit of the assiduity and effort of an ongoing personal and collective task in which —as in athletic trials— fatigue and discouragement must be overcome .

This is the message to be taken from these Awards . It is from my condition as a Spaniard rather than from the virtues in which I am ever a learner that I can encourage the younger generations to bear witness to the example of progress that the honoured personalities offer us here today .

The Awards conferred by the Prince of Asturias Foundation are also a call, acting like a driving force to achieve enhanced fellowship between Spain and the Ibero-American nations, a stimulus to achieve objectives of peace and concord in the world, through art and science, represented by those of you who are ready to give the best of yourselves as a contribution to the spiritual goals of our time .

In this ceremony, Asturias, to which I feel such firm ties, once again affirms its link to all these countries, its identification with all that affects culture, and its backing of these Awards which, with increasing prestige world-wide, will eultimately benefit this Principality and the whole of Spain .

I do not want to forego this opportunity to make mention of a watershed event that has occurred in the life of this Foundation: the stepping down of Pedro Masaveu as President and the appointment of Plácido Arango to this office .

“In their lives and work, all of the Laureates

invite us to be better in our activities.

The ideals of men and societies cannot

be limited to impressive conceptual

and philosophical declarations.”

Watch video


After lamenting that health may have been a determining factor, I would like to express my heartfelt remembrance of someone who held the helm of this organization with tact and generosity from the very beginning . And I want let the new President know that it is with more certainty than hope that we are sure that his proven attributes and interest regarding Asturias will yield the finest results as the Foundation’s future unfolds .

I here and now request that all the assistance that can be provided, in whatever form, be offered to the Foundation, because I am certain that its activities are going to further contribute, directly or in collaboration with the Principality’s official authorities and bodies, to the exaltation of this region that we love so much .

My warm congratulations to all of the Laureates, as well as to the members of the Juries who have so wisely made their decisions .

Among the names of Camilo José Cela, who distinguishes the Award upon being distinguished by it; the already mentioned Sebastian Coe; Pablo Rudomín and Jacinto Convit, Juan José Linz and Eduardo Chillida; the community of Villa El Salvador and the Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo, whose merits have been collected in the corresponding citations, allow me to dedicate a very special greeting to Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and to rejoice in the fact that he is able to be here with us today . The important work that he carries out as Secretary-General of the United Nations,

in the search of that difficult yet possible peace to which the world aspires and his efforts in favour of Ibero-American cooperation distinguish this international personality who, from this moment forward, shall be a Prince of Asturias Laureate .

Allow me to conclude by expressing my pride and satisfaction at being here today, along with The King and Queen and with all of you .

Many thanks to my parents for honouring this ceremony with their presence, as a display of their interest for the Foundation and of their unconditional support of the new President .

Many thanks to those of you present here who, as in previous years and, God willing, in those to come, afford me the opportunity to continue learning and to intensely experience the transcendence of this ceremony .

“I here and now request that all the assistance

that can be provided, in whatever form,

be offered to the Foundation.”

29th OctOber 1987



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech VIII

15th October 1988

1


Arts

Jorge Oteiza

sociAl sciences

Luis Díez del Corral and

Luis Sánchez Agesta


Óscar Arias

literAture

Carmen Martín Gaite and

José Ángel Valente


Manuel Cardona and

Marcos Moshinsky


Horacio Sáenz Guerrero

concord

International Union for Conservation of Nature (iucn) and

wwf

sports

Juan Antonio Samaranch Torelló


Laureates. Excerpts

That, then, in very few words, is the situation that the wwf faces, but one might ask “Why? Why be concerned? What concern is it of ours if all these little-known animals and plants become extinct?” And I believe that there are probably three answers to this question .

First, each single extinction threatens the future of all the life on Earth; eventually, it will be the turn of the human species itself . The situation as it is now is that the people of the less prosperous countries are starting to feel the effects of erosion and the loss of natural resources . To help in the conservation of all life on Earth, we need the understanding, aid and help of the major support and development agencies to ensure that all development can be ecologically sustainable in the long term .

Second, somewhat like the situation of the mountaineer: if you ask someone who climbs a mountain why they do so, they reply, “Because it is there .” Therefore, the second reason for conserving Nature and being concerned about it is because it is there . We have this wonderfully rich natural heritage and it would be an enormous act of vandalism to annihilate it in a fit of ignorance and neglect; and this is where we need the understanding and support of the scientific world as a whole, not only of those who are interested in the natural sciences . We know what to do, but we need scientific research to tell us how to do it .

And the third reason is because it is part of God’s creation and it is therefore a sacred duty to take care of it and to pass it on unspoiled to coming generations .

We know that the future of humanity depends on the proper functioning of the planet’s physical and biological systems, but people have to have an emotional commitment and feel a moral obligation if we are to succeed . And I believe that this can only come from the spiritual guidance of the major religions1 .

1 The Duke of Edinburgh received the Award and pronounced his speech at an event held on 18th October at the Royal Palace in Madrid, three days after the Awards Ceremony at the Campoamor Theatre.

HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (wwf) —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1988

HRH The Duke of Ediburgh was the first President of WWF-UK from its foundation in 1961 to 1982 and President of WWF-International from 1981 to 1996. He is now President Emeritus for WWF. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 15/10/1988.


Those who consider the craft of writing as a garden path where flowers spring up spontaneously often tempt the good fortune we have at being able to work without having anyone standing over us giving orders . And that is indeed true . If we do not write, nothing serious happens, nobody tells us off and no-one will fire us . Although it is also true that it is not a spectacular business, but rather a slow investment, which could well bear as a motto the maxim from Ecclesiastes: “Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days .”

The writer’s task is a solitary adventure that entails all the hesitations, uncertainties and surprises inherent in any venture undertaken with enthusiasm . But in a world in which people increasingly flee from being alone, the writer is disconcerting, like someone swimming against the current, and arms emerging from all over wish to annex him to a particular group and enslave him to their standards and rules . Against this danger, the dissident has no other choice than to continue resisting in his stronghold, starting from nothing, invoking that youthful faith I spoke of .

No one has stated this in more exciting a way than St Teresa of Avila, whose writing exemplifies the path taken starting out from nothing and whose exploration calls into question and puts at stake life itself . Undertaking this task, which she faced as if it were a battle, requires, in her own words: “… a great and very resolute determination to persevere until reaching the end, come what may, happen what may, whatever the work involved, whatever criticism arises, (…) even if I die along the way, (…) or if the whole world collapses .”

Carmen Martín Gaite—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1988



Democracy stirs time-honoured memories of our identity: voices that rang out in the Cortes of Cádiz; ideas and sentiments that live on in the poems of José Martí, Rubén Darío and Miguel Hernández; deep-seated aspirations echoed in popular music . We aspire to democracy in line with our particular Latin American concept of mankind and progress . We aspire to democracy and progress that maintains the essential facets of the way we are; close family ties, the life of the soul, love of beauty, a balance between man and his environment . The blind forces of the past continue to resist these ideals tooth and nail . In some of our nations, those who believe themselves to hold the absolute truth, or those who hold absolute power, still prevail . But we are winning the fight . Throughout Latin America, we are winning the fight for freedom and democracy, using our own arms, our own concepts, supported by the will and determination of our peoples .

In some countries, this fight goes hand in hand with the struggle for peace . Sadly, we must accept that regimes that oppress the people and deny them their rightful aspirations for peace and freedom still persist on our continent . Democracy, long-term peace, progress and human rights are inseparable in reality . Central America is surrounded by threats and by aggression; it lives with a machete in its hand, with hunger in its belly and with hatred in its heart . We cannot react to this situation by placing yet more arms in the hands of innocent youngsters and children . We must react to this Central America with the spirit of peace, justice and democracy .

Oscar Arias—Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation 1988

Oscar Arias was President of the Republic of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Ibero-American Cooperation on 15/10/1988.


Speech VIII

I once more have the honour of attending this solemn ceremony that now forms a lasting part of the cultural manifestations of our nation, open toward the future .

A future that marks the onset of my own demands because, together with so many other Spaniards of my generation, I am at the age in which to learn, expand my knowledge and prepare myself to form part of the new times that are approaching .

With the modesty of a pupil, I confess that it is most satisfactory and instructive to have such fine examples as those that emanate from the honoured experts who are with us here today .

The Awards that you receive are, evidently, a display of recognition for the work and creation in the different activities to which you have dedicated your lives .

Yet the truth is that it is we who feel honoured to be able to enjoy, to be able to learn and to be able to discover the lessons from the infinite worlds of culture, science and art in which you are

unparalleled and outstanding figures . I recently had the opportunity to attend the Olympic Games

held in Seoul and images from there are still fresh in my mind . As a young person of my generation, I undoubtedly experienced the same sensation as millions of young people the world over . I felt admiration upon seeing so many athletes accomplishing feats and pushing their physical abilities to the limit with such praiseworthy sacrifice .

You are also the protagonists in an Olympiad of knowledge, culture and spirit . You provide us with a lesson in effort, beauty

and generosity, which makes us feel more responsible each day . By virtue of these successive manifestations of cognisance elucidated by the granting of these

increasingly prestigious Awards, Asturias has become a universal forum that illuminates horizons, establishes points of inquiry and provides solutions .

It is befitting that I make reference to the future as an incitement that courses through the veins of today’s youth .

Yet the future is not to be considered as a jump into the void, foolishness or an adventure without return . The future is based on the past and is filled with energy from the present . You, the recipients of these Awards, as creators, artists and thinkers, are those who must feed our imagination so that the coming years do not startle us and so that humanity can make fuller and more productive use of them .

May we know how to extract all of the message of vocation and self-sacrifice contained in your works!

I too have a vocation . The vocation to serve Spain and the Spanish people in the tasks that pertain to me . And a desire to serve others, something that I am very proud of .

Mr President of Costa Rica,The vocation of Spain is solidarity with the countries of Ibero-America, whose fortunes are

our own . Your message, like the preceding statesmen who have previously honoured us in this common homeland of culture and science constituted by this Foundation’s Awards, will not remain in silence .

Your message is like a life-giving elixir . Take with you a greeting on my behalf for the youth of Costa Rica that is shared by all Spaniards .

I express my thanks to Mr Samaranch for his presidency and my admiration goes out to his important endeavour so that clean, pure and disinterested athletics, serve as a source of education and harmony for the peoples of the world .

“ Yet the future is not to be considered as a

jump into the void, foolishness or an adventure

without return. The future is based on the past

and is filled with energy from the present.”

Watch video


Likewise, I express my thanks to Horacio Sáenz Guerrero, who represents the ever-stimulating activity of journalism at this ceremony .

It is certain that the world’s problems that await us in the future shall be momentous due to their complexity . In this regard, I wish to highlight the immense labour of Professors Moshinsky and Cardona .

And now that I am about to begin my studies at the Autonomous University of Madrid, I feel special satisfaction and respect before the illustrious Professors Sánchez Agesta and Díez del Corral, whose mark on the university is profound and timeless .

Thank you also to someone who, like Jorge Oteiza, humanizes space and time in works that make us feel like one of God’s creatures .

As far as writers are concerned, my recognition goes out to Carmen Martín Gaite and the poet José Ángel Valente for having illuminated the lives of so many readers .

And thank you, last of all, to Asturias and the Asturian people, who have placed their enthusiasm and vigour behind the promising development of these Awards that bear my name .

15th OctOber 1988



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech IX

21st October 1989

1


Arts

Óscar Niemeyer

sociAl sciences

Enrique Fuentes Quintana

internAtionAl cooperAtion1

Jacques Delors and

Mikhail Gorbachev

literAture

Ricardo Gullón


Guido Münch


Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico (fce) and

Pedro Laín Entralgo

concord

Stephen Hawking

sports

Severiano Ballesteros

1 The Prince of Asturias Prize for Ibero-American Cooperation was renamed the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 1989.

2 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 21st OctOber 1989

Knowledge and techniques can’t just be forgotten . Nor can one prevent further advances in the future . Even if all government money for research were cut off, the force of competition between companies, would still bring about advances in technology . And one cannot stop enquiring minds thinking about basic sciences, even if they are not paid for it . The only way to prevent further developments, would be a global totalitarian state, that suppressed anything new . But human initiative and ingenuity is such, that it wouldn’t succeed . All that it would do, is slow down the rate of change .

If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology, from changing our world, we can at least try to ensure that the changes are in the right directions . In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science, so that it can make informed decisions, and not be left in the hands of experts . At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude to science . It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of living that new developments in science and technology have brought . But it also distrusts science, because it doesn’t understand it . This distrust is shown in the cartoon character of the mad scientist, working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein . It is also an important element behind support for Green parties . But the public also has a great interest in science, particularly astronomy, as is shown by the large audiences for television series such as Cosmos, and for science fiction .

What can be done to harness his interest, and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons or genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must be what is taught in schools . But science in schools is often presented in a dry and uninteresting manner . Children learn it by rote to pass examinations . But they don’t see its relevance to the world around them . And science is often taught in term of equations . Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematical ideas, they frighten most people . When I wrote a popular book recently, I was advised that each equation I included would half the sales . I include one equation, Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2 . Maybe, I would have sold twice as many copies without it .

Stephen Hawking —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1989

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 21/10/1989.


The humanities are the soul of the University, their ideal centre, their conscience . If the soul is relegated to an ancillary role, the “soulless” or —at the very least— bleak University will lose its guiding role in intellectual life and in the country as a whole, which, lacking a compass, will randomly drift in the murky waters of particularism .

Reflected and safeguarded in the humanities, Spanish Humanism is concerned with “flesh and blood man”, present in the meditations of Unamuno, the everyday preacher of complete humanization . Ortega took a stand against dehumanized art, while Eugenio d’Ors developed his Science of Culture around man who works and plays . From these and other teachers, we learned to live in the tangible and earthly, without forgetting that it is possible to fly: roots and wings, as Juan Ramón Jiménez put it .

Ricardo Gullón—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1989


Laureates. Excerpts


The task of abolishing the division of our continent and of building what in the Soviet Union we call “the Common European Home” can only be achieved by a new type of international cooperation, and by overcoming outdated dogmas and distrust through greater mutual understanding, greater trust and a major reduction in the capacity to wage war . In our view, the East and West are equally responsible for making sure that the unprecedented opportunity that now exists for establishing a Europe that is united from the Atlantic to the Urals does not go unheeded . Our continent is undoubtedly destined to provide the world with a new model for collaboration and international, de-militarised, non-ideological, democratic coexistence . The events of recent years provide a basis for hoping that Europe will prove itself capable of rising to this historic challenge . Each and every European, each country and every European organisation must make their individual contribution to so worthy a task .

Spanish-Soviet relations, based upon longstanding feelings of friendship and the mutual appreciation of our peoples, are a fine example of two states contributing to building up this new European friendship . Mikhail Gorbachev has asked me to pass on his firm belief in the ongoing development of fruitful links between the Soviet Union and Spain, his feelings of heartfelt friendliness towards your country, and his wish for peace and prosperity for the Spanish people .

Mikhail Gorbachev was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1989, the year in which acceded to the Presidency of the Soviet Union (until 1991). — Extract from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 21/10/1989.

Sergei Romanovski, on behalf of Mikhail Gorbachev— Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1989

21st OctOber 1989


Firstly, as President of the Commission of the European Communities, Mr Delors has devoted his energy in collaboration with the Member States to the building of a solid and dynamic European Community in fulfilment of an idea which has found a strong place in the minds and hearts of millions of fellow European citizens in recent years . The building of Europe has not been easy and has only been made possible by the cooperation of many states and interests .

It is also the case that, contrary to the views of some pessimists, the enlargement of the European Community, most recently through the addition of Spain and Portugal, has markedly increased the dynamism of our Community and enlarged its horizons via the influx of new ideas and historical links . We live in a European Community, which has clearly regained its vigour and increased its internal cohesion on both the economic and social level .

Secondly, as the world’s major trading power and heir to remarkable intellectual and cultural diversity, this Community inevitably has a growing major role to play in the world . Under Mr Delors’ leadership as President of the Commission, we have given high priority to the development of links with our partners around the globe, not only in view of trade and aid, but also because of the rich legacy of human values for which we stand .

Jacques Delors was President of the European Commission between 1985 and 1995.—Extract from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 21/10/1989.

David Williamson, on behalf of Jacques Delors —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1989


Speech IX

I have returned to these lands of Asturias, to which I feel so closely tied, in a new edition of the Awards that honour the title of the Principality, full of joy as a result of this encounter with the Asturian people, its institutions, and the outstanding personalities who have merited the Awards .

I am here once more to share in your hope for the future and to fortify myself with the moral and intellectual energy that is generated every year on this platform of culture symbolised by our esteemed Awards .

Today is, therefore, a day of celebration . Asturias is in a festive mood and there is excitement in the air about being the cultural seat of the world in the finest expression of creative solidarity .

In this ceremony it is indispensable that we publicly acknowledge those who, like the Laureates, work toward progress, peace, and freedom . In our time, as in other historical periods, we run the risk that these grandiose and sonorous words, if they are not filled with authentic meaning, become mere rhetoric and lose their capacity for convocation and stimulus .

For this reason, our Foundation’s Awards are a real and effective assertion that is produced every twelve months, coinciding with the autumn leaves of Asturias, in order to proclaim to the Hispanic peoples on both sides of the ocean and to Europe —that integrating and enlightening force of civilization— that we are here to acknowledge the merits of those who stand out in the

different areas of culture . We are here in Oviedo where the Foundation of the Principality acts as a bridge of responsibility that we must cross on the route that takes us to the future of new generations .

In this quest for knowledge that I, with dedication and enthusiasm, am engaged in, I have realized the importance of the steadfast and compelling lesson of work, without which nothing can be accomplished . With your devotion, you, illustrious writers, scientists, sociologists, and economists, justify the hope of a better world .

It is not only because you follow the most appropriate path, but rather because of the constant effort of your activity that we are able to place our confidence in a life full of optimism .

It would not be fitting for me to use a professorial and distant tone . Yet with naturalness and sincerity I must say that I feel deeply committed to this endeavour of the Prince of Asturias Foundation that promotes culture and helps to unite communities . Asturias thus acquires a universal character . From here we must struggle to overcome the obstacles of backwardness and feel committed to the demands of our time in order to put the sciences, arts, and all types of knowledge at the service of humanity .

On this occasion and in a deeply felt way, I ought to make mention of a person who stands out in this aspect of extending culture to the most varied spheres, Alberto Sols, recipient of the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, who recently passed away . Considered the leading Spanish biochemist, his efforts were dedicated to the scientific training of the young people that arrived at his laboratory, drawn by his excellence .

I also wished to dedicate a remembrance in this ceremony to the unforgettable figure of an Asturian who left us only a short time ago, a great Asturian who propitiated the Prince of Asturias Foundation from the very beginning and always lent his support to all cultural initiatives . His name is unquestionably in our minds and in our hearts: Ramón Areces . He was a man of emigration who embraced two worlds and, with his untiring work, left behind a generous legacy in order that it serve as backing to research and culture in general . His industriousness ennobles Asturias and Spain and constitutes an example that I wish to emphasise today with emotion .

“In this quest for knowledge that I, with

dedication and enthusiasm, am engaged

in, I have realized the importance of the

steadfast and compelling lesson of work.”

Watch video


I express my gratitude once more to the Asturian people and their authorities, to the Foundation that bears my name and to all those who contribute to its continuance and consolidation, the Juries that have discerningly decided on the Awards and those meriting them on the current occasion, and for their permanent support of this important endeavour that projects the name of our Principality into the world . I wish for this sincere and enthusiastic acknowledgement to be the best stimulus to continue the task underway .

I would like to end these words by expressing my deep satisfaction at the recent granting of the Nobel Prize for Literature to Camilo José Cela, recipient of the 1987 Prince of Asturias Award for Literature, an honour which, like all Spaniards, fills me with pride . From here, I take advantage of this occasion to wish him well and to send my congratulations .

And plagiarising his prose, I recall what he advised me in his words two years ago: “In Spain, and I’ll tell you Your Highness because you are a young Spaniard, he who resists,

wins .”Thank you very much .

21st OctOber 1989



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech X

18th October 1990

1


Arts

Antoni Tàpies

sociAl sciences

Rodrigo Uría González

internAtionAl cooperAtion

Hans Dietrich Genscher

literAture

Arturo Uslar Pietri


Santiago Grisolía and

Salvador Moncada


Jose Simeón Cañas Central American University (ucA)

concord

Sephardic Communities

sports

Alfonso Sito Pons


Laureates. Excerpts

There were two poems pinned on the window of the living room cabinet in my house . One was the Hatikva; an ode to the hope that one day we would return to the Holy Land and bring salvation to the whole world . The Hatikva is now the national anthem of the State of Israel . The poem was translated into Ladino by the great scribe of Sarajevo, Abraham Kapon, who was a colleague of Ramón Menéndez Pidal . His translation speaks of the land of Israel, “where our forefathers descended from, where the Kings of Israel rule . That is where our Hope lies .” The other poem was A Espania . Also written by Kapon, it is, in his own words, “on behalf of the Sephardim who cherished and maintained the language of Cervantes .” “Here is to our beloved Spain, who we call our mother land; as long as we live, we will not renounce your dear language . Even though you banished us, like a stepmother, from your bosom, we cannot help loving you as the holiest of lands, where our forefathers left their parents buried, with the ashes of thousands of their loved ones . Glorious country, we maintain our filial love for you, and send our glorious greetings .” These two poems, to be found in all the Jewish houses of my small town, condensed the two ideas that Sephardic life revolved around . The first is the hope that one day we will no longer be persecuted and that we will find salvation in Israel alongside mankind as a whole . The second is a heartfelt love for Spain . The Sephardim in fact have always loved Spain, and bear no malice towards the Spanish people and their culture, even though they were driven out . Some historians ask why the Jews that fled from Spain never forgot their bygone country and never allowed their filial love for Spain to lapse . There is but one answer: of all the diasporas that the people of Israel have lived through, only in Spain was there ever a Golden Age . Unlike other diasporas, Jews were not seen in Spain as a foreign minority, but instead as an integrated and integral part of the land of Iberia . This is why they felt hurt when they were made to leave the land where they had lived for almost two thousand years . Only by bearing this fact in mind will one understand why the Sephardim held the Jewish Spanish language, Ladino, in a sanctity second only to Hebrew . The most important prayers for the Sabbath, and particularly those for the second days of Passover, were recited in Ladino . Women said their daily prayers in Jewish Spanish, not in Hebrew . Many Pizmonim (hymns) were translated into Ladino and were sung to the melodies of Spanish Romanzas . Fathers and mothers baptised their sons and daughters in Jewish Spanish . Until the last great war, when many Sephardic communities were wiped out by the Nazis, rabbi were only allowed by their communities to preach in Sephardic synagogues in Ladino, not in the language of the country they inhabited .

Solomon Gaon —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1990

Solomon Gaon (1912-1994) was Chief Rabbi of the World Sephardi Federation. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 18/10/1990.


The new, united Europe that we aspire to will be the culmination of European history . The liberation of the nations of Europe must necessarily culminate in self-awareness and self-knowledge, which inevitably leads on to the ideal of freedom in its purest form . This concept is the very essence of the European spirit .

The finest minds across Europe conceived and formulated this idea as being central to the identity of European nations . Last year, its enormous capacity to bring peace and unity was demonstrated by the historic changes that have significantly altered the political boundaries in the East of our continent, and thereby in Europe as a whole . The terms “East and West” are no longer an ideological antinomy: they have recovered their original geographical meaning . Neighbourliness, cohesion and cooperation: these are the benchmarks of the new Europe .

They will serve to build a united Europe on the foundations of freedom . The spirit of the European Community was inspired from the outset by these three guidelines . Our German community is a blueprint for the future global Europe .

Hans Dietrich Genscher —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1990

Hans Dietrich Genscher was Minister for Foreign Affairs of the German Federal Republic between 1974 and 1992. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 18/10/1990.


Speech X

If indeed there are important days in the life of every human being, then today is one of mine . Because if this heartfelt presentation ceremony of the Awards that bear my name always has a special meaning, I feel that I am now experiencing a very memorable moment as I preside over this ceremony in which the representation of a community takes on a special significance . A community that rooted itself in Hispanic soil and made values like friendship, tolerance, loyalty, and the love for the cultivation of the sciences and the arts flourish in it .

The greatness of the Hispanic world is inseparable from the cultural diversity of its components, and the Sephardim constitute, without question, an essential part of this great family . Even when they had to abandon their land in dramatic circumstances, they knew how to be loyal to it, perhaps waiting for the day that Spain would once again serve them as a meeting place .

Out of the spirit of concord of today’s Spain and as heir to those who signed the expulsion decree five hundred years ago, I receive you with open arms and great emotion .

Since man has existed on the Earth, change and convulsions have been inseparable parts of his very being . Yet the development of new technologies and the impulse behind the advancements of human knowledge have accelerated the rhythm of change, sometimes to dizzying proportions . We have here today an exceptional and leading figure of the process of renovation that collapses boundaries, unites communities, and transforms ideas and structures that, up to a few months ago, seemed like they were going to last for a long time .

We welcome Dr Genscher, express our gratitude for his efforts and unflagging dedication in this historic process, and we ask him to convey our joy to the German people for the unity attained .

For me the example and personal testimony of the other Laureates also constitute a stimulus to excel . My congratulations to Alfonso Sito Pons who has made his effort to situate Spain among the world leaders in motorcycle racing compatible with the promotion of the noblest values of sport in the younger generations .

My recognition goes out to Arturo Uslar Pietri, an authority in the written word, communications and journalism, whose extensive and profound work contains many of the keys for understanding the meaning and identity of the Ibero-American world .

Santiago Grisolía and Salvador Moncada represent the tireless work of the researcher, always silent and discreet, but whose achievements open the way to the greatest advances of humanity .

My admiration goes out to Rodrigo Uría for the transcendency of his work in the classroom and his indispensable doctrinal legacy in the field of Law .

I also extend my congratulations to Antoni Tàpies, representative of the Catalonia which is open to the world, innovator of aesthetic spaces and creator of messages via the plastic arts that move us with their beauty .

Lastly, I wished to dedicate an emotional remembrance to those who struggle against ignorance and injustice under the most difficult conditions: Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín Baró, Segundo Montes, José Ramón Moreno, Amando López, Joaquín López y López, Alba Ramos and Cristina Ramos surrendered their lives for such a noble objective .

Miguel Francisco Estrada, new Rector of the José Simeón Cañas University in El Salvador, is with us today and I want to pledge my support on this solemn occasion so that he may continue the work of those that preceded him in such a difficult office .

All of the Laureates convey a message of generosity and honesty that transcends frontiers, which makes me feel honoured in their company and inspired by their example .

“All of the Laureates convey a message of

generosity and honesty that transcends

frontiers, which makes me feel honoured in

their company and inspired by their example.”

Watch video


It is precisely now, as I think of all those who receive these Awards today, that I would like to reflect on the concerns that I have and on the mission that I want to dedicate myself to as a person and as heir to the Spanish Crown .

Because I believe that all of us must contribute to the perfection of a Spain based on liberty and justice, respect for the plurality of truths, the struggle against poverty, sickness and ignorance, the protection of the environment and the creation of the necessary conditions so that, as my father, The King, put it on one occasion, our Nation may be a “prodigious Spain in its creative capacity” in the arts, sciences, and literature .

On reaching the tenth year of existence of the Foundation and the, for me, unforgettable moment when I gave, on this very stage, what was to be my first public address, I want to send out a call for general collaboration so that the enterprise which is already underway with such excellent results —leading to the international dissemination of the Awards bearing my name— may be a goal that becomes more attainable with the help of the effort and solidarity of Spanish society .

Thank you very much to all those who have helped to smooth the road travelled by this Foundation to which I feel such close ties .

18th OctOber 1990



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XI

18th October 1991

1


Arts

Victoria de los Ángeles, Teresa Berganza, Montserrat Caballé,

José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, Alfredo Kraus and Pilar Lorengar

sociAl sciences

Miguel Artola Gallego


United Nations High Commission for Refugees (unhcr)

literAture

People of Puerto Rico


Francisco Bolívar Zapata


Luis María Anson

concord

Doctors without Borders (msf) and

Medicus Mundi

sports

Sergey Bubka


Laureates. Excerpts

acnur1 embodies the concern and cooperation of the international community on the refugee cause . Created in 1951 to deal with what was then perceived as a residual refugee problem in Europe, acnur’s role and activities have evolved over the decades as the refugee problem has dramatically increased in scale and scope, spreading from Europe to Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East .

The importance of international cooperation has never been greater; the need for solidarity has never been stronger than now . Profound political changes during the past two years foreshadow an end to many conflicts and augur concrete solutions to the plight of millions of refugees . At the same time, new clouds darken the horizon . This year alone we faced unprecedented challenges posed by some of the largest and swiftest population movements in the Persian Gulf area and the Horn of Africa . There are fears of new displacement as nationalistic, ethnic and religious tensions tear communities apart . There are concerns of growing migration as the gap between the rich and the poor widens in a world where distances are being reduced by technological advances . The free movement of people, which was the harbinger of political change in the East, has become a source of concern, if not fear, in many circles in the West .

Western countries face an important dilemma: how to preserve the principles of human rights and humanitarian traditions, how to respect the principle of asylum, how to humanely treat those who try to emigrate, without compromising the security and stability of their societies? The answer to this dilemma could give shape to the new emerging world order . (…)

It is evident that the root causes of refugee flows are ultimately related to political conflict and violation of human rights . Democracy and human rights are essential for the prospects of development and together the three —that is democracy, human rights and development— can create conditions which make a real difference to the lives of the people so that they are not compelled to move . The responsibility as well as the capacity for creating such conditions lie with governments . At a time when states are adopting a common and assertive approach to global concerns, the elimination of root causes of refugee movements must be placed high on the political agenda .

1 Spanish acronym for UNHCR

Sadako Ogata, on behalf of unhcr —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1991

Sadako Ogata was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1991 to 2001. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 18/10/1991.


Its heroic nigh-on century-long defence of Spanish was not simply a feat of our intellectuals, our politicians and our writers . The decisive resistance was made by the people, by the simple, humble folk of Puerto Rico . Resistance was spawned in the San Juan quarter, in the rocky outcrops of Cabo Rojo, in the sugar-cane plantations of my native town of Ponce, on the beaches of Luquillo, in the mountains of Utuado, by the humble peasants who learnt their prayers, their ten-line stanzas and their ballads in Spanish . Resistence was born of this people and nation, which treasures the Castilian vocabulary used to describe their lives in hidden corners of their very being and in the palpitation of their souls .

The people are the heroes . It is the people who have preserved the language in which God purveyed the Gospel according to Don Quixote to Cervantes . It was the people and their heroic resistance that enables us to belong to the language community that unites the three hundred and forty one million people who express themselves in Spanish .

The people’s victory has enabled the works of our poets, novelists, playwrights and essayists to be produced in the universal language that they share with Juan Ramón Jiménez, Borges, García Márquez, Cela and Octavio Paz .

On behalf of the land of Borinquen, who took the words of its national anthem from one of the offspring of the land that now bestows this Award upon us; on behalf of the island that this great Asturian figure called the daughter of the sea and the sun; on behalf of the good people of Puerto Rico, who have remained true to themselves, I thank you .

Rafael Hernández Colón, on behalf of the People of Puerto Rico —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1991

Rafael Hernández Colón was Governor of Puerto Rico in 1991. He had first held this office from 1973 to 1977 and subsequently did so between 1985 and 1993. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literatureon 18/10/1991.


Speech XI

This Principality and, in a special way, this city celebrate an event of transcendental consequences for the history of Spain: the one thousand two hundredth anniversary of the enthroning of Alfonso II The Chaste as King of Asturias .

Alfonso II turned his Kingdom into an artistic focal point of the Christian world, united the aspirations of the communities of northern Spain and spread his influence to Lisbon and the Europe of Charlemagne .

It is inspiring to corroborate the oldest records of our history how, from such a small, poor and harassed Kingdom, as Asturias was then, a grandiose example emerged out of the will that some people had to overcome the most arduous difficulties . Just as that great king set his sights above and beyond the mountains which both protected and isolated his kingdom, I propose to make it so that, with everyone’s help, these Awards become a universal message of concord and love for culture and freedom from the Kingdom of Spain, considering that there cannot be peace on Earth until the men and women that inhabit it are free to create and to say what they think .

This year’s list of Laureates, to whom we pay homage today, is an excellent reference of the future that we want for our Awards .

We acknowledge, with special emotion, the people of Puerto Rico, recipient of the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature, for so resolutely defending their most precious cultural legacy by cultivating our language and making it be born and reborn each day like a transfusion for the soul .

I wish to express my gratitude to their Governor for his presence here today, and I send a message charged with brotherhood to the Puerto Rican people .

Our admiration also goes out to Sergey Bubka, granted the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports, a legendary athlete whose constant and spectacular ability to exceed limits is a model for all the world’s youth; to Luis María Anson, recipient of the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities, a journalist of unshakeable fidelity and passionate conviction in favour of freedom and culture; to Miguel Artola, bestowed with

the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences, a researcher of history, whose innovative and rigorous task sheds light on the society of the past and helps us to interpret the present one . Out of the admiration for his work, his disciples have formed a school, which is the best guarantee for the continuity and dissemination of his legacy .

Our homage goes out to Francisco Bolívar Zapata for generating cutting-edge scientific research while at the same time demonstrating that the passion to uncover life’s enigmas can overcome the inadequacy of means .

Our congratulations to Victoria de los Ángeles, Teresa Berganza, Montserrat Caballé, Pilar Lorengar, José Carreras, Plácido Domingo and Alfredo Kraus, Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts, for being extraordinary and unparalleled ambassadors of lyric music down the ages and of contemporary Spanish culture for the world . You have carried your voices far and wide across the country, propitiating a greater attraction for the world of music .

The deepest vocation of these awards is strengthened this year with the Award for Concord, to Doctors without Borders and Medicus Mundi, and the Award for International Cooperation, to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees . Three organizations that carry out their work where the signs of poverty, sickness, war and repression are starkly recognizable . Their risky and tireless effort in favour of solidarity reminds us of the finest European thinking of former times, according to which we have not been born for ourselves, but rather for others . The persons that

“I propose to make it so that, with everyone’s

help, these Awards become a universal

message of concord and love for culture and

freedom from the Kingdom of Spain.”

Watch video


dedicate themselves to these kinds of endeavours enable us to renovate our faith in mankind; a faith so often sullied by the vicissitudes of history .

I am also pleased at the granting of the Exemplary Town of Asturias Award to the Friends of the Villaviciosa-Cubera Countryside Association, which I will have the chance to visit tomorrow in order to present the Award, meet the members, and learn about the conservation efforts they carry out in such outstanding fashion .

I also wanted to dedicate a few words of acknowledgement to the quality of our Juries, which, as in previous editions, have contributed their objective and disinterested judgement for the well-

being and growing prestige of the Awards . The satisfaction that we feel today has been tarnished by

some dramatic events . I wish to condemn with all my might the bloodshed that took place yesterday in Madrid in which innocent citizens lost their lives or suffered terrible mutilations as a consequence of cowardly, heartless, murderous terrorism .

For them, their families, and also for all those who have previously suffered at the hands of this mindless barbarism, my emotional remembrance and my solidarity goes out to you in these trying times .

The prosperity and joy of communities flourish when values such as freedom, solidarity, education, creativity, love of work,

capacity for sacrifice and cooperation exist in harmony within them . It is fitting that we reflect on these circumstances in difficult moments . In order to overcome

them, we must contribute all of our efforts and our collaboration without ever losing the hope of attaining a brilliant future for our Principality, to whose destiny I cast my lot with the rest of the Asturian people .

With the same loyalty that you have always afforded me, I join you now in order to reach that better future that I believe in and for whose attainment I pledge all my efforts .

“The prosperity and joy of communities

flourish when values such as freedom,

solidarity, education, creativity, love of

work, capacity for sacrifice and cooperation

exist in harmony within them.”

18th OctOber 1991



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XII

31st October 1992

1


Arts

Roberto Matta

sociAl sciences

Juan Velarde Fuertes


Frederick W. de Klerk and

Nelson Mandela

literAture

Francisco Morales Nieva


Federico García Moliner


Emilio García Gómez

concord

American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmfAr)

sports

Miguel Induráin


Laureates. Excerpts

The situation in many parts of the African continent can only be described as calamitous . The spectre of famine, starvation, violence and diseases, such as AIDS, is stalking at a time when science and modern technology are reaching the heights of accomplishment . The international community responds with various forms of aid . We welcome and need this solidarity, with the injunction that what our continent needs, above all, is development, to promote and realize our human potential at its fullest .

Development is in the interest of all humankind . Massive inequality in our globe is as dangerous, unjust and destabilising as gross inequalities within a country . The North-South debate must be renewed and the international structures of cooperation must be strengthened .

Nelson Mandela —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1992

In 1992, Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) was President of the African National Congress (1991-1997). —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 31/10/1992.


Since its beginnings, the history of South Africa has been characterized by a search on the part of the different peoples living in this southernmost part of Africa for a just and lasting solution to the problem of peaceful coexistence . For that reason, periods of intense warring conflicts have been interspersed with others in which different political formulas were adopted with the hope of bringing peace and lasting prosperity to this troubled country . Nevertheless, neither unification, colonialism nor the other solutions employed were successful, mainly because all of them suffered from an essential defect: none managed to establish a democracy for all South Africans . That is the failure which the South African Government has been trying to remedy since 1990 . The road to success is hard, as has been clearly demonstrated over the last three years . However, President de Klerk is absolutely determined to continue on the path of reform and aspires to succeed in this respect, as he and other leaders count on the support of the majority of the people of his country in this endeavour .

Frederich G. Conradie, on behalf of Frederick W. de Klerk —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1992

Frederick W. de Klerk was President of the South African Republic from 1989 to 1994. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 31/10/1992.


Elizabeth Taylor, on behalf of AmfAr —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1992

Since the long shadow of AIDS darkened the medical history books I have seen the best of times and the worst of times . The best of people and the worst of people . I have seen nothing more beautiful or brave than the undying spirit and courage of those fighting for their lives . I have never seen the cruel or ugly in those sick or grieving; it was prejudice and violent discrimination that offended me the most . It is time for the world to learn that people with AIDS are not our enemy; it is solely the virus that we fight .

Nation by nation —in every country— it is time to stop the “us” and “them” . For we are all us; those sick are all our children; those families are all our friends; and those lost are all our failures because we have not done enough .

The world is looking to the United States and the affluent nations of the world to find the medical solutions . They are looking to us for the compassionate and friendly policies that will protect our people . We must not let them down . Scientists from Barcelona to Boston must work together now . Educators from Ohio must share experience with those in Oviedo . And policy makers in Washington must set the humane example and truly lead the world . So far we have not done well enough . If we don’t change this soon, there is a dark future for the world and we will all have blood on our hands .

Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011) was cofounding president of AmfAr. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 31/10/1992.


However, there also turns out to be more to the term “Humanities” than meets the eye . When I was still in my youth, “Humanities” referred almost exclusively to the world of the classics . A “humanist” was somebody who knew Greek and Latin and was imbued with the Greek and Latin spirit . The word has expanded its meaning in our times to include what we rather ambiguously call the “Human Sciences” ( . . .) . I once wrote, I do not recall where, that we were confined as Arabists to the ghetto of the extravagant and to the outskirts of the Humanities . How times have changed! Modern times have witnessed a spectacular volte-face . A simple Arabist like myself may have been given the Award for having used Arabic to open up channels of communication with them (which is where the concept of “communication” comes in) . As if you warn me not to overstep the mark, I have been summoned to this ancient land of Asturias, the heroic birthplace of the Reconquest, though I have always maintained my faith in my roots .

Emilio García Gómez—Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 1992

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities on 31/10/1992.

31st OctOber 1992


Speech XII

“May they know that I have livedfighting for life and peace .”

I employ this verse by Blas de Otero in order to pay homage to the work of President de Klerk and Nelson Mandela . We can always find just the right words to express the most beautiful tasks in poetry .

Ladies and Gentlemen,The road to peace has united them in a dialogue that, in spite of being full of obstacles, has

been repeatedly pushed forward by their courage, thereby highlighting one of the most splendid examples of how good faith and generosity transform solitude into company and violence into peace . The progress of their esteemed task reminds us that in order for freedom and justice to reign in society, as they said in Ancient Greece, politics must be subordinated to morality .

Victory over the great tragedy of AIDS, an illness that not only destabilises the immunological defences of the body . But also society itself when it discriminates, marginalises or stigmatises those who suffer from it, is one of the great challenges facing mankind in modern times . It is admirable to see a woman, Elizabeth Taylor, at the pinnacle of success, transform her life into sacrifice and, with persistent dedication, head the most important international non-governmental organization, the American Foundation for AIDS Research, in order to convey its noble ideals far and wide across the Earth . It is our desire that this Award should bring hope to those that suffer from the illness, promote confidence in those who may be afraid of it and serve as a homage to all those who struggle to conquer it on so many different fronts .

I feel an identical admiration for the rest of the Laureates, with whom I share the spiritual homeland of language .

In Emilio García Gómez, Federico García Moliner, Roberto Matta, Juan Velarde Fuertes, Francisco Nieva and Miguel Induráin, I find the common bond of tremendous heart and a life sustained by an ethical spirit .

In a year as meaningful for Spain as this, in which so many milestones in our history are being celebrated, the Foundation could not have found —and for this I congratulate its Juries— a better representation of the spirit and aspirations of these Awards . As I express my gratitude to the Juries, who have fulfilled their mission so discerningly, I would like to dedicate a very special mention, full of affection at the same time that it is full of profound sorrow, to Antonio Pedrol Ríus, who presided over

one of these Juries and who we have recently had the terrible misfortune of losing . I have recently come back from Chile, a country that I visited for the first time and where

I encountered the memory of Spain . Also for the first time, a Chilean is receiving this Award, and I want to take advantage of this moment to send my deep gratitude to President Aylwin and the people of Chile for their hospitality and the warm welcome with which they received me . Matta, creator of signs and spaces, is a peerless artist who honours Chile and Spanish America . His fantasy and imagination will be recognized in art history as well as in his influence on generations of artists in Europe and on the other shore of the Atlantic .

It is difficult to summarise the vast, fruitful and matchless work of Emilio García Gómez, whose admirable vitality is as vast as his modesty . A first-rate humanist and learned Spaniard, he has made it possible through his work for one of the cultural roots of Spain, that which links us to the Arab world, to remain alive and fecund .

“In order for freedom and justice to reign

in society, as they said in Ancient Greece,

politics must be subordinated to morality.”

Watch video


Federico García Moliner is one of the most distinguished representatives of the Spain that enjoys international prestige in the field of science . I do not only wish to emphasise his facet as a scientific researcher, in which he has achieved an extremely high degree of success in the field of solid state physics, but also his resolute efforts in favour of Spanish science, by giving up exceptional economic and material conditions abroad and returning to Spain in order to join in the common undertaking of his homeland .

Ceaseless worker and scholar, spiritual father of various generations of economists, heir to the most lucid minds of the Asturian Enlightenment, Juan Velarde Fuertes is a model for his

independence of judgement and for the rigour of his research, as well as for the generosity with which he conveys it .

For the first time, a dramatist receives the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature . Francisco Nieva is an extraordinary personality who, through the unique hallmark of his work, has known how to combine the most important vanguards of our century with the most brilliant theatrical tradition .

The best features of Spanish youth are reflected both naturally and spontaneously in the figure of Miguel Induráin: sacrificing, simple, loyal to his team-mates and generous with his rivals, affectionate with those who admire him, this great athlete possesses a professional career which, despite its fecundity, still awaits better days to come .

On this day when Spain announces to the world via this event its admiration for those who leave behind them works via which they show they have lived, as Nebrija asked of men, I wish to recall my visits to the World Fair in Seville, where I witnessed the force and imagination of present-day Spain . I would also like to recall with special emotion the moment in which I had the honour, as standard bearer of the Spanish flag, of leading our country’s delegation of sportsmen and women at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Barcelona .

My wish is for this fond memory to accompany my congratulations to our sportsmen and women for their accomplishments and to so many other fellow countrymen and women who, during this year in which we commemorate the Quincentenary of the Discovery of America, have made it possible with their hopes, enthusiasm, imagination and generosity for us Spaniards to go —as Unamuno once entreated— from dreaming to making our dreams a reality .


“In a year as meaningful for Spain as this,

in which so many milestones in our history are

being celebrated, the Foundation could not

have found —and for this I congratulate

its Juries— a better representation of the

spirit and aspirations of these Awards.”

31st OctOber 1992



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XIII

27th November 1993

1


Arts

Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza

sociAl sciences

Silvio Zavala


United Nations Blue Berets stationed in the former Yugoslavia

literAture

Claudio Rodríguez


Amable Liñán Martínez


The magazine Vuelta

concord

Association for Peace in the Basque Country

sports

Javier Sotomayor

2 OviedO | CampOamOr TheaTre | 27th nOvember 1993

The men and women of unprofor are deeply grateful to the Prince of Asturias Foundation for honouring them in this way . As Secretary-General of the United Nations, I can say that it is an honour they have well deserved . I also know that un peacekeepers everywhere will be delighted that recognition has been given to their colleagues in this way . All of the United Nations can be proud of the honour you confer on unprofor .

On this day, we should especially remember the 62 members of unprofor and of other humanitarian missions that have lost their lives since the establishment of this mission in February 1992 . Our thoughts also go out to the 782 people who have been injured while performing their duty in the former Yugoslavia .

By recognizing the difficulties under which unprofor operates and the extreme complexity of the political situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Prince of Asturias Foundation has sent a clear message of encouragement to everyone involved in the 18 United Nations peacekeeping operations worldwide . Now, when the uno is beginning a second phase in its peacekeeping work, and when the Organization enters new and unfamiliar territory, it is a pleasure for the men and women who risk their lives for others to be recognized in this way .

The upkeep of international peace and security is one of the main objectives of the United Nations . Thirty-five countries are pursuing this goal through their contributions to unprofor . I pay tribute to them all, but the distinguished contribution that the Armed Forces of Spain are making to unprofor is worthy of special mention today . Their role has been highlighted in a special way —and rightly so— by the Jury .

The people of the former Yugoslavia want peace . So I take this opportunity to ask their military and political leaders to exercise their responsibilities to their people and to the international community . Their duty is to act decisively to chart a path that leads to mitigating the horrors of war and which allows the restoration of peace .

Joseph Verner Reed, on behalf of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations —United Nations Blue Berets stationed in the former Yugoslavia —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1993

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 27/11/1993.


Laureates. Excerpts

Since its beginnings, the Association for Peace has assumed as its own Ghandi’s well-known phrase: “There are no ways for peace, peace is the way”, converting it into an authentic pillar of its message and practice . In fact, the men and women who, in one way or another, have made the message and the practice of the Association for Peace their own, are people with very different ideologies and political options, but with one conviction in common: that our ideas and projects will only have meaning if we develop them and defend them through peaceful means . These are the only means which will allow us to build a future in peace for everyone and for ever .

The peace which we are claiming is a peace for everyone, because it does not reject any idea or project defended by peaceful, democratic means . We have rejected violence and we have opted for words, reason and dialogue .

This is very important . In Euskal Herria, there are no perverse ideas only perverse means . Nobody must be asked to give up their ideas; only that they make them prosper by resorting to the only really human means, which are the means of free discussion and conviction . So let us not place more limitations on ideas than those which are derived from the social adhesion which they achieve . All political ideas can be defended by peaceful, democratic means . This statement means, first and foremost, that it is completely illegitimate to resort to violence . But it must also be possible for any idea to be put forward and developed within the democratic context .

In this way, the peace that we desire will be a peace for all of us, because it will be built by all of us . All society has an important, active role to play in the construction of a future in peace and in overcoming the deep, social fissure which violence has created .

But the peace which we are demanding is also a peace for ever . Partial or short-term solutions are no good to us . We must close this page of our history, avoiding the temptation to go back . A peace and coexistence for ever must be based on human rights, democratic principles and the tolerance of political options .

A peace for ever, supported on these pillars, implies a serious option for reconciliation . We sometimes tend to think that this will be established in a ceremony, a moment, a photo or an agreement . But reconciliation cannot nor will be fruit of a moment, but of a process in which it will be necessary for all society to take part to heal the wounds resulting from so many years of violence .

The peace for ever which we long for can only be fruit of the recovery for society of those who tolerate or use violence . It would be a question of guiding this group back to an open, plural and only then reconciled society .

María Guijarro, on behalf of the Association for Peace in the Basque Country —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1993

The Association for Peace in the Basque Country ceased its activities in June 2013, following the announcement by ETA of the cessation of its armed activity. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 27/11/1993.


Instituting the Prince of Asturias Awards has been a historic demonstration of sensitivity . They have made a major contribution towards encouraging what we most lack: an awareness of our identity and self-confidence . They are a sign of re-union, a call that reconciles us with our past and an invitation to be what we are . Yet they cannot be ringfenced within the borders of the Hispanic community, for the work and activities receiving the Awards are universal and transcend national borders and the boundaries of given cultures . Sciences have no homeland, or to be more exact, their homeland is human understanding, which is everywhere and belongs nowhere, blossoming wherever the spirit pervades . The laws of science are devoid of local colour, and equations have no identity cards . One might argue that that literary works are made up of words; each people and culture has a language that differs from the languages of other peoples and cultures . This is true . But each language is a vision of the world and each of these visions is a window opening onto other languages . The Slavonic soul is supposed to be mysterious to the point of being impenetrable, but thanks to Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy I can converse in silence with Ivan Karamazov and cry and laugh with Anna Karenina . Poetry is supposed to be impossible to translate . I am not so sure . But what I am sure of is that the history of poetry in every language, particularly in modern times, is the history of many translations; Darío is inconceivable without Verlaine, Elliot without Laforgue, and so on and so forth . What about the visual arts and music? Each of these works, if indeed it is work, is a closed universe that bursts open, not like a frontier, but rather like a fruit or a heavenly body . We do not need a visa to enter their secret chambers; we just need to love them and care for them . The same can be said of the other activities that receive Awards from the Prince of Asturias Foundation, whether it be communication, social solidarity or sport . These Awards go beyond simply acknowledging the work carried out by the Spanish–speaking community . They acknowledge the universality of mankind’s genius and of virtue, which belongs to all men . In the dark times of a return to nationalisms, the Prince of Asturias Foundation Awards remind us that every piece of work is carried out by a man or a group of men, but that its beneficiaries are many: all men .

Octavio Paz, on behalf of the magazine Vuelta—Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 1993

Mexican writer Octavio Paz (1914-1998) founded the magazine Vuelta. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities on 27/11/1993.

27th nOvember 1993


Speech XIII

The thrill and happiness of meeting up again with my homeland and my loved ones and returning to Asturias gathers a special intensity for me in this ceremony in which Spain pays tribute to hope, sacrifice, spiritual creation and concord: to the primacy of moral and cultural values .

Today is the culmination of a year of careful attention to the flow of the swift, profound changes that have been produced in the world and to the thrilling movement of intellectual and artistic creation . Our Awards thrive on the most exemplary of this lifeblood . The hundreds of candidatures, which arrive from all parts of the world, are the response to that spirit and those circumstances . Later, the magnificent Juries hand over to us the fruit of their free and fair endeavour . I am deeply grateful to them .

This gratitude I would like to extend to the individuals and institutions from which the Foundation receives permanent displays of collaboration and generosity, as well as to those who are spontaneously sending contributions, donations and legacies to its patrimony .

We have much faith and hope placed in the work of the Foundation . Therefore, when we look expectantly to the future, we remember the illuminating verses by Pedro Salinas:

Do not reject dreams just because they are dreams, Every dream can be a reality, if the dream does not end .

Ramón Pérez de Ayala, that great writer born in this city, exhorted men never to forget to rise up to the highest summits of the soul, because it was from there that the most beautiful and unknown horizons could be seen .

We all know that it is very rare for one to ascend to the highest summits alone, whether it be earthly summits or those of the soul . We always need the help of a guide or a companion to help us in these lovely adventures .

The magazine Vuelta, Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities, founded and managed by Nobel Prize-winner Octavio Paz, is today an exceptional guide for the highest flights of culture in the Spanish language . Vuelta is above all the most genuine expression of the

thoughts and desires of its founder, a plural writer who, born in Mexico, is patrimony of us all .

Vuelta is a symbol of the defence of the freedom, richness and unity of the arts in the Spanish language, and a solid, independent and incorruptible voice against all types of oppression . The brightest lights of our times illuminate its pages and, without its presence, something encouraging and profound would be missing in our cultural field .

The at times forgotten vocation of the University as the home of teaching at its highest level, of basic research, of theoretical reflection, of aesthetic creation and ethical contribution must be revitalised . A creative University which also faces up to the real

problems in society, one which lies close to its most immediate needs and which is capable of rising up to and foreseeing the challenges of our times .

This idea of the University was demanded time and time again by Severo Ochoa, an upstanding and unforgettable Asturian, who contributed so much to the development of science in our country and to whom the Foundation, to which he gave such prestige through his loyal devotion, owes so much . His exemplary life and his scientific teaching have left behind a path of stimulus and hope for Spain’s youth .

“ We all know that it is very rare for one to

ascend to the highest summits alone, whether

it be earthly summits or those of the soul. We

always need the help of a guide or a companion

to help us in these lovely adventures.”

Watch video


Professor Amable Liñán, Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, is the best example of that University that we desire . His work, based on the solution of mathematical problems associated with basic and applied aspects of the mechanics of fluids, makes him one of the most brilliant theoreticians in this area in the international field . The application of his theories to combustion is recognized by today’s authorities in this field, who do not hesitate to point out his mastery .

In his work centre at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, he is loved by his students and respected by his colleagues . They all admire his unselfish dedication to teaching, the high level of this teaching and his human qualities as a simple, caring man and a tireless worker .

From the Cuba which was so closely bound throughout history to the feelings and affection of Spaniards, there comes the example of a man who is today a symbol for all the young people who are lovers of sport in all the countries in which our language is spoken .

Javier Sotomayor, Prince of Asturias Award for Sports, represents the legendary challenge of human beings to surpass themselves . Since the early days of his youth, this extraordinary sportsman has made sacrifices and renunciations, the foundations of a life dedicated to sport, in which he has reached the highest levels amidst respect and admiration, always being a friend to his friends, generous to everyone and humble in his success .

His presence here today gives me the opportunity to send my warmest greetings to all Cubans . The Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences to Silvio Zavala extols the profound, extensive

research work of this great historian, born in that country which we love so much, Mexico . Dr Zavala understands history as a tireless dialogue with the

past in order to enlighten its enigmas and, at the same time, he considers it unrenounceable to say what is believed to have been found . Objectivity and profoundness, intellectual precision and coherence stand out in his untiring research efforts .

Friar Bartolomé de las Casas, to whom Zavala dedicated brilliant research, wrote that the right understanding of problems is only achieved “if you dig very deeply until you find the foundations” .

Silvio Zavala has dug very deeply until he has found the real history of the presence of Spain in America after the Discovery .

In this way, he has shattered many clichés, slanted interpretations and misunderstandings about one of the most thrilling adventures of mankind in which the Spanish played the leading role .

His contribution to the brotherhood between the Spanish-American peoples will therefore remain among us as the best legacy from this man who has always wanted to educate in truth and honour .

“We have learnt to fly like birds, to swim like fish, but we have not learnt the art of living together, like brothers .” These fine words from one of the pioneers of the defence of human rights rise up accusingly in the presence of the bloody, intolerant, hate-filled events which are destroying the former Yugoslavia .

There, the soldiers from the United Nations, the Blue Berets, Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation, are carrying out a humanitarian task which has saved many lives, relieved suffering and has oftentimes been the only source of hope amid despair and fear . Their hazardous mission, together with that of the non-governmental humanitarian organizations, is the highest expression of solidarity and reminds us of the words of the Spanish bishop Pedro Casaldáliga, who wrote that “only he who suffers with those that suffer, he who loses in favour of those that have not, he who risks himself with those who live with the risk of death, only he is caring .”

It fills us with pride to know that among these soldiers are those of our Army, who, as His Majesty The King recently said, have always aimed to be where the most innocent victims are, setting an example as opposed to those who made them victims .

We are moved by the self-denial, valour, dignity and generosity with which they carry out their mission . They have managed to unite the Spanish people even more closely with their Army . The

“From this ceremony, which is so resolutely

inspired in extolling the best in human beings,

I unite my voice with those who are crying

out for reconciliation and end to violence.”

27th nOvember 1993


sacrifice of some of them, resulting even in their death, has deeply moved us all, and that is why I send them my heartfelt best wishes . Let them know that more precious words remain in my soul as an intimate tribute to them and their families .

The voice of Claudio Rodríguez, Prince of Asturias Award for Literature, comes to us from the harsh, austere and bright Castile . The magnificent beauty of his verses and the message of his

metaphors are founded on both the intimate and the universal . The fields, paths and lanes in Castile know his footprints and from the contemplation of the countryside and the social reality of his land rises up his song; so human, so profound, with moments of intense tenderness .

The return to the places of his childhood, as essential in his poetry as mystery, is a search for simplicity, innocence, purity, friendship and love . In this way, his voice digs up a river bed, along which flow ethical values, essential for peaceful, fertile coexistence . All this touches me deeply .

In the search for the essence of architecture and for spaces to make man and citizens happier lie the spiritual foundations for

the work of the architect Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza, Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts . He believes that the architect must always go further, in a tireless, tenacious search . From that belief also derives his very personal conception of architecture for which he has gained international admiration and respect .

Architecture is his real passion, the very essence of his life; and that passion has no other artistic or aesthetic codes than those of his own creativity . It is also important to emphasize his vocation for teaching, and endeavour in which he enjoys the admiration of his students, who see in him an excellent creator and a great humanist .

The seed sown one day in a street in Bilbao is today an outcry in the Basque Country . The role played among the Basques by the Association for Peace in the Basque Country, Prince of Asturias Award for Concord, shows that it is a fact, as has been written, that sowing is what matters, even though at times the frost or the north wind may ruin flowers and fruit .

It is easier to incite hatred that to banish it and the Association for Peace in the Basque Country is doing much to banish hatred and to make concord prosper and bear fruit in that dear land . You are the representatives of the nobility of a people that is fighting without weapons in order to obtain a more peaceful and fairer society, as we have said . You are fighting against fear and for freedom, because wherever there is fear, real freedom cannot exist .

From this ceremony, which is so resolutely inspired in extolling the best in human beings, I unite my voice with those who are crying out for reconciliation and an end to violence .

Once more, I would like to express my adamant verdict on terrorism . Upon remembering all of its victims, I dedicate an emotional remembrance to the last, whose death affects us all today so directly . From here, I convey the testimony of my profound sorrow to his widow and family .

Fortunately, the time of fear is over in that dear land; now begins the time of hope . I have mentioned the word concord several times during my speech . It sums up the life and

work of my grandfather, Don Juan de Borbón, as he dedicated his greatest efforts and sacrifices to building a Spain for all Spaniards . I feel great sadness when I notice that he is no longer here . I well know with how much interest and affection he followed this Award Ceremony which bears my name . Therefore, that call to the heart which is at times remembrance today finds in me an echo of nostalgia, love and loneliness . A loneliness only lessened by the conviction that his absence is not silence; his moral legacy and his permanent call for unity and reconciliation will remain amongst us forever as a living flame of love for Spain .

I will return to the United States to continue my studies full of hope . Once again, I will take with me unforgettable experiences and emotions . I am sure that, once there, I will remember these dearly beloved verses which I learnt one day here:

“I have mentioned the word concord several

times during my speech. It sums up the life

and work of my grandfather, Don Juan de

Borbón, as he dedicated his greatest efforts and

sacrifices to building a Spain for all Spaniards.”


Agora, nun te suaño yá. Nun me fai falta preguntar por ti. Pertiénesme yá equí, Endientru to alma, Asturies, Patria querida.

(Now I no longer dream of you I do not need to ask after you . You have me here inside your soul . Asturias, Beloved homeland)


27th nOvember 1993



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XIV

24th November 1994

1


Arts

Alicia de Larrocha

sociAl sciences

Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez


Yaser Arafat and

Isaac Rabin

literAture

Carlos Fuentes


Manuel Elkin Patarroyo


Spanish Missions in Rwanda and Burundi

concord

Mensajeros de la Paz, National Movement of Street Children and

Save the Children

sports

Martina Navratilova


Despite all the severe problems and obstacles which the Palestinian National Authority is facing, especially those involving the reconstruction of the infrastructure which has been completely destroyed during the occupation, we have been able to set the basis of the National Authority, and the governmental institutions and ministries, all of which have started carrying out their duties and responsibilities in regulating and fulfilling the daily needs of the Palestinian citizens, implementing their future plans and programs, in addition to the enormous efforts in maintaining security and order for the establishment of a democratic and civic society .

Here we state again that the choice of the Palestinian People is Peace, as a strategic goal . Furthermore, it reflects its genuine desire of laying the foundation of a just peace, and the determination of our people towards the self-building process . Ladies and Gentlemen, we look forward to the future with hearts filled with hope and persistence to make this land, the Holy Land, an oasis of faith, peace, freedom, stability and prosperity .

One of the most important means towards the reinforcement of the Peace Process, and guaranteeing its continuation so as to achieve its goals, is by enabling the Palestinian People to choose their representatives and constituencies, freely, through an honest election process, under International supervision so as to give those representatives the opportunity to carry out their duties and responsibilities and to deal with the difficult tasks awaiting them . The electoral due process is closely linked to the hand-over and the early empowerment of the remaining fields of responsibilities on the rest of the Palestinian Territories . From that point arises the urgent and the basic need for the completion and implementation of the DOP and the subsequent Cairo Agreement in order to deploy the Palestinian National Authority’s apparatus in all the Palestinian territories .

The special and unique status that we hold for Jerusalem, Palestinians, Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike, urges me to call on all the parties concerned to make this sacred City a city for the enlightenment of peace, hope and coexistence .

The advancement on the Peace Process must reflect on the daily lives of our People . In addition to the fact that it is crucial for Palestinian citizens to feel the change in order to increase their faith in and support for the Peace Process .

Ladies and Gentlemen, we place great hope in the World Bank to take the initiative and to rise up to their moral, political and human responsibilities towards our people, who have suffered and still are suffering greatly in severe and cruel living conditions . Furthermore, we call on the World Bank to increase its efforts in accelerating the fulfilment of our People’s basic needs, to implement the projects and programs that would insure the reconstruction of the infrastructure for the sake of insuring a better life for the Palestinian People who aspire to a prosperous, flourishing, and stable future for the generations to come . Ladies and Gentlemen, it is a very basic right for our people to live in security, like all other World Nations must coexist together on the basis of justice, democracy, equality and national and human dignity under a genuine peace in the land of Palestine, the land of peace .

Yaser Arafat —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1994

Yaser Arafat was President of the Palestinian National Authority from 1996 to 2004. From 2001, he lived under house arrest. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 24/11/1994.


Laureates. Excerpts

We have almost exhausted all the words in the lexicon of peace . When the festivals draw to their end, after all the prizes have been awarded and the trumpets remain silent, we must return to the harsh reality of everyday life .

We, Chairman Arafat and myself, are trying to change this reality in the Middle East . We have to work sometimes against human nature, which seeks vengeance . We try to turn foe to friend . We try to move the hands of time forward and above all not to look back .

For behind us, we have left a hundred years soaked in blood . We have left graveyards . We have left bereaved families . We have left the disabled in body and soul . We have left a conflict which no-one believed, and still many do not believe, can be brought to an end . I believe that we can live another way .

I am convinced that Chairman Arafat is of the same mind: that man can live in another way . Enough of hostility which knows no end . If we did not believe this, we would not stand here together this evening and be awarded this distinguished prize; a prize which we receive gratefully on behalf of both of our peoples and for their sake .

Tomorrow is Friday . In the mosques, Muslims will pray at noon . In the synagogues, Jews will welcome the sabbath . We are here on the stage before you in Spain and we pray for those worshippers of both religions . We pray for their peace and welfare, we pray that the peace process that we embarked upon over a year ago will succeed . It is in its early stages —vulnerable, fragile—, and we have to protect it, for the alternative is too harsh to even contemplate .

Ladies and Gentlemen, From here, from Spain, from Madrid, from the Madrid Conference, we have set out on

this journey from which there can be no return and which we shall continue despite the many enemies of peace . We knew that a hundred years of bloodshed would not be wiped out by a single handshake . We knew that bitter memories do not vanish with a smile before a camera . But we did not believe just how bitter those enemies of peace would be .

We shall fight and prevent them from continuing to carry out bloodshed, death, hatred, suffering and agony; and we simply want it to be otherwise . We shall continue to seek a life of harmony, a life of equality, a life of peace .

We hope that all peoples of the civilized world, including the Spanish people, will come to our assistance . Poverty and famine are also the strident enemies of our common dream . All assistance to the peoples seeking peace —the Israeli and the Palestinian people— is a blessing for us all . An investment in peace is an investment in life .

Isaac Rabin —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1994

In 1995, the year he was assassinated, Isaac Rabin had been Prime Minister of Israel since 1992 (having first held this office between 1974 and 1977). — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 24/11/1994.


Our pilgrim cultures have become universal . They move in vast currents from South to North and from East to West, carrying with them workers and their families, and their prayers, their cookeries, their memories, their greetings and songs and laughter and dreams and a desire to defy prejudices, to reclaim equity alongside identity, to keep their own cultural profile in an unfixed world that is determined by immediate communication, a growing technology and the flux of both the capital and labour markets . These pilgrims are trying to enrichen the national identities of those countries into which they are integrating .

Can we deny these secular legacies their right to exist? In a universe of such rapid change, they can turn into essential, if not lifesaving, contributions to a future that is as complex as it is unpredictable .

The French romantic poet Alfred de Musset wrote the following words at the end of the Napoleonic era: “we live with one foot on ashes and the other on seeds” . The same can be said for us today . We do not know how to separate the past from the future, nor should we have to, for they both accompany us in the present .

Our century has been a brief one, full of contradictions . It began in Sarajevo in 1914 and ended in Sarajevo in 1994 . It has been a century of unmatched progress and incomparable inequality: the biggest scientific step forward and the greatest political step backward . The voyage to the Moon and the voyage to Siberia . The glory of Einstein and the horror of Auschwitz . The relentless persecution of entire races, wars not directed against armies but against civilians, six million Jews murdered by Nazism, two million Vietnamese killed in colonial wars and forty million children that die unnecessary deaths every day in the Third World, needless deaths that are becoming less and less and which one day will no longer occur thanks to men like Manuel Patarroyo .

Self-determination for some peoples, but not for others, be the latter sometimes neighbours of the former . This is an irony worthy of Orwell: all nations are sovereign, bus some are more sovereign than others .

We are in need of renewed international organizations that reflect a new world composition . In 1994, there are 200 independent states; in 1945, the year that the uno was founded, there were 44 . Today’s world is one of battles over transnational, national, regional and tribal jurisdictions, one of opposition between the global and local villages, between the technological village of Ted Turner and the memory village of Emiliano Zapata, between the happy robot that lives in the penthouse and the tribal idols that survive in the basement . At present, we are undergoing a painful passage from a volume economy to a value economy, with the consequent sacrifice of millions of workers .

And these workers are the victims of the following paradox: greater productivity is coupled with greater unemployment . We are influenced by a worldwide info-net, but we are informed of very little, because we have lost the organic relationship between experience, information and knowledge . This is an age of information explosion and significance implosion .

However, all these conflicts can be considered opportunities; after all, they have the possibility to bring about contact, interchange, dialogue and concord . Imagination and humanity needed to create that one world which the Inca Garcilaso foresaw and which forces us today to acknowledge ourselves in a common dilemma .

Carlos Fuentes —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature1994


24th nOvember 1994


Speech XIV

It is for me a moving and happy experience to be back once again in the Principality of Asturias and the city of Oviedo —a welcoming setting for the most splendid adventures of creation and intelligence— to present the Awards that bear my name .

The emotion we experience during the present ceremony springs from the most intimate recess of the loftiest human sentiment, for those who have received our Awards have replaced discord with harmony, despair with hope, darkness with science, despondency with enthusiasm . Other have led us with their imagination and art to the wonderful world of beauty, or dazzled us with their prowess in the field of sports .

Of all of them it may be always said, as in that moving line of verse, that their heart has not beaten in vain .

I deeply thank the Juries that have chosen the Laureates for the demanding efforts with which they have carried out their delicate task, and the sensitivity invested in capturing the spirit and goals of our Awards .

At this hour of gratitude, I wish to mention once again all of those who contribute decisively to the aggrandizement of the Foundation: its Trustees and the authorities of the Principality, in particular its President and the Mayor of this city . I am convinced that we may continue to rely on their help to confront the new challenges that our institutions shall have to face in coming years .

My thanks also go out to the media, who are so often the vehicle of encouragement for the highest achievements of our society . Their generous and efficient dedication helps us to spread the message of our Awards .

Aurelio Menéndez, Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences, is a fit heir to the tradition of the University of Oviedo, where, during the transition between the present century and the last, a group of illustrious professors advocated and achieved a renovation of the academic world

and an extremely fruitful presence in Spanish society, for they dreamt for Spain a University that should be guided by merit, innovation and openness .

The work of Professor Menéndez as a master of Commercial Law has been extraordinary; without it, and his permanent defence of human rights, it would not be possible to explain the progress and renovation obtained in the field .

Circumstance also has it that he was an efficient coordinator and guide of my university studies . In thanking him publicly for his advice and for his generous dedication to perfecting my

education, I wish to remember with particular fondness and gratitude, now that I am in the final stretch of my studies, all my teachers and tutors .

They have inspired me with the love for knowledge and beauty, the goodness of tolerance, justice and the creative spirit of freedom . They also taught me that the advancement of learning is what matters most; that is to say, the progress of culture, the trace that learning leaves upon the spirit through continued study and training .

From his deep conviction that developing countries must face, often unaided, their own problems, Doctor Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, was able, with the barest means and together with a devoted and enthusiastic team of co-workers, to develop a synthetic vaccine that is revolutionizing the struggle against malaria .

Proof of the magnitude and importance of his discovery is to be found in the most recent data published by the World Health Organization, according to which malaria affects between 200 and 400 million people, including three million children, most of them under five years of age, who die

“Those who have received our Awards

have replaced discord with harmony,

despair with hope, darkness with science,

despondency with enthusiasm.”

Watch video


every year as a direct consequence of infection . The efficient and economic vaccine developed by Dr Patarroyo and his team is struggling against this tragedy .

These researchers thus become a model of disinterested and generous dedication to humanity, honouring the classical Greek statement that it is desirable to seek one’s good, but much more beautiful and lofty to seek the common good . The admiration that this magnificent work awakens in the whole world, and in his country in particular, was reflected in the generous comment of Dr Patarroyo’s fellow countryman, Nobel Prize-winner Gabriel García Márquez, whose presence here this evening is a honour to us all . Upon hearing the news, he said that Dr Patarroyo’s award was the most justly deserved in Colombian history .

Alicia de Larrocha, Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts, is the model of an artist wholly devoted to the service of her art and, by logical inclusion, to the service of human culture and spirituality . Her life is as discreet as her great repute as a pianist is universal . The standard of modesty that accompanies each of her actions and expression coexists alongside one of the longest-standing and most solid reputations in contemporary musical interpretation . Sought out by the most widely varied audiences, the itinerant nature of her existence forever flows back towards her Spanish roots . From these, an undisputed mistress of her art, she has offered inspiration and schooling through her personal review of classical and romantic European composers . For more than fifty years, her fellow country-folk have enjoyed that higher art, taking particular pleasure from its unequivocal Spanish substance and the naturalness with which she attracts the devotion of audiences around the world .

It is in this universality that Alicia de Larrocha clearly reflects what is best in our most beloved Catalonia, which its great poet Joan Maragall saw as a daughter of the mountains and the sea, of a

shepherd and a mermaid, in a Spain whose different tunes are brought together in one single song .

A group of missionaries —apostles and witnesses of the faith— in Rwanda and Burundi have stirred the most generous and moving current of solidarity to be known for many years .

They nowadays represent a kind of disinterested and perilous humanism that we sometimes, in our desolation, deemed forever lost . Their belaboured life of sharing what they have with those who have nothing teaches us that a world guided by the prime force of solidarity is indeed possible . They have been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities .

From her humble hospital in Kibuye, in the very heart of Africa, the anguished and courageous voice of a missionary sister, Pilar Díez Espelosín, broadcast live on the telephone wire and over the radio, alerted the world in the early mornings of April this year about the genocide that was taking place in Rwanda, renewing once again the warning of writer Albert Camus that there is no longer one single moment of isolated suffering, one single instance of torture in this world, that does not affect our daily lives .

Racial fanaticism, which is at the bottom of the Rwanda tragedy, together with ideological fanaticism, both religious and derived from extremist nationalism, is spreading over wide areas of our planet with the blemish of war . The outcome of such conflict is distressing: it brings death to thousands of innocent victims, while at the same time impeding the valuable and enriching diversity of cultures and the legitimate defence of the identities of peoples, which may only flourish within the framework of peaceful coexistence, when differences are brought together by concord and opposing ideas by tolerance .

This Award wishes to recognize at the same time the immense task performed throughout the world by so many missionaries who, through the fortitude of their faith, their compassion and the joy of doing good, are prepared to live and even die for others, as recently proven by two sisters, Esther Paniagua Alonso and María Alvarez Martín, who were murdered in Algeria .

“The dereliction, coercion and violence

that are still exerted upon children in

certain parts of our planet indicate a degree

of abjection that we would never wish

to see again among human beings.”

24th nOvember 1994


Our missionaries bring us the consolation that we shall never be alone in our struggle against deprivation, social inequality, ignorance, disease or fear .

Their testimony of sacrifice, austerity and poverty also serves as a reminder that wealth is not an end in itself; it must be subordinated to higher principles of greater solidarity, it must be firmly committed to the struggle against social ills that fill us with anguish and sorrow, such as unemployment .

The Jury has justly mentioned the immense and dedicated world of lay volunteers in the missions . Some of them already received our recognition in 1991, by being ranted the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord, together with Doctors without Borders and Medicus Mundi .

A writer, a master and inventor of new roads, a cosmopolitan creator offering lyrical testimony of the world, Carlos Fuentes, is this year’s Prince of Asturias Award for Literature . His prose is permeable to the most widely varied themes . In it, races, social upheaval, freedom, power and always the fertile and complex realities of his own country, Mexico, transcend the page in their determination to become a vehicle for cohesion between the cultures on both sides of the Atlantic . Already regarded as a classic, his work is one of the most innovative and dazzling of our times .

Fuentes has expanded the meaning of our language in his great novels . The most vivid experiences are evoked and reconstructed in his writings . Experiences that subsequently come together admirably, sometimes monumentally, thanks to the author’s extraordinary verbal wealth, and its dimensions . All this expressed uniquely in a language that brings together so many nations, within the mysterious and endearing fraternity that springs from calling the same things by the same names from childhood .

Carlos Fuentes has also spoken on equal terms with our own Miguel de Cervantes and assumed as his own the honesty and determination of that immortal character, Don Quixote . Like the early-rising and audacious nobleman, he does not flinch from commitment to times or events where justice, liberty and the dignity of human beings may be at risk .

Few social phenomena have acquired the significance and scope of sport . The following, and especially the practice, of sport by young people is a peaceful and safe means of occupying time, in contrast with other social trends that often carry with them emptiness, dispersion or danger .

We, the young, today seek and find in sport an ideal complement to our lives . It is therefore a great satisfaction that the Prince of Asturias Awards recognize the best international examples in the field .

Distinction this year comes to a sport —tennis— whose individual character and highly demanding requirements represent the very limits of human effort and will, as symbolized in the figure and professional career of Martina Navratilova, 1994 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports . It is quite possible that the Greek poet was referring to her tenacious nature when, in praise of one of the ancient champions, he attributed success to “the effort of always adapting the spirit to the vicissitudes of Fortune” . The trials and difficulties that she had to overcome, her charisma, her powerful personality and her altruism have all contributed to making this sportswoman a living legend .

Current affairs and last-minute news items might lead us to believe that human tragedy, in particular when it affects children, is limited to episodes such as those taking place in Rwanda or the former Yugoslavia . Unfortunately, we know this is not so, and it is therefore highly significant that the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord this year remembers other children that also suffer and experience deprivation in other parts of the planet . Children that have deserved the attention and dedication of non-governmental organizations such as the Save the Children Fund, the Brazil’s National Movement of Street Children and Spain’s Mensajeros de la Paz . The Award acknowledges their fight against the deprivation and pain of the innocent, thereby expanding the human and moral interest and attention with which we wish to invest these Awards .

The dereliction, coercion and violence that are still exerted upon children in certain parts of our planet indicate a degree of abjection that we would never wish to see again among human beings . This devotion to children, this disinterested and generous devotion of the organizations


that have been bestowed with the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord, also brings hope for a better world, a more just world and, above all, a less sorrowful world .

A proverb of Sepharad —the Spain that chose to be a scenario for harmonious coexistence between Arabs, Jews and Christians—, referring to austerity and prudence, tells us that the strongest flower is born, grows and lives in the shade . Thus, the olive tree of peace has been discreetly sown by these two exceptional men to whom we pay tribute today by presenting them with the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation . These are the President of the Palestine National Authority, Yaser Arafat, and the Prime Minister of Israel, Isaac Rabin, two historic figures that have been courageous enough to traverse the desert of war in order to arrive at the promised land of peace .

I believe in the sun, although it might not shine .I believe in love, although I might not feel it .I believe in God, although I might not see Him .

With the same degree of hope and faith that these luminous lines were written on a wall of the Warsaw ghetto in tragic moments for the Jewish people, we make a call so that the peace of the brave, signed by President Arafat and Prime Minister Isaac Rabin, may succeed . The first

step towards this initiative before the international community was taken in our country, in 1991, during the International Conference for Peace in the Middle East, held in Madrid . A decisive and revolutionary step —in the words of His Majesty The King during his address to the Parliament of Israel—, since for the first time the language of confrontation was dispensed with and a move towards the negotiated solution of problems was adopted .

President, Prime Minister, we are aware of the enormous difficulties facing the recently initiated peace process, for while bidding a definite farewell to arms and conquering harmony, it is urgent to activate cooperation and aid in a firm commitment together the International Community for the material reconstruction of the entire territory of Palestine, in order that all the men and women living in the Middle East may witness a transformation of their faith and their hopes; so that they may have trust in the process of peace and cooperation as the best way to serve their desires for prosperity and progress .

It is therefore our wish, from the bottom of our heart, that in all the homes of your countries, so dearly beloved by the people of Spain, this most beautiful prayer becomes a reality “ . . . and will wipe all tears from their eyes, for there will be death nor tears no longer, nor cries, nor toil, for the old world is past .”

Shalom . Salam . Peace . Thank you very much .

“Of all of them it may be always said,

as in that moving line of verse, that

their heart has not beaten in vain.”

24th nOvember 1994



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XV

27th October 1995

1


Arts

Fernando Fernán Gómez

sociAl sciences

Miquel Batllori i Munné and

Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão


Mário Soares

literAture

Carlos Bousoño


National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica and

Manuel Losada Villasante


efe news agency and

José Luis López Aranguren

concord

HM King Hussein I of Jordan

sports

Hassiba Boulmerka


Laureates. Excerpts

May the spirit of world brotherhood and respect for the differences between regions, between different minorities and different races, sexes and consciences spread around the planet! And may examples such as those that these generous Awards represent, open to Spanish literature, not only to the literature of Spain and also open in other directions of more international scope also thrive and serve to unite all the endearing motherlands, large and small, of which we all, each one of us, are loving representatives!

Carlos Bousoño —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1995



There are many valuable lessons to be drawn from Spain’s rich history . The seeds of human ingenuity were nurtured by tolerance and peaceful coexistence . This remarkable era produced great men and women who, until this day, remain a source of inspiration and pride to all mankind .

Among them are the venerable Jewish mystic Ibn Maymun, known as Maimonedes, physician to Salah al-Din (Saladin) and son of Toledo, and the Christian scholar Ramón Llull, who wrote in the Arabic language . And even our greatest saint, Ibn Arabi of Murcia, a universal man who understood the real unity of all creation .

We can thus be proud that in Muslim Spain, the ancient Jewish community of Toledo thrived, and the bells of the churches of Al-Andalus never stopped ringing .

Together, the Muslims, Christians and Jews of Spain produced a dynamic intracultural society . But all of this cannot adequately explain the high regard and deep affection that we have for Spain . It is the Spain of today that earns its special place in our hearts .

HM King Hussein I of Jordan —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1995

HM Hussein I of Jordan was king from 1952 until his death in 1999. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 27/10/1995.


Today, international cooperation is an absolute necessity . Following the globalization processes now in progress, the world has shrunk and there is a general feeling that everything in everyone’s business . The very serious problems now facing us at the end of the millennium, such as poverty, organized crime, lack of belief in essential values, ecological aggression, intolerance, the return of certain types of xenophobia, religious fundamentalism and ignorance, cannot be satisfactorily solved without cooperation . Cooperation implies a culture of peace and solidarity (in the words of Federico Mayor) and is based on acknowledgement of the dignity of men and their essential equality, regardless of race, sex, creed or social condition .

Mário Soares —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1995

Mário Soares was President of the Republic of Portugal from 1986 to 1996 and Prime Minister between 1976 and 1977, in 1978 and between 1983 and 1985. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 27/10/1995.


Speech XV

Yet another year we return to this beloved land to participate in this solemn ceremony, always so revealing end emotive .

“Deus quere, o homen sonha, a obra nasce”, God wills, man dreams, the work is born . Perhaps these words by Fernando Pessoa, as concise as a heraldic motto, could serve as a beautiful symbol for what has been the life of these Awards, which are now fifteen years old .

What at first consisted of an exciting dream, now, thanks to the efforts of many and because God willed it, is a beautiful reality, a work accomplished, open, with the strength of hope, to new horizons and to the future .

To return every year to the Principality of Asturias and to present the Awards that bear my name is especially pleasing to me, for all these reasons .

I am grateful to the members of the Juries for setting their sights so high, for being in harmony with the values we wish to exalt, the independence of their criteria and, in short, for getting it right . They have presented us with what survives: undying works and examples .

I also express, yet again, my gratitude to our Trustees, as well as to the authorities and to the growing number of people who contribute to making these Awards a great work of Spaniards,

united before the world . This beloved land of Asturias and the example of some of

its finest sons come together again this year in one name: that of the poet, critic and teacher Carlos Bousoño, who has been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature .

Asturian by birth, he combines values which are rarely seen together . He is, on the one hand, a poet who for half a century has been enriching the Spanish lyric tradition with exemplary poems, and on the other, a scientist, a theorist of literature, a thinker who has endeavoured to go further than no other of his contemporaries in shedding light upon the secret mechanisms which make the miracle of art possible .

The poetic work of Carlos Bousoño represents a deep exploration of the problems of mankind, from a clearly existentialist standpoint . The pure psalms and the celestial odes of his first books, written while still an adolescent, full of religious fervour, were followed by a dark night which he tried to escape from by allowing himself to be invaded by reality . The poet reminds us that the beats of the human heart are numbered, but he also tells us that humility and the recognition of simple things —a flower, a jug, an open hand— save our lives .

In the bottomless flow of our universal novel, Don Quixote points out that “historians should be precise, truthful and not in the least impassioned, and neither interest nor fear, rancour nor liking, should turn them aside from the way of truth, whose mother is History, the imitation of time, the storehouse of acts, the witness of the past, example and warning to the present, a sign of things to come .” This is a magnificent definition to refer to the two great historians who have been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences, Miquel Batllori and Joaquím Veríssimo Serrão .

The fine spirit and hard-working character of the Catalan people have reached a peak in our days in Father Miquel Batllori, a wise and flexible person . Many are the spiritual and historiographic themes he has tackled, but it is significant that his interest has been drawn, specifically and most especially, towards those areas where Catalan culture opens out into something universal and, in opening out, becomes fertile, enriches us all and teaches us .

Humanism and the zeal for renaissance shine in the output which Batllori has offered us . The editions prepared by him of authors such as Arnau de Vilanova, Ramón Llull and Baltasar Gracián,

“ ‘God wills, man dreams, the work is born.’

Perhaps these words of Fernando Pessoa, as

concise as a heraldic motto, could serve as a

beautiful symbol for what has been the life

of these Awards.”

Watch video


show us the point at which Catalan culture merges with the Mediterranean spirit and the Spanish way of being . The travels back and forth of these three authors, studied by Batllori, along the shores and the islands of the sea we share in common, their zeal for untameable science, for mystical spirituality, for sharpness, discretion and talent, may be excellent coordinates with which to justly evaluate the historiographic and literary work of the author who now rounds off his roster of accolades with the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences .

Professor Joaquím Veríssimo Serrão is a grand, multi-faceted historian . He is a scholar of the Middle Ages and a rigorous researcher into modern times . He has done great work in clarifying the history of Portugal and its overseas influence, which for many years has earned him the post of directing the destiny of the Portuguese Academy of History . Apart from the long list of his own works, he has guided and welcomed the best national and foreign historians who had something to say regarding Portugal .

Yet Professor Veríssimo also directed his gaze especially towards Spain . Nobody has done as much as he has to bring Spanish and Portuguese historians closer . As Chairman of the Portuguese National Academy of History, he has thrown all his prestige behind the deepening of relations between it and our own Royal Academy of History . Just like our own Miguel de Unamuno, Veríssimo Serrão thinks that “it is a work of love and of culture to make Portugal and Spain know each other . Because to know each other is to love one another .”

Philosophers, as has so often been said, and rightly so, produce thought, the most subtle and necessary form of energy that exists . And, among us, the undoubtable figure of reference for various generations of Spaniards is that of the philosopher and teacher of ethics, José Luis López Aranguren, Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities .

In the life and work of Professor Aranguren, his intellectual contribution shines, just as his highly personal talent stands out . That talent, that active intelligence, acting on things and situations, has forced him during his long career to occupy the ranks normally reserved for youth . His intellectual talent and the way he infuses it with life constitute a highly personal

synthesis of independence and nonconformity . Thanks to his work, energy and lively style, Spanish arts have a necessary spiritual link, a great wealth of contents and an example for all of what constitutes good citizenship .

The efe news agency, which has likewise been bestowed with the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities, is one of the great international news agencies and the leading agency of Hispanic origin in Spanish thanks to its volume of information, its technological development and the number of its subscribers .

For the half century of its existence, efe has seen fulfilled the old longing to see the day-to-day history of the world told in Spanish . To this end, it has its own editorial offices in the major capitals and in each and every country of Europe and America .

Its presence on the five continents guarantees its independent news coverage while at the same time constituting an incomparable instrument for the defence of the unity of the Spanish language on both sides of the Atlantic . On more than a few occasions, it has successfully competed against the international news giants . Its reporters have gained well-earned prestige for reporting truthfully, objectively, rigorously and ethically and for holding freedom and independence as the supreme values of their mission . They have stood out especially in Latin America for disseminating the moral and material wealth of their peoples and for having been, when circumstances so required, supportive to their struggles for the rule of law and democracy .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Sports has been granted to the Algerian Hassiba Boulmerka . Sport has an even higher meaning when its noble exercise is highlighted by the human values of those who practise it . The recognition for this singular female athlete fits very well with the core

“I also express, yet again, my gratitude to

our Trustees, as well as to the authorities

and to the growing number of people who

contribute to making these Awards a great

work of Spaniards, united before the world.”

27th OctOber 1995


meaning of this Award, that of conceiving sport as the struggle of the sportswoman or man to morally better her or himself .

Nothing can turn human beings back when they are determined to follow a path, to perform a task with a steadfast vocation . “What is happiness, if not the simple agreement between a being and the existence which it leads?” asks Albert Camus, a writer who knew the land of Hassiba Boulmerka well . How admirable are the dignity and willpower of this athlete, nowadays a universal symbol for women .

For those of us who love respectful, peaceful coexistence, which is impossible without the permanent, active and free presence of women, the attitude of this sportswoman, who has conquered so much glory on the running track, is also an exemplary point of reference for the dignity, courage and poise with which she defends her convictions . A set of principles nourished by the idea that truth lies not in separation, but in union, and by the idea, as Voltaire thought, that “discord is the worst of the ills that beset the human race, and that ill has only one remedy, tolerance .”

The Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts has been conferred on Fernando Fernán Gómez, a man who has been so many men —always masterfully— through the power of transmutation of his art . Whether in front of or behind the camera, he has helped us to understand better the turbulent or peaceful, yet always thrilling years of this last half century of Spanish life . Our aesthetic experience is made of the same stuff as the range of characters he has played in the cinema and the theatre . His genius and his voice have given shape to many of our past and present realities and even to quite a few of our dreams .

Fernando Fernán Gómez is also a great, quasi-secret writer, a humourist of the ilk of Cervantes, author of poems, of innumerable articles, of exemplary works of theatre, of wise memoirs, of a melancholy novel, adapted to film, The Voyage to Nowhere, which is not only the best of tributes to the dearly-loved figure of small-time theatre comedians, but which is also a desolate parable for the whole of human existence .

Fernando Fernán Gómez is, without room for argument, one of the grand masters of our cultural life . He is a man with a vigorous ethical commitment and, when all is said and done, it is only from an ethical commitment that one may be a master .

In referring to the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research jointly, bestowed upon Professor Manuel Losada Villasante and the National Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica, I cannot but avoid the painful recollection of Professor Francisco Grande Covián . From the very institution of this Award, he contributed so decisively to its prestige as a member of the Jury, contributing his scientific soundness and independence, . We shall never forget his good-natured humanity, his service to Spanish science and his contribution to our Foundation .

Manuel Losada Villasante is a great figure of international science . Driven by intellectual curiosity towards the fascination of discovering the basic mechanisms of life, he conceives of science as a question and a challenge, defining the human adventure, as the motor of social evolution, as the sum of essential knowledge to resolve many of the problems in the world of today, combining theoretical reason with practice .

From a multiple vision of science, which combines intellectual adventure and contemplation, experiment and teaching, theory and praxis, Professor Losada clarified the mechanisms of photosynthesis and bioenergy via which plants obtain their energy from the sum and upon which the marvellous structure of life on Earth has been raised . His work has left a permanent mark on the road of human perfection .

The Biodiversity Institute of Costa Rica performs a unique role in the world and is a marvellous example of the use of science for the common good . Established in 1990, it is now, five years later, the paradigm of what human activity should be as regards the defence and protection of Nature . Its actions are based on the premise that it is society as a whole that must change its relationship with the natural world and that only insofar as society gets to know and respect Nature will a true evaluation and rational use of natural resources be achievable .


Thus, this Institute performs a huge task of cataloguing and analysing the plant life and wildlife of its country, as well as major research work into the contribution these organisms can make, while at the same time studying ways of fighting the environmental degradation of the planet .

All of this represents a set of goals and an undertaking that deserve all our support and our humble admiration .

With his life, President Mario Soares, Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation, has brought into flower again the ancient Roman virtue of the man of goodwill and the man of state . There have been few, who, like him, have been able to personify the formula of true greatness which Ricardo Reis expressed in one of his odes:

Para ser grande, sé entero. Nada tuyo exageres o excluyas. Sé todo en cada cosa. Pon cuanto eres en lo mínimo que hagas. Así en cada lago la luna entera brilla, porque alta vive

(In order to be great, be whole . Exclude or exaggerate nothing of yours . Be everything in each thing . Put all of yourself into the slightest thing that you do . So in every lake the full moon shines, because it lives on high)

Temperance in the face of extreme or precipitate attitudes, his admirable democratic character, his work in international relations and his intellectual interests make him an example to refer to in a country which we dearly regard as our sister-land .

His militant Europeanism is a fixed ideological pillar, as constant as is also his belief in a European Union, free yet mutually committed . At the same time, he is convinced that, from our own identity forged over the centuries, deep-rooted cooperation between Spain and Portugal may be projected in fruitful actions towards Latin America, where our cultures have spread and intermingled in a likeable reality .

Mr President, “Hispano soy, y nada portugués me es ajeno,” (Hispanic I am, and nothing Portuguese is foreign

to me) wrote a Spanish poet in words I wish to assume as my own . The whole history of Portugal is clearly full of Spanish resonances, just as that of Spain is an echo, ever repeating the name of Portugal .

This very city of Oviedo, in which the age-old stones of its monuments evoke in Spaniards the memory of their historic past, is an unavoidable point of reference when it comes to understanding the shared beginnings of our respective nationalities .

From here, from this Asturias to which Camões sang in “Os Lusiada”, was to come King Alfonso I to undertake, together with the peoples of Spain and Portugal, in the lands of Spain and Portugal, the great enterprise of the Reconquest .

And it is precisely from this university city of Oviedo that one of the sharpest minds of his century, the ironic and tender Clarín, ahead of his time, called in one of his journalistic writings for “a common understanding of the spirit of Spain and Portugal, by means of intellectual communion”, which he considered more fruitful, more urgent and more solid than any other .

Let us vow to make the ideas of these great intellectuals and the efforts and convictions of Your Excellency to reach a closer relation between our two countries a happy reality .

Your Majesty, There are some verses of the Holy Koran which say that those who do good will be rewarded

in posterity with undying remembrance . The Sermon on the Mount in our Holy Book declares,

27th OctOber 1995


“Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called the children of God .” Your Majesty has done much good and has made peace in one of the most conflictive areas

of the world, which in these moments lives with the hope of peace . And in large part, this is due to your role as an exceptional mediator and pacifier . My father, HM The King, declared so last year before the Jordanian Parliament .

This has also been recognized by the Prime Minister of Israel, Isaac Rabin, who shared the Award for International Cooperation last year with President Arafat . In proposing Your Majesty as a candidate for this Award for Concord, Mr Rabin wrote these words, “The King of Jordan has advanced, with

initiative and courage, and even at great personal risk, a commitment to achieving peace in the region, in spite of many difficulties and obstacles .”

In truth, Sire, your zeal for balance and your pacifying courage could be classed as titanic . For making peace does not only imply struggling to reach agreements which are beneficial for

the well-being and development of one’s own people, a praiseworthy act if ever there was one, but also for the region as a whole . That goal, that of obtaining a tolerant, supportive and productive peace, has characterized Your Majesty’s personal career (and your family’s), leading the Jordanian people and inspiring by your example and your character all those events that are occurring in the Middle East and the entire Arab world which represent important steps forward for peace and harmony in the world .

All these struggles are now bearing fruit and soon the children of the Middle East will grow up without hearing the anger of the guns . The swords will be beaten into ploughshares, as the Prophet Isaiah foresaw, and the energies that until now had been used in war will be employed to eradicate inequality, hunger, injustice, poverty and pain from the Holy Land .

Perhaps only the voice of the poets can express, from the bottom of our hearts, our desires and our feelings for the Middle East and for a world which, on the threshold of a new millennium, looks to the future with fear and hope . With words filled with tenderness, free and shining words from these verses of the Peruvian Manuel Scorza, I speak from the heart to the hearts of all:

Mientras alguien padezca, la rosa no podrá ser bella; mientras alguien mire el pan con envidia, el trigo no podrá dormir; mientras los mendigos lloren de frío en la noche mi corazón no sonreirá .

(As long as someone is suffering, the rose cannot be fair; as long as someone watches the bread with envy, the wheat cannot sleep; as long as beggars weep with cold in the night my heart will not smile .)

Many thanks .

“Nothing can turn human beings back when

they are determined to follow a path, to

perform a task with a steadfast vocation.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XVI

8th November 1996

1


Arts

Joaquín Rodrigo

sociAl sciences

John H. Elliott


Helmut Kohl

literAture

Francisco Umbral


Valentín Fuster Carulla


Julián Marías Aguilera and

Indro Montanelli

concord

Adolfo Suárez González

sports

Carl Lewis


Laureates. Excerpts

Above all else, the transition was, in my opinion, a political and social process of acknowledgement and understanding of the “distinct”, the “different”, the “other Spaniard” who does not think like me, who does not share the same religious beliefs, who was not born in my region, who is not motivated by the political ideals that drive me and yet who is my complement rather than my enemy, the person who completes my identify as a citizen and as a Spaniard, and the person with whom I have to coexist, for only within this coexistence can we both defend our ideals, practise our beliefs and fulfil our ideas . I do not believe that anybody in democratic politics possesses the absolute truth . Truth always implies an arduous quest that we must pursue together based upon an agreement to coexist and work together . Not only our distant past but also the present and the future steer us of necessity towards this free, peaceful coexistence . This consensus is founded upon shared economic, social and political realities that in my opinion are unquestionable .

As Spaniards, we all had to reach an essential agreement, a fundamental pact for consensus that must be renewed daily, without reneging on our own ideas and beliefs . I believe we did so under the auspices of the Crown . I further believe that we should continue to do so under the Constitution and its implementation and around the Monarchy and this shared reality called Spain . Such an agreement should logically reflect the need we all have to face a future that is of concern to us all together and in solidarity, as it should also perhaps reflect the energy, hope and optimism with which to face that future .

I believe that the cornerstone upon which democracy was built during our transition consisted precisely of the establishment in politics and in general life of a civil consensus . This had to be achieved from the position of pluralism that existed amongst us, from a position of tolerance and freedom . (…)

I believe that in the future Spain will manage to overcome whatever difficulties it might face and will make a decisive contribution to consensus amongst nations . To do so, I believe that as Spaniards we need only do one thing: nurture the fine seed of consensus daily wherever we might find it .

Adolfo Suárez González —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1996

Adolfo Suárez was President of the Government of Spain from 1976 to 1981. He was the first president of the newly founded democracy. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 8/11/1996.


Today’s Europe is not only the magnificent project built over the past decades . The plans of the house of Europe that we are currently building go further back in time . The ideas, traditions and history behind this common house unite us all and constitute its pivotal foundations . We know that the economy is very important, as well as the social dimension and security, but we think that the core element is culture . And by saying so I mean not only the masterpieces of literature, music, painting or unique monuments . I am thinking especially of the spirit that pervades these works of art and which grants them their grandeur and beauty over time and across borders .

In this same spirit, the philosophy of classical Antiquity and humanism and the rationality of the Enlightenment and, of course, the invigorating mark of Christianity above all converge .

From the awareness of these common origins arose the ideal of a united Europe . This ideal also embraces a system of values of enduring validity with which we wish to build a humane future .

This value system is based on the uniqueness of human beings, respect for life, respect for human dignity and individual civil liberties .

Helmut Kohl was Chancellor of Germany between 1982 and 1998. Until 1990, he was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and, subsequent to that date, following its reunification, Chancellor of all Germany until 1998. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 8/11/1996.

Helmut Kohl —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation1996

The life of a musician is very difficult, just as art itself is difficult . All artistic careers follow difficult paths, but being a musician is good, indeed marvellous, when one has a true vocation . Above all else, one must be loyal and true to oneself .

I truly believe that anything of higher value lives on after us . The name it goes under does not really matter; for those of us who spend our lives creating, admitting the opposite, admitting that everything ends at death, would be a particularly bitter pill to swallow and particularly sad . When I compose music I have often had the feeling that everything of beauty —and the spirit is a thing of beauty— must live on . By creating, we influence immortality; we collaborate with it1 .

1 Joaquin Rodrigo was not able to travel to Asturias due to his advanced age and delicate state of health. His daughter Cecilia Rodrigo received the Award on his behalf.

Cecilia Rodrigo, on behalf of her father, Joaquín Rodrigo —Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts 1996

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts on 8/11/1996.


I believe that the humanities have been somewhat neglected in our time; there is beginning to be a certain awareness of this fact and it is very grave that this is happening at the present time . The humanities are the sciences of what is human . They are not just the classical languages in which our roots lie . They are philosophy, history, literature, the grand interpretation of human reality, the precise organ of its imaginative representation, of the relations between people and most especially of the relation between man and woman . They are precisely these disciplines, which, together with the natural disciplines, compose what Dilthey called the intellectual globe . They are the other half of the intellectual globe .

That is already happening, we are heading towards barbarism, the Spanish Minister claims in the humanities, but the simple child, pimp of Two Thousand, does not frequent science or patient history, but kills Martians and murders another child . That is why it is appropriate, and not just a flower show, that a noble Foundation, with its plural gaze, distinguishes among the maps the good, tall man, and the symbolic woman, and enthrones the eternal, dun grammar and the nylon epic of some statesman .

We are surrounded, I’m not afraid to say so; robots, missiles and the old gods have armed their war against the old Europe . The United States, ever predators, invent for themselves every day a black enemy who has breakfasted poorly . Asturias is Europe, this theatre is Europe, douar of intellectuals, pashanate of wise men, emirate of elders who still notice books . We are surrounded, I’m not afraid to say so; and we have to create a militia, militiamen of Persia, let us be the men/book of seasoned Bradbury, let us recite by heart the vengeance of Orestes, let us cite Ortega, the watchman of the West, let us learn grammar like Greek toddlers and let us die slowly conjugating the rose .

Francisco Umbral —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 1996

Julián Marías Aguilera —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 1996




Speech XVI

Once again, with renewed emotion and hope, I return to this Principality of Asturias and to this beautiful capital full of common history in order to preside over the presentation ceremony of the Awards which bear my name .

From this land which feels it so profoundly, Spain pays tribute to figures who, through their work and sacrifice, dignify the human community, enrich its thinking, thus making it freer and urging it on towards new and promising paths . For the Awards take on meaning when they serve as a stimulus and example to all, underlining the effort and dedication of those who deserve and receive them .

And it is to this task that this year’s Laureates have dedicated their lives; to working continuously and without faltering, which makes them men who ceaselessly seek out the common good .

Thanks to their presence among us —which has allowed us to listen here today to words which are unforgettable because of their sensitivity—, we are experiencing a joyous day which confirms our resolute faith in human beings and their adventure .

I wish to place on record my gratitude to those members of the various Juries on whom it has fallen the arduous task of examining the many and highly outstanding candidatures which were submitted and of granting our Awards .

I know that this has not been an easy undertaking, because it never is to choose the eminent from out of the best . Only their steadfastness in maintaining sound, independent judgement and their rigorous sense of duty have allowed them to carry out their task, in perfect harmony with the lofty purposes of the Foundation .

My gratitude increases, if that is possible, when I realize that none of this would be possible without the generosity of the Foundation’s Trustees and Patrons . Among these, I wish to recall with special affection Plácido Arango, who so eagerly, generously and efficiently presided over it for eight years, following the path started along by his predecessor, the unforgettable Pedro Masaveu . Following on from them, the present presidency, entrusted to José Ramón Álvarez Rendueles, is a solid guarantee of continuity .

Loyal to its principals, the Foundation, with the help of its Trustees and Patrons, the work of its Juries, the efficiency of its staff, who are always there, even if they are not in the limelight, and the prestige of its Laureates, keeps its sights set on a future full of hopes; hopes which evoke those of Don Quixote when he set out at dawn, full of joy, towards the boundless horizons of Spain .

Before moving on to talk about each one of the Laureates and in light of late-breaking news, allow me to express my deep sorrow for the death of three Spanish missionaries in the Great Lakes region of Africa who have lost their lives carrying out an exemplary, extremely worthwhile humanitarian endeavour .

It is our hope and fervent desire that the international community will rapidly take the measures needed to alleviate this tragedy that has greatly affected us all and which so severely wounds basic human rights and dignity .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities has been granted to two exceptional personalities, Indro Montanelli and Julián Marías, who, with wonderful lucidity, make the Biblical command shine: “Do your duty, pay heed to it, grow old in your task .”

Both of them are exemplary representatives of the best virtues of journalistic and humanistic communication: the love of truth, the tenacious effort to shun routine and superficiality, the urge for independence, and all of this even at the cost of many sacrifices and much lack of understanding .

“From this land which feels it so

profoundly, Spain pays tribute to figures

who, through their work and sacrifice,

dignify the human community.”

Watch video


We find ourselves before two men who are admirable models of intellectual altruism and moral strength, two men who, with painful frequency, have experienced in the flesh the idea that the destiny of innovative and incorruptible beings is solitude .

Indro Montanelli is a key figure in the European journalism of our century, both as a contributor and reporter, and exercising the highest responsibilities at the head of media companies . Passionately, intelligently and with great doses of integrity and courage, for nearly half a century now, Montanelli has represented the independent voice; the voice opposed to allowing itself to be swept along by currents or ephemeral fashions, sometimes even in highly difficult situations for his country .

In times of confusion and uncertainty, many Europeans have felt themselves guided by Montanelli’s stance, by his penetrating analysis of reality and his shrewd warnings against self-seeking deceptions and mistakes .

Perhaps the profoundness of his convictions and the ardour with which he has always defended them come from his deep love of history which, as Cicero said, is “the witness of the ages, the light of truth, the life of memory, the master of life, the herald of antiquity .” For this reason, Montanelli can tell us what the ultimate causes of what we did were and what it is that we should never repeat .

The award to Julián Marías only minimally rewards his innumerable merits . A disciple of Ortega y Gasset, to whom he has dedicated many illuminating pages, he has always developed his thinking along an unsullied intellectual path .

Born of an insatiable curiosity, his works have embraced different aspects of human activity, from anthropology to history, from literary essays to the dense paths of metaphysics . In any case, Julián Marías has provided renewed perspectives on man and his place in society, convinced that philosophy, which must be at the service of life, is the discipline which places man at the summit of creation .

Marías has rendered intelligible the grand singularity of Spanish history, a close and inseparable area of coexistence, whilst reclaiming the essential need to preserve and reinforce our ties with America . He has also made frequent reflections on the process of European union, on its enlightenment and darkness .

A good part of his thought has seen the light in the form of articles in the press, in such a way that, for most of his readers, his ever-clear ideas, always explained nobly and simply, have constituted a constant aid and inestimable intellectual and ethical example .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Literature is already in the hands of Francisco Umbral . There can be few cases such as his of the “pure” writer, in whom life and literary creation become confused . With the devastating clarity of the great creators, he shows us the importance of literature in modelling our vision of the world and of man and in collaborating decisively in the education of human sensitivity, one of the keys to authentic progress .

Umbral is an artist of the word, who appears day after day on newspaper pages to offer us his point of view on the news, wrapped up in an extraordinary verbal ingenuity .

With writing which is at the same time both cutting and tender, he can caress our consciences with his word and he can lash them, like a whip . He can, and he knows how to do so, rise to the summit of poetic feeling or penetrate the most recondite corners of vocabulary at a brazen pace .

Francisco Umbral’s journalistic work is only a part of his copious work, which offers us novels of a desolate and lyrical intensity, harsh portraits of the underworld of Madrid or new national episodes which, whilst still being local literature, illuminate Spain’s recent history with lightening intuitions .

The Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts this year recognizes in the Valencian Joaquín Rodrigo, a body of work which is a paradigm of all that is artistic . This magnificent composer, whose figure honours our land and who is represented in this ceremony by his daughter due to his delicate state of health, unites with originality and elegance that which is popular with the cultivated, the traditional and that which is new .

To pronounce his name is to invoke music in its pure state . Millions of people all over the

8th nOvember 1996


world have felt themselves tremble as they allow themselves to be rocked by the chords of Joaquín Rodrigo’s music, which reaches degrees of sublime perfection and awakes inside us melodies which not only extend the tradition of the Spanish musical genius, but which are also the result of a fresh and intense originality .

Enshrined by the immortal Concierto de Aranjuez, in each of his pieces, Rodrigo expresses the profundity of being Spanish with unmistakable lyricism . He is the ambassador of Spanish music transposed to the guitar, an essentially Spanish instrument, which he has managed to endow with a new physiognomy aimed at concert halls . Guitarists look to him with veneration, as it is through him that they have achieved glory and the applause of all audiences . Young composers also follow his lead, because Joaquín Rodrigo has earned fame without ever failing to be rigorous and honourable, two principles which shape the authority of the great creators .

This year, the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences has been granted to British historian Sir John Elliott . Few scholars have managed to approach our past as this distinguished authority has, especially that of 16th- and 17th-century Spain . He has told us that, whilst still almost an adolescent, contemplating some of the scenes of the pictures in the Museo del Prado he even then caught a glimpse of what Unamuno called the “intra-history” of our country .

Since then, his research, extended in his professorship at the University of Oxford, has but tried to explain Spanish history, its crucial problems, which needed new light and rigorous interpretation . For there are few tasks as delicate as that of a historian, who must boldly maintain an objective ideal and not let himself be carried away by his personal opinions or beliefs when analysing past events . Here is the greatness of this science, and that is why it is so important for nations to cultivate it, transmit it from generation to generation as the most valuable part of their heritage and teach it from the standpoint of truth .

One of John Elliott’s major contributions is that, via his profound analyses, he has helped to shatter stereotyped and clichéd views of our history .

Elliott belongs to that brilliant group of Spanish scholars who study Spain because they love it, and they themselves have seen how their love grows together with the knowledge of the beloved object .

Valentín Fuster, Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research, is an admirable example of a life fully given over to helping human beings in his efforts to surpass the limits which Nature has established . His work is not only proof of his personal worth, but also embodies the worth of science when it is devoted to improving man’s existence .

For many years pledged to a persistent struggle against coronary diseases, this Catalan doctor has studied one of the most terrible ailments which has afflicted modern man, without once giving in to despondency or fatigue .

Starting from his conviction that clinical efforts do not suffice to advance rigorously if they are not accompanied by basic research, Valentín Fuster has managed to attend to both these fronts and harmonise his results, whilst proving his extraordinary scientific training and his exceptional organization capacity, heading work in large and highly specialised teams .

Symbolised in him we see other Spanish scientists who were obliged to emigrate in search of better means to carry out their endeavours, eager, in many cases, to return and form part of our research community .

A great poet from his native Catalonia, Salvador Espriu, sang of the melancholy of the human being and his life with these lines:

There are no wakes left in the water, no sign of the boat, of man, of his passage .

“The pro-European feeling of the Spanish

peoples, which have been forged over

time, and in which Asturias has played

its part, finds continuity in our finest

intellectuals of this century.”


Yet not all is lost and forgotten . Great men, as this same poet shows us, live on forever in the mind . And Valentín Fuster shall leave behind an indelible mark in the roster of distinguished

researchers of Spanish science headed by Ramón y Cajal and Severo Ochoa, milestones in human culture and a permanent stimulus for our young people .

The progress of man is inseparable from his struggle to excel himself, and sport is a specific manifestation of this aspiration . This is the sense of granting the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports to the American athlete Carl Lewis .

Within him, that determination to excel oneself and to excel over others in fair combat is exceptionally enhanced . His victories, proven by nine gold medals in four Olympic Games and nearly as many again in world championships, make him a sportsman who will not be easily forgotten by future generations, to whom he also leaves his example of his combat against drugs, which impoverish and degrade so many lives, especially in young people and against which it is necessary to fight tirelessly .

Carl Lewis’ vigorous career is the fruit of his personal faculties, but it is also the result of persistent exertion in his preparation and of exemplary and admirable discipline, all of which are virtues which, as in Classical Greece, are triumphant at the end of every one of his competitions .

The exertion, the well-deserved triumphs and the medals attained by Carl Lewis should not hide from us what is really important, what shines out from behind every career which reaches giddy heights, every incredible jump, every brilliant demonstration of bodily control: the lesson of sacrifice, of the desire for physical and moral perfection which should form the basis and the enduring example of all sportsmen .

In the mid–seventies, we Spaniards experienced a delicate and fundamental political transition process which brought with it a profound social transformation . It was necessary to combine harmoniously, without tensions or violence, two different periods in time in order to ensure peaceful coexistence on the road towards democracy . It was necessary to overcome the differences of the past and neutralise old apprehensions in order to open up a future full of shared hopes .

A task of this kind demanded an effort towards reconciliation . A decisive contribution towards this was made by a man gifted with flexibility, the desire for dialogue and understanding, love of

freedom, respect for the ideas of others, great courage and not a small amount of persuasive capacity . We needed someone who, as well as possessing all of these infrequent virtues, could pledge his life to the task . This was the work of Adolfo Suárez, who today has received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord .

By guiding the Spanish people’s yearning for freedom, with the generous and enthusiastic collaboration of other individuals and political groups and with the resolute encouragement of the Crown, Adolfo Suárez made possible what many political essayists, on the basis of their knowledge of Spain and of the experience of other countries, had considered impossible . He succeeded in uniting wills which

seemed to be opposed, he directed, without violence, the latent energies of a society towards tolerance and dialogue; he closed distances and wounds and, in short, carried out from his Government the great mission of returning Spain to the Spaniards through the establishment of democracy, the form of government which Goethe considered to be the best, “the one which teaches us to govern ourselves” .

Those who played a principal role in the transition, and most particularly, Adolfo Suárez, lived through the unique experience of rewriting their own history, freeing it from the ghosts of the past and opening up a horizon of hope .

We Spaniards who live in reclaimed freedom can say of that generation that thanks to their yesterday there exists for us a peaceful today and also a tomorrow full of hope .

Few political personalities of our time are so closely united to the new concept of Europe as

“Those who played a principal role in the

transition, and most particularly, Adolfo Suárez,

lived through the unique experience of rewriting

their own history, freeing it from the ghosts of

the past and opening up a horizon of hope.”

8th nOvember 1996


German chancellor Helmut Kohl, Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation . His untiring labour in favour of the European Union, his profound interest in providing his country with a new political and economic dimension and his intelligent contribution towards the difficult task of reunifying Germany make him an essential reference point in this historic process .

In you, Mr Chancellor, we salute someone who has dedicated —and continues to dedicate— so much effort towards a new Europe, the heir of Charlemagne and Charles V, who loves his roots and traditions, who extracts from its linguistic and cultural diversity and from the incomparable treasure of its artistic expressions, the necessary energy to construct a common home and a meeting place which leads us to overcome barriers and the inertia of the clichés which have so often separated us .

Europe is a conviction in which we share and a hope for which we work . To make it reality is an honourable task, to which your example, Mr Chancellor, invites and stimulates us .

The pro-European feeling of the Spanish peoples, which have been forged over time, and in which Asturias has played its part, finds continuity in our finest intellectuals of this century . They all think and write about a Europe united in its diversity, respectful of plurality of the elements which form it and close to the real worries of its citizens about life . Some ideas, Mr Chancellor, which have many points in common with those that you defend .

The Astur kingdom also enriched its perspective, way back in its beginnings, with European accents, as is shown by its relations with the Carolingian Empire . It was also its monarchs who promoted the cult of the sepulchre of St James, whose name is borne by the Way which germinated the most ancient ties of solidarity between the nations of our continent .

Asturias, which has felt proud of its participation in this adventure from its start, when it planted its shield under the protection of the Picos de Europa and Mount Covadonga in defence of the values in whose shade we still take refuge today, hopes to find the solution through its own efforts and with the support, solidarity and understanding of everybody to the problems that the new times present, as it has done throughout history . On this path, Asturias will always count on my encouragement and my constant enthusiasm .

Salvador de Madariaga, who was European by both vocation and practice, defined with wise and beautiful words the essence of Europe and the sense of the common path of its nations:

“Europe,” he wrote, “is born of the confluence of two great traditions: the Socratic, which demands freedom of speech, and the Christian, which demands respect for the individual ( . . .) Europe is not just a common market; it is also and above all a common faith in the worth of man and of liberty .”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XVII

24th October 1997

1


Arts

Vittorio Gassmann

sociAl sciences

Martín de Riquer y Morera


Government of Guatemala and

Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity

literAture

Álvaro Mutis


Atapuerca Research Team


Cable News Network (cnn) and

Václav Havel

concord

Yehudi Menuhin and

Mstislav Rostropovich

sports

Spanish Marathon Team


As a politician, and as president of my country, I have become keenly aware of the problems of communication in the world of politics . What is involved here is not only a metalanguage of politics, but also a crisis of substance, especially if politics loses sight of the goals that it should pursue and seeks short-term profit instead; not to mention politics reduced to techniques of governing and of holding on to power . More and more often, the unique process of European integration that we are currently witnessing is seen simply as a matter of economic and political technology . What words, or what means of communication, can we find to make citizens of European countries also feel the life-giving sap that has nurtured this process to this day, a sap whose sources are not limited to either the post-war development of the Western part of this continent or the breakthrough events of the last decade?

Václav Havel was the last president of Czechoslovakia (1989-1992) and the first president of the Czech Republic (1993-2003). — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities on 24/10/1997.

Václav Havel —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities1997


Laureates. Excerpts

Although there is still much to do, Guatemala is today a very different country to what it was in the past . Political violence has disappeared from our land; in its place flourishes an inclusive democracy that is releasing the creative potential of the Guatemalan people and broadening the paths of tolerance, pluralism and the opening up to new ideas and diversity .

Freedom reigns in our motherland and old wounds are healing with the disappearance of the impunity which was protected by the complicity or tolerance of power, insofar as opportunities for development are reaching a long-suffering and hardworking people who embrace modernity from the depth of their ancient cultural roots .

Peace is not the absence of conflicts, but pacific, legal and democratic methods to solve them . Firm, long-lasting peace requires social and cultural justness and that is the path that the Peace Accords have taken . The fight against poverty, privilege and discrimination is and should be a permanent national priority, because the broadening and strengthening of the unity of the Guatemalan people depend on this priority, a unity which is their main resource for building the present and the future .

It is still early to evaluate the period we have experienced and earlier still to value that which has arisen anew in our society . The urgency to overcome so much lost ground and the longing that this causes us prevent a just appraisal of what we have achieved, particularly the foundations for the future that we have built .

We still do not enjoy the necessary historical perspective to recognize the rich sediment that the tragedy itself produced, and ten months of peace after four hundred months of war are not enough to reveal that broad paths open up ahead of us, paths that our first forbears entreated with all their heart of the sky and the earth in the dawn of their lives . To tread these paths and not get lost depends on us alone .

Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen,on behalf of the Government of Guatemala—Government of Guatemala and Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation1997

Alvaro Arzú Irigoyen was President of the Republic of Guatemala from 1996 to 2000. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 24/10/1997.


Why is the image of beauty and perfection almost always associated with art, fantasy and the creative powers of our great poets, writers and musicians or with the thousands of nameless artisans, but hardly ever with politics, trade and human relations?

How can we adore the venerable great creator of life, love and wisdom, “Our Lord Jesus”, and the saints, prophets and incarnations of God, and pay tribute to philosophers and noble statesmen, and even to good-willed cellists and violininsts, whilst we look upon bleeding humanity, to whom is denied all respite, a decent life for our children, ever under the threat of fearful punishment at the hands of Nature? It is as if we acknowledge good, yet consent to evil .

Why are we honoured when we have achieved so little? Why are we steeped in accolades when mankind, each one of us, has learnt so little from our saints, poets, artists and musicians? I would like to believe that a function, perhaps the least reprehensible of all functions, is being honoured; for as musicians it is for us to seek inspiration and pardon rather than punishment . Conferring Awards on us expresses a need that fulfils man’s profound desire to please and also to confess .

Slava and I are neither high priests nor saints . However, maybe we are somewhat more aware of our mission to mankind than others, and we have had the opportunity to put this mission into practice in conditions and situations when people can hear a voice, recognize a symbol that they can dream of, aspire to or suffer for but which they cannot achieve .

Maybe Slava and I are links towards a new man who will be capable of spending the required time, thought and creative imagination to foster the artist that exist in our children, in every child, in such a way that our relations be acknowledged as living structures of art . Maybe we are links towards a new day when we will place as much importance on the creative organic life of our children and our relationships of responsibility towards other cultures as the importance we now place on the phenomenal inorganic breakthroughs in technology, communications, the exploration of space and arms .

We are moving from a freedom that can conquer and subjugate to an understanding of the increasing responsibilities we take on in relation to freedom of expression, for all freedom is bounded by obligation, and the essence of pure freedom only exists when we subjugate ourselves in art or in the mastery of a skill and when we confer upon others the freedom to be themselves, to give and to help .

We must be determined and brave in the defence of the rights of the defenceless, as we should equally be when we ask those responsible to justify their actions in line with man’s law, which should be applied by independent courts . If we can kindle and foster the creative spark that exists in each and every one of us, if we can be the voice of the silent voices of unfortunate children from oppressed cultures —as our dearly loved Europe tried to do— if we manage to spawn and inculcate a sense of responsibility amongst those who exert influence, give the orders and decide policies, then I believe that I can end by stating that the positive feelings that this great honour inspires in me probably justifies the trust that was placed in the two instrumentalists who have won the Award for Concord .

Yehudi Menuhin —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 1997


24th OctOber 1997


No one can escape from the fact that we are bystanders to the vertiginous death throes of all the principles and convictions that have marked out, during millennia, the behavior of man, whose profile as a person is steadily being effaced and replaced by the phantasm that strives to imitate it on the hazy electronic screen . It is thus that these new means of alleged communication, put at the disposal of a consumer society, becoming vaster and more desolate with every passing day, conspire to annul the notion of the individual and the very existence of the person that already matters next to nothing and is going to be dissolved into that amorphous mass that moves to the impulse of a raw hedonism and a Cain-like angst that invades every region of the planet with increasing frenzy . How utterly right, on that occasion, was he who sounded his voice in alarm in this very same hall and in identical circumstances: “We’re walled in!” he said . Indeed we are, and it is time that we became aware of it and looked for the remedy in the secret codes that have marked our destiny for millennia . Where are they to be found? The answer is evident: they are in the ruins of Tartessos; in the rugged vestiges of Rome over the entire length and width of the peninsula; in the lesson left to us by the Omayyads, translators of Plato and Aristotle; in the luminous esoteric vision of the Celts and Iberians; and, last but not least, in the wisdom of the Mayas, Toltecs, Incas, and the other Pre-Colombian civilizations of America . In the aggregate of each and every one of these fecund legacies, from one side of the ocean to the other is, I am certain, the resource for surmounting the encirclement and checking the deadly overtures of globalization and the blind surrender to mechanical means that make an attempt against being to the point of immolating it into obscurity .

We, Spaniards and Ibero-Americans, are still the owners of a mythic conscience destined to preserve our condition as individuals . This redeeming voice has revealing echoes in ceremonies like the one that we are present at today, where Spain generously acknowledges the diverse fields of human achievement, represented here by persons of varied origin and condition, on whose behalf I have the honor of speaking . We conceive of this ceremony as a rite which enables us to drive away the impending onslaught .

Álvaro Mutis —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature1997



Speech XVII

Allow me to begin with the following verse:

If I have assuagedthe pain of one heartmy life has served some purpose .

These lines reflect the sentiment with which I return anew to Asturias, considering that it expresses not only the spirit with which I attend this ceremony, but also the very essence from which these Awards arose .

Once more from Oviedo, we pay a tribute of admiration to individuals and institutions that offer us eminent examples of work well done, humanity and values of love that give insight and significance to our lives .

A renowned Asturian historian wrote that “communities that forget their great men and their scientific, literary and political elucidations fall into decay because, with their ingratitude, they lose their memory, and with memory, science .”

As those who identify with this idea, we should stress that we are on the threshold of the 1898 centennial, a transcendental date in our history that lent its name to a generation —as it was controversially baptised by Azorín— of intellectuals with exceptional creative capacity . With their patriotism wounded and anguishing over the events that brought that year to a close, they, like other disillusioned European intellectuals, wished to reclaim the most recondite and admirable from the past and to resolutely construct the future .

The debt that we owe to this group of writers, thinkers and artists is indelible: that of the love for Spain and the sparkling recognition of the diversity that enriches our nation .

The wanderings of the Basque Unamuno through the lands of Castile, the sensitivity of the gaze with which the Sevillian Antonio Machado regarded the great plains, the inland landscapes of Spain brought to life by the Levantine Azorín, the doleful and fraternal vision of the provinces of Castile and León —precisely the place I had the honour of travelling through this spring, which today is moving towards the consolidation of its progress after difficult secular ordeals— are several examples of what the year of 1898 brought about . They also serve as a permanent lesson .

This idea of the harmony of our lands developed by the Generation of ’98 sheds light on the present because it is necessary

to continue believing in a Spain that dialogues instead of opposes; that listens instead of confronts; that travels and opens itself fraternally instead of keeping silent and confining itself .

At the heart of those authors’ sentiments, of their despair for what Spain had not been and for what it could become, of their sharp critique, was the shining example of their work, in which this inestimable ethical code germinated, which Unamuno referred to as “conscience”, “fellowship”, “brotherhood”; thanks to which —these are also his words— “we shall find understanding in the same heart” . These are exquisite concepts that erase differences, melt away anxieties and, finally, promote peaceful coexistence .

The future that they dreamt of, thanks mainly to their efforts, is now ours . A Spain in tune with the world; a world in which humanity, at the same time as it journeys into outer space and advances on a fascinating adventure of exploration and conquest, reclaims new, simpler and deeper values,

“It is necessary to continue believing in a

Spain that dialogues instead of opposes;

that listens instead of confronts; that

travels and opens itself fraternally instead

of keeping silent and confining itself.”

Watch video


in accordance with ethics based on the primacy of sentiments and virtues . A democratic Spain, that of the last twenty years, ruler of its destiny, where every day we strive to defend that which Don Quixote defined as “the most precious gift which the heavens bestowed on humanity”: freedom .

Sharing in this sensibility and in order to perpetuate the gratitude, memory and science I mentioned previously, the Prince of Asturias Awards were created . Through them, we annually proclaim that our spirit will always stand on the side of those who dedicate their lives to the sublime ideal of making others freer, more dignified, and wiser .

Just as with that Generation of ‘98, in the day-to-day work of this year’s Laureates a spirit of struggle and passionate dedication pulsates through their endeavours .

A faithful reflection of this can be found in the work of the team of scientists that has studied the paleoanthropological discoveries at Atapuerca, in Burgos, which today receives the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research . Their endeavour, dedicated to illuminating the past on solid scientific grounds, is one of the best ways of understanding the full range of possibilities that are available in the present .

Through their research and labour, which at first glance seems to be specialised and marginal, they have provided an invaluable service to the scientific community and to every one of us . This is because being aware of our origins allows us to understand that we are links in an endless chain to which we add our efforts to those who preceded us and prepare the way for those yet to come, with a display of solidarity capable of breaking down the barriers of time and space .

Two aspects stand out about their undertaking: their untameable tenacity over the course of more than twenty years and their fostering of close collaboration among several of our country’s universities and bodies, which attests to the optimum level of Spanish science and demonstrates the efficiency of a well-founded cooperative undertaking that is managed at a level above individual interest and improvisation .

Individuals like Vittorio Gassmann, recipient of the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts, are themselves a summation of art . His life and work, so closely allied with literature and reflection, drawn from the classical and the modern, make him an actor, director and irreplaceable master of the scenic arts; always under the maxim that “each must find his own way” .

With a generosity and calling equal to his genius, he has prepared future actors not only for the screen and stage, but also in courses and workshops that he himself has created and promoted with absolute disinterest .

In accordance with the idea that “the greatest task of humanity is knowing what it means to be human”, Vittorio Gassmann has spent his life being —not appearing to be— engaged in sentiment and reason, aggrandising his spirit and existence, in order to give through his art a great part of himself to others .

“The complete works of Álvaro Mutis, his very life, are that of a seer who knows with exactitude that we will never again reencounter paradise lost .” These are the words that García Márquez has used to define the work of his friend and this year’s Prince of Asturias Laureate for Literature .

Perhaps for this reason, Mutis has known how to take advantage of every instant of his life, like someone who is convinced that there is always something else left to be done, with insatiable curiosity and through his travels and many professions; the groundwork of his vast culture and origin of his work’s poetic intensity .

Born in Colombia, educated in Europe, and resident of Mexico for many years, Mutis has stated that everything that he has written is in order to celebrate the coffee plantations of his childhood . With their incredible beauty, his verse and prose, mainly centred on an enigmatic personage, Maqroll el Gaviero, at once the author’s alter ego and emblem of the human condition, help to illuminate the navigation of mankind —of whatever man— on the not-always calm seas of time .

The granting of this Award serves to recognize and celebrate in Spain —the nation of his ancestors, to which he continues to have ties— the immense culture of this singular creator, as well as his energy and talent .

24th OctOber 1997


The enriching variety of languages and cultures that constitutes Spain has a prominent place in the works of Professor Martín de Riquer, recipient of the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences . Brilliant and devoted scholar born in Catalonia, his life has centred on the philological, critical and historiographical strands of literature —Castilian and Catalan, as well as Provençal and French— that have been his constant object of study, with research and teaching activities that have been inseparable for many years .

The numerous studies that exist on Don Quixote and other aspects of Cervantes’ art would be seriously incomplete if it were not for the works of this outstanding researcher .

Yet the passion for Cervantes is not the only one to be found in his work . Martín de Riquer has written decisive books on the lyrical tradition of the Troubadours, the legendary French romances, and the Valencian romance Tirant lo Blanc, in addition to editing and inspiring the rigorous publication of many classic texts that, devoid of modern impressions, were not easily approachable for readers .

His Anthology of Catalan Poets, an omnibus compilation of Latin, Provençal, Hebrew, Italian, French, Castilian and Old Catalan verse, constitutes a corpus which will not easily be surpassed . Through his work, Martín de Riquer has expressed this European and universal knowledge —unbound by particular interests or borders— that we wish to highlight with this Award .

If education has been the cornerstone of democracy since the Greeks, he shows us, with deep humanistic insight and a strong desire to share, that only knowledge makes us free and only instruction and study aggrandise and distinguish us . For all of these reasons, it is an honour to have him here with us today .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Sports has been granted this year to the Spanish Marathon Team, made up of athletes Abel Antón, Martín Fiz, José Manuel García, Fabián Roncero, Alberto Juzdado and Diego García . Through their example, this admirable group of athletes reminds us that the primary aim of sports, which is today revealed as such a powerful and passionate undertaking, is to serve as a healthy stimulant for the young, who will always find, in the practice of sport, noble paths for their personal instruction .

The fact that the members of this team are a group of friends reinforces the idea of sport as an activity that brings people together, and must never serve as an excuse for separation .

Their virtues have borne exceptional fruit in the European and world championships of recent years, with a series of victories achieved during the past world championship in Athens .

All expressions of sport are valuable, but it is perhaps the marathon that stands apart as the most devoid of means, demanding the greatest efforts by the athlete . We are talking of people who owe everything to their demands of self-improvement and self-knowledge . The work of these men confirms that ardently desired dreams are the only ones that come true .

Guatemala, a country which has lived through bloody conflict for thirty years, with thousands of victims and displaced people and significant material damage, has this year been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation .

This Award has deep significance for us, since none of what takes place in our brother- and sister countries on the other side of the Atlantic is foreign to us . The Firm and Long-lasting Peace Accords signed in the past month of December between the Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity has meant the return to reason, which humanizes us, and a hopeful solution for this beloved people, as well as a sublime example of human potential in the arduous, sometimes painful, yet also hopeful road towards coexistence .

We are also pleased and proud that our fellow compatriots have been in charge of the international military mission that has striven, first and foremost, to avoid clashes between the contenders and, ultimately, to achieve peace . The President of Guatemala, Álvaro Arzú, whom we

“A democratic Spain, that of the last twenty

years, ruler of its destiny, where every day

we strive to defend that which Don Quixote

defined as ‘the most precios gift which the

heavens bestowed on humanity’: freedom.”


have the satisfaction to have among us here today, together with the leading representatives of the Provisional Directive Committee for the formation of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Party, have praised the great work carried out by the Spanish military forces .

We thus celebrate the step ahead that the people of Guatemala have taken in favour of their country and the whole of Central America . Efforts should now be aimed at the improvement of social conditions and the progressive welfare of Guatemalans . That is how long-desired peace will become consolidated .

Two human beings for whom music has been the passion and very sense of their life —from the enthusiasm of their youthful spirit, with which they unrelentingly search for, and enjoy beauty— Yehudi Menuhin and Mstislav Rostropovich, have jointly received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord .

Both have known rootlessness and exile, but have fought against that dispossession with the bloodless and marvellous weapon of music, whose purest sounds stem from the hands, but are dictated by the heart .

We recognize in them something more than their quality as extraordinary and prestigious performers, more than their deserved fame as conductors and instrumentalists . We also, and most especially, acknowledge the deeply human dimension of their personal conduct, the constant help they have offered the persecuted and the helpless of the world, their concerts in benefit of human rights, and of national and international organizations striving for the peace and freedom of peoples .

Moreover, both of them are also great friends of Spain, whose music they have performed many times . We are proud of this friendship and of their constant expressions of kindness to our country; and we are truly happy for their synthesis of art and human values, oriented towards the achievement of concord .

There are times when a team, within the context of a great modern entrepreneurial organization, transforms some essential aspect of our life with its everyday activities . Our life today is, to a large extent, structured by the vital connecting chord of journalism, a vehicle for knowledge, information and communication .

This exciting task has been elevated to its highest degree by the cnn television network —Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities, together with the President of the Czech Republic, Václav Havel— making real the old dreams of instant communication between human beings, wherever they may be; of breaking down frontiers and distances; of knowing what is happening in each and every corner of the planet; and, by doing so, finally turning the Earth

into that suggestive metaphor we call the “global village” . Its success, the result of an idea that is as audacious as it is radically innovative in the world

of communications, shows that failure is only experienced by those who never run risks . We are today paying tribute to this difficult task; to this risk of life itself which often accompanies the network’s splendid team of journalists wherever the most vibrant news occurs, or wherever the events that signal the great changes in our societies take place .

For us, the Spanish people, and for the more than three hundred and fifty million Spanish-speakers in the world, it is extraordinarily satisfactory that the universal dimension covered by the cnn has now grown to include broadcasting in Spanish . The recognition of the importance and extension of our language is a sign of sensitivity and future vision to which we cannot remain indifferent .

Authenticity in the exercise of politics and literature is the characteristic feature of President Václav Havel, joint Prince of Asturias Laureate for Communications and Humanities .

The nobility of his spirit shines as much in his poetry, his drama and his essays as in the political

“ We are also pleased and proud that our

fellow compatriots have been in charge of the

international military misión that has striven,

first and foremost, to avoid clashes between the

contenders and, ultimately, to achieve peace.”

24th OctOber 1997


disposition with which he has constructed a democratic and fertile peace for his people, by writing one of the great chapters of contemporary European history . In his writings and his political work, we find an intellectual stature and a moral integrity that have evolved out of a life of hard and frequent trials, in which he has always enjoyed the support and succour of his nearest and dearest .

Václav Havel defends the idea —which we share with him— that the only true politics, the only politics that are worthy of the name, are those that are devoted with simplicity and good sense to the service of the community . A poet’s dream, perhaps naive, but which —idea upon idea— Václav Havel has caused to come true in the Czech Republic, with honesty, courage and a sense of balance .

His presence among us serves as a reminder of the contribution of Czech workers to the mining activities of Asturias . Some of them have paid tribute with their lives in that selfless effort that is undertaken in the very entrails of our land .

I wish to conclude one more year by thanking the Jury members for their deliberations and decisions . It is they, with their rigour, their complete independence and impartial judgement, who make this event a jubilant celebration of creative intelligence and human greatness; and, as a former member of these Juries, I wish to recall in particular Pilar Miró, whose recent loss has grieved us all .

My gratitude goes out to our Trustees, for their generous support and concern, without which the Foundation and its Awards would be reduced to a small corner of our imagination .

I would also like to express particular thanks to Asturias, this land that always welcomes us with kindness and enthusiasm, and whose frank and open character spreads among us all its energy and its hopeful vision of the future; and to this lovely town of Oviedo, in which alongside the limpid air of autumn one may breathe the serene beauty of its age-old maturity .

As we have had the opportunity to confirm, the passion for knowledge, for teaching, for sharing and opening up new inroads into history, are the common denominators of the Awards presented this year . I wish to express my most sincere congratulations to those Laureates; and in doing so, on this day when Spain expresses before the world its commitment to culture, I would like to invite everyone to look to their example and join in their vitality and optimism, enabling us to sow with them the seeds of a new time for peace, intelligence and freedom .

Thank you .



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XVIII

23rd October 1998

1


Arts

Sebastião Salgado

sociAl sciences

Jacques Santer and

Pierre Werner


Emma Bonino, Fatiha Boudiaf, Fatana Ishaq Gailani,

Olayinka Koso-Thomas, Graça Machel, Somaly Mam and Rigoberta Menchú

literAture

Francisco Ayala


Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar and

Emilio Méndez Pérez


Reinhard Mohn

concord

Nicolás Castellanos, Vicente Ferrer, Joaquín Sanz Gadea and

Muhammad Yunus

sports

Arantxa Sánchez Vicario


Laureates. Excerpts

I take this to mean that, in today’s ceremony, rather than reflecting on literature and its particular problems, as I could do, it would be more fitting to venture some thoughts, hardly comprehensive and certainly very tentative, on the disarray in which culture and society find themselves mired at this century’s end; this situation that sociologists have a knack for describing and that affects us all; a situation whose origin no one fails to recognize as the radical and increasingly dizzying technological revolution that has changed the systems and modes of human behaviour from top to bottom, making any reference to the traditional values that were in effect not too long ago unreliable, equivocal or vain .

Affronts and laments would be useless before such a situation, which some consider to be intolerable, but which, like it or not, constitutes our current reality, from which it is impossible to withdraw . Moving beyond the negative attitudes of grumbling criticism, we ought to recognize that the fabulous progress provided by science to society, and undertaken by it, although it has shaken up and plunged into disarray the course of culture that was relatively stable before, undoubtedly furnishes us with an invaluable set of new resources whose availability promises the human race a superior quality of life within a unified world, always on the condition that humanity itself is able to sensibly and positively handle these formidable instruments that technological progress puts in its grasp . Such potentialities are being used today —right before our eyes— as much for the benefit of man and Nature as for their destruction . And in the immediate future, the direction that is set for said use will depend on the proper organizational management of those who flip the switches of power; all too clear is the danger of such formidable resources coming under the sway of insane or criminal minds; or, simply, of their being manipulated by half-wits and clumsy hands . Any of us who pays attention to everyday happenings on the international scene, who reads a newspaper or watches a television news programme will realize that this terrific danger lurks around every corner and is closer than ever .

The dilemma that we are faced with today is none other than this: either a giant-sized leap toward the superior organization of shared existence on the planet or, otherwise, its catastrophic sinking into chaos… This has to do with, let me insist, an open alternative, for the march of history —at a remove from any brand of determinism— is guided by the union of diverse factors, chance among them, but also to a certain degree by free human decisions . The condition of Homo sapiens, insofar as the species has to some extent overcome the imperatives of the animal instinct, leaves room, in effect, for reckoning and rational action in the search for good . And within the social whole, this element of rationality is at the service of those personalities determined to find solutions to the diverse problems raised nowadays by the challenges of technological progress, with the intention of making it so that in the course of human coexistence constructive tendencies predominate .

Francisco Ayala —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature1998



None of us are visionaries or saints . We work towards encouraging the International Community —and the States that belong to it— to practise the principles described in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, whose 50th anniversary we are celebrating this year . Towards the application of those very terms that were solemnly agreed and ratified .

Is it really possible to talk of celebrations when, at the end of the present century, systematic violations of the most fundamental rights are still taking place? When 45 million human beings die every year of starvation and malnutrition? When there are over 23 million refugees and displaced people as a result of conflicts spanning from the Great Lakes to Kosovo or Afghanistan? When over one billion people live in utter poverty on the planet, while, at the same time, the most spectacular scientific and technological advances have taken place? I think not . On the contrary; I think humanity is returning to barbarism at the end of the current century .

I have never been a feminist in the strict and militant sense of the word . I do not believe being a woman is enough to make one a better person . But that has not prevented me from struggling for people of the female sex . It is quite simply a matter of defending all people, whether men or women, who are denied their full fundamental rights . People whose dignity is despised or simply questioned .

Emma Bonino —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation1998

In 1998, Emma Bonino was European Commissioner for Consumer Affairs, Fisheries and Humanitarian Aid (1995-1999). — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 23/10/1998.


We are aware that all change causes uncertainty . We shall undertake it by respecting identities and with that same sense of solidarity that characterizes the European project .

This solidarity is based first and foremost on political identities that are the product of history . Thus, Asturias combines a strong feeling of identity within the bosom of Spain with an undeniable European facet . In this stance, I see a way forward that coincides very well with the European way towards the future: identity and solidarity .

The European project rounds off this “natural” solidarity with solidarity amongst countries . The cohesion of the present member states of the European Union remains one of my priorities . In the future, the enlargement of the European Community to include Central and Eastern European countries will be a new stage in the development of solidarity . We should also aim for success in this sphere, for it offers a unique, historic opportunity to bring our continent together in reconciliation, peace and democracy for the first time in four hundred years .

At the same time, we should tirelessly reaffirm the proof of European solidarity towards other countries in the international community . Our model for growth and solidarity can constitute an example for other parts of the globe, and our credibility will the greater, the more we support others in times of difficulty . I would therefore like to avail myself of the opportunity provided me by the presence of Emma Bonino, who has been equally honoured at this ceremony . I wish to express my support for the exemplary work carried out under her guidance at the Humanitarian Office of the European Community, which has contributed towards European Union humanitarian aid being first in the world . Thanks to her, Europe has achieved a presence that is lacking in so many other areas .

Jacques Santer —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences1998

Jacques Santer was President of the European Commission between 1995 and 1999. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 23/10/1998.


Speech XVIII

Moved and full of gratitude, I return to this renovated Campoamor Theatre, so full of precious memories for all of us, in order to present the Awards that bear my name . It is with anticipation that I come to Oviedo, and with my presence at this solemn ceremony, we celebrate the fruits of a year’s worth of effort, sensitive work and intelligence put to use in the search for the exemplary, ideas that guide and strengthen our consciences .

Encouraging these goals, furthering the expansion of culture in the broadest sense of the word and developing the spirit of concord are priority tasks of our Foundation . Its work deserves the acknowledgement that I wish to express here to its Trustees, Patrons and collaborators, as well as to the Juries for their admirable and increasingly difficult task of making pronouncements regarding the recipients of the different accolades . Without them, this project would not be possible .

Year after year, just as the old oaks of Asturias renew their leaves and become stronger, our Awards renew their well-earned prestige and bring us together under the canopy of universal values that strengthen our humanistic vocation . These are symbols of a world without frontiers for culture, freedom and concord . And our Laureates, who are a credit to their countries and a credit to all of us, to humanity as a whole, are committed to this way of feeling and believing . I congratulate them for it and thank them for their presence here today .

Several of the Awards that we have just presented have a direct connection with Europe, with which, throughout its millenary history, Spain has fostered endless relations, and with which we are building our future today . Some of these relations are remembered this year in particular because of the celebrations surrounding the 400th anniversary of Philip II, a king as mythicized by some as he was misunderstood and denigrated by others .

In the idea of combining all that is European with all that is ours and closer to home, we also commemorate here today a learned, enterprising figure who was both a reformer and a Europeanist: Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who we especially remember this year .

The intellectual inquisitiveness and the refined spirit of this native son of Gijón, the love for his land, Asturias, and for all lands, his great desire for knowledge and his sensitivity shine for evermore . His life and work ought to be the best antidote in the fight against this tendency toward pessimism that sometimes inexplicably overwhelms us . His example should also be a stimulus and a beacon for us all as long as there is an unsolved problem among us or an injustice in need of elimination . Although he was so Spanish, his vocation for the cultures of Europe was in no way foreign to his way of thinking .

This reappraisal of culture in the coming together of all things Spanish with all things European is exemplified in our time by the work of Reinhard Mohn, Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities .

This German entrepreneur, creator of the Bertelsmann media group and president of the Foundation of the same name, has dedicated his life to fostering the means that broaden the horizons of mankind, and he has done so in a career built upon promoting reading and a commitment to new information and cultural technologies . A prosperous career of which Spain is a privileged witness .

In keeping with his deepest convictions, he keeps faith in a dialogue of critique and cooperation as cornerstones of progress, doing so out of the need to look beyond outmoded ideas and customs . Thus, for example, he asserts that in today’s world we cannot envisage companies driven primarily or exclusively by the pursuit of the greatest possible profit . From this springs a need to create

“Several of the Awards that we have just

presented have a direct connection with

Europe, with which, throughout its millenary

history, Spain has fostered endless relations.”

Watch video


management models in consonance with the concept of personal development, participation and the well-being of employees, harmonising the manifold interests of the entrepreneurial world .

He regards his work as being directed toward serving others; challenges must be overcome without losing heart; all of which fits together in an often-expressed idea of his, namely that “culture must be promoted if living in peace is what we want” .

Photography, which has acquired such great importance in today’s world of communication and which was for so long considered as painting’s poorer relative, is also, for those who feel its calling or participate as spectators, a true art, and by no means a minor one .

For this reason, it is only right that the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts be granted, for the first time, to a photographer, the Brazilian Sebastião Salgado .

His camera captures and holds fast the patina of time with aesthetic perfection and deep sensitivity, and presents us with a beautiful blue planet that is lacerated by injustice . In this way, he makes us more aware of reality and increases our feeling of human solidarity with humble peasants, miners, sailors, children and old people of the most forgotten races and peoples and from the most diverse countries, who are portrayed in his photographs .

Sebastião Salgado has made the entire world his homeland . His expressive silence has the strength of authenticity, and manages to transform what he humbly calls “social photography” into heart-rending poetry that moves and cries out to us .

In that endless adventure to discover the secrets of Creation, physics plays a particularly important role today, because of technological needs and spectacular industrial development,

which needs to delve further into research about the non-visible world, the elementary particles in which life is rooted, if it is to continue advancing .

Focused on one of these so-called “building blocks of the universe”, the electron, which is the basis for many advances we enjoy today, is the work of two important Spanish physicists, Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar, Professor of Condensed Matter Physics at the University of the Basque Country, and Emilio Méndez Pérez, Professor of the same subject at New York University .

The capacity for work of these two scientists and the enthusiasm with which they apply themselves to their careers each day inspire admiration for their intellectual curiosity, whose results have practical applications for actual progress and

eloquently express the indispensable interplay between basic and applied science . We join in their concern for the need to improve grant programmes for research and to

encourage society to put its best resources toward backing the talents that venture out onto the paths of creativity and innovation .

This is especially true for our younger scientists, with their rigorous training and growing prestige, who guarantee our future in an increasingly specialised and competitive world, since, as Jovellanos put it, “only the peoples who study Nature can be free, and, by looking out at the world, they become wiser and more prosperous .”

The Prince of Asturias Award for Literature has been granted this year to the writer Francisco Ayala, for his liberal and critical spirit, his independence and his sound mastery, his attempts to delve deeper into the human condition and his love of freedom, all of which he has generously moulded into innumerable essays, works of fiction, articles and memoirs .

Standing out in Ayala’s valuable body of work is his lucid personality, restless and young in spite of an admirable maturity, and covering such varied topics as exile and the cinema, Don Quixote and the social sciences, dreams and technology, up-to-the-minute journalism and timeless reflections, and his ever-present personal and subtle vision of Spain and the Spanish .

We also find in his work a rare balance between tradition and modernity, a felicitous harmony

“Our Laureates invite us to continue believing

in the noblest values of humanity, because,

as one of them has pointed out, without unity

among persons, without shared passion

—that is to say, without compassion—

humanity would have no reason to exist.”

23rd OctOber 1998


between history and progress . This may be the result of his wanderlust, of his contacts with the universities and cultural milieus of America, where he has been a truly exceptional ambassador of Spain .

Or perhaps it is the outcome of what he himself elegantly calls life’s “squalls”, for Francisco Ayala also represents the Spain of exile, which teaches us the lesson of having been able to prolong —in spite of suffering the heartbreak of fraternal conflict— those intellectual ambitions of the “Silver Age” of our culture, which at the beginning of the 1930s endeavoured to serve Spain from the viewpoint of culture rather than ignorance, equity rather than political extremism and reason rather than lack of understanding . We are striving to overcome some of the miseries of that period in this chapter of our history that we are building today, this time acting as one .

This year’s Prince of Asturias Award for the Social Sciences has been conferred on Pierre Werner and Jacques Santer . The former set the foundations for and boldly paved the way toward monetary union . The latter has formalised and consummated the reality of the euro, from his position as President of the European Commission . Both are firm believers in Europe who have worked hard to strengthen the links between the different countries and have always advocated perfecting the Community and, in a word, our future . It is through them that we also acknowledge a good number of distinguished Europeans whose efforts have been decisive in the success of this collective project .

This process involves moving towards a mutually linked and irreversible Community for the countries of the European Union and their citizens . It is also, after centuries of dissent and war, a wager for freedom in diversity, now that we have been made stronger through unity; a wager, in short, for peace . Economic change will mean that the single currency will also have deep political

and social repercussions that will profoundly affect the daily life of Europeans . We face a great moment in the history of humanity, since a strong Europe is not only good for Europeans, it is also good for the world .

This new Europe cannot be built from the perspective of economic and commercial relations alone . The sustenance for the European spirit must also be solidarity, so as to take on unemployment, humanitarian aid, cooperation with the most underdeveloped countries, democratization of supranational political institutions and a shared culture; this pluralistic culture that is in turn made up of so many rich national cultures .

At the same time, our continent must maintain the fundamental character that has made it stand out from among other peoples: its condition as a privileged space for cultural activity . We want Europe to continue to be the source of the mightiest expressions of human creativity, a land of painters and writers, scientists and philosophers, musicians and architects; beings who search for progress and welfare without renouncing that humanism of vigorous Christian roots, ever illumined by the eternal flame of freedom of thought . To strengthen these foundations is particularly important at the present time, when the globalising power of economic conditions and impregnates our lifestyles and attitudes .

The Award for International Cooperation has many names this year: the names of seven extraordinary women who are fighting to defend women’s and children’s rights, and against the violence and discrimination that they are victims of in different parts of the world . Their efforts, which should unite us all, bring to mind that beautiful metaphor of an Indian writer, “The lantern I carry in my hand protects me against the darkness of the road ahead .”

Let us remember their names: the Mozambican Graça Machel; the Algerian Fatiha Boudiaf; our Guatemalan sister Rigoberta Menchú; Olayinka Koso-Thomas, from Sierra Leone; the Afghan Ishaq Gailani; the Cambodian Somaly Mam; and the European who is closest to us, the Italian Emma Bonino .

All of them struggle on many fronts against the fanaticism and prejudice that, even in our century, continue to turn children into soldiers in wars that are not theirs; harm women to the very core of their being and strip them of their dignity; force refugees into an endless exodus; violate human rights and basic liberties; kill humble innocents without reason or purpose; or confine their

“Our continent must maintain the fundamental

character that has made it stand out from

among other peoples: its condition as a

privileged space for cultural activity.”


fellow citizens, simply for being women, to a veritable prison of degrading ancestral customs . In spite of these misfortunes, these women have shown us that it is possible to live with dignity, amid the worst circumstances, and that it is possible to “breech the walls of deprivation, persecution, and hatred” .

Yet these women are also fighting against our indifference; the indifference of educated and prosperous countries that are momentarily moved by images of cruelty, which they hardly find time to discuss in their daily conversations . Let this Award also be an incentive and a stimulus that leads us away from this indifference .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Concord has been bestowed this year on four champions of the eradication of poverty: the missionary bishop Monsignor Nicolás Castellanos; the voluntary aid worker Vicente Ferrer; Dr Joaquín Sanz-Gadea; and the economist Muhammad Yunus .

They all share a single, unmistakable vocation, which they develop on several fronts: the fields of religion, health, education, social work, agriculture, urban planning and assistance . Through their kindness and good example, these men try to create a new world out of virtually nothing .

A world that revolves around a single concept: that of individual human dignity, which must daily and irrevocably accompany each person, their families, their work, and their small group or community . This is the field that our Laureates have sown with their life’s work, and where they have obtained excellent fruits that contradict many of our world’s deep-seated prejudices .

Our Laureates invite us to continue believing in the noblest values of humanity, because, as one of them has pointed out, without unity among persons, without shared passion —that is to say, without compassion— humanity would have no reason to exist .

The dispossessed of father Castellanos’ urban areas, Vicente Ferrer’s peasants, Sanz-Gadea’s African lepers and the members of Yunus’ “Bank of the Poor” now know that they are not alone .

The life of Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, our athlete honoured this year, is at present a story of dreams come true, as she has achieved one of the highest levels in her profession, tennis . She is the youngest female champion Spain has had in her speciality since she won the National Championship in 1985 . Soon after that, she was to embark upon a path that has been marked by brilliant appearances in almost one hundred major competitions . She is also the Spanish athlete with the most Olympic medals and has won four Grand Slam tournaments .

Sport is a human activity that is defined to a great extent by the desire to win . Athletes compete in the hope of winning, reaching farther and higher, and being the best . This legitimate desire is coupled with other virtues that define sportsmanship and characterize the behaviour of the greatest athletes of all time: women and men who, through self-restraint, self-sacrifice, tenacity and discipline, are always ready and willing to show generosity and to honour their fellow competitors .

These are the virtues that the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports wishes to highlight and are, without a doubt, the virtues displayed by Arantxa Sánchez Vicario . Her struggle to the point of exhaustion and the joys of her victories have provided us with unforgettable moments of emotion . She shows us that we must not falter in the task we have set ourselves, that there is nothing like the satisfaction of having done one’s duty .

These virtues also serve, first and foremost, as a prominent example for our youth . Young people must see her as a source of encouragement that helps them to achieve greater goals in life .

In addition, her initiative of creating a foundation for the promotion of up-and-coming tennis players underscores her humanity and highlights the brilliance of her sporting career, for it is certainly true that glory would not be deserved if the successes achieved at ground level were not uplifted by the virtues of intelligence and a generosity that comes straight from the heart .

And on the subject of generosity, I would like to take this opportunity to recall a great athlete and a great Spaniard, who for many years represented us in an outstanding way on the International Olympic Committee and who, as President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, sat on our Juries on many occasions . I am referring to Carlos Ferrer Salat, whose recent demise has filled us with sadness .

Up to this point, we have been highlighting each individual Award, but if it were possible to reduce such distinct personalities as this year’s Laureates down to a common denominator, I would say that what stands out in all of them is their ambition to make lasting things render a service to others .

23rd OctOber 1998


With effort, and in some cases with violence – not the violence that harms, but the violence that is needed to set the foundations of a solid construction – these people have opened the doors of a world we need and desire, a world that is committed to a great task: that of creating and preserving indestructible links between human beings and peoples, and of sharing in order to improve .

Allow me, at this point, and before I finish, to briefly recall the trips I have made in recent months through Spain and our sister nations on the other side of the Atlantic; especially in order to express my gratitude for the generosity and affection I am met with in the places I visit . From all these places, I have come away enriched with the first-hand, global vision of the concerns, problems and hopes of their peoples, and I have had the opportunity to look more and more profoundly into the realities of our times . It has been written that to travel is to win the battle

against routine, and that travelling with one’s eyes open is the best remedy against intolerance, lack of understanding and self-complacency, which are among the great evils of any age .

In America, I have once again confirmed, with joy and a sense of pride, the existence of a popular and cultural sensitivity that is deeply rooted in Spain, one that should serve our country as a compliment and a stimulus . A stimulus in the sense that we must assume their difficulties as our own and help them to overcome their problems in the context of international cooperation; and a complement in the sense that the Spanish seed in Spanish America has blossomed into multifarious, plentiful and oftentimes innovative fruits .

As to travels in Spain, the pioneers were the men of the Age of Enlightenment and their masters the writers of the “Generation of 1898”, who had the ability to see and love, like no one had before, the far-stretching lands of our country .

These travels revitalise my understanding of Spain, as they increase the affection I feel for the men and women of my country and the sense of identification that bonds me to them . There is no better way of feeling the pulse of our people than to enter their fields and cities, meet their inhabitants and share with them a time to join together in solidarity . All of this constitutes one of the most gratifying experiences of my work .

When we gain knowledge of our Communities, together with a new enthusiasm for the future, we realize how far we are from that Spanish vision of love and pain of Azorín, who once said that to live in this country was to do the same things over again, for each day began with nothing new .

Today, however, we find prosperity and a dynamic society . This reality also shows us the strength and depth with which the Spanish people have overcome the conflicts of former times, with generosity, intelligence and patriotism .

A great Spanish poet, Luis Cernuda, wrote:

What the spirit of manWon for the spirit of man through the centuriesIs our inheritance, and the legacyOf future men

The essential inheritance and legacy of the Spanish people is our country . Spain, the work of many over time and in a constant state of renewal, is the child of the glories and mistakes of the past, the direct outcome of our memory and identity, of our trials and tribulations and our labours, in which the fraternity of its peoples and their peaceful and free coexistence are the life-giving sap of the democracy we have achieved after so much sacrifice . Let us keep alive the spirit of understanding, tolerance and generosity that made all of this possible .


“In America, I have once again confirmed, with

joy and a sense of pride, the existence of a

popular and cultural sensitivity that is deeply

rooted in Spain, one that should serve our

country as a complement and a stimulus.”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XIX

22nd October 1999

1


Arts

Santiago Calatrava

sociAl sciences

Raymond Carr


Pedro Duque, John Glenn, Chiaki Mukai and Valery Polyakov

literAture

Günter Grass


Ricardo Miledi and

Enrique Moreno


Instituto Caro y Cuervo

concord

Caritas Spain

sports

Steffi Graf


Laureates. Excerpts

In the depths of the Cold War in 1962, Gherman Titov —the second cosmonaut— and I both presented papers on our respective flights at an international scientific meeting in Washington . The Chairman of the meeting, Mr Van der Hulst, was from the Netherlands . He brought with him a pair of old-style Dutch wooden shoes, one of which he presented to Titov and the other to me, along with his wish that somehow, some day, we could find a way for the shoes to walk together in space .

Of course, his symbolic wish has now come true, not only for Russia and America, but for other nations as well .

The days of the Cold War have now been consigned to history, and space has become an example of beneficial international cooperation, with research results available to all .

In the past century we went from the first flight of an airplane to landing on the Moon . Only in our imagination can we foresee what will transpire in the next hundred years .

John Glenn —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation1999

John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth, in 1962, on board of the Friendship 7 spaceship. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 22/10/1999.


Much of the literature I am capable of springs from some loss or other . When systems shatter against their own history, as recently happened to the Soviet system, when power structures come to nothing, when the stupidity of the victors cries to Heaven, when freedom brings misery, joined by the waves of refugees from the latest mass migration of people; when once again history founders catastrophically, and capitalism, the only remaining ideology, fades into a world-wide irrationalism, when only the stock market makes sense, and everything can start to slide along with it, when finally the guild of historians, tired of fighting for footnotes to the page, lose their way in the uncertainty of Post-History, then literature increases in value . It lives on crises . It flowers amidst the rubble . It hears the faint noise of the woodworm . Its function is to desecrate corpses . At a price, or for free, it keeps watch over the deceased and tells the survivors the old stories over and over again .

However, if you glance through the literary supplements or listen to the murmurings of the world of culture, whenever secondary concerns impertinently displace primary ones, literature is also displaced . At best, once it has been tidied up, it serves as an event, or it is fed onto the Internet . According to the publicity, it even promotes consumerism in marginalised groups .

However, I refuse to believe all this . I am a self-confessed ignoramus . The kind of progress that would have me go faster is of no interest to me . I exercise an old-fashioned profession in an old-fashioned way . I have no computer, I do not fumble my way around the Internet . I still handwrite my manuscripts; I type the second and third versions with the aid of a rickety old typewriter —I do so daily— standing next to a desk, and walking up and down; I whisper to myself, and chew over sentences until they are all —whether spoken or written— honed down to the limit and become rounded at the ends . Nevertheless, I am certain that history is still epileptic, and with it, forever in contradiction, that literature has a future .

Pushed aside, the book will once again become subversive . And readers will be found for whom books are a means of survival . I imagine children, fed up with television and bored by computer games, becoming completely absorbed in a book and abandoning themselves to the attraction of the narrated story, who imagine over a hundred pages, and read something very different to what is on the printed page . Because that is what characterizes the human being . There is no more beautiful sight than that of a child reading . Totally lost in the counter-world set between two book covers, he is still there, but does not wish to be disturbed .

If one day in the near or distant future the human race —as anything is possible— were to wipe itself out in some sophisticated way, I am sure —distinguished ladies and gentlemen, dear Prince of Asturias— that Literature will have the final word even, if only in the guise of a pamphlet .

Günter Grass —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature1999



Speech XIX

Committed as I am to what this solemn ceremony represents, I come back to Asturias with the feelings of one who returns to a dearly-loved place, to a felicitous meeting with those who search for higher principles and ideals that will make us grow in stature and which we can serve . I come to join the Laureates and to extol their virtues . They have fulfilled a great and noble task, and even though it remains open to new conquests, they deserve, in the words of our unforgettable Claudio Rodríguez, “to look at the sky, their town, their home, their family and their work in peace .”

I wish to congratulate them in these opening words and to proclaim how much their example strengthens our faith in the human race, which may well stumble and fall, but which is capable of overcoming adversity, of rising above error, misery and misfortune .

I also wish to extend my congratulations to the members of the Juries . Their impartiality, their intellectual rigour, the independence of criteria and the well-balanced nature characteristic of their

work constitute one of the key factors in the broad impact and success of our Awards . I would also like to express my gratitude once again to the Trustees, Patrons and all those who contribute to the development of the Foundation and the furthering of its work . Their unstinting commitment and, above all, their faith and enthusiasm for our project are a guarantee of the present and future success of our Awards .

The major cultural and scientific institutions from other countries that have been willing to accentuate this act of concord, culture and progress with their presence here deserve special mention and thanks .

As regards our Laureates, we shall begin with that marvellous tool of communication, with what is undoubtedly mankind’s greatest invention, with what should always unite us: language . The study, understanding and caring for it are tasks that become one of the most sublime expressions of culture, a subtle, exact way of coming closer to the essence of mankind and of understanding the meaning of life . This is why promoting language studies is in itself a way of promoting the study of mankind, a constant attempt to open new horizons, to create clear pathways to mutual understanding between all peoples .

We can never stress enough, therefore, the importance of our language for both the peoples of Spain and our sister nations across the Atlantic . It is the legacy that we receive and transmit . The word —something that looks so small and seems so easy to use— thus becomes an instrument that conditions each and every one of our acts, the ideal medium for expressing our feelings, the historic and emotional link that brings us together, overcoming the barriers of time and place .

For this reason, we are very pleased that the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities has been bestowed on the Instituto Caro y Cuervo from Colombia . With its Dictionary of the Construction and Rules of Castilian Spanish —so patiently drawn up and so long in the making— it has produced an exemplary, magnificent work . It is, in the words of Gabriel García Márquez, “the great novel of words . Just the examples of language use would be sufficient to justify considering it as a colossal overview of literature in Spanish applied to life, unprecedented in any other language .”

Further tasks undertaken by the Instituto Caro y Cuervo are no less breath-taking . Witness in this respect, the Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Colombia, or having maintained for over fifty years a gazette in which much of the finest research into Spanish and the indigenous American languages —the study of which had already interested many Spanish missionaries during the early years of the Discovery— has been published . This is a tradition we are proud to share because, as has already been said, the death of a language —even one that is only spoken by a handful of people in some lost, forgotten land— is a collective loss, is the death of a world .

“The value of our Awards —the genuine

and exemplary nature of them— lies

in how unifying they are.”

Watch video


I am particularly grateful for the attendance of President Andrés Pastrana of Colombia at this ceremony, thereby emphasising how much his people admire the work carried out by the Instituto Caro y Cuervo . I wish to express to you that, in Spain, we suffer for the obstacles placed in the way of a promising peace process that has begun there as if they were our own; we pray for the process to be crowned by success as soon as possible .

For the second time, the Jury has rewarded Britain’s fertile Hispanism in the figure of the historian Sir Raymond Carr, who has been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences .

Objectivity, scientific rigour and an all-encompassing vision are some of the virtues that grace the life and work of this professor at the University of Oxford and Fellow of the Royal British Academy . As his colleague and fellow Prince of Asturias Laureate Sir John Elliot has said of him, Professor Carr has made a major contribution to our knowledge of the history of 19th- and 20th-century Spain .

The following generation of historians, both in Spain and abroad, has benefited from the ground he has broken . His book on Spain between 1808 and 1939 and later published works has

provided history with an innovative vision of contemporary Spain, placing it within a European context . He has contributed in this way to a better understanding both of the 1936 Civil War and the transition towards democracy .

Beside his published works, which in themselves are proof of an extraordinarily gifted historian, one must stress the impetus he gave to updating Spanish historiography from his teaching post as head of St Anthony’s College at the University of Oxford . During this period, the College became a brilliant intellectual centre for the study of Spain and the Spanish world . Spanish and Spanish-American students who would later

participate directly in political and cultural change in their respective countries were trained there . The intellectual stimulation fostered there by Professor Carr was indispensable to the success of such a creative and ever-influential task .

The Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava has received the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts . His original interpretation of volumes, the use of new materials and techniques and the search for a youthful, innovative sense of aesthetics, alongside his enormous international prestige, have undoubtedly been determining factors for the Jury to decide in favour of his candidature . Imagination and obvious creativity are also unmistakable hallmarks of an architecture that is both so Spanish and so spectacular .

His works share peculiarities and virtues of other art forms and fields of knowledge . This interaction is seen in the brilliant combination of architecture, engineering, sculpture, design and philosophy that make his work a lasting expression of contemporary utility and aesthetics . Santiago Calatrava has managed to combine exercising his profession with teaching theory at the Institute of Building Statics and Construction, in Zurich . The idea of the Renaissance masters for whom wisdom was the child of experience and of a love for work well done takes on modern-day relevance in the energy and versatility with which he has imbued his work .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Literature has been bestowed upon the German writer Günter Grass, who we all also congratulate for his recent Nobel Prize for Literature . As the creator of new literary worlds, Grass is the author of some of the most significant novels to be written in the latter half of this century . In these novels, which often become metaphors and parables of modern society, the force and expressiveness of his prose scales the greatest heights . This is why he is recognized as one of those most actively involved in renovating the German language .

Narrator of his times, moral authority for many, social critic, civic objector, intellectual swimming against the tide and committed writer are some of the hallmarks of a writer who has no wish to live in a somnolent age or society, a society in which there are no solutions to the problems that others prefer to cover up, ignore or simply not solve . This stance reminds us of what the great Portuguese poet Miguel

“ We can never stress enough, therefore,

the importance of our language for

both the peoples of Spain and and our

sister nations across the Atlantic.”

22nd OctOber 1999


Torga wrote, “a poet’s voice may have no owner if it wishes to work for the truth . Once subjugated, it loses all the charm, prestige and dynamism that make it desirable, convincing and redemptive .”

Günter Gras thus combats the most serious contemporary errors: totalitarian, ostracising nationalism, blind, headlong “progress”, trauma-producing technologies, the oppression of the weak, attacks on the environment, abuse of power and basically anything that violates what we recognize as the essential aspirations of mankind .

We need —and will continue to need— critical, independent intellectuals like Günter Grass who denounce the extremes of unforeseeable consequences that society may go to when dazzled only by the blinding light of material progress .

The continual progress of scientific and technical research and its discoveries fills the world that we live in with enormous hope . We are pleased, therefore, that the Award for Technical and Scientific Research has gone to two great men who have achieved enormously important breakthroughs in the field: Spanish surgeon Enrique Moreno and Mexican neuroscientist Ricardo Miledi .

Professor Moreno is head of the Department of Surgical Pathology, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine and a world authority in the field of transplants . More precisely, he is a pioneer in liver transplants and in surgery for gastrointestinal, pancreatic and liver conditions . In view of their importance and seriousness, we rejoice above all in the progress that has been made in detecting and treating these conditions .

We share with him the hope for a rise in the number of patients who are cured by surgery, the future of which is ensured by continual technical improvements and the increase in organ donations . It is a well-known fact that Spain now has the highest rate of organ donation in the world, which is an honour for us and something we are proud of .

Ricardo Miledi is a researcher at the University of California and the Autonomous University of Mexico, and many of his discoveries, especially those related to the mechanisms of nerve-cell contact, are now considered classic by the world of science, as indeed are those he has made concerning the response to and effect of drugs and toxic substances on the nervous system .

We feel that his idea that neuron communication is “at the heart of all the brain’s functions, such as thinking and loving” is very revealing . It creates a useful, emotionally inspiring link between scientific advancement and human behaviour, which is fortunately being further investigated and better understood from one day to the next . Solutions are thus being found for many mental illnesses and, as a result, medical science is imbued with the humanism that has always been its hallmark and which has today, in our Laureates, two of its finest representatives in the world .

The award to Ricardo Miledi provides me with the opportunity of sending a special message of regards to Mexico, a country dearly beloved to us . The heavy flooding that has recently occurred there has left hundreds of dead and thousands of victims in its painful wake, as well as incalculable material damage . We feel wholeheartedly for the suffering of the Mexican people and are confident and hopeful of a rapid recovery from the damage brought about by the disaster . We do not forget here in Spain the debt of gratitude we have towards the Mexican people, who, with great generosity and affection, gave refuge to the emigrants and exiles of the Civil War; such hospitality brought about productive cultural exchange that should never be allowed to peter out .

The Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation has been given to four astronauts of different nationalities: Chiaki Mukai from Japan, Pedro Duque from Spain, John Glenn from the USA and Valery Polyakov from Russia, who is the person who has spent the longest period of time in space .

Given their ages, Polyakov and Glenn represent maturity and experience . Mukai and Duque, given theirs, represent the hopes and tenacity of youth . All four of them demonstrate to us that human beings, in the major undertakings of mankind, are valued above all for their willpower and lofty aspirations .

This Award is so meaningful because it coincides so precisely with its name and description; that long-awaited cooperation between the different peoples of the planet that our Laureates have always desired . This is so because Spain and the European Union as a whole are present, in the


figure of our very own Pedro Duque; because astronaut Polyakov once again reminds us both of the enormous advantages of peaceful cooperation and of the futility of confrontation between peoples; and because —coming as they do from two different continents— Mukai and Glenn add a universal perspective to the conquest of outer space, the Japanese astronaut by her contribution to the progress of space medicine, and Glenn by consolidating with his experience that pioneering nature that his country has long demonstrated in its ventures into space .

All of them, after great sacrifice and with great risk to their lives, have travelled far away from our planet, only to be closer to it, only to watch over and safeguard its progress, only to ennoble science . They have been able to see our beautiful, blue planet almost in miniature from their spacecraft; at the same time, they have seen it spectacularly united under its biosphere .

No doubt each of them have pondered on what brings mankind together and what forces humanity apart, on the incomprehensible, sterile hatreds among men, on the invisible borderlines drawn up to separate nations, on the confrontation between different peoples of a planet that is so prodigious, so teeming with life and so beautiful . The effort and tenacity of each of them provides us with a number of examples which, as a single unit, we point to here today with admiration: their outstanding professionalism, their fraternal joint work, the peaceful nature of their project, their wish to disseminate and share their experience and, in short, the high ideals of their work for the benefit of science and thus of the human race as a whole .

One of the principles that our Foundation follows —that of contributing to society’s moral awareness-raising– is fulfilled in exemplary fashion this year by the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord, bestowed on Caritas Spain .

No work is as indispensable and as noble as work for the most needy: the elderly, the homeless, immigrants, those dependent on drugs, AIDS victims, the handicapped, the prison population, the socially ostracised in general, groups at difficult moments in their youth, in their infancy, in their family, and women . Faced with such special, outstanding work, we wish to stress here that charity and justice are not opposing concepts that cancel each other out, but quite the opposite . As was pointed out by the president of Caritas Spain when granted the Award, the meaning of the word “charity” is in no way synonymous of “a hand-out” or of “benefits”; it is rather a synonym of the word “love” . For this reason, it could be said that Caritas is like “a love which never fails you”, because of the fine example that its seventy-five thousand volunteers set, because of the work carried out in its network of five thousand Caritas parish groups, three thousand five hundred and seventy-

five centres and seven thousand reception points, all established thanks to the hearts of tens of thousands of contributors who, moved by generosity and with great tenacity, dream of creating a better world, a fairer, more fraternal world, and of getting mankind, in the words left to us by Albert Camus, “to feel once more the love for fellow man without which the world would be an immense solitude .”

Once more, youth and effort that borders on the limits come together in exemplary fashion in the award for the best sports persons in the world . This is why the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports has been bestowed on the German tennis player, Steffi Graf . It has been awarded to her for her career in sport, but also for her human qualities, for an aspiring to the common good that goes beyond her strictly professional work and which has recently taken on a tangible form in the opening of a foundation to help children and young victims of violence and exploitation, with special attention paid to those suffering the consequences of war .

It is difficult to synthesise the many merits of Steffi Graf ’s career in sport . Outstanding are her twenty-two Grand Slam tournament victories, her 377 weeks as leader of the professional tennis players ranking and being the youngest Roland Garros winner .

Yet once more when faced with any outstanding professional work, when faced with any youthful, brilliant triumph, we would point out that the person achieving such success would be nothing if he or she did not possess other human values . Thus the criteria of the great athletes

“Achieving a fairer, more caring world must

continue to be a priority of human activity.”

22nd OctOber 1999


of the past, who valued being an all-round human being more than the crowns and statues to celebrate their victories, takes on new meaning and relevance .

Success in sport is fostered by tenacity and by the effort that only youth can muster; but greater than this kind of success is victory over oneself . It is a pleasure to see how triumphs in the stadium can become victories for society as a whole, as has happened in the case of Steffi Graf when she established her important Children for Tomorrow Foundation .

The value of our Awards —the genuine and exemplary nature of them— lies in how unifying they are, for not one of the individuals or institutions here present and being acknowledged are

motivated by facile opportunism or the whims of the ephemeral . We discover in all of them those virtues that exalt men and women: the noble struggle for self-improvement and for others to progress, courage, the spirit of innovation that forthcoming times demand, selfless service to society, an openness towards all nations devoid of sectarianism, and determination and self-sacrifice, taken on occasions to the very limits .

To sum up, we would emphasise that once again the Prince of Asturias Awards acknowledge all that is exceptional, namely the highest and most exemplary qualities available to man to fulfil his aspirations and achieve the ideal model of a society that is more just, one that displays greater culture, progress and concord . These are values that the Laureates have made their own and democratic Spain proclaims them .

As we approach the end of a millennium it seems inevitable to look towards the future, to ponder on what we want the future awaiting us to be like, to try to understand the basic principles that will inspire tomorrow’s history, guarding whatever may be timeless from the past .

We are immediately confronted by major contradictions, by the vicissitudes of history, by the highs and lows that mark a paradoxical civilization, by progress and degradation, respect and humiliation, absolute beauty and absolute ugliness . In the century that is ending, we have managed to improve living standards for millions of human beings who lead a more dignified existence thanks to the spread of education, culture and healthcare, and intense scientific and technical development . Yet at the same time, the gap between rich and poor, between oppressors and the oppressed, has widened, leaving a major part of humanity condemned to injustice and poverty . The suffering of those for whom the mere mention of the modern age is a humiliating act of sarcasm is sadly familiar to us . And perhaps because we care increasingly more about respect for human rights, individual rights, freedom of opinion and ideas and the right to work, we are more aware of their constant violations and also more responsible for them .

Achieving a fairer, more caring world must continue to be a priority of human activity . In the apotheosis of global communication, we must consolidate even further the idea that there is a single human race with many separate identities, and that all of us on this earth should be equals in dignity, rights and obligations .

Therefore, we must consolidate the idea that we can live as whole human beings; that we can achieve a new model for the human race that builds its ethics on principles, on occasions totally new ones, to eradicate pain and hate from human existence . To construct this new existence, we also need to see the women and men of the future as our fellow human beings to whom we have the responsibility of saving the planet . We become greater in this way, because those who think not only of their own era, but also of leaving a better world for those who take over from us on this age-old road where nothing has been achieved easily become greater .

Many sacrifices have been required and many still need to be made to fulfil each of our dreams, to pursue each of our utopias . A great defender of human rights proclaimed that “whoever wishes to reap the benefits of freedom should suffer the hardship of defending it .”

I will finish my speech by mentioning what I consider to be one of the major achievements of this century: the achievement of women’s rights .

As we all know, throughout history women have lived in a permanent state of being under

“ We also need to see the women and men of

the future as our fellow human beings to whom

we have the responsibility of saving the planet.”


the age of consent, marked by discrimination and subjugation . They were stripped of fundamental rights and were unable to participate in political, cultural or economic life save for a handful of splendid exceptions . The access to education and conquest of equality that the women of the Western world —Spanish women amongst them— have achieved has to a great extent led to the above absurd, unfair situation being redressed .

However, this same situation still exists, and in fact gets painfully worse, on a large part of the planet . The 20th century, which for this triumph alone deserves to go down in history as a fundamental

century in the course of our civilization, has not managed to see the desire for this equality to be universal fulfilled, for total respect and dignity for women is still being violated . However, it fills us with hope to think that the Spain that moves into the 21st century will be built for the first time in our history, and forever, on the joint efforts, creativity and talents of Spanish men and women .


“Many sacrifices have been required, and many

still need to be made to fulfil each one of our

dreams, to pursue each one of our utopias.”

22nd OctOber 1999



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XX

27th October 2000

1


Arts

Barbara Hendricks

sociAl sciences

Carlo Maria Martini


Fernando Henrique Cardoso

literAture

Augusto Monterroso


Robert Gallo and

Luc Montagnier


Umberto Eco

concord

Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and

the Royal Spanish Academy

sports

Lance Armstrong


Laureates. Excerpts

Fernando Henrique Cardoso was President of the Republic of Brazil in two consecutive mandates, from 1995 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2002. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 27/10/2000.

The great sea journeys, the epic of the “Conquistadors”, the dialectic of colonialization and independence, all created bridges that allow us to aspire to union between the old and the new world, between a Europe that is rich in traditions —but at the same time so prodigious in promises and possibilities for the future— and a Latin America whose greatest tradition is creating new opportunities: for development, justice and freedom .

A Latin America, where poverty and exclusion still mark a gap with democratic, integrated and prosperous Europe . This Latin America and its struggles for democracy and better living conditions for its peoples has formed part of my academic life and my life as a public figure .

This Latin America, whose challenges I have attempted to study since I was a research scholar in Chile and even before . This Latin America, which is also Ibero-America and which has always brought me closer to so many friends in Spain .

Fernando Henrique Cardoso —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2000


In a world that is becoming ever more unified from an economic and financial standpoint, where you can communicate in real time between anywhere in the world and anywhere else, what is needed is a style of dialogue and listening that also includes consideration of social and economic problems and allows a shift from the globalization of markets and information exchange towards a globalization of solidarity . Pope John Paul II has frequently called for this and has invited people for the Jubilee years to “create a new culture of solidarity and international cooperation where everybody… accepts their responsibility for building an economic model at the service of the individual .” (John Paul II, Incarnationnis Mysterium, number 12) . This means interpreting and organizing the economy by recognizing its values and limits and its subordination to ethics . “This also means searching for ideal legal tools for effective supranational control of the economy; an economic community has to correspond with an international civil society, able to express forms of political and economic subjectivity inspired in solidarity and the quest for the common good, in a broader vision able to include the whole world .” (John Paul II, To the teachers and students of the ‘Luigi Bocconi’ Business University of Milan, 20 November 1999, number 4) .

We could thus deal with the burning questions of the day: peace between ethnic groups and religions, particularly in the Middle East; human rights and the defence of lifelong personal dignity in every country in the world; environmental issues and protecting the earth against the degradation that threatens it . The believer will be guided by the certainty that underlying the paths of man there is a grace from the Holy Spirit leading the struggle against all that is absurd and unjust . All those who at least has confidence in life itself, even though they may have no particular religious faith, will thereby find fellow travellers to share their yearning for the dignity of every man and woman, and of every country on earth .

Carlo Maria Martini —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2000

In 2000, Cardenal Martini (1927-2012) had been Archbishop of Milan since 1979. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 27/10/2000.


As Eduardo Torres might well have put it, Central America has always been defeated, both by the elements and by the enemy’s ships . I refer here to the natural catastrophes of recent years, and to the economic and political disasters that have been forced upon us by the interests of powerful foreign companies who produce the fruit that has given rise to our countries being called “banana republics” . It is my duty to point out once again that it is not only bananas that we have produced over the centuries . I would remind you that our Mayan forefathers, consummate astronomers and mathematicians, who invented the zero before other great civilizations, had their own cosmogony, in what is now known by the name of Popol Vuh, the national book of the K’iche’ people, mythological and poetic and mysterious . I would remind you of Rafael Landívar, the author of Rusticatio mexicana, the best neolatin poem of the 18th century; of José Batres Montúfar, a satirical story-writer in verse whose octavas reales (eight-line, eleven syllable verse) descend directly from Ariosto and Casti and brilliantly round off world narrative in this verse; and, to conclude, so as not to get dangerously close to our era, I would remind you of Rubén Darío, who renewed the language of poetry in Spanish like no other had done before since the times of Góngora and Garcilaso de la Vega .

Three legacies —indigenous, Latin and Spanish— that most Central American writers, I am sure, strive to be worthy of, and, why not, to preserve and contribute to with dignity and respect .

In a moment of optimism I declared a few years ago on an occasion like this that my greatest ideal as an author lay in taking up, one day in the medium-term future, half a page of my country’s primary schools’ reading text . This may well be the greatest immortality that a writer can aspire to .

Augusto Monterroso —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2000



Speech XX

I return with a deep, contained feeling of elation to Asturias to attend this formal presentation ceremony this year in which we celebrate the twentieth edition of our Awards . This annual reunion with the people, valleys and woods of this dearly beloved land —bathed at present in autumn light— is always a cause of great joy to me, and is even more so in the event of this happy commemoration .

I would first like to congratulate the Laureates with all my heart; their selfless work heartens us and is a guiding light and stimulus for all our hours to be as unselfishly given over to others and as productive as theirs have been . Together with those who have preceded them, they are the ones who make us believe . Their contribution strengthens the desires and hopes for the future that we place in the Foundation .

I warmly thank the personages and representations from Spain and other friendly countries who have honoured us with their presence here today .

I would like to extend this gratitude with special affection to my parents, Their Majesties The King and Queen . Throughout these twenty years, they have lent decisive backing to the work of our Foundation, which pays tribute to those highest moral values to which constitutional and democratic Spain is firmly committed . Without such values, humanity would be spiritually impoverished, less mutually supportive and even less just . For this reason, it is a cause of great pride for us to be able to foster these values, modestly, but with the conviction and determination required .

Our Awards have ever-greater international repercussions . This success lies in unstinting work and a profound commitment to the most hallowed of ethical principles . For without this nobler vision, without trustworthiness, without reaching spiritual heights, nothing lasting, nothing we can have faith in, can be created .

Throughout this time, Asturias has contributed significantly to the progress of these Awards, which from here have become the patrimony of all the Spanish people . I thank the people of Asturias for this memorable attitude, so in keeping with their generous dedication to Spain

throughout history . I would also express my appreciation to the Foundation’s Trustees, the members of the Juries and all those people who, discreetly and yet passionately, have made them possible . On this anniversary, though, I expressly wish to highlight the vision and efficacious work of Sabino Fernández Campo, our presidents Pedro Masaveu, Plácido Arango and José Ramón Álvarez Rendueles and the Foundation staff, so generously and wisely led by Graciano García . Thank you .

On the threshold of a new century, comforted by all these feelings of joy, it is a satisfaction for me to tell this international

audience that Spain continues along the road to freedom and progress; it is a journey our nation is undertaking with hope and determination, free at last from the burden of pessimism that so overshadowed recent centuries of its course through history .

It is true that there are problems to solve, such as the ones in the Basque Country, where we all have “the heart of our soul”, just like Unamuno . We believe a future with dignity can only be forged by commending what unites us and not by widening what falsely separates us, by integrating and not excluding; we maintain a firm hope that the end to so much suffering cannot be far off . There is always room for meeting and mutual understanding amongst those who place the supreme value of life itself above fanaticism and crime .

This evening brings to mind the deepest gratitude and feelings towards those who risk their lives there to defend our coexistence in freedom and democracy, which was won with so much sacrifice . Their commitment and exemplary bravery mean that we are all more human and freer .

“ Without this nobler vision, without

trustworthiness, without reaching spiritual

heights, nothing lasting, nothing we

can have faith in, can be created.”

Watch video


We do not forget, nor will we ever forget, the victims of terrorist madness that spreads pain and cuts down lives throughout our country . They are, in the words of José Angel Valente, “the resounding blood of freedom” .

Let us now talk about our Laureates: It fills me with pleasure to know that the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and

Humanities has been conferred on a representative of the highest level of international culture, the lecturer and writer Umberto Eco .

Professor of History and Medieval Culture, holder of honorary degrees from twenty-five universities, outstanding semiotician and critical analyst, exemplary reader and extraordinarily perceptive writer, his list of merits is nevertheless unending .

Umberto Eco has brought together tradition and modernity knowledgeably . He has encyclopaedic knowledge and a rigorous academic training, with which he has created worlds of fiction where beauty, intelligence and insatiable curiosity prevail . Works such as Apocalittici e integrati, The Name of the Rose and Foucault’s Pendulum are in the minds of readers worldwide and have had the virtue of reaching a surprising majority of people . His treatises on semiotics, on the other hand, have influenced students and specialists for many years, and have modernised the study and analysis of human communication processes .

However, his thoughts and work are not restricted to the fields of academia and the novel; they deal with the latest, most conflictive questions of human coexistence . Umberto Eco invites us to lift our vision and thoughts upwards, because neither mystery nor proof —he tells us— are easy .

At a time when a mistaken over-evaluation of what is useful has led to a drop in the level of humanistic training of our citizens in many countries, Umberto Eco’s example shows us that true progress can only be achieved when the sciences and humanities each occupy their rightful place in mankind’s education .

The virologists Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier, upon whom the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research has been conferred, also work with tenacity and wisdom .

These two great scientists have adopted the role of being in productive competition to confront one of our century’s major biomedical challenges: the study of AIDS and the virus that causes it . We hope that their research efforts and selfless commitment to eradicating an illness that has rocked mankind in the last twenty years of this century will soon lead to further promising results .

Dr Gallo and Dr Montagnier have broadcast a dramatic message we wish to echo here today: there is a pressing need to increase financial and scientific efforts to find a vaccine that will slow down the alarming worldwide growth rate of the disease . They have also condemned the shortage of resources to attend victims who still suffer in subhuman conditions in many parts of the world, especially in the poorest countries .

Medicine plays a momentous role in the fight for a fairer, more mutually supportive world . However, recent outstanding breakthroughs in medical research are cause for concern as well as admiration: the concern that the high price of some therapies may widen the social gap, for while some citizens can acquire treatment effortlessly, they will be unattainable for others . It is worrying for us, as it is for our Laureates, to see how the gap between rich and poor countries may well become deeper and broader because of this . We back them in the efforts to raise the voice of alarm as to the gravity of the problem in the most important world forums .

The Award granted to these two great scientists brings to mind the work of all those who fight to save lives and to provide health and hope where there is only suffering and death from the silence of their laboratories or by their exemplary commitment .

Let us return to Italy, to its time-honoured wisdom and culture, to exalt Cardinal Carlo María Martini, Archbishop of Milan, illustrious son of our Saint Ignatius of Loyola, who has been honoured with the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences .

“Spain continues along the road to freedom

and progress; it is a journey our nation is

undertaking with hope and determination,

free at last from the burden of pessimism.”

27th OctOber 2000


Cardinal Martini, a doctor in theology and Holy Scripture, has been a lecturer at the Biblical Institute of Rome, rector of the Gregorian University —named by His Holiness Pope John Paul II— and president of the Episcopal Conferences of Europe .

However, as is the case with the other Laureates, merely providing a long list of his merits does not show us the true nature of his virtues . For in Cardinal Martini there is also a very special ethical magnitude which goes far beyond any formal recognition he has received .

Cardinal Martini, a priest in the large diocese of Milan, has made his cathedral a temple for the divine word, for prayer and for fraternity . His open-minded, understanding attitude is synthesised in a profound wish to meet, as he himself has said, “all those who wonder about the mystery of human existence” . We should seek the secret of his teaching, which has been honed by hours of spiritual retirement and solitude, in his faith in words and his conviction of the need for permanent dialogue .

He is the author of today’s most widely read Biblical commentaries; his stimulating, modern interpretation of the Holy Scriptures beckon us to a long-awaited encounter with the quiet, peaceful life of piety and dignity that the scriptures promise us .

Cardinal Martini cares for the dispossessed, the elderly, immigrants, the persecuted, grass-root communities and prisoners . He talks to people from other religions and to agnostics to explore the opportunities of establishing joint action in favour of a more human world . He has done this, with brilliance and exemplary understanding, on the question of the basis of ethics, with Umberto Eco . From different stances, the two of them have come close together in their aims, in their desire to reach moral perfection and find answers to questions raised by the modern world .

Without losing sight of the fact that the ultimate aim of human life is, as he has said, “obedience to a mystery that is greater than us”, the ability to explain man’s greatest contradictions knowledgeably and with kindness shines forth in the attitude and beliefs of Cardinal Martini .

Our Awards once again return to Spanish America, as the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature has been conferred on Augusto Monterroso, one of the authors who has most endeavoured, from the other side of the Atlantic, to find new paths to literary creation .

The history of Spanish literature has been written thanks largely to the endeavours of a broad group of Spanish–American writers . Amongst other reasons, this is because they succeeded in enriching their language with peculiarities from their countries of origin and with the best Castilian tradition to form something new and original with a strength of expression that identifies them uniquely .

This originality is represented here today in the person of Augusto Monterroso, a writer who is Honduran by birth and Guatemalan at heart, or more precisely in his masterly short story writing . By conferring the Award on Augusto Monterroso, one is also doing so on the short story as a genre of which he is one of the most illustrious representatives in the Spanish language .

Reality and fantasy, satire and humour, precision and witticism are the main characteristics of his work . The “Cervantine, melancholic originality” of his style, which the Jury referred to when conferring the Award, may stem from his being self-taught and from his constant need to learn .

Finally, we might say in his honour that it is impossible to overlook his passionate, pacific resistance in favour of democracy for his country; this has meant an exile that has lasted fifty-two years and has closely linked him to Mexican culture .

The soprano Barbara Hendricks, who has been granted the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts, rightly believes that music is for the world as a whole and that she sings for the world as a whole .

Gifted with excellent faculties, with a special emotive quality to her voice and an international presence of twenty-five years standing, Barbara Hendricks knows our country well, she admires its history and several of our best singers have been her maestros .

It should be emphasised that her life is not only guided by a love of music, but also by

“There is always room for meeting and

mutual understanding amongst those

who place the supreme value of life

itself above fanatiscism and crime.”


a dedication to humanitarian work . She has made the whole world —particularly some of the countries in conflict— the object of her efforts . She has been GoodWill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and we owe to her the initiative to create an institution to promote peace and reconciliation throughout the world .

Her beautiful voice has served to raise a protest against xenophobia, anti-Semitism and intolerance . Her beliefs are born out of a conviction that life is a marvellous opportunity to devote oneself to others . Her great humanity also often shows up in clearly stated, simple ideas, as when she declares, “music is medicine for the voice, but for the soul as well .” Thank you, Ms Hendricks, for your generosity here this evening . We are touched .1

Coinciding with the fifth centenary of Brazil, its President, Dr Fernando Henrique Cardoso, receives the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation for his outstanding political leadership and his efforts to fight social inequality and promote education and culture at all social levels .

Brazil is a great, immense, dynamic and rich nation, a miracle of racial and national fraternity, celebrating its birth proud at having created a culture of open, democratic tolerance, with

extraordinarily important opportunities for development . Before becoming involved in politics, Fernando Henrique

Cardoso was a scholar of social reality . This initial interest has allowed him to brilliantly deal with such wide-ranging, complex affairs as inflation, the democratic spirit, the world of finance, institutional improvement, the American common market and mediation between countries . He is a sensitive intellectual who is clear-sighted in his interpretation of the vertiginous changes we are experiencing . He has taken upon himself the task of achieving better living conditions and an acceptable level of social justice for his country .

His cultural sensitivity has also led him to take an interest in a question that is close to the Crown’s heart: respect for and love of the Spanish and Portuguese languages . His interest in increasing the teaching of Spanish in Brazil and in spreading Portuguese abroad is one further way —and a true and possible essential one at that— of bringing people together for the prosperity of the Ibero-American community .

Recognition of the work of President Cardoso leads us to reflect on the mutual relationships that have existed between our countries and particularly on what shape our future collaboration might take; especially as regards the economy, culture, education and the environment . These are four facets of development in which Spain, as a brotherly nation, should be particularly well represented . For a broad range of countries in that continent that need to develop their national economies, strengthen and protect their cultures and safeguard their natural heritage require the help of both Spain and Brazil . Such help should not just focus on providing all the means possible to achieve these ends, but also protect them from any initiative born exclusively out of uncontrolled development, unbridled ambition and speculation .

We are certain that such collaboration would contribute to greater mutual knowledge of our respective cultures and would raise the awareness of everybody as to the serious and urgent problem of environmental conservation and protection . For the marvellous natural State of Brazil, recognized worldwide as essential for life on this planet, needs to be protected with the help of everybody . President Cardoso has appealed to international bodies for this help to provide enough projects and resources to save these vital spaces once and for all .

The Prince of Asturias Award for Sports has been conferred upon a cyclist for the second time . In the past, it was our own Miguel Indurain; today it is Lance Armstrong, who undoubtedly combines all the virtues of the great sportsman .

1 Barbara Hendricks sang the Negro spiritual “Sometimes I Feel like a Motherless Child” after receiving the Award.

“ With the encouragement of the Crown,

the protection of the Constitution and the

enthusiastic work of the Spanish people, Spain,

though it has its problems, is today a country that

has progressed enormously, united in freedom.”

27th OctOber 2000


Armstrong adds triumphs that he achieved far from competition to those he earned in sport, when, struck down by cancer, he trod the paths of desperation, fear, pain and suffering with extraordinary bravery . He has returned from them a greater, spiritually changed man, ready to inspire the will to live in others who are ill, like he himself was . For this reason, he has created the foundation that bears his name, where he works passionately, helping people to come to terms with their illness, to face it and beat it .

The Royal Academy defines the word concord as conformity, agreement, pact, consensus, harmony and union . All these words also apply to the commendable work of the Academy and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, who have received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord this year . It is splendid to see agreement and harmony after social confrontation and warfare, but it is no less splendid to see how the word —which embodies the Spanish language, spoken by 400 million people in the world— is the end point of this harmonious union .

The Spanish language is one of humanity’s great legacies; it is a productive vehicle for peaceful understanding and an essential tool of cultural creation . The illustrious Academies represented here today protect and stimulate it with their selfless work to spread and safeguard it in all its rigour and purity .

Ladies and Gentlemen,The consensus agreed upon as regards orthography, the incessant work in the fields of lexis

and grammar, the preparation of a new Dictionary of the Language and of the Academic Dictionary of Americanisms —which will include the linguistic peculiarities of each country— and the adaptation of all this work to technological change are tasks that round off this initial approach based on dialogue, concord and peace that is concomitant of the Spanish language .

All of which brings us back to its roots, to the land where the language was born, to the lands of Spain, and to a belief that precisely here, the Spanish language —everybody’s language— might also be one of the most precious tools for permanent reconciliation and peace amongst us . It must never be a point of confrontation .

The sentiments that this ceremony expresses and the tragic events of the Israeli and Palestinian people in the Holy Land clash in our minds and remind us of the 1994 Awards Ceremony, when Isaac Rabin and Yaser Arafat collected the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation, which they shared .

The content of the encouraging speeches made that memorable day by both personages and their expressive, warm demonstration of mutual understanding should live on . We are aware that much has to be forgotten, but we are also convinced that greater fruits can be harvested through dialogue, negotiation and generosity . We long for Jerusalem, with its age-old links to the Crown, to be a centre for peace, coexistence and hope, an example of brotherhood and concord to all and

sundry . Like the Sephardi poet, we dream of the time when the flame of peace shall burn brightly in the night of pain .

Before ending this speech, please allow me to publicly remind you —with the joy and spontaneity of heartfelt gesture— of the proximity of an anniversary of special significance to those of us Spaniards who appreciate and are grateful for the work done from a democratic Spain of peace and freedom .

Twenty-five years ago, His Majesty The King, with Her Majesty The Queen at his side, began a reign which, through being innovative, modern and close to the people, has managed to find the right place that history and democratic, plural coexistence required of it .

Although I confess it is not easy because of the close ties that bind us, it is emotive for me to evoke His work in this way from my dearly beloved Asturias, the source of so many emotions, concerns and initiatives that have made a fundamental contribution to the construction of Spain . I wish to highlight from here His commitment to a historic mission, the wisdom that drives his work and efforts to be, as he truly is, the King of all Spaniards .

“Our country is facing up to the

complex challenges of the information

society and the new economy.”


With the encouragement of the Crown, the protection of the Constitution and the enthusiastic work of the Spanish people, Spain, though it has its problems, is today a country that has progressed enormously, united in freedom, respected in the world, a repository of inalienable values . With its splendid literary and artistic creativity and increasingly widely recognized research work, our country is facing up to the complex challenges of the information society and the new economy . Solidly trained youth, the growing prominence of women in all facets of social life, an enterprising entrepreneurial business sector and workers who show constant signs of responsibility all open the best doorways towards the future .

I express my profound admiration and gratitude as a Spaniard and as a son to Their Majesties The King and Queen for their decisive contribution to this work .


27th OctOber 2000



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXI

26th October 2001

1


Arts

Krzysztof Penderecki

sociAl sciences

El Colegio de México and

Juan Iglesias Santos


International Space Station

literAture

Doris Lessing


Francis Collins, Hamilton Smith, John Sulston, Craig Venter and

Jean Weissenbach


George Steiner

concord

World Network of Biosphere Reserves

sports

Manuel Estiarte


Laureates. Excerpts

Dreams are the neutral ground of contradictions . The dream of a common language, spoken and understood by all human beings on this small, fragile planet is as ancient as history itself . In innumerable versions, expounded by theology, by liturgy, by myth, we find the motif of an “Adamic” tongue . At his creation, man spoke a divinely imparted language . This language was tautological, this is to say that words correspond exactly, with no possible falsehood or ambiguity, to that which they designated and communicated . Speech was identical with truth . Hence the possibility of direct exchange with God, of a direct comprehension of His discourse . In the beginning was the Word (logos) common to both man and creator . This single language would, presumably, have sufficed for all mankind had the children of Adam and Eve dwelt in Paradise, had there been no original sin and expulsion from Eden . For a time, and although tainted with possibilities of error and of falsehood, this primal idiom continued to be spoken . The second Fall came at Babel, with the shattering of an Adamic and unified tongue into countless other languages, mutually incomprehensible . There is hardly any mythology or cultural legend known to us which does not include some version of the Babel story . The causes of the disaster are narrated in many different modes: a crime against the gods, a fatal oversight, a mysterious accident . But there is universal agreement as to the consequence: henceforth, human communities and individuals are divided by linguistic barriers, by reciprocal deafness or misunderstanding . Every act of translation carries within it a trace of this primal catastrophe .

The dream of repairing the damage, of restoring the human condition to the unison of pre- Babel, has never ceased . At various points in history, different languages have put forward claims to original universality . Hebrew has never renounced an aura of original and originating privilege . Classical Greek aspired to uniqueness and supremacy as contrasted with “barbarian chatter” . Via the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church, Latin sought to demonstrate as self-evident its rights of universality, of legislative auctoritas over mankind . Calvinist divines argued for the purity, for the closeness to man’s pre-destined origins, of Dutch . The French have perennially harboured the suspicion that God speaks French . Charles V voiced the same intuition with regard to Castilian .

But as it became clear that no natural language would restore the world to universal harmony and accord, the search began for an artificial interlingua, for a linguistic system which all men would want to share . From the 17th century onward, this dream has engaged great minds and energies . Among them a Comenius, a Leibniz and all those who, like Spinoza, were persuaded that human quarrels and errors would cease if all men and women could communicate with each other in a shared tongue . Esperanto is only one among a dozen systematic constructs of a “world-speech” . Today, and for the first time, such a “world-speech” is tiding across the planet . It is Anglo-American which, by virtue of economic, commercial, technological and mass-media domination will soon be spoken, either as a first or a second language, by three-fifths of the human species . All computers derive from Anglo-American and immensely reinforce the codification of all other languages into a basic Anglo-American .

George Steiner —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities2001



Once upon a time, and it seems a long time ago, there was a respected figure, The Educated Person . He —it was usually he, but then increasingly often she— was educated in a way that differed little from country to country —I am talking of course about Europe— but was different from what we know now . William Hazlitt, our great essayist, went to a school, in the late eighteenth century, whose curriculum was four times more comprehensive than that of a comparable school now, a mix of the bases of language, law, art, religion, mathematics . It was taken for granted that this already dense and deep education was only one aspect of development, for the pupils were expected to read, and they did .

This kind of education, the humanist education, is vanishing . Increasingly governments —our British government among them— encourage citizens to acquire vocational skills, while education as a development of the whole person is not seen as useful to the modern society .

The older education would have had Greek and Latin literature and history, and the Bible, as a foundation for everything else . He —or she— read the classics of their own countries, perhaps one or two from Asia, and the best known writers of other European countries, Goethe, Shakespeare, Cervantes, the great Russians, Rousseau . An educated person from Argentina would meet a similar person from Spain, one from St Petersburg meet his counterpart in Norway, a traveller from France spend time with one from Britain, and they would understand each other, they shared a culture, could refer to the same books, plays, poems, pictures, in a web of reference and information that was like a shared history of the best the human mind was thought, said, written .

This has gone .

Doris Lessing —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2001



Speech XXI

As the age-old woods in the valleys of this much-loved land of Asturias begin to sense —as the poet says— “`the broad moons and the short days of the winter time”, we are holding the first of our Award Ceremonies of the twenty-first century in this city of warm welcome and culture, Oviedo . Much to our satisfaction, we can say that after forging a long pathway that has been so full of genuine, life-enriching experiences, the Awards have become a shining beacon of coexistence and culture the world over .

This year Asturias celebrates the twentieth anniversary of its Statute of Regional Autonomy, the centenary of the deaths of two writers, Ramón de Campoamor and Leopoldo Alas, Clarín,

and the bicentenary of the birth of Alejandro Mon, economist and expert in public finance . All three have bequeathed works which time has only served to enhance . Campoamor, who lends his name to this beautiful theatre we are in, with his touching, transparent poetry; Clarín, intelligent and ironic, the author of one of the works at the pinnacle of our literature, the novel La Regenta; and Alejandro Mon, a reformer of the Spain of his times, a representative of the enterprising, rigorous facet of Asturias, selflessly devoted to the land of his birth .

Yet, to our deep regret, memories of gratitude towards these great Spaniards and the joy of this ceremony, which now has such international renown, are overshadowed by those whose will is to usher humanity, as on so many other occasions throughout history, towards a world of silence and fear, devoid of freedom . On the one hand, we witness the development of science and the arts progressing at unprecedented speeds, and yet we continue to live with the darkest of obscurities, at times as old as history itself .

We have all also felt the horror of the terrorist attacks of last September 11th in the United States and the momentous consequences that affect us in so many ways . Rather than intimidating us, such events should give added impetus to the search for what unites us and saves us . In other words, universal protection and the ubiquity of human rights, respect for differences between cultures and civilizations, and the conviction that religious feelings constitute a profound ethical and spiritual stance that will help us to reach out towards others . This is how we will avoid the triumph of the fundamentalist rationale, which is so unjust to human reason and to the very religion that it purports to defend .

We have no wish for the history of man to be the history of his wars yet again; we wish it to be guided by the will to build up a universal community in peace and freedom; a world where terrorism, the brutality and fanaticism of which the Spanish are unfortunately only too well aware of, does not exist . This is why we reiterate our belief that eradicating it ought to be a top priority of the international community of free, democratic nations, since no cause, no project, no collective aspiration can serve as justification for carrying out, encouraging or justifying terrorism in any of its guises . In short, we desire a world that can be guided by tolerance and solidarity . One of our Laureates, Professor Steiner, has said this in heartfelt words of great beauty: “All human beings should learn to live as if they were guests of life . There is no society, religion, city or town that is not worthy of improvement . Likewise, there are none worthy of not being abandoned when injustice and savagery reign .”

However, let us turn our gaze towards the event that brings us together here today, as the life and works of this year’s Laureates are a splendid offering to the high values that we strive to encourage from within our Foundation; life and work dedicated to freedom, creative passion and hope .

“ We have no wish for the history of man

to be the history of his wars yet again; we

wish it to be guided by the will to build up a

universal community in peace and freedom.”

Watch video


George Steiner, who has received the Award for Communication and the Humanities, is one such example .

His work represents very well this harmonious fusion of different peoples, ethnic groups and cultures that can prove so enriching . He has striven to encompass different fields of knowledge, such as literature, history, science, theology and anthropology . He has made such efforts with a sense of responsibility, deep thought and knowledge of different languages and cultures, whereby his words have acquired the status of exemplary authority .

He has written fascinating pages on such issues as the worrying relinquishing of excellence by populist democracies, the increasing tendency of the mass media to target the easy segment of the market, the underlying violence that beats at the heart of developed societies, the misuse and abuse of science and technology, a certain spiritual weariness, widespread hunger or disease, the unending unfairness of wars or the special suffering felt by women and children .

George Steiner affords us intelligent, practical reflections to confront and banish such ills; he sometimes attributes their causes to the deficiencies of education in stopping wrong triumphing over sensibility and knowledge, and to the risks of an artistic and cultural elite existing alongside humanity’s age-old stigmas, “the gloomy paradox”, as he describes the phenomenon that he dedicated a large part of his life to .

We thank George Steiner for the clarity of his thoughts and the intellectual honesty he has transmitted it with, just as we likewise thank and honour the discreet, patient work carried out in laboratories and research centres in the United States, France and England by the Technical and Scientific Research Laureates, world leaders in research into the human genome .

They are represented here in the figures of Francis Collins, Hamilton Smith, John Sulston, Craig Venter and Jean Weissenbach . The teams they lead exemplify the multidisciplinary as well as the mutually supportive nature of scientific research . Their unswerving efforts dignify humanity in general, and the outcome of their research opens new roads to knowledge, for the steps already taken in the study of the human genome are but the starting point towards new, promising horizons in science .

Besides the scientific importance of genetic mapping, such access to what has come to be called “the book of life” has once and for all demonstrated the error of those who used to uphold the belief in qualitative differences between human beings and once based their discriminatory, racist theories on this rationale .

It is very encouraging to observe once again how the noblest efforts of scientists lead to such major advances in our knowledge about the basic structure of living species and the fight against disease . We are convinced that this will also be of benefit to all mankind .

The Award for Social Sciences has gone to the Colegio de México and to the Spanish jurist Juan Iglesias . The cultures of our two countries, Mexico and Spain, merge once more in the form of our Awards .

The unfortunate exodus of a great number of Spanish writers, intellectuals and teachers as a result of the Civil War led to the founding of the Casa de España, the original name of today’s Colegio de México . However, the exodus provided an example of dignity, as the painful leaving of the homeland quickly became a case of serenely spreading knowledge and culture, thanks to which Spain became a prodigious, generous seed for culture . Those Spanish intellectuals of the highest order, both men and women, understood how to sow, grow and then reap the fruits for their second country, who welcomed them with open generosity and showed that, however sad that uprooting may be, it is not an insurmountable impediment to the flowering of culture, and that integration overcomes the suffering and tragedies of history .

Yet let us not forget the difficult task of rising above a time of confrontation and grief also occurred within Spain . The list of intellectuals who struggled in difficult circumstances and with enormous dignity here to save Spanish culture would be interminable . Juan Iglesias, Professor of Roman Law, did so in difficult times from within the Spanish university; first from Oviedo, Salamanca and Barcelona, and then from Madrid Complutense, and his work acquired an international standing .

26th OctOber 2001


Juan Iglesias has done intense, exemplary educational and research work, and for over sixty years has taught generations of Spanish and Latin American jurists, who are indebted to him for a solid moral and legal training and have fortunately been forever infected by his love for justice . Deeply rooted in his profound sense of morality, respect and education, his studies on Roman Law clearly show the Roman substratum of Western culture . This very same culture was born along on Spain’s ardent desire to civilize, was kept alive by such institutions as the Colegio de México, and flowered on a new continent .

The fact that this Award for Social Science has been jointly conferred is further invitation for us to continue to encourage the coming together and dialogue between different cultures . María Zambrano —exiled in Mexico and honoured with the first of our Awards for Literature in 1981— passed on to us a sentence which might sum up the sixty years of the concern of the Colegio de México and of Juan Iglesias when she said, “You have made no mention of the most important aspect of any personal life: sacrifice .”

Every year we count on the presence and testimony of art and artists, a marvellous counterpoint to the terrible extremes that we human beings go to on occasions . The Polish musician Krzysztof Penderecki, an exceptional artist, a great friend of Spain, receives this year’s Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts .

A talent for innovation and a taste for tradition, technical mastery and spiritual inspiration, a social stance and lyricism combine in few contemporary creative artists . Krzysztof Penderecki is not only one of the greatest twentieth-century composers, but is also an outstanding teacher, a performer and orchestra conductor .

He has had to witness adverse social situations and his music has been a rousing plea for sincerity and dignity at a time when artists suffered oppression and persecution either because of their ideas or for being intellectuals who remained faithful to creating in freedom . His compositions will

be affectionately linked forever more to the reality and spirit of the latter half of the twentieth century, which is hallmarked by the most incredible human progress and by the most distressing confrontations between peoples .

The worst of realities and the aspirations of the spirit, his own country and a world fraternity combine and are present at all times in the music of our Laureate . His sincerity, his intelligent use of romantic forms and his all-encompassing spirituality have transformed this musician into an exceptional communicator . His greatness and originality lie precisely in this

ability to communicate so movingly through his music . Krzysztof Penderecki allows our times to express themselves through his music . Thus, protest

and acceptance, sorrow and passionate religiousness, all that is divine and all that is human, all rise forth from his musical notes . We exhort him to continue in this way!

This year’s Award for Literature has been bestowed on the British writer Doris Lessing . Born in what used to be Persia, we can rightly say that the geography of her heart, far more so than the geography of the different countries she has lived in, has been sculpted by an awareness of injustice and the suffering of others . A traveller from country to country because of her father’s work, she has put her compassion and rebelliousness to use to fight for a more humane and fairer society . She has given shape in her works to her commitment against racism, against inequality and her defence of womanhood . With uncompromising independence, she has opposed inter-cultural confrontation and the disasters of emigration .

Doris Lessing has been ahead of her time in confronting many of the thorny issues of our times . But perhaps what most particularly sets her apart from others is her concern for the problems of the situation of women, to such an extent that her person and her work are an inevitable benchmark for all those women who are committed to the fight for their dignity .

Having suffered them in her own person, Doris Lessing has also warned us against the utopias

“No cause, no project, no collective

aspiration can serve as justification for

carrying out, encouraging or justifying

terrorism in any of its guises.”


of political idealism and against the barbarism of terrorism, the most extreme aberration of ideologies, which she has masterfully analysed in her novels .

She is admired and read throughout the world for all these reasons, for her ethical and creative singularity, for her highly independent conscience, for a call for memories of the past that is one of the themes of her work . We echo this sentiment and thank her for her valuable moral and intellectual legacy .

A new star shines in Earth’s nights, a work of creation, on this occasion human . It is the International Space Station, recipient of the Award for International Cooperation, the fruits of an enormous effort led by the space agencies of the United States of America, Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada .

This ambitious project, which over twenty thousand technical experts from twenty counties are participating in, does not aim at costly, utopian adventures out in space, but rather at bettering the knowledge about our own planet so as to conserve what is so under threat and improve the quality of life on it . State-of-the-art technical laboratories on board will provide more precise knowledge about our climate, plants and animals, about the environment that supports life but is sending out so many signals nowadays of change and of danger .

As was pointed out by the Jury who bestowed the Award, confronting the dangers that threaten life on Earth is the major objective of this scientific adventure, which is surely the greatest work of civil engineering ever undertaken by man in space, and which furthermore will prove to be a momentous source of information in the fields of physics and biology, and in general for all the important questions related to our knowledge of interplanetary space .

Bertrand Russell used to say that the only thing that would redeem humanity is cooperation, as it is useless to wish good on oneself without also wishing it upon everybody . The International Space Station, so splendidly represented on this stage, is an outstanding model of cooperation and fraternity amongst human beings . In contrast to the dangers of destruction from the misuse of techniques and technologies which threaten us, this adventure in space opens up new horizons, is a counterbalance to such excesses and is a solution to cure the many wounds that we have inflicted on our beautiful planet .

Of no less importance for defending life and biodiversity on Earth is the activity of unesco’s World Network of Biosphere

Reserves, which has been granted the Award for Concord . For the last thirty years, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves has been turning the much

sought-after balance between the development of society and respect for Nature into a reality . The Man and Biosphere Programme is replete with approaches and solutions that are not only of an environmental nature but also cultural and human . Conserving large area of Nature that are still unspoilt, the real treasures of humanity, is a challenge that brooks no delay, that demands further research and work, and a wider scope of action .

Over 400 Biosphere Reserves make up the network; Spain contributes twenty of them . Ordesa and Sierra Nevada, the islands of Lanzarote and Menorca, Muniellos, Somiedo, and now Redes Nature Park here in Asturias are just some of these exceptional places that we must continue to protect and add to . In this respect, the project to include the entire Cantabrian coastline in the Network of Biosphere Reserves —should it become a reality— could turn this area into one with a rich natural heritage, which could have undreamt-of, positive outcomes for the land and its inhabitants .

We have here, therefore, an organization that is taking major, wise steps, such as promoting what is generally known as “sustainable development”, a practice that proposes the rational use of natural resources and which reconciles the terms conservation and development . It is an approach based on the idea of balanced, pro-conservation progress and is a model for the management of the interaction between man and the land that looks way towards the future .

Manuel Estiarte, the Spanish water polo player has received the Award for Sports . Once again, in

“The access to what has come to be

called, ‘the book of life’ has once and for

all demonstrated the error of those who

used to uphold the belief in qualitative

differences between human beings.”

26th OctOber 2001


a world convulsed by many serious problems —some of which threaten our youth— we highlight the healthy, exemplary nature of sport and the great values that competition provides to human development .

So it is not strange that when the decision on who was to receive this Award coincided with the grave events of New York and Washington, the Jury did not hesitate to draw attention to the

importance of sport as an ideal symbol of union and peace amongst peoples, and as a most noble activity that is radically opposed to so much cruelty .

Many sporting values and successes coincide in the figure of Manuel Estiarte and should be pointed out here . He has taken part in six Olympic Games, was the top scorer in five of them, and has played over 300 matches as an international with the Spanish national team . Gold and silver medals, world championships and runners-up positions, the Spanish, Italian and European cups and supercups are all there in his lengthy curriculum as a sportsman .

However, Manuel Estiarte has also been outstanding throughout his career because of his excellent human qualities, which already shone forth from his early days as a youth player, and in his behaviour as captain and unquestioned leader . These same virtues and his social awareness of sport inspired him not only to flee from prominence in any shape or form, but also to involve himself in parallel activities, such as being a member of the International Athletes Committee and the Olympic Committee, and being the Spanish flag bearer in Sydney 2000 .

It should not be forgotten that Manuel Estiarte has reached the top in a minority sport, which does not have the advantages and the coverage of other sports . His example shines no less brightly, though . With the Award bestowed on him today, we are also acknowledging the merits of the Spanish water polo team, and of all those who love or practise this sport, which is particularly humble and demanding .

Before finishing my speech, I wish to express my gratitude to those who show such enormous generosity: the Juries for the Awards, the Trustees and Members of the Foundation, and all those who contribute with many hard-worked hours and endless days to making this great day a reality . I wholeheartedly thank Asturias and the city of Oviedo for their ever-heartwarming welcome and their invaluable help towards the greater glory of this institution and the values it strives to promote . I likewise wish to thank our Laureates for being here at this unforgettable ceremony, attended by high-ranking cultural, social and political representations, to whom I also express my acknowledgement .

Whilst the heroic firemen of New York work round the clock amid the steel, rubble and fire, from here in Asturias, from a Spain replete in vitality and noble aims that are manifest in this event, we wish to reach out in solidarity to the American people, to the innocent victims of the savage terrorist act inflicted on this much-loved country, amongst whom there are Spanish citizens, who we remember with particular emotion . Nor do we wish to forget all those people anywhere in the world who have paid for the madness of terrorist violence with their lives and their blood . We convey our gratitude and support to those who are far from home defending the most sublime good, freedom for all .

May the flames of peace that we have seen flicker in the hands of Manhattan dwellers defeat the flames of horror and death . May consciences and wills find their path to concord in the Middle East . May the inspiring, heartfelt words of the poets light the way at this difficult time for the world . Now, more than ever, we dream of a mankind in which disheartenment does not exist, where the depth of the following lines of verse are a reality:

Let us hope that the thread does not break yet endless hope and may memory last under the settling light of the evening .

Thank you .

“Bertrand Russell used to say that the only thing

that would redeem humanity is cooperation,

as it is useless to wish good on oneself

without also wishing it upon everybody.”





L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXII

25th October 2002

1


Arts

Woody Allen

sociAl sciences

Anthony Giddens


Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (scAr)

literAture

Arthur Miller


Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn and Lawrence Roberts


Hans Magnus Enzensberger

concord

Daniel Barenboim and

Edward Said

sports

Brazilian Football Squad


Laureates. Excerpts

Concord is expressed in music as harmony . An orchestra requires musicians to listen to each other; none should attempt to play louder than the next, they must respect and know each other . It is a song in praise of respect, of the effort to understand one another, something that is crucial to resolve a conflict that has no military solution . The political solution may still be far off at the present time, which strengthens my belief that a person’s essential obligation is to reflect, to act within his own means . I believe an independent movement uniting both people could be born in this way, and it would help by contributing to vanquishing the hate that stands between them nowadays .

Music cannot be defined in words, because if we tried to do so, we would limit its scope . Music provides a universal, timeless language . It is “sonorous air”, as Ferruccio Busconi said, and its strength lies in the blending of a physical element —sound— and a human content, which has not changed in the course of history and its civilizations .

There is a reflection on Seneca made by the great Spanish philosopher María Zambrano, which we might recall today:

“The real measure of being cannot be found in dogma, but rather in a particular man who perceives the harmony of the world in his own inner harmony . It is a question of hearing —we are told— a musical virtue of the wise man . It is a permanent stance which perceives, and it is like an ongoing chord . In short, it is an art . Morality has been explained in Aesthetics, and like any aesthetics, there is something impossible to communicate in it .”

It is true that there is something impossible to communicate, something beyond words, in music, and perhaps this is what makes young Israelis and Arabs unite to transform sound into a musical experience .

Daniel Barenboim —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2002



As a Palestinian born in Jerusalem my national history and the society of my forbears was shattered in 1948 when Israel was established . Since that time —the better part of my own lifetime— I have participated in the struggle not just to bring justice and restitution to my people, but also to keep the hope for self-determination alive . Our modern history as a people has been full of unacknowledged suffering and continued dispossession . As an American living a life of privilege and study at Columbia University, where I have been incredibly fortunate in my career as a teacher, I came to the realization very early on that I had the choice either of forgetting my past as well as the many members of my family who were rendered homeless refugees in 1948, or of dedicating myself to lessening the traumas of suffering and dispossession by writing, speaking, testifying to the tragedy of Palestine . I am proud to say that I chose the latter course, and with it the cause of a non-militaristic and non-imperial American policy . I have always believed in the primacy not of armed struggle, but of rational argument, openness and honesty, all deployed in the interests not of exclusion, but of inclusion . How to reconcile the reality of an oppressed people, much abused and ignored as having no political and human rights, with the reality of another people, whose history of persecution an genocide unjustly, in my opinion, overrode the presence of an indigenous people in the march toward self-determination? That was the issue . It involved the cooperation of many people, many colleagues and like-minded friends, Arabs and Jews, and non-Arabs and non-Jews, whose passion for justice brought them together with the people of Palestine, suffering under Israeli military occupation for 35 years . That suffering as well as the dispossession of the entire Palestinian nation in exile cried out for acknowledgement and justice .

It has been a hard fight, and we are far from nearing its end . Daily sacrifices are made by courageous Palestinian men and women who go on with their lives despite curfews, house demolitions, killings, mass detentions, and land expropriation . But we are always in need of moral support, we need to grip the world’s imagination, we need to show those who believe Palestine/Israel is the land of only one people that it is a land for two peoples who can neither exterminate nor expel each other, but must somehow approach each other as equals with equal rights to live in peace and security, together .

Edward Said —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2002



I had just entered my twenties when the Civil War broke out with the revolt led by Franco against the Republic . There was no single event as powerful in the formation of my generation’s awareness of the world . To many it was our initiation into the Twentieth Century, probably the worst century in history . The Spanish agony has turned out to be classic, the model for many other democratic government’s overthrow by military forces espousing a return to Christian values . Two of my university classmates went off to fight with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, one of them, Ralph Neaphus, never to return . For nearly four years the first news we looked for in the morning papers was the news from the Spanish front .

The word “Spain” in the Thirties was explosive, the very emblem of resistance not only to the forced return of clerical Feudalism in the world but to the rule of unreason and the death of the mind . For many, even then, the Civil War, with the Nazis and Mussolini’s troops in open support of Franco, was the opening battle of the Second World War .

“Spain” also meant Picasso and his “Guernica” painting . Yes, it was still hard to believe that an airforce pilot, even of the Nazi air force, could fly low over an open sunlit square and drop bombs on civilians . As time went on “Spain” would exemplify the struggles of many other peoples to emerge into modernity from the fog and futility of tenacious feudal institutions .

Arthur Miller —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2002



Woody Allen —Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts 2002


Now only in the European cinema again we are starting to see there are things that are really meaningful . It is extremely difficult for a thinking person to find anything to see on a Saturday night in the United States . It is only the few European films that find their way to the United States, not just Europe, but also films from the Middle East, from Iran, from China, from Japan, from South America . These films are the films that are most interesting and the most provocative and the most substantial to those of us who still regard movie making and cinema watching as an art form .

And I want to be brief and just say that we look to European film makers for leadership at this point . The leadership is not coming from the United States . The interest, as I say, in the United States is in the production of film, hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars are money lost . The advertising of a single film to open it up in the United States is like all the money Buñuel spent in his entire life making films, and the situation has got completely out of hand . And those of us who still have hope for the cinema as an art form look to the European film makers . When I left New York, the most exciting film in the city of the time was Spanish, Pedro Almodovar’s one .

I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in film making because at the moment it is not coming from the United States .

25th OctOber 2002


Speech XXII

Many years have now gone by since we began, full of hope, to hold this ceremony, and it is an enormous joy to see how our Awards have become established and are more and more a cultural and social reality of the highest magnitude .

What was at the outset little more than a hopeful project and an obstacle-ridden challenge is now a major, well-established, prestigious event with ever-greater international resonance, which augurs it the brightest of futures .

Achieving such success, which I am well aware has been by no means easy, validates the philosopher’s conviction that our lives take on a deeper meaning when we strive to fulfil our dreams . For this reason, I would like to reiterate my recognition of our Trustees, of the members of the Juries for the Awards and the people who have given over many hours of their lives to the Foundation with discretion and generosity .

I return to Asturias to relive all these sentiments once again, with the emotions of the home comer, of somebody returning to a land where affection and human warmth are never lacking . The people of Asturias have always known how to open themselves to the outside world, to establish dialogue, to lend themselves bravely to the noblest of causes . In the very special circumstances that bring us together today, they unite in their heartfelt, noble hospitality to welcome those arriving from so many parts of Europe and other continents to spend a memorable day with us . Asturias knows how much I appreciate and value this generous attitude toward the Awards that bear their name .

The beloved city of Oviedo is once again the forum where we reflect out loud about our deepest concerns, which are often the direct outcomes of the changes that throw the world into turmoil and alter it with uncontrollable force .

We aspire to making our Awards the voice of those who so often do not have that voice, the voice of the abandoned, of those who suffer injustice, of those who defend freedom and are persecuted for defending it . Their struggle, which will never fail to be our struggle, strengthens our faith that a fairer, more fraternal world, freed of terror and fanaticisms, is possible . We have no wish to turn our backs on hope; we wish to continue to believe in what the beautiful verse of the unforgettable Borges termed “the dawn that works marvels” .

The roll call of this year’s Laureates, like those of previous years, is a truly outstanding one . It vividly expresses the vocation at the heart of our Awards to be the very conscience of our times, a stimulus to creativity and a spur to the highest

values . We wish them to serve as an example for society as a whole, but particularly for our younger generation, who are always in our thoughts .

The American writer Arthur Miller, recipient of the Award for Literature, embodies in his very essence the ideas and values we strive to extol . Twentieth-century theatre would be inconceivable without the awareness raising that the work of this exceptional playwright propounds .

All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, A View from the Bridge and After the Fall are examples of a work unmarked by the passage of time . His work has become classic and is staged time after time throughout the world’s theatres . His drama focuses in the main on the contemporary problems of the average American, the strains and discords between parents and children, social conflict, the strangleholds of persecution and the lack of freedom in environments dominated by narrow-mindedness and prejudice . Thus, his work also deals with universal, age-old issues and

“ We aspire to making our Awards the voice

of those who so often do not have that voice,

the voice of the abandoned, of those who

suffer injustice, of those who defend freedom

and are persecuted for defending it.”

Watch video


problems from an uncompromising stance that rejects the superficiality, intolerance, Puritanism and dogmatic beliefs that cause such devastation to the wellbeing of society . His characters, so meek and so close to our own lives, convey their love for the sincere, morally acceptable facets of minor, everyday events with an extraordinary psychological force .

This surprising ability to interpret both the society of his times and society throughout history, to take on the position of rebel with a profound sense of justice and to offer us enduring reflections

hinting at enlightening solutions has made a lasting impression on several generations of Spaniards, who —particularly during the years of hardship— found intellectual stimulus and first-rate moral guidance in Miller’s theatre .

Just as Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, is painfully aware of the felling of the old oak trees in his street, so are we also profoundly moved by Miller’s unbreakable spirit . With the same nostalgia with which his memorable character evoked the springtime scent of the lime trees and acacias near his house, so are we also moved, and we admire the message of

his work, which heralds a forthcoming new spring, the advent of a time of hope . An original German writer, the source of perceptive observations about Spain, Hans Magnus

Enzensberger, has been conferred with the Award for Communication and Humanities . The versatility and richness of his thought are hallmarks that set him apart in the field of contemporary European arts, With exceptional sensitivity and intellectual perception, Enzensberger writes poetry, essays, theatre and media articles founded upon a profound humanistic education and an enormous capacity for observation and literary criticism,

Apart from targeting burning issues such as poverty, emigration, xenophobia and racism, Enzensberger calls upon us to rise to the challenges that are upon us, such as the welcome new-found role of women in society, the possibility of inter-racial breeding in a spirit of solidarity in Europe, the rational use of economic development and the need for a new teaching methodology that appeals to children during their school years, so that they learn that only education and ongoing training will make them free .

To stimulate society with new ideas, to shake it out of the slightest tendency to drift along from lethargy and routine, to take poetry to the masses, to translate complicated scientific concepts into clearly understandable words or to turn his caustic, sharp-witted humour on sectarianism and violent ideologies are all additional facets of Enzensberger’s work, which is replete with thought-provoking proposals for Europe and the world we would wish for .

On more than one occasion, we have heard our Laureates in different fields warn us from this very stage of the threats and excesses of contemporary societies . But we have also been reminded in unforgettable words that we can, and indeed should, hold on to our hope that a balanced, rational use of science and technology will add to the well-being of all mankind and facilitate man’s life on earth, This is why the Jury’s decision to confer the Award for Technical and Scientific Research on those who we know as “the forefathers of Internet” —the Americans Lawrence Roberts, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn and the Briton Tim Berners-Lee— was such a wise one . With their talent and sacrifice, they have created the most immediate, imaginative and revolutionary communication and information medium in the history of mankind . In a show of fairness, the Jury also recognized the participation of thousands of people and of many organizations in this task when they bestowed the Award .

The influence that Internet is having on the fields of culture, finance, the business world, education, scientific research and technology is a major one, because —as has already been said— one of its many hallmarks is an extraordinary capacity to distribute the power of information . According to its creators, Internet will still provide us with unthought-of, surprising applications, whereby many of the forthcoming social changes will be decisively and inevitably linked to the evolution and improvement of this new medium for universal communication .

“Our Foundation has always been particularly

responsive to efforts to defend the environment,

and has always made highlighting its

benefits for humanity one of its concerns.”

25th OctOber 2002


We must ensure that this evolution is guided by ethics, equanimity and justice so that the gap between some countries and others does not grow, so that peoples are not separated more than they are now, so that the lives of human beings throughout the planet can continue to improve .

The British sociologist Anthony Giddens has been granted the Award for Social Sciences . The Director of the prestigious London School of Economics, one of the major research centres and think tanks in the world —which Giddens has led to its greatest heights—, is considered one of the most outstanding sociologists in the international field .

His work has been, and remains, one of the most influential of our times in its field, and is unquestionably the most widely read and quoted of his generation . He is also renowned for his innovative, perceptive observations, which transcend the borders of his science and touch upon the fields of history of thought, class structures, nationalisms, family relationships and political thought .

He is the author of numerous important studies that have been translated into thirty languages . His book Sociology has become an essential text in many of the world’s universities, Spanish ones amongst them . He is the master of generations of young sociologists, and has led them to see that some of the clearest aims of social science are to question dogma, appreciate cultural variety and understand the workings of organizations, thereby to increase the possibilities of human freedom .

Anthony Giddens has rebuilt the classic tradition of sociology, moulding it masterfully to contemporary reality in a spectacular tour de force of synthesis . Yet the most influential part of his work is in how he has explained “reflexive modernity”; that is, the hallmarks of our society and their main consequences . The indispensable work of Giddens contributes to our understanding of our world, accompanies and guides us, offering, in short, a radical reflection on what a better life and better society for all might be like as the twenty-first century dawns .

The corner stone of the cinema production of an exceptional American, Woody Allen —who has been granted the Award for the Arts— comprises an original, lively awareness of this new era straddling two centuries, and a nostalgia for a more mutually supportive, human and happier world, where joie de vivre, hope and illusions are ever-present .

Woody Allen, whose sensitivity and talent arouses universal admiration, is a genius who has managed to combine the roles of director, actor and film scriptwriter in his art . Although he has modestly said that his talent is simply to make us laugh, we all know that his films have a far wider and profounder meaning than just humour, even though the latter is one of the hallmarks of his filmmaking . We perceive the meaning in his films —which are agonizing and stimulating at one and the same time— of life and death, love and religion, psychoanalysis and different art forms, the role of women and the witty, continual jibes at a

society that turns its back on essential, simple human values by the day . At the same time, noble feelings such as tenderness and modesty, subtle intelligence and

cordiality, emotions and pity, besides a wealth of irony, continually intertwine in the life of the main character of his films: an original character, impossible to categorise, who lives immersed in a time of urgency, an unpredictable contradictory time, which he somehow manages to bustle his way through with a sensitivity and humanity that is replete with dignity .

Woody Allen has set his film world in an emblematic metropolis of our times that is wounded right now by fanaticism, New York City, which he has shown us through more humane eyes, but even more than that, through the eyes of poetry . Deep down in his work there lies a profound criticism of the city and the society his characters inhabit, and yet the poetic atmosphere that pervades the scenes of his films make us contemplate his world with feelings of tenderness and a sense of humour . The European public have felt this intensely, and for them the cinema of our times cannot be conceived of without the work and figure of Woody Allen .

Our Foundation has always been particularly responsive to efforts to defend the environment,

“The men and women who are working

tirelessly at the Antarctic research stations

are the vanguard of a project that is

fundamental to the lives of those that follow us.”


and has always made highlighting its benefits for humanity one of its concerns . This is why we feel great satisfaction that this year’s Award for International Cooperation has gone to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research . The representatives of this organization with us here today are a shining example of the fact that generous agreements guided by the general interests of mankind can still be reached .

The Committee was founded to coordinate scientific research in Antarctica and to preserve this fragile, mysterious continent as a land for peace and science, and defends the interests of the whole planet in its work . The signing of the Antarctic Treaty was an important step forward, intended to establish measures to be taken that would be impervious to self-interested sharing out of land . Saving Antarctica from the avaricious exploitation of its resources and jealously guarding it for scientific studies and for peaceful progress are some of the highest aims that the international scientific community can pursue and achieve .

Spain is one of the 32 countries running research programmes in Antarctica and has two science bases there, the Juan Carlos I and the Gabriel de Castilla, alongside two ships, one a research vessel, the Hespérides, and the other a support ship, the Las Palmas .

We hope that today’s recognition of such ideals from Spain also serves as a call to highlight the many values that are encapsulated in the work being done right now in that beautiful, fascinating white continent . We hope this Award also helps governments and international bodies to dispose of the resources to carry on work that is so crucial to the future our planet .

The men and women who are working tirelessly at the Antarctic research stations are the vanguard of a project that is fundamental to the lives of those that follow us in mankind’s centuries-old journey . Rarely has the work of just a handful of scientists safeguarded such a noble and essential cause in such an urgent and valuable way .

According to an age-old definition of some beauty, music is the food of love and the most sublime of sentiments . It has brought together the outstanding Argentine performer and orchestra director of Jewish roots Daniel Barenboim and the American lecturer and writer of Palestinian descent Edward Said in a valuable project in favour of coexistence and peace, which has earned them the Award for Concord .

Edward Said has taught us through his profound literary, historical and political analysis that we can only find a communion of projects, ideas and hopes to fortify man in his quest for happiness by knowing ourselves and others, by rejecting ingrained ideas that have sometimes served only to add to the confusion and by looking within ourselves without facile self-indulgence .

Daniel Barenboim exemplifies in his person and his attitude the old, oft-repeated idea that music is the universal language par excellence, helping to break down barriers, eliminate geographical barriers and unite different races and mentalities; for this reason, it is an essential aid on the road towards concord . For in no way can we feel ourselves to be either responsible for —or heirs to— the errors of the past; nor can we futilely prolong their effects . This is why the examples of Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim point a way forward, which we should not flag in pursuing .

Both have striven to find —in dialogue and humanism— the strength to maintain their belief in the possibility of mutual understanding between men . They have worked with tenacity and courage, recently setting up an orchestra made up for the most part of young Jews and Palestinians . It is a joint project in hope, art and expectations, which was, in fact, welcomed just last summer in our beloved Andalusia, a land forged by the merging of peoples and cultures and thus so sensitive to the values of concord and true peace .

At a time when Christians, Jews and Muslims lived in harmony, the greatest Sephardic poet of the time, in luminous Granada, penned equally illuminating verse on friendship and fraternity, and the pain of its absence:

If our hearts did not expect you to returnDeath would have taken us when we parted

25th OctOber 2002


By quoting the symbolic, moving lyricism of this poem, we celebrate that art in one of its most beautiful forms has united Daniel Barenboim and Edward Said; for we believe, as does our much-admired Laureate from last year, George Steiner, that music can transform space, density and even the course of the world . We wish them ongoing success in their ambitions for concord —which we all share— in a world torn by its past and so wounded by its present .

The Brazilian Football Squad has received the Award for Sports . This Award was established to extol the benefits of sport for man and to reward those who not only rise to sporting excellence, but are also exemplary in their moral values . On this occasion it highlights the past merits of Brazil’s footballers and the social importance that football has in their country .

In Brazil, football is indeed a phenomenon that exceeds the bounds of sport . Capable of expressing feelings in a unique way, playing football has become part of the Brazilian identity . It is also a passion

that they share . Such characteristics are common to many other countries yet are particularly marked in Brazil, where football boosts the self-esteem and dignity of a whole nation, as President Fernando Henrique Cardoso has pointed out .

If sport channelled in the right directions is always particularly beneficial and effective, this is even more the case when it is played in communities suffering high levels of social alienation and isolation . It makes a major contribution to social integration and the education of children and youth, who often find in sport the opportunity to free themselves forever of a future that is threatened by illness, poverty and social upheaval .

The first stages of the 21st century and the third millennium of our era have ushered in a fascinating world that is witnessing change at breakneck speed, of unforeseeable results, plagued by uncertainty and risks . Yet it is also replete with opportunities . We are witnessing undreamt-of breakthroughs in science, sublime acts of artistic creation and heroic acts of solidarity that transcends frontiers . Parallel to all this, and clearly global in their dimensions, poverty, hunger, illness and rampant mass migration all stand out alongside ignorance, fanaticism and the reign of terror in new, diverse and destructive guises . Mankind faces these problems, and solving them is one of the great challenges of our times .

And yet, as is always the case, the doors of hope are still open, for history teaches us that however enormous tragedies, failures and difficulties may be, they have not stopped man progressing towards a better world . Such a world will inevitably need to be ruled by a global ethics that respects cultural diversity and unites peoples around sincerely shared, common values that allow for free, peaceful co-existence .

Throughout this speech, I have used one of the most beautiful words that our language has coined: esperanza (hope) . I will invoke the word once again to thank our Laureates for attending this event . Their lives and work inspire a deep feeling of hope in us . They also symbolise the yearning for concord, cooperation and solidarity that our Awards encapsulate . This does not only refer to the Awards that carry these words in their title, but also to the others, for sport, the arts, scientific research, literature and social sciences are all born of the need to communicate with and understand our fellow men, to share feelings, experiences and projects . In short, they are activities born to unite, not to force apart . Great human undertakings have blossomed out of union and cooperation . Union is not the same as uniformity; it is rather the sum total of variety, the harmony of different efforts, of contrasting ideas that coexist, blend and mutually enrich .

If a single little boy or a single little girl somewhere in the world, in some forgotten village in the mountains of some distant country, watches this ceremony and feels the urge to one day be as generous, as brilliant and as wise as those who honour us by accepting our Awards, then our efforts and dedication will have acquired meaning . We could then state that this has undoubtedly been a beautiful evening, an evening replete with hope .

Thank you .

“The first stages of the 21st century and the

third millennium of our era have ushered

in a fascinating world that is witnessing

change at breakneck speed, of unforeseeable

results, plagued by uncertainty and risks.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXIII

24th October 2003

1


Arts

Miquel Barceló

sociAl sciences

Jürgen Habermas


Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

literAture

Fatema Mernissi and

Susan Sontag


Jane Goodall


Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino and

Ryszard Kapuściński

concord

Joanne Kathleen Rowling

sports

Tour de France


In Shiraz, a place of pilgrimage in honour of the great poet Hafez, I chanced to meet a young Muslim lady wearing a veil over her face —my guide— who turned out to be a voracious reader . What foreign authors might have reached such a student under the rule of the Mullahs? Who did she know through translations? To my surprise, her interest lay in a Spaniard, whom she wanted to know everything about: Miguel de Unamuno . She could never have guessed the curious coincidence of our life experiences: fifty-five years ago, Unamuno was also the leading Spanish writer for me . Then, in the aftermath of the Second World War, existentialist philosophy was the sounding board of the Life of Don Quixote and Sancho . The intellectual climate has since changed, but Unamuno’s writing has not aged .

That text, for example, which addresses the question of how to write a novel is post-Modernist in its structure . It was written in the twenties, when Unamuno, emigrating to France, stopped at the border, overcome by nostalgia for his native Basque land . In this proto-novel, Unamuno reflects upon the work of the writer and analyses the literary devices employed in works of fiction, commenting upon their effects on the reader . The main character, poor Jugo de la Raza, is so appalled on reading a novel that he burns it; but then, seized by curiosity, he races to get another copy, to rekindle his fears as to how the story ends . The true nature of fiction is highlighted in this reader’s ambivalence . On the one hand, the author depends on the imagination of the reader, because only the reader breathes Life into Literature . On the other hand, the reader can only bridge the gap between Literature and Life by obviating his daily existence . As he devours the novel, he should allow himself to be consumed by a life of fiction .

Far from taking this paradox lightly —as Italo Calvino does—, Unamuno approaches it with an existential concern forged of the profoundest of Catholicisms, as set in stone in El Escorial . Only one book, the Bible, is on a par with the abyss between Literature and Life . The reader —if he is a believer and assimilates the message of the Bible— can withdraw from his thoughtless life in the hope of a new life . Having to imitate this model of the “Book of Books” in vain is the writer’s tragedy .

Jürgen Habermas —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences2003

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 24/10/2003


Laureates. Excerpts

Before offering answers, a public figure has the obligation to listen to the questions of his times . And the message that resounds on countries’ agendas, particularly on those of peripheral countries, is sufficiently eloquent for us not to carry on ignoring it . The heart of the matter is to know why the policies of the nineties —promising growth across the board and cooperative redistribution of the world’s wealth— have failed .

The living standards of a thousand million human beings who are struggling right now to survive on less that one American dollar a day are identical to over twenty years ago, or worse . Half the world’s population have less than two American dollars a day to live on, while 14% of the richest sector of humanity control over 75% of the material wealth . The difference between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% was a multiple of thirty in the sixties; now, at the turn of the millennium, it has rocketed to being 74 times higher . We are talking about stepping backwards here, not just marking time . In fifty-four countries, per capita income is lower than in 1990 . Life expectancy in thirty-four nations has dropped; in twenty-one countries there are more people suffering hunger; and in fourteen, more children than before die before their fifth birthday . What future is there for peace on a planet oppressed by apathy and indifference .

The international community must assume its collective responsibility and enlist in the only war in which we shall all end up as winners: the good fight against poverty and social exclusion .

The fundamental weapon for this is already known: furthering economic, social, cultural and political democracy . International trade should be rid of protectionist practices, which we all know grants privileges to a few innefficient yet powerful groups .

Brazil has signed up with tenacity and determination in the struggle for an international trading system that benefits competitive exporters and provides flexibility for the adoption of development policies . However, we cannot be naïve . Subordinating development, commerce and international relations to basic issues of humanism is urgently required: What progress? What for? With what consequences? Who for? .

The only real antidote to poverty is a society that does not create more exclusion . Abject poverty and hunger are not “technical glitches” . They will not be eliminated by inventing a new machine nor by market measures . The utopia of achieving human dignity by grandiose promises based on technology has run its course . This means that democratizing progress should be enshrined in the present . It should not remain as the eternal promise for the future . Development is a delicate combination of choices and opportunities rather than a pre-established destination . Human life is sacred .

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2003

Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva was President of the Federal Republic of Brazil from 2003 to 2010. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 24/10/2003.


Why are we afraid of foreigners? Because we fear they might attack and harm us . We are all afraid of Cowboys because if some poor stranger approaches their borders they automatically go for their guns . Yet we are not afraid of Sinbad the Sailor, because in One Thousand and One Nights the public story-tellers, “the Ouccac”, in ninth-century Baghdad used to recount how being fortunate enough to visit distant lands and communicate with foreigners provided him with gratifications and benefits . In the Cowboys’ civilization, the stranger is always the enemy because power and control stem from controlling borders; with Sinbad, in contrast, dialogue with the foreigner was enriching .

Sinbad is the opposite of an immigrant . He always returns to his point of departure, Baghdad . He sets off from Baghdad in all seven of his journeys, sailing down the Tigris to the port of Basra, and setting sail when the monsoon blows from west to east, on ships laden with Arab and Persian merchants, sailing the Indian Ocean to the ports of the islands of Malaysia, Indonesia and China . Sinbad and any merchants who had managed to come through the shipwrecks tied up at Asian ports for seven or eight months at a time, waiting for the season when favourable monsoon winds would blow from east to west . Yet Sinbad was not a mere fictional character; he stood for a class of Baghdad merchant who gained wealth and pleasure from their travels and from speaking to foreigners .

Fatema Mernissi —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2003


24th OctOber 2003


Let us imagine literature as a utopia . . . a place where exalted, largely inaccessible standards reign . From a certain reading of literature —from the literature that matters, that continues to matter, over decades, generations, in a few instances, centuries— a number of standards can be deduced . Here is my utopia . That is, here are the standards I infer from, or find supported by, the enterprise of literature .

One . That the activities of literature (writing, reading, teaching) are an ideal vocation, a privilege, rather than simply a career, a profession, subject to the usual ideas of “success” and financial reward . Literature is, first of all, an essential form of nourishment to consciousness . It plays a vital role in the creation of inwardness and the enlarging and deepening of our sympathies and our sensitivities… to other human beings, and to language .

Two . That literature is an arena of individual achievement, of individual merit . This means not awarding prizes and honors because of what the writer represents; for example, weak or marginalized communities . This means not using of literature or literary prizes to support extra-literary goals: for example, feminism . (I speak as a feminist) . This means not apportioning rewards to writers as a way of serially paying tribute to the diversity of national identities . (Thus, if all the three best writers in the world are all, say, Hungarian, then, ideally, the Juries of literary prizes should not worry that Hungarians are receiving too many prizes .)

Three . That literature is a fundamentally cosmopolitan enterprise . The great writers are part of world literature . We should be reading across national and tribal boundaries: great literature should transport us . Writers are citizens of a world community, in which we all read and learn from one another . Considering each major literary achievement as, finally, part of world literature is to make us more open to the foreign, to what is not “us” . The distinctive power of literature is to inspire in us a feeling of strangeness . Of wonder . Of disorientation . Of being somewhere else .

Four . That the variety of kinds of literary excellence, within literatures in any given language and across the spectrum of world literature, is a primary lesson in the reality and desirableness of a world which remains irreducibly plural, diverse, varied . Such a pluralistic world today depends upon the prevalence of secular values .

What are called standards can, of course, be phrased more vigorously (and perhaps more controversially) as antipathies, as refusals . So, to rephrase what I have just said:

One . Contempt for mercenary values . Two . Aversion to making a principally instrumental use of writers; for example, celebrating writers primarily as the representatives of communities felt to be marginalized, in order to express solidarity with those communities . Three . Vigilance against cultural philistinism masking as the application of democratic values in matters of literature . Permanent suspicion of nationalist affirmations and tribal loyalties . Four . Eternal antagonism toward the forces of repression, censorship .

These are indeed utopian values . They have not been realized . But literature, literature as a whole, continues to embody them . Writers continue to be goaded by them . Readers, real readers, continue to be nourished by them . And they are what every important literary prize also celebrates .

© Susan Sontag — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literatureon 24/10/2003.

Susan Sontag —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2003


I have been writing stories for thirty-two years and have never wanted to be anything other than an author . I lost myself in books as a child, they were central to my existence, and my appreciation of their importance has only increased over time . Children need stories because they need to test their imaginations, try on other people’s ideas, inhabit other lives, send their minds where their bodies are not yet mature enough to go . No film, no television programme, no computer or video game can ever duplicate the magic that occurs when the reader’s imagination meets the author’s to create a unique, private kingdom .

Joanne Kathleen Rowling —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord2003


24th OctOber 2003


Speech XXIII

As the days in our country become shorter in their flight towards winter, we re-live with renewed hopes and expectations yet another inspiring yearly Awards Ceremony .

These inspiring, solemn moments are the culmination of many hours dedicated to the belief that our Awards should be a forum for the rapprochement of cultures and dialogue, the dream of a more fraternal mankind and a moral fortress so that what has poetically been described as “the infinite desert plains of ingratitude and oblivion” should never dwell within us .

Inspired by these firm beliefs, we extend our warmest welcome from our beloved Asturias to the Laureates, the members of the different Juries, the Foundation’s Trustees and Patrons, the media from so many corners of the world, thousands of anonymous people and others who are prominent

figures insofar as what they represent, all of whom have joined us to enjoy this memorable day . I express my deepest gratitude to all these people, for we owe to them and their forerunners the fondness, great admiration and high esteem felt for our Awards in Spain and throughout the world .

The work of all the Laureates who honour us yearly with their presence at this theatre is indeed memorable, as is the emotion and inspiration felt when one observes the world and ourselves from this vantage point of fine work, example and commitment epitomised by the men and women who receive

our Awards today . It is they, as Cervantes surmised, who show us the way forward, after first having endured much suffering themselves .

Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez and Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuściński, joint Laureates for Communication and the Humanities, are well aware of their own and other people’s suffering .

Gustavo Gutiérrez has given his life over to theology; which he defines as a reflection on faith with faith itself as the starting point for reflection . He considers theology to hold a wealth of nuances, as a dialogue, he has said, “with contemporary culture”, as “an approach to the Gospel from a position of freedom” and as “a way of communicating with God in today’s world” . Seen in this light, he perpetuates his faith in humanity, despite the great injustices and inequalities that he is so familiar with . His beliefs are founded upon the conviction that the hope conveyed in the Christian message lives on in all its greatness and is essential if we are to overcome the appalling situations in the world we live in .

In the human and spiritual path he has forged, this Peruvian theologian bears witness to the fact that the Christian message does not weaken a commitment towards progress of mankind in our times . He has shown us that the quest for freedom and the desire for liberation —the main aspirations of the world today— have their roots in the heritage of Christianity .

Father Gutiérrez has stood out for having known how to build his truth on the basis of comprehensive culture and solid education, qualities that are deeply rooted in the Peruvian people .

Ryszard Kapuściński is possibly the world’s most prestigious journalist and a point of reference for any review of the history of the final third of the twentieth century . Like Father Gutiérrez, he views his work as an attempt to stand up for the underdog and to give them a voice, for —in his own words— “somebody has to speak up for the poor .” Through his moral commitment, he has become a highly admired professional, particularly amongst the younger generations of news reporters, who see in him a moral benchmark .

Truly observant, gifted like few others with an ability to spot the most revealing, significant details of a complex reality, our Laureate has also turned his hand to narrating his experiences with utmost style and has become a distinguished and respected writer . His work not only describes

“Spain has never before been as free, as

prosperous, as capable and as much admired

as in these times bathed in the

light of our ‘law of laws’.”

Watch video


his travel experiences clearly and without bias, but also provides magnificent lessons on poverty and on something worse than poverty itself, the despair of the world’s underprivileged, for want of horizons and opportunities to free themselves from their poverty .

We welcome the bestowing of the Award for Literature on the writers Fatema Mernissi and Susan Sontag, for it is comforting to observe how two women from such contrasting cultures each base their work upon the same foundations of dialogue and mutual understanding when frictions and confrontation are rife, when sadly terror rears its ugly head far too frequently, when the will to annihilate and crush others’ beliefs is ever greater .

The need to understand their worlds and the quest for true communication lie at the heart of both writers’ approach to life . Fatema Mernissi has stated so, for she views the written word as the main means of achieving harmony . Her idea leads us to a better understanding of the path —by no means devoid of difficult challenges and personal conflicts— that this Moroccan writer has forged with subtle intelligence, opening no wounds, so that women from her culture can take up their rightful place in today’s society .

Within her own culture, she participates in and encourages change in her country, Morocco —a country of extraordinary vitality—, wich is changing and opening up with hope towards a better future, something we fervently support .

Morever, with her different perspective, irony, understanding and a sense of humour, Fatema Mernissi has highlighted many of the contradictions she has observed in the Western world, bringing to light the shortfalls she observes in a culture like our own, which on occasions is imposed upon women, who become prey to manipulation and fashion victims . Such behaviour is an offence to their dignity .

Susan Sontag wrote a very perceptive line, one that serves to throw light on her career to date: “I think it is still worthwhile resisting,” she has said . She has indeed lived her life resisting, anchored firmly to her deepest convictions, opposing all types of fanaticism, being sensitive to everyday problems and, in short, remaining free and extremely intellectually independent . She has proved her case by writing numerous books resorting to such literary genres as the essay, the novel and journalism . Such books are admirable in their originality and wealth of ideas, for, as has been said,

the more points of view we have access to, the closer we will be to the essence of things and the truth we all strive for .

The writers who share this Award are women who are prepared to fight in difficult times, when extremist societies are still reluctant to accept women on an equal footing . The difficulties they encounter in their efforts to defend their beliefs have thus been twofold and have called for great determination; it is nevertheless a cause for celebration to see that awards such as the one presented to them today, champion their perseverance

and that their tenacity reaps the rewards of rightful dignity . It is our belief, as expressed by an Arabic-Spanish poet, that they come here “as the very best of envoys” .

From the outset, our Awards aspired to be at the forefront of the burning issues of our times . We are therefore pleased at the Award bestowed upon the towering work of Jürgen Habermas, which has left a profound mark —so it has been said— on fields as diverse as philosophy, sociology, political science, legislative theory, history, pedagogy and theology . For this reason, he has touched upon our most pressing issues in his philosophy and thinking . He has been granted this year’s Award for Social Sciences .

Habermas is a champion of the particularly rich and creative German language and culture, which has bequeathed us the greatest fruits of science, language and literature, arts and philosophy . A direct disciple of the so-called Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, where he grew and developed intellectually, he has produced work of great significance and scope which he has presented to us as the philosophical discourse of modern times . In such discourse, Habermas has explained the roots and structure of social knowledge, the phenomena of science and technology,

“Human rights would be of little use if we did

not also protect the rights of Nature in which

those same rights are exercised and enjoyed.”

24th OctOber 2003


the theories of communicative action and what might be termed the pathologies of our time . Influenced by his generation’s experiences of the war and the Nazi regime, he has paid special

attention to political theory and reflection, particularly democracy and its variations, as well as to the relationship between legislation and power .

Besides being a theoretician, Jurgen Habermas has left his mark as an intellectual, in the best tradition of the great men of European language and literature, playing a crucial role in key political debates, on the likes of Europeanism and the construction of Europe, whenever his criteria or his conscience have called for such a response . He has shown himself to be a keen and sometimes critical observer of the exercise of power and its activities, unswervingly seeking to defend the law, reason and morality .

Human rights would be of little use if we did not also protect the rights of Nature in which those same rights are exercised and enjoyed, or if we did not support every life form to be found on our planet . This is the reason behind the Award for Technical and Scientific Research being granted to the British ethologist Jane Goodall .

Her love for observing and studying animal behaviour —particularly that of chimpanzees— has its origin in a different kind of love: the love for books that her mother instilled in her as a child, providing her with a wide range of stimuli so that through sheer hard work and a stroke of luck she could dedicate her life to what she most loved, animal life . The decisive opportunity came along when at the age of twenty-three she first travelled to Africa .

She has lived engrossed in the study of the life of chimpanzees for over forty years since then, especially the chimps at the Gombe Stream Reserve, in Tanzania —although she has also concerned herself with Burundi, Sierra Leone and Gambia— often working in the most adverse of conditions . The fruits of her many years of impassioned work have been recognized by numerous awards and distinctions, including twenty honorary degrees .

The study of primate behaviour has led Jane Goodall —as well as the school of researchers she has trained and the Institute that bears her name— to levels of scientific knowledge that embrace not only the behaviour of the human species, but also of Nature as a whole, something she has gone to great lengths to conserve and protect . Furthermore, she has worked tirelessly with the young to foster their love, compassion and respect towards all forms of life and the environment in which they flourish, all too often threatened by man’s ignorance and avarice .

For all these reasons, and siding with her in her marvellous dedication, its seems the right moment for us to draw attention to the serious consequences of the environmental change our planet is undergoing, and its causes, which give rise to concern at all levels, regardless of race, people or borders .

Mankind is facing one of the greatest challenges it has ever faced during its wondrous, exceptional adventure on the planet, for only concerted effort by everybody for everybody, only global solutions, can come to terms with this ever more serious danger .

The task must be undertaken with the same hope, optimism and faith in mankind as shown by Jane Goodall, who believes that there are a growing number of us committed to joining our hands and our hearts in a joint effort to make our world a better place . This year in Spain, on our Atlantic coast and in the Bay of Biscay, we have witnessed how thousands of volunteers spontaneously and generously provided us all with an example of such an admirable attitude, of which we are proud and fully supportive .

The Award for Sports has gone to the Tour de France, the world’s leading cycle race, now celebrating its centenary this year . Once again, individual effort to the point of self-sacrifice and teamwork amongst sportsmen, coupled with excellent organization, go hand in hand to produce one of the competitions that is most enthusiastically followed and admired throughout the world .

The historically acclaimed Tour de France has had an enormous social impact, particularly for those of us from Spain, for it represented a window on Europe, a point of contact with other peoples, with another land, and with other cultures during difficult years . The importance that the Tour has had for our country is due to a large extent to the great Spanish cyclists that have taken part in it .


Over the years, several of them have regaled us with the beauty of their effort, their talent for sport and their aspirations, alongside the intelligence of their teamwork . If played in its true spirit, sport is synonymous with friendship, mutual help and solidarity amongst countries, and particularly amongst the sportsmen and women representing those countries .

We are always inspired by the presence on stage of our Laureates, but the cyclists with us today almost represent a part of our own deeply felt hopes and aspirations, and stir special feelings in us . For this reason, we hope their efforts and determination will continue to be an example in the sports that our youngsters take up .

Youth is also a key value to be highlighted in this year’s Award for the Arts, bestowed upon the Majorcan painter Miquel Barceló . Youth, tireless work and unquestionable creative originality are the foundations supporting the work of this outstanding figure of our arts, who has shone from the outset as few others have with the brilliance of originality .

We are happy that our Awards not only recognize work that is the fruit of long life, but that they are also prepared to highlight work spawned by the creative drive of youth, that the fame and honour of an artist of the status of Miquel Barceló stems not from many years of work, but rather from the aesthetic value of that work . Miquel Barceló’s creative art has come about at critical times for international art, times when it is difficult to combine vanguard and tradition, to distinguish

between the permanent and the ephemeral . At such a junction, the tireless Barceló has found many ways

to unfurl his talents: painting, sculpture, sketch, ceramics and glass . As the most perceptive of experts have said, his work encompasses the whole range of mediums, with simple brush strokes always at the extremes, full of daring and inspiration, with material in constant metamorphosis combining with permanently fresh colours . The result is highly personal work, far from the postulates of groups and generations, engaged in a continual process of discovery . Barceló’s dedicated work leads him to endless discovery, because he knows that the true artist is always, as he himself has told us, “continually in the learning

process, at the origins”, when it comes to creation . This faith in his origins, in his roots in the island of Majorca and, by extension, the whole of the

Mediterranean world, is the fertile breeding ground of his paintings . The British writer Joanne Kathleen Rowling has been granted the Award for Concord .

Somebody once said that the person who writes and leaves an imprint on the heart of a child will have done so for eternity . J .K . Rowling has done just that with the adventures of the character born of her creative talent, the wizard Harry Potter, read especially by millions of children, in whom we have witnessed the precious awakening of a passion for reading, so often sadly forgotten . Through her books, children of different ethnic groups and cultures have been united by the invisible but lasting links of a shared hobby, of fantasy and of the thirst for knowledge .

With no other company than her dreams —dreams without which mankind’s heart and soul could not survive— Rowling’s powerful imagination combines the best traditions of children’s literature and adventure stories with the fostering of essential values such as solidarity, comradeship and loyalty in her books with fascinating narrative skills .

A solitary sensitive hero, Harry Potter has given the joy of living in a world of imagination back to many children and adolescents; it has provided them with an infallible way of fleeing boredom and routine and has shepherded them away from the violence and despair that so offers irrupts in society . Rowling’s work has become an unprecedented human and sociological phenomenon in the culture of our times, thereby confirming the classic adage that “small things grow with concord; big things collapse with discord” .

The Award for International Cooperation has been bestowed upon His Excellency, The President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, Mr Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, for the example that his own life

“If played in its true spirit, sport is

synonymous with friendship, mutual help

and solidarity amongst countries, and

particularly amongst the sportsmen and

women representing those countries.”

24th OctOber 2003


represents, for the equitable, democratic way in which he pursues his political ideals and for his committed persistence in making ethics and politics inseparable from public activities .

The priority anti-hunger programme in his country, his idea of a world in which models of development preferentially target the needy and the courage and wisdom of his proposals constitute enormous hope, for as Kapuściński affirms, history clearly teaches us that “there are no short cuts to the future” .

In times when the young are tempted by the quest for easy, immediate success, Lula da Silva’s life provides a supreme example for all and sundry; his early years were times of abject poverty and desperation, but he did not succumb to them because of his courageous strength in adversity, his boundless energy, his great spirit and the optimism and strength of his dreams .

Mr President, Mid-way through the last century, your great country dazzled the great Jewish writer Stefan

Zweig, as it has since dazzled all of us who visit it for the first time . Zweig was seeking refuge in America at a time when Europe was about to succumb to the age-old barbarity of war . Brazil enthralled him with its grandiose beauty, but mostly with the peaceful coexistence of the different races that dwelled there . “There,” the admiring Zweig wrote, “man has not split from his fellow man through absurd theories about blood, race and origins .” He also added, “whilst contemplating

with joyful eyes the thousand forms of beauty in that new environment, I saw the future .”

Today, Mr President, Brazil has achieved a considerable level of development that confirms the forecast of the person who observed it with such emotion time ago, but it has still not managed to resolve enormous problems caused by social imbalance . Now, with your inspiration and the support of your people, your much-admired country is striving to follow the hope-inspiring path to progress, based upon equity and rejecting social exclusion .

Your approach cannot but inspire people of good will . For this reason, you can count on our support and help, so that the future foreseen by the great writer we have just mentioned, and which we all yearn for, becomes joyful reality as soon as possible .

Ladies and Gentlemen,We are coming to the end of the grand Awards Ceremony with which Spain expresses its

hospitality, its generous heart, its admiration for the extraordinary work of the Laureates . It does so because from the dawn of history, it has known that where love of culture dwells, the chains of ignorance, darkness and fear are forever broken .

This year’s Awards coincide with the commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of our Constitution, forged so that Spain would be a dearly loved place for peaceful coexistence between our wealth of different cultures and attitudes and never a place for division, want of solidarity or discord .

Under the aegis and guidance of its Constitution, Spain has brought out the very best of itself; it has grasped, with extraordinary vitality, much of its enormous potential and, more importantly, developed its human resources, one outstanding facet being the rapid, beneficial incorporation of women into every facet of society, which they had been so unfairly excluded from .

We are proud to see that our country is open-minded, modern and European, once again on a par with what the times require, able to adapt to life’s inevitable changes and able to confront the problems that inevitably arise in any community with strength and composure and to grasp opportunities for progress .

We are also pleased to see it in the vanguard of the creation of culture and of the defence of human rights, welcoming and fraternal; and we are inspired when we realize that Spain is the homeland where we feel the warmth of compassion and of hope .

Spain has never before been as free, as prosperous, as capable and as much admired as in these

“ We are happy that our Awards not only

recognize work that is the fruit of long life, but

that they are also prepared to highlight work

spawned by the creative drive of youth.”


times bathed in the light of our “law of laws”1 . To the world at large, it has regained its status as a great nation whose history is essential to an understanding of the history of mankind .

For these reasons, on what is such an important day for me, I wish to spare a thought, and express my deep gratitude, to those who made our Carta Magna a reality, to those who applied and implemented it with such faith and sacrifice; to

those who inherited a society torn apart by war and then had the nobility of spirit and the heroic generosity needed to turn the Spains that chilled the heart of the great poet into the democratic Spain that we live in . They all contributed intelligently and generously to the precious, noble task of reconciliation . With the same emotions, I also recall the victims of intolerance and terrorism, who gave their lives defending their freedom and the freedom of all .

This Foundation was born of this spirit of concord, and with it, the marvellous adventure of its Awards . It is an adventure that we renew each year, one that is all the more precious for having its origins in Asturias, these lands of mountain peaks that tower as loftily as the flight of the spirit of Asturias .

Thank you .

1 The Spanish Constitution.

“ Where love of culture dwells, the

chains of ignorance, darkness and

fear are forever broken.”

24th OctOber 2003

© Fundación Princesa de AsturiasExcerpt from speech: © Susan Sontag

This text forms part of the collection included in the book Prince of Asturias Awards 1981-2014. Speeches, printed in Asturias (Spain) in January 2016 .The inclusion of excerpts from the works of third parties is covered by the limits on quotations regulated in Article 31 .1 of Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996, of 12 of April, approving the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law .Edited by: Princess of Asturias FoundationPublication coordinator: Teresa Caso MachicadoTranslation supervisor: Paul BarnesDesign and layout: Juan JareñoPrinted by: Cízero Digital

L .D .: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXIV

22nd October 2004

1


Arts

Francisco Sánchez Gómez, Paco de Lucía

sociAl sciences

Paul Krugman


European Union Erasmus Programme

literAture

Claudio Magris


Judah Folkman, Tony Hunter, Joan Massagué, Bert Vogelstein and

Robert A . Weinberg


Jean Daniel

concord

The Way of St James

sports

Hicham El Guerrouj


Laureates. Excerpts

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, mankind believed it would regain an intellectual communion and a common destiny, as well as its freedom . The major idea of the time, which still stands today, was to reconcile the universal nature of values with the diverse nature of cultures . We believed in a homeland for citizens of the world in a global village . It was to be the end of nationalisms and class struggle . It was to be the end of ideologies that functioned like religions . Unfortunately, we very quickly had to stop deluding ourselves and to witness exactly the opposite process . We now know that when empires retreat, ethnic groups advance, and we also know that religions, for their part, can function as ideologies .

The barbaric start to the twenty-first century is, curiously, the outcome of a major event of emancipation: the end of Soviet totalitarianism . We thought that ideology had died . However, it continues to flourish, particularly in its Islamic embodiment; a wayward turn of a great religion .

I have had two parallel roles: one as a man of the media, which consists of living history, and the other as an observer, which consists of thinking about it . Both activities constantly feed off each other, and have led me to a verification and a rule . The verification is that what we usually call the human condition is a swing of a pendulum, a dialectic to-and-fro between uprooting and putting down roots, between intensity and duration, between affirmation of difference and nostalgia for similarity, between unity and multiplicity, homogeneity and heterogeneity, and ultimately, between the desire to die for freedom and the fear of living in solitude; between reason, according to Descartes, and life, according to Unamuno . Moderation, a concept we inherited from the Greeks, consists in respecting opposites and stopping them becoming antagonists . That is the verification .

As for the rule, I have learnt, as did Camus, that we should not add to human misfortune by lying, and that we should call things for what they are . I have learnt to distrust all thoughts, all texts and all acts that do not aim or manage to avoid antagonism between universal values and the individuality of civilizations .

I began to mistrust those who favour the general to the detriment of the individual and similarity to difference, those who try to find universality in their particular values and who look down on the culture of others in their fascination with the universal . None of them contribute, I believe, to a heritage of mankind that ranges from the Code of Hammurabi, the Tablets of the Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount right down to the maxims of Kant, the great revolutions and the Charter of Human Rights .

However, Your Highnesses, I do not want to forget that I live in a world of misfortune . When this new evil we call terrorism —heir to the absolute evils of Nazism and Bolshevism— is spoken about in my circles, I usually listen first to those who know what they are talking about and have something to say, like the Spanish . They know that even though in principle you can vaguely see the reasons why brother would kill brother, as soon as blood is spilt, it is always the same colour and is unbearable everywhere . Next, you forget why you kill and why you die . Violence only fuels violence . Once history was born of it . Today it devours its children .

Jean Daniel —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 2004



We are witnessing the astounding, liberating transformation of an era, of the world, of reality, perhaps of man himself . We are perched on the rim of a volcano, and from all around there comes the thunder of war, of a war that first ravages one part of the globe and then involves the world as a whole, like a cancerous metastasis . As I am from Trieste, I come from Italy, but also from a small part of that Central European civilization, Mitteleuropa, that before its time intuited, lived, and staged an upheaval comparable in history only with the demise of the world of antiquity . We live in a reality like the one described and foreseen by Musil; a reality floating on air with no foundations, made up of many copies of originals that have been lost or may never have existed, where events seem to be Parallel Actions similar to others that nevertheless do not happen, where a person feels as if he were multiple centrifuged beings, as if he were a scattering of islands rather than a single, compact whole . We have entered the control room of life’s factory, where we do not know if our great-grandchildren will be like us, how much they will be like us, whether they will share our passions or whether they will be almost another species . Reality is a theatre set that is constantly taken down, and we move across it like Don Quixote through La Mancha . We have created no Don Quixote, at most an Amadis of Gaul, and our old costumes wardrobe collects dust and gets even older and worse in this universal translocation that is taking place; yet this also plays its part in the shaping of a reality that is difficult to imagine . In its present and future —which is already partly our present, but is also still partly the future for us— Nietzsche and Dostoyevky foresaw the universal advent of nihilism . Much will depend on whether, like Nietzche, we experience it as a liberation to be celebrated, or whether, like Dostoyevky, as an illness to be cured of .

Claudio Magris—Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2004



First, erasmus enables our students to become aware of their own roots . Secondly, erasmus enables them to discover sometimes for the first time a citizenship founded on others’ roots, common to all Europeans, respecting historical, cultural and linguistic diversity . And most importantly, erasmus makes this experience possible through direct contact, interchange, the shared joy of student life, rather than through bookish knowledge .

Since the programme’s launch in 1987, more than one million erasmus students have participated in the experience . It is an out-and-out success, particularly for the students themselves, who acknowledge the adventure as one of the most enriching experiences of their lives . The advantages of an erasmus experience go beyond indispensable academic and linguistic achievement . It is, above all, a magnificent school of tolerance, adaptation to a foreign environment, respect for diversity of cultures, and conviviality . These are European life experiences in all their richness and splendour .

Since the programme was created in 1987, the field of higher education in Europe has changed profoundly .

Without erasmus, there would have been no Bologna Process . Without those hundreds of thousands of erasmus students, I do not think the Declaration of Bologna could have been adopted or agreed on . Forty European countries have now committed themselves to constructing a European Higher Education Area . What is more, it is working!

Viviane Reding, on behalf of the EU Erasmus Programme—Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2004

In 2004, Viviane Reding was European Commissioner for Education and Culture. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 22/10/2004.


Speech XXIV

Convinced that a less threatened, more tolerant and fairer world is possible, and that life is a magnificent gift and a unique opportunity to do good, I return to this beloved Asturias and this historic city of Oviedo, profoundly grateful to those who make these hours of hope possible . Events as charged with sincerity, symbolism and enthusiasm as today’s contribute to moving us closer to this world we ever aspire to .

This year’s ceremony takes on a new, touching meaning for me, as my wife, the Princess of Asturias accompanies me for the first time . We joined hands in matrimony five months ago today; a step we both desired towards building a home, forming a family and sharing the precious wish to serve Spain wholeheartedly, with loyalty towards our history and commitment towards the future of our society .

You will understand, therefore, how words fail me today, how I am moved as I express these ideas, and as I also remember that the Princess of Asturias deeply loves this land, where she was born and where she lived the decisive, unforgettable years together with her family and friends .

However, our happiness, which we would also wish for everyone, does not mean that we forget the tribulations that life in society confronts us with, often as a result of the fanatical, inhuman

actions of groups lacking all moral order, creating hate and malice in its purest form, threatening life in peace and the very existence of millions of people on every continent . This is how terrorism in all its ramifications, guises and links becomes one of the greatest threats to our present and future .

Of all the painful memories, none is so etched in our minds as the horrific terrorist attack in Madrid, last March 11th, which stained the peaceful coexistence of Spaniards with blood in such

a deadly and brutal way, and sparked an immense, heart-rending movement of solidarity both within Spain and beyond . Today, we do not want to forget the long list of victims that terrorism leads to throughout the world, and would make a special mention of so many fellow Spaniards who have suffered and continue to suffer its consequences .

To confront these terrorist threats, we can rely on the firm commitment to fight with the efficacy provided by the tools of democracy and the strength of our convictions, which include the protection and defence of the values, patrimony and ideals that define us as a free and democratic society . This is all based upon the solidarity and loyal support that every victim of intolerance deserves and the most profound gratitude towards those who are brave enough to risk their lives to save those of others .

Ladies and Gentlemen, It will soon be twenty-five years since the launch of this marvellous project of the Awards that

bear my name . Please allow me to again proclaim my faith in this project and to acknowledge and thank all those who ensure —year after year— that we come together at this autumn meeting in Asturias with our greatest legacy for their painstaking efforts .

Our Laureates, who are already part of this legacy, accompany us on stage . They receive their Award in their own right or as representatives of different organizations, and all of them are the symbol of our greatest aspirations and desires, of our rejection of violence and oblivion, of our need to assert our confidence in freedom and our ability to defeat despair and fear, as well as of our will to extol unstinting work, creativity and our profound desire for concord .

Claudio Magris, the Italian writer and lecturer, one of the most important of contemporary Germanists, has been granted the Award for Literature . The creations of his towering intellect —the fruits of his immense cultural knowledge— encompass the essay, the novel and the travelogue,

“This is how terrorism in all its ramifications,

guises and links becomes one of the greatest

threats to our present and future.”

Watch video


forming a unique intertwining of genres that is steeped in Europeanism and an extraordinary clarity of thought and expression .

Though closely linked to the heterogeneity of his native Trieste, he turns his piercing and intense scrutiny on Europe, using literature to transform the uncertainty and perplexity of human existence into a refusal to accept disillusion and a vindication of utopia .

Magris argues that mankind has a pressing need to live in hope in a world in which darkness doggedly threatens to blot out the light . However, for Magris this aspiring to hope is never ingenuous; it is not spawned of blindness to evil, but rather of the inevitable experience of suffering, of acceptance of it and of the absolute need to rise above it . To this end, he propounds a lucid interpretation of history which, though pointing to the horror and barbarity in its course, also shows us the major breakthroughs in all facets of our existence born of ceaseless scientific progress and the increasing scope of human rights .

You cannot fail to hear the reverberations of his deep-rooted love of life, his defence of the memories of the millions of victims of totalitarianism, his dispassionate understanding of what we really are . The compassionate, free spirit that pervades his books from beginning to end cannot fail to rub off on you .

The Award for Technical and Scientific Research has been bestowed on five great scientists who are world leaders in research on the complex group of diseases known as cancer .

They are Spanish-born Joan Massagué, Britain’s Tony Hunter and the Americans Judah Folkman, Bert Vogelstein and Robert

Weinberg . In granting this Award, the Jury also wished to acknowledge “the efforts of so many scientists throughout the world in their struggle to prevent and treat cancer”, at a time of hope for oncogene research, a prelude to what we hope will soon be the final victory over this disease .

The study of gene changes leading to cancer, the mechanisms causing metastasis, identifying cell growth inhibitors, new anti-tumour drugs, a better understanding of the molecular basis of the disease and the discovery of key enzymes that lead to cancer are some of the fundamental lines of research pursued with tenacity and dedication by our Laureates . They have made major discoveries, thanks to which essential aspects of human biology have been successfully deciphered and understood, and advances in the treatment of the disease have been made . In doing so, they show us the noblest side of science, a side which moves towards an ever-greater and better understanding of reality and towards the application of such knowledge to the alleviation of human suffering .

The complexity of the problem and its enormous importance demands that research of the type they carry out be done by joining forces and cooperating at an international level . The presence of Dr Massagué is a stimulus to redouble the Spanish contribution to this momentous, planet-wide task . Spanish science and technology have progressed greatly in recent decades, but we must strive harder to contribute to the fight against the many ills that afflict mankind, for which science can provide solutions . The basis for such an undertaking is solid and firm, for Spain has never had a generation of such able, well-trained young scientists who are so well linked to international academic circles as it has at present . Spanish society must understand that success is assured if we can support our science by providing it with the necessary means . Our future depends to a great extent on this .

This year, the Award for Social Sciences has been granted to Paul Krugman, the American economist, particularly for his contribution to the theory of international trade and economic development, but also for his approach in his books, essays and articles to economic inequalities .

Dr Krugman is one of his generation’s most brilliant economists . He has managed to achieve the perfect combination of academic discipline and an ability to communicate his ideas to a wider reading public, as witnessed by the success of his twenty books and his work as a columnist in prestigious international media publications . In his articles, which have already become essential reading, he astutely denounces exploitation and privilege, and does so in a precise, clear style that adds even further weight to his ideas .

22nd OctOber 2004

“Spain has never had a generation of such able,

well-trained young scientists who are so well

linked to international academic circles

as it has at present.”


Dissident and committed, Paul Krugman defends the idea that an economy should first and foremost fight against social injustice and inequality, and the need for there to be people with an active conscience in support of the most needy . “The free market,” he has said, “is a useful tool but not a religion .” An ever-more sustainable welfare state should be a vital, key priority for all societies that seek to effectively confront the challenges of globalization in a new century that sets its sights on achieving balanced and fair development .

Journalism of the most vivid and profound type has been the protagonist of our Awards on a number of occasions . This is once again the case with the bestowing of the Award for Communication and Humanities on Jean Daniel, a French journalist of Algerian descent . Combining the precision of sharp, effective criticism with a tone of serenity and commitment founded upon understanding, Jean Daniel has remained faithful to values of independence and humanism that set him apart in the world of international journalism and place him alongside distinguished and decisive intellectuals of the past century, such as Albert Camus and André Malraux .

Despite the difficulties generated in an environment of such complexity and self-interest, Jean Daniel has lucidly argued that informative, socially-committed journalism should not be confused with public spectacle and the merely audiovisual, and that truthful information is quite the opposite

to certain messages, described in his own words as “perverse and frightening”, that the mass media sometimes serve up to us .

The example of Jean Daniel, a journalist of our times and for our times, can serve as an invaluable aid in a commitment —that should unite us all— to lay the foundations to sustain a more educated and learned society, in which the media enables citizens to access truthful information that provides the means to form independent opinions and criteria .

The Award for International Cooperation bestowed upon the European Union’s Erasmus programme brings us back to

Europe and its culture and —more importantly— to our young . Few firmly established projects are as deserving of this Award as this pan-European programme for educational exchange . Two thousand universities from thirty countries are involved in it . As the Jury has pointed out, it is “one of the greatest projects in international cooperation in the history of mankind” . The facts and figures regarding the educational, cultural and social benefits of such an ambitious programme, speak for themselves as regards the wisdom and foresight of a project that reflects, like no other, the ideals of peace, solidarity and integration at the heart of the project for the construction of Europe . Since its launch in 1987, two million young Europeans have had the opportunity to study in another European country, learning its language, freely communicating with lecturers and fellow-students alike, sharing their customs and cultures . One would be hard-pressed to imagine a system that contributes in such an efficient and exciting way to fostering a sense of belonging and the consolidation of an awareness of European citizenship . The success of the Erasmus Programme ratifies the immense benefits that an awareness of one’s own idiosyncracies and those of others, contact between different languages and cultures and an understanding of differences provide for our coexistence within Europe . In short, it has highlighted the paramount importance that this exchange of experience in an ever more receptive world has on the character building and the broadening of horizons of our young people . Once again, education and culture are shown to be irreplaceable for coexistence and mutual understanding as tools for increasing people’s opportunities and also as factors for integration and social peace .

Human qualities and sincerity have always validated the sublime value and exemplary nature of art . Such is the case of Spanish musician and guitarist Paco de Lucía, who has been granted the Award for Arts for the universal nature of his work, his creativity, its genuine character, which is both innovative yet also respectful of the essence of Flamenco, the essential art of Andalusian culture, which is so universal yet such a part of us . The sounds and rhythms of Paco de Lucía’s guitar, his loyalty towards tradition yet at the same time his originality and heterodoxy, have

“ We look towards new, promising horizons,

guided by the idea that the united peoples

of Spain are the greatest guarantee of

stability and the progress of all.”


converted his versions of the works of Albéniz, Falla, Granados, Turina and Joaquín Rodrigo into glorious musicality and beauty, brilliantly merged into a fusion of foreign rhythms and themes . This is so much the case that much of his music is now part of the collective memory . Dozens of solo guitar albums and countless joint recordings alongside other great maestros of Flamenco art —with whom he has collaborated both generously and outstandingly— are an endorsement of his work, a further hallmark of which is the influence he has had on the training of performers from abroad .

Paco de Lucía has become a maestro admired by musicians from around the world and particularly by young Spanish musicians . They admire, as we all do, the revolutionary nature of his interpretation, expressed with brio, tempo and polish, with unique inspiration and virtuosity, born

of extraordinary innate qualities which hold all and sundry in awe, and which a great poet expressed beautifully when he said that Paco de Lucía was the first artist to express protest, insomnious memory and anger through the Flamenco guitar; an all the more difficult, awe-inspiring and beautiful instrument in the wake of Paco de Lucía .

The Award for Concord has been bestowed on the way of all ways, the Way of Saint James, a time-honoured route forged by millions of pilgrims who, over the centuries, have travelled it in search of transcendency, communication, and a meaning to life,

spurred on by a profoundly spiritual aim; to visit the place where the tomb of the Apostle James is widely believed to be located .

A symbol of fraternity between peoples and people from around the world, we would go as far as to say that the Way was the first joint European project, the first undertaking in which people from many different walks of life converged upon a single path, enriching our lands with words, buildings, customs, foodstuffs, life styles, legends and songs, which pilgrims brought with them and left amongst us, like some fecund seed .

Such an incessant merging of cultures and languages, such a peaceful, mutually supportive, continuous coexistence of travellers from wide and far, whose pilgrimages brought forth a shared will for brotherhood amongst people, constitutes a very early example of human concord, of a harmonious relationship which feeds off all that unites us and relegates whatever stands between us to the background .

For those who set off along the Way knew, just as those of us who do so now also know, that it is a two-fold journey: a physical one and a spiritual one, the outcome of which is that on the Way to Saint James one experiences and learns companionship, solidarity, sacrifice, dialogue between diverse languages and cultures and, above all, a discovery within oneself that only the great spiritual undertakings can provide . In times of wholesale destruction and self interest, of selfishness and of differences, the pilgrim to Santiago do not believe in frontiers; they off along the Way not only to find themselves again, but also to speak freely and openly with their fellow pilgrims and with all those human beings who they will meet in the course of a route replete with learning experiences .

To still possess this path of infinite dialogue and understanding is a marvellous gift made by history to Spain and to the citizens of the world at large .

In a year when the Olympic Games have been staged with great success in Athens, the Award for Sports has been granted to an extraordinary athlete who triumphed there magnificently . That athlete is Hicham El Guerrouj, from Morocco, admired throughout the world and rightly loved in his own country, where his exemplary life and his sporting triumphs are heralded as a shining indication of a more dynamic and prosperous Morocco, which we also wish for them .

There is no all-round sportsman without values; victory is worthless without generosity; sport means nothing if the strength of example and the desire to serve society do not underlie the desire to compete and to play fair . These criteria combine in the figure and life of El Guerrouj, whose recent 1,500 metre and 5,000 metre victories at the Athens Olympics, a feat equalled only once in the history of the sport, set the final seal on a career marked by victories and launched at the very

22nd OctOber 2004

“Education and culture are shown to

be irreplaceable for coexistence and

mutual understanding as tools for

increasing people’s opportunities.”


early age of nineteen . This world champion —already acknowledged as the best middle-distance runner in the annals of history and one of the best athletes of all time— has since taken many, highly productive pathways . Furthermore, these victories and his selfless, tenacious, straightforward nature have earned him another great personal triumph; the triumph of his generous, dedicated work for the most needy . A unicef Good Will Ambassador, he donates a fair part of his prize money to charity work, with children and the very young being the first to benefit . These children, in turn, hold him in fervent admiration and have an enormous desire to emulate him . The high moral example that elite sport epitomises and always should epitomise is magnified in the case of this sportsman and exceptional human being whom we pay tribute to today .

Ladies and Gentlemen, For yet another year, we draw this Awards Ceremony to a close filled with joy and, despite the

challenges and uncertainties of our times, with confidence in a better future for mankind . Here, in our homeland, we Spaniards have built up in recent decades and with enormous sacrifice, with understanding and generosity, one of the fairest, most prosperous and free societies in the world, and one of the most advanced in the defence of human rights, which we are rightly proud of .

We are fully aware that these achievements have never before been attained in our history . For this reason, he have freely and repeatedly stated that the finest adventure we wish to experience is to continue along the same path, united in our differences and, as was proclaimed in Ancient

Greece, with “daring confidence in freedom” . As Spaniards, we wish to follow this path, facing our future with the joy and the confidence of knowing that there will be no rest in the incessant search for further victories of understanding and concord .

Backed by these convictions, as the twenty-first century begins, we look towards new, promising horizons, guided by the idea that the united peoples of Spain are the greatest guarantee of stability and the progress of all . In the fascinating but difficult challenge of living in a globalized, extraordinarily competitive and rapidly changing world, we wish to continue to have a place concordant with our history, in order to make our contribution to achieving wide-ranging peace, fairer development and the

rapprochement of and dialogue between people and different cultures . We are very much aware that these are not goals to be achieved without great sacrifice, without

a firm will and without a fresh and lucid vision of the state of the world . Despite these difficulties, we should acknowledge that the greatest failure would be not to try, for the dangers that threaten us are both real and serious . Let us not forget, as Claudio Magris reminds us in one of his most perceptive works, that mankind needs utopia so that it does not give in to accepting things as they are . For the destiny of every man and of history itself is similar to that of Moses, who did not reach the Promised Land, but did not let that stop him walking tirelessly towards it .

Ladies and Gentlemen, When we meet again, we will start to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of our Awards .

From this moment onwards, I wish to wholeheartedly offer my thanks for the support we are receiving from institutions, organizations and individuals so that this celebration has the impact it deserves, and so that our Awards continue to be, as a beautiful poem penned in these lands says, “like a tree that grows on hope, that staves off the lightning, that frightens off the icy winds of time; a tree under the shadows of which we can feel the new leaves after winter, the first fruits of summer and which hoards the memories of all that we admire .” A tree which henceforth will also receive the cares and the dedicated support of my wife, Letizia, Princess of Asturias .

Thank you .

“There is no all-round sportsman without

values; victory is worthless without generosity;

sport means nothing if the strength of example

and the desire to serve society do not underlie

the desire to compete and to play fair.”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXV

21st October 2005

1


Arts

Maya Plisetskaya and

Tamara Rojo

sociAl sciences

Giovanni Sartori


Simone Veil

literAture

Nélida Piñón


Antonio Damasio


Alliance Française, British Council, Goethe-Institut,

Instituto Cervantes, Instituto Camões and Società Dante Alighieri

concord

The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul

sports

Fernando Alonso


Laureates. Excerpts

The imagination of people, as it respires ceaselessly, is a moving narrative sequence . It is the navigational chart for great sailing voyages under the open sky . It makes us accessories to all cultures, to every century, to feelings hidden deep inside and others worn on the sleeve . We are prompted by it to restore archaeological ruins in a desperate attempt to stage the lost paradise .

As wandering Goliards, we wield language and lust, we experience the flavour of the languages of Babel, a poetic binding agent between the sacred and the profane . We are ever confident that the chimera is within everybody’s reach . And though modernity mocks gullibility, dreaming radiates the pleasures of the flesh and of the spirit .

The sun of the Americas, however, is beneficent, a metaphor that precedes the discourse of cross-breeding, and protects it . In this American fief, we are made of human leftovers . In the course of funereal and epiphanic chants, the spark of poetry was bestowed upon the language, the all-transforming vision that describes the palimpsest of our faces and documents the past and days to come .

Somewhere in the Ibero-American identity, there is sheltered the memory of native tribes of monotheistic and pantheistic castes . Its Faustian, scattered culture of Greek, Roman, Iberian, Arabic, indigenous and African origin leads to a unique way of relating to the world, of launching into exalted allegories, of submerging in the utopias that once betrayed so many generations, of questioning thoughts and actions, enigmas and the polyhedron of light, the lacerating notions of unbridled passion .

Nélida Piñón —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2005



From the Second World War onwards, democracy, that is liberal democracy, has been spreading . New areas to be conquered have opened up with the demise of the Soviet regime and its ideology . However, whilst the economy has become truly global (insofar as the market economy has been the downfall of Soviet-styled collectivist economic planning), political systems remain divided worldwide into democracies and non-democracies . This fact raises questions as to the export potential of democracy (to what degree and in what conditions) . The question clearly presupposes that democracy is born of and in Western civilizations and that the so-called “democracies of the others” are figments of the imagination (just as the notion of Communist democracy was equally a figment of the imagination and a fraud) . Having said this, as far as the export potential and spread of democracy is concerned (I am obviously simplifying here), there are two basic theories .

The first theory is economistic: the fact is that democracy is hampered by poverty and is associated with prosperity . Historically, this has not been the case . Liberal democracy as demo-protection, i .e ., as a system of freedom and protection under a constitution, arose in desperately poor societies . What is more, liberalism proclaims the limited state, the control of power and freedom from within (the state); just that, neither more nor less . However, this is now no longer the case . Nowadays, demo-power, which calls for demo-distribution (of wealth), has been added to demo-protection, and in this scenario, the thesis of the economists becomes one of “if you generate wealth, you eventually generate democracy .” The thesis of the sociologists is more cautious . In S .M . Lipset’s classic version, “the richer a country is, the more likely it is that democracy will be sustained .” This is most certainly true . In other words, it is true that prosperity smoothes the way to democracy . The quandary now is whether prosperity will continue increasing and whether the war on poverty (in the world) can eventually be won .

Personally, I doubt it . The world’s population has tripled in less than a century . There are now over six thousand million of us, and we continue to increase by seventy million a year, all in poor countries, which are probably doomed to continue to be so . The only thing I would deduce from this, here, is that the economistic theory should not make us lose sight of the fact that democracy as a political system of demo-protection is an asset per se, and that it is always better to be poor living in freedom than not poor, yet living in slavery .

The second theory is cultural and relates to “world views” . If it is true —and it is— that liberal democracy is born within the bosom of Western culture and as a function of its secularisation, then we really ought to expect it to encounter resistance and even cultural rejection as it travels the world . Yes and no . Democracy has been exported to Japan by force of arms, but it then took root . In India, democracy is a British legacy, but it has been totally assimilated . So there are cases of culturally unlikely export drives that have nevertheless been successful .

Giovanni Sartori —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences2005

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 21/10/2005.


It is clear that our society yearns for a world without frontiers, a world where there are no barriers between the haves and the have-nots . More and more of our fellow citizens, particularly young people, feel the urge to build a new world that is more supportive of our fellow man . A world spawned of the globalization of love; a new world, a new family of peoples sharing the earth’s wealth more fairly and showing greater solidarity; a world that deep down and almost without being aware of it, needs faith and hope; a world that hungers for God .

Living a life of solidarity commits you to going the extra mile in defence of the integrity of life, sometimes threatened by the self-interests of the few .

Living a life of solidarity commits you to going the extra mile in the quest for sufficient resources to better the living conditions of those doomed to mere survival, those lost in the maze of marginalisation, those forced to flee their countries in makeshift boats, to the utter shame of our society .

Living a life of solidarity is a challenge for us Daughters of Charity, called as we are to continue on earth the mission of Jesus Christ, apostle and redeemer of the poor, spurred on as we are by Saint Vincent de Paul and Saint Louise de Marillac, our Founders and friends of the humble and the needy .

Sister Evelyne Franc, on behalf of the Daughters of Charity of St Vincent de Paul —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord2005

Sister Evelyne Franc headed the Company as Superioress General for twelve years until 2015. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 21/10/2005.


Speech XXV

I return full of hope and joy in this year when we celebrate the 25th Anniversary of our Awards —with all the splendour that we would so earnestly desire for it— to this much-loved land of Asturias of which as Spaniards we might say, recalling the words of a great poet, that “much of what we possess is rooted here .”

Before I continue, I would like to pass on the kindest regards of the Princess of Asturias, who, as you know, has been unable to accompany us at this event, but who is nevertheless with us in her heart and in her thoughts .

Twenty-five years have passed since that unforgettable ceremony when we first presented our Awards . Since then, there has been not been a single day for inaction, not a single moment for discouragement . We have progressed along the road to a point hardly imaginable back in those beginnings so replete with hope .

We wish to continue this work with the tenacity, enthusiasm and painstakingness that have always guided us, for our initial hopes remain intact, and our dreams have never ceased to be

—in the words of a beautiful poem by Cernuda— loftier than the clouds . In this uncertain and extraordinarily complex dawn of the 21st century, we are aware that the life of any organization depends more than ever on its ability to forestall events imaginatively without losing sight of its roots and founding values .

I thank all those who have brought about this splendid situation, those who had faith in this project, those who today see the returns on their faith and trust, those who overcame weariness, disheartenment, all those taxing days, and whose dedication, effort and intelligence have yielded such exceptional fruits .

On the road towards the future, we know we are not alone, for we can now proudly say that we have the backing and the encouragement of the vast majority of Spaniards, and in particular of the Government of Spain and of Asturias, of this city council, of the Trustees of the Foundation, of the Juries for the Awards, of our Patrons, and of an ever-burgeoning number of other public and private institutions and organizations, who join with us in our efforts to increase the stature of this great work of all Spaniards in the eyes of the world .

We thank unesco for their declaration acknowledging the extraordinary contribution of our Awards to mankind’s cultural heritage and for its decision to lend its support to events celebrating our 25th Anniversary .

We would also proclaim our special gratitude to the media, who are making an extraordinary contribution to having the Awards become acknowledged —as is our aspiration—, for striving to contribute to concord between nations, for fostering cultural production at the highest echelons and of the most noble values, for being a permanent beacon of hope, a light that bathes darkness and despondency, a voice that reminds us of these old yet timeless verses:

Rather than think you were born for yourselfThink you were born for the world .

Once again, this year our Awards have been conferred upon people and institutions who carry out their exemplary work inspired by these principles . We send out our warmest welcome to all of them, to the families and friends who accompany them and to the distinguished delegations who have decided to share these unforgettable hours with us today . We thank them for being here in

“Our dreams have never ceased to be

—in the words of a beautiful poem by

Cernuda— loftier than the clouds.”

Watch video


this ceremony that encompasses so many hopes and promises . To extol the merits of the Laureates, to compensate them for their efforts and to reflect on their lives and work is a particularly pleasant and enriching experience for me .

The Award for International Cooperation has been bestowed on French magistrate Simone Veil . Not only has she been President of the first European Parliament elected by universal suffrage, but she has also carried out important missions within that Parliament .

She is also a member of France’s Constitutional Council and President of the Foundation for the Memory of the Shoah (the Holocaust) . In this capacity, she works to ensure that the atrocities

committed against so many millions of people and which she herself was victim to when she was deported with her family to Auschwitz are never forgotten . For informing the world of the horror is the best way to combat it: because, as has been written, when events experienced by somebody are of such a profound and dramatic nature, recall and testimony become a duty, for if life has succumbed to death, it is crucial for memory to come out of its battle against oblivion victorious .

Simone Veil is convinced that the future belongs to those who can remember and thereby avoid repeating the mistakes of the past . She maintains that education for tolerance, teaching children of different cultures to live together and nations, with their different religions and origins, to cooperate are fundamental to creating new generations of women and men who refuse to repeat the horror .

Reaching the ideal, and here I quote her own words, of making Europe “a place of freedom, peace and respect for man’s dignity” depends on these new generations . In a European Union conceived as a model of peaceful coexistence and integration, Simone Veil’s positive attitude and her Europeanism emanating faith are an encouragement to us all .

Europe also ties well into the world vision of Italian professor, political scientist and writer Giovanni Sartori, our Laureate for Social Sciences, who has managed to confront the problems and recent challenges that Western society is facing from an open, perceptive perspective . Giovanni Sartori had the good fortune of being born in Florence, that small Tuscan paradise of beauty and intelligence, and to whose tradition of thinkers he so rightly belongs .

Our world has become ever more complex and diverse, to such an extent that it is sometimes incomprehensible to our way of thinking . We need the help of people who, like Sartori, are able to guide us through the myriad doubts and grey areas towards understanding; people who can hand us that Ariadne’s thread that frees us from the bewilderment that human contradictions and limitations, cultural diversity and the pressing problems of our times have brought upon us . For, as he himself has said, “nobody takes an interest in something he does not understand .”

Giovanni Sartori is a thinker who explores the world with a clarity of vision, and to whom “nothing human is foreign to him”, as the classic saying goes . Controversial issues such as the world’s overpopulation, immigration, multi-culturalism, new politics, democracy, technology, the homo videns —which are some of his major concerns— have been clarified by his intelligence and his reflections .

Languages have been and will continue to be a key factor for peaceful coexistence and the coming together of human beings, a vehicle for communication and the dissemination of culture amongst the planet’s different peoples . One can understand, therefore, the excellence of the work of the six European cultural institutes that the Award for Communication and Humanities has been conferred upon this year: the Alliance Française, British Council, Goethe-Institut, Instituto Camões, Instituto Cervantes and the Società Dante Alighieri .

Rarely have the merits of communicating and humanizing been merged so intelligently and yet so practically . The languages that we human beings speak were made, we have been told so many times, to unite rather than to separate or marginalize us, to facilitate mutual understanding and to foster knowledge in order to broaden our culture and, in short, enrich our souls .

21st OctOber 2005

“ We thank unesco for their declaration

acknowledging the extraordinary contribution

of our Awards to mankind’s cultural heritage.”


Far beyond the languages that these laureate Institutes represent, love, teach and disseminate can be found the profoundly cultural mission that enriches us, for they also pass on values, ideals, customs, collective experience, ways of life and wide-ranging approaches to life and society . This is the other, alternative way to build Europe: the way that is wisely shaped by education and culture, and by language .

This Award for Communication and Humanities merges perfectly into the Award for Literature, which has been conferred this year upon Brazilian writer Nélida Piñon, daughter of Galician emigrants who sought new horizons for their lives through the dignity of work and the pride-tinged humility of their identity, as did so many other Spaniards, in our sister countries of America .

Her work epitomises many of the values of our Awards . It particularly embodies the values that today’s ceremony is intended to highlight: peaceful coexistence between different nations born of mutual love and respect, ongoing learning not in one, but in many cultures, the brilliance of a literature that is rich and that enriches others, because it is itself multi-faceted, because it has many aspects and offers many messages .

This Award is being bestowed today upon a woman who is conscious of all these values, and who is perfectly aware of where her origins lie —something she has never forgotten— but who has also spread her wings in intellectual flight, opening her generous humanity to become enriched, in particular, by everything in her native Brazil, which is a further excellent example of this social and cultural merging that she filters and decanters in each of her books .

We are pleased to say today that by conferring the Award on Nélida Piñon we are also conferring it upon her country and on all of Latin America, without which the life and works of this writer could not be understood . Her Portuguese language takes centre stage today for these Awards, alongside the Instituto Camões and the Portuguese neurologist Antonio Damasio, who has been granted the Award for Technical and Scientific Research .

Professor Damasio’s discoveries are making a decisive contribution to the progress of neuroscience, a discipline whose origins are solidly founded upon the brilliant work of our very own Santiago Ramón y Cajal . Since Cajal established the fundamentals of neuronal theory, the fascinating world of research into the nervous system has unveiled the organism’s communication processes and has even helped us to understand the complex coexistence of reason and feelings .

As is always the case with science at the highest echelons, Damasio’s studies also influence the field of abstract ideas, because he has contributed, and indeed continues to do so, to an inescapable task for the adventure of man: to know the workings of the brain, which we use to order our lives, and how the thought process is able to turn upon itself in self-contemplation . This goal has fascinated philosophers, scientists and thinkers throughout history .

Many conflicts escalate precisely because as human beings we often act contrary to common sense and ideas . This is why a better understanding of what makes man tick should help to improve the world by seeking a necessary though difficult synthesis of reason and feeling founded upon a scientific understanding of so problematical a relationship . Damasio’s work on this issue takes on a fundamental significance, and his research into the human mind is indispensable if we are to understand its influence on such diseases as dementia, depression, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s .

The conferring of this Award brings to mind the memorable figure of that universal Spaniard, Asturian-born Severo Ochoa, for we are celebrating the centenary of his birth . Professor Ochoa chaired this Jury from the outset until just before his demise, helping to boost its prestige worldwide . He will always be remembered with immense gratitude and admiration for this, for his essential contributions to our knowledge of the molecular bases of life and for his commitment to scientific progress in our country .

It is precisely one of the discoveries about the human brain made by Professor Damasio that sparks our thoughts on the Award for the Arts . Art, he has said, unleashes “a neuro-physiological state of enormous coherence and harmony .”

Thus, art becomes a medium for transforming and humanising the world that surrounds


us, and at the same time, a means to balance the inner life of each of us . In this respect, dance is a discipline that unites body and soul perfectly; it unites complete control of technique with sensitivity, the head with the heart, besides being a incomparable joy to watch for its audience . For these reasons, we celebrate the fact that the Award for the Arts has been bestowed this year and for the first time in its history upon two outstanding ballerinas, Maya Plisetskaya and Tamara Rojo .

Their life histories —Plisetskaya’s, one of maturity and total mastery, Tamara Rojo’s, one of dazzling youth precociously brimming with outstanding success— speak of the same struggle: the quest for perfection, the spark of genius, art converted into sublime movement and life .

Maya Plisetskaya is quite simply a legend of twentieth-century dance . Born in Russia, where music and ballet have reached the highest pinnacles, her art has remained immutable thanks to

her iron will and extraordinary professional attributes despite ideological strife and family sufferings, neither of which Maya is a stranger to .

Tamara Rojo, prima ballerina with London’s Royal Ballet, embodies something that was also aroused in Maya: the enormous desire to pursue a vocation unflaggingly, the quest for perfection and the will to work . The Award being conferred upon her, the impact that this Award has had, and the triumphant international figure of Tamara are a stimulus for Spaniards and are unquestionably the best foundation upon which to establish a greater focus upon the art of dance in Spain .

Great art —and dance is a great art— knows no frontiers, it is true; yet it is marvellous to see it blossom and flourish in all its glory in the artist’s home country .

We have all thrilled to the sight of a young sportsman born here in Oviedo who has not only recently reached the pinnacle of his sport, but also, with each victory, proudly waved the flags of Spain and of this land around the world’s major racetracks . To everybody’s joy, that person is now the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion: Fernando Alonso, our Laureate for Sports .

What stands out in his exceptional career in sport is his youth —he is also the youngest ever Laureate in the history of our Awards— and above all, the care and selfless help of his parents and closest family . The tenacity and the will to win which he has fostered since he was a child has led him to the top in a tremendously demanding sport that is also so difficult to get into . Fernando Alonso has combined his intelligence, bravery and work ethic in perfect synchrony with a team of specialists of different European nationalities . Moreover, he has done so without losing his head or his naturalness along the way .

Sport becomes a great example when it is done with self-sacrifice and bravery, as is the case of Fernando Alonso . Our newly-crowned champion is one of a new generation of young Spanish sportsmen who are at the forefront of their respective sports, and who are exercising a positive influence on the habits of our society; a society that thrills to their victories with pride; one that is infected by their optimism and hope, and one which is becoming ever more convinced that constant effort, self-sacrifice are rewarded with the admiration of their rivals, of their fans and of their fellow countrymen .

As Pope Benedict XVI has said, love —always a counterpoint to man’s pride— teaches us that reaching true heights consists of lowering ourselves, and that when we look towards the poor and the humble, when we ourselves are at our humblest, is when we are at our highest . This is how the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul live, and this is why we acknowledge them with the Award for Concord .

Poverty, disease, injustice and inequality are some of the most terrible ills that scourge a large part of mankind . The staunch determination of all those of us not marked by these scourges is required to do away with them, as is particularly the utmost dedication and charity of the noblest of hearts . Such hearts are, in great measure, the hearts of the Daughters of Charity, who are there wherever society most needs them, wherever in the world .

“However, the unquestionable success

as a collective that the Spanish have

achieved has not been the outcome

of improvisation or chance.”

21st OctOber 2005


This religious community is always at hand in shelters for the most deprived, at the bedsides of the terminally ill, at the feet of battered mothers and abandoned children, in AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis hospitals, with those dependent on drugs, providing basic food in their food kitchens, to mention just some of the more obvious examples . Their commitment is as precious and sublime as it is difficult: to work for a world that will foster the globalization of love and also arouse the hope that we see so often and so sadly lacking in mankind’s heart .

Ladies and Gentlemen, I cannot help but remind you that this year is also the thirtieth anniversary of my father’s

crowning as King of Spain; the event inspired the birth of these Awards, which have since been supported wholeheartedly . I would like to recall him here, and I know that I echo the Princess’

feelings, with admiration, respect and affection, those same feelings that we also express for my mother, The Queen, who has graced this ceremony like no other with her support and presence at every edition .

This is why I believe it is a particularly opportune moment to pay a tribute of acknowledgement and gratitude to HM The King, to whom, alongside many other Spaniards from different generations, we owe the construction of present-day, democratic Spain .

As Spaniards, we can be justly proud of this period of our history . The self-confidence we demonstrate when we are able to organize our coexistence in peace and freedom whilst also being sensitive to the major changes that have occurred in

the world, have led to the most prosperous years in living memory . It has been a phase that has transformed Spain into a country that is at long last a major participant in modernity, open to the world and admired by it, with a growing prosperity that is converging with our more prosperous neighbours . A country finally united with the European Union, one that has strengthened its ties with the world as a whole, particularly in the Mediterranean basin and above all in Latin America .

An emotional remembrance is due to all those who have fallen victims to barbarity and terrorist madness and to those who suffer endless threats and extortion in the course of our establishing democracy . We feel profound solidarity with them all and with their families and we pay yet one more heartfelt tribute to them .

However, the unquestionable success as a collective that the Spanish have achieved has not been the outcome of improvisation or chance . It is the outcome of admirable work, of a firm and sustained will to live in peace . These key years have passed under the inspiration, guidance and protection of the 1978 Constitution, which so many Spaniards accepted as never before, firmly exercising their sovereign rights and powers . It is an extraordinary political and legal monument, constructed with exemplary responsibility, a profound sense of state and the broadest of generosity .

The unshakeable will to construct a better Spain, the Spain of all and for all, enabled a historic reconciliation, eradicating the conflict that was endemic to our recent constitutional history and establishing the political framework for modern Spain . The constitutional pact that is the bedrock of our democratic coexistence, political and institutional stability and economic and social progress that we now enjoy was constructed with the essential understanding and contest of will of our political forces . None of this would have been possible without having the Constitution and without respect for constitutional values .

To conserve and increase this immense, inalienable heritage is a historic responsibility of present and future generations and, in short, one shared by everybody . It is also an essential heritage if we are to cater for the needs and requirements that still endure in our society, if we are to make the most of the new opportunities that unfold as this century dawns and thereby overcome as one the challenges that today’s world throws up . These challenges range from those posed by globalization and collective safety to those posed by migratory trends and the much-required protection of our environment .

“An emotional remembrance is due to all

those who have fallen victims to barbarity

and terrorist madness and to those who

suffer endless threats and extortion in the

course of our establishing democracy.”


Since the proclamation of HM The King, the Crown has encouraged the return to national sovereignty of the Spanish people and constitutional agreement . As heir to the Throne, I am fully committed to this project for peaceful coexistence for the service of Spain . To sum up, with the backing of Crown, the Constitution offers the sturdiest framework, principles and values to enable us to successfully forge the future of Spain in a way that is shared, supportive of others and respectful of the

wealth of our plurality and territorial diversity . All these principles, all these values and ideas upon which our democracy is founded and, by

extension our parliamentary monarchy, have been and continue to constitute the foundations and guidelines of our Awards . They will also be the way towards helping us build a better future, in the words of the following splendid verses:

Like the prayer on the wind,Like the simple, humble voices of the grass,Like the long word of the rain,With the stubborn constancy of the sea on the shore .

Thank you .

21st OctOber 2005

“Since the proclamation of HM The King,

the Crown has encouraged the return

to national sovereignty of the Spanish

people and constitutional agreement.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXVI

20th October 2006

1


Arts

Pedro Almodóvar

sociAl sciences

Mary Robinson


Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

literAture

Paul Auster


Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturáin


National Geographic Society

concord

unicef

sports

Spanish National Basketball Team


Laureates. Excerpts

This need to make, to create, to invent is no doubt a fundamental human impulse . But to what end? What purpose does art, in particular the art of fiction, serve in what we call the real world? None that I can think of, at least not in any practical sense . A book has never put food in the stomach of a hungry child . A book has never stopped a bullet from entering a murder victim’s body . A book has never prevented a bomb from falling on innocent civilians in the midst of war . Some like to think that a keen appreciation of art can actually make us better people; more just, more moral, more sensitive, more understanding . Perhaps that is true; in certain rare, isolated cases . But let us nor forget that Hitler started out in life as an artist . Tyrants and dictators read novels . Killers in prison read novels . And who is to say they don’t derive the same enjoyment from books as everyone else?

In other words, art is useless; at least when compared, say, to the work of a plumber, or a doctor, or a railroad engineer . But is uselessness a bad thing? Does a lack of practical purpose mean that books and paintings and string quartets are simply a waste of our time? Many people think so . But I would argue that it is the very uselessness of art that gives it its value; and that the making of art is what distinguishes us from all other creatures who inhabit this planet, that it is, essentially, what defines us as human beings . To do something for the pure pleasure and beauty of doing it . Think of the effort involved, the long hours of practice and discipline required to become an accomplished pianist or dancer . All the suffering and hard work, all the sacrifices in order to achieve something that is utterly and magnificently… useless .

Fiction, however, exists in a somewhat different realm from the other arts . Its medium is language, and language is something we share with others, that is common to us all . From the moment we learn to talk, we begin to develop a hunger for stories . Those of us who can remember our childhoods will recall how ardently we relished the moment of the Bedtime Story, when our mother or father would sit down beside us in the semi-dark and read from a book of fairy tales . Those of us who are parents will have no trouble conjuring up the rapt attention in the eyes of our children when we read to them . Why this intense desire to listen? Fairy tales are often cruel and violent, featuring beheadings, cannibalism, grotesque transformations, and evil enchantments . One would think this material would be too frightening for a young child; but what these stories allow the child to experience is precisely an encounter with his own fears and inner torments, in a perfectly safe and protected environment . Such is the magic of stories: they might drag us down to the depths of hell, but in the end they are harmless .

Paul Auster —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2006



In Spain you have been confronted with the painful reality of people risking their lives on the open seas to arrive at your shores . This is part of a global phenomenon in which economic forces produce global flows of people in search of improved livelihoods . Economic globalization moves goods, services and information . It also means that people move, or are moved . The most alarming of these movements is a 21st century version of slavery through human trafficking networks that disproportionately affect women and children .

Despite evidence that migrants contribute positively to our economies and societies, we are often distracted by fears of migrants from diverse cultures . In fact, migration movements have reached epic proportions: there are an estimated 200 million immigrants worldwide which in total would constitute the fifth most populous country in the world; remittance flows in 2005 exceeded US $233 billion worldwide, more than the GDP of Ireland; roughly 30 to 40 million unauthorised migrants worldwide; there are 7-8 million undocumented migrants here in Europe, often left without legal guarantees and protections that we deem to be fundamental human rights . (…)

We cannot fail these people . We encounter the human faces of globalization in daily contact in our communities and among those who risk their lives to leave their homes in search of greater opportunity . Recognizing our common humanity in the faces of migrants can inspire us to reaffirm our common dignity and build diverse, pluralistic and democratic societies at home and ensure equitable development beyond our shores .

Mary Robinson —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences2006

Mary Robinson was President of the Republic of Ireland between 1990 and 1997. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 20/10/2006.


When unicef began in 1946 in the aftermath of World War II it worked primarily in Europe and Japan to deliver emergency assistance to children in need .

Over the years, the reach of unicef’s work has expanded to include the millions of children around the world —from Africa to Latin America— whose lives are affected by poverty, conflict and emergencies .

unicef evolved over the past sixty years from its emergency beginnings to become an organization dedicated to enhancing the well-being of children in both emergency and non- emergency situations .

The organization continues to work tirelessly to protect children from harm and disease . . . and to provide them with nutrition and the opportunity to learn and lead productive lives .

Children are a significant part of the world’s hungry, the ill-fed, the poorly-clothed, the homeless, the illiterate, the exploited and the displaced . In fact, children are at the very heart of the Millennium Development Goals, from eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, to achieving universal primary education and gender equality, to reducing child and maternal mortality, and combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases, to ensuring environmental sustainability and developing a global partnership for development .

In taking stock of the past 60 years, great strides have been made not only for the children in Europe and parts of Asia but also for millions of children in the developing world . The world has seen more gains against poverty and more progress for children in the last 60 years than in the previous 500 . Between 1960 and 2004, the under-five mortality rates in developing countries on average decreased from 222 deaths per 1,000 live births to 87 deaths per 1,000 live births . In the 1980s the average rate of child immunization in most developing countries was between 10 and 20 per cent . Today, immunization with routine vaccines has reached more than 70 per cent of children worldwide .

The world is now free of smallpox, the first major human disease to be eradicated . Where polio was once epidemic, extraordinary progress has been made and today some 175 countries are polio free . An estimated 1 billion more people have access to safe water today than in 1990 . And more children are in school today than ever before . But much remains to be done .

Ann M. Veneman, on behalf of unicef —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord2006

In 2006, Ann M. Veneman was Executive Director of unicef.— Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 20/10/2006.


Cooperation is what it is going to take to solve the big problems facing the world today .The Prince of Asturias Foundation is doing its part . The government of Spain is doing its part .You fund a research center in Mozambique that has been essential in the search for a malaria

vaccine . Malaria kills 2,000 African children every day, and now the most promising vaccine candidate ever is in advanced clinical trials, thanks in large part to Spain’s commitment .

Spain has also been a major funder of GAVI, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, which has helped 70 developing countries vaccinate their children against diseases such as tetanus and measles . So far, with your help, GAVI has funded more than 100 million immunizations .

Some have made the case that diseases are economic issues or a national security issues . That’s all right with me . If we have to make that argument to get the support we need to fight disease, we should do it .

But I think you will agree with me that this is not primarily an economic issue or a national security issue; this is a humanitarian issue . People are dying, and we can save them; and that ought to be enough . Sick people in the developing world are human beings who have infinite worth in their own right without any reference to us . They have mothers who love them, children who need them, and friends who cherish them, and we ought to help them .

We are grateful for this honor, but we know that no award for “cooperation” can be given to one organization . It belongs to all of our partners all over the world as well .

So today we share this honor with everyone who is working to ensure that we all live up to the principle that all lives have equal value and we ought to treasure each one .

William H. Gates, on behalf of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2006

Extract from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 20/10/2006.

20th OctOber 2006


Speech XXVI

Every year as autumn comes round, so many memories, hopes and —above all— aspirations burgeon in our hearts when we return to these dearly-loved lands of Asturias to live the experience of this grand ceremony, which is so emotive and so charged with profound symbolic meaning .

We return on this particular occasion as the splendour of our 25th anniversary begins to settle in our memories and with the satisfaction of being able to look back on the path the Foundation plotted and travelled over this first quarter century of existence . The journey has been a pleasant one, replete with aspirations that seemed unachievable at the outset, but which are now the firmest foundations upon which to continue with our exhilarating work .

We reiterate our infinite gratitude to the people who launched this Foundation and who make it work day after day: those who manage it, its and Patrons, the members of the Juries, and all those

who enthusiastically join us, sharing our ideals and making today a great festival of culture .

The achievements of our Foundation are in permanent debt to this beautiful, beloved land of Asturias . We find one of the deepest roots of Spanish culture in the Principality of Asturias, which is also now giving contemporary Spain splendid individual examples of success and outstanding demonstrations of the spirit of solidarity . This is all driven by endeavour and the desire to improve that are —and will always be— the Principality’s finest asset .

A common denominator of the Awards and the Foundation is the unflagging defence of the principles and virtues that set people apart and that generate each of the Awards .

Way back when the Asturian poet Carlos Bousoño collected his Award, he said that, “today more than ever, we should feel proud of belonging to this useless yet glorious line of descent we call man.” Man, after all, is at the very hub of our work .

This year’s 2006 Awards in all eight categories have gone to organizations and individuals whose work is vivid testimony of a desire to know mankind and his environment better; that foster values, that are epitomes of solidarity, that have made noteworthy contributions to the progress of science, and that have pursued exquisiteness in expression and aesthetics .

We offer them out warmest congratulations . Their attendance and participation in this ceremony are cause for real joy and sincere gratitude, for they enable us to highlight and emphasise the sense and meaning of their priceless careers .

Bill and Melinda Gates, alongside their parents William and Mimi Gates, who accompany us here today, showed clear-sightedness and extraordinary generosity in founding the exemplary organization that bears their name and that has been granted the Award for International Cooperation .

Our most reliable statistics indicate that over eight million people in the world, many of whom are children, die every year of hunger and disease caused by living in extreme poverty . It is a state of affairs that stirs our consciences, and obliges those of us who enjoy the privilege of living in richer countries to eradicate an inhumane situation made even more intolerable when we realize most of the innocents fall victim to diseases that can be prevented or treated with medicines that are now readily available . Fighting this state of affairs is not only a duty . It is a sine qua non for a better, safer world for all .

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation currently leads endeavours to help people, particularly children, who succumb to illness or are victims of war, injustice and abject poverty, with the continent of Africa as a priority . In what is an unprecedented display of philanthropy, the Gateses are

“Our Awards have fostered generosity

over self-interests, concord over division,

peaceful coexistence over fanaticism,

commitment over indifference.”

Watch video


allocating a considerable portion of their assets and endeavours to this great task with impassioned commitment and dedication, laying the groundwork for researchers and scientists around the world, some of whom are Spanish, to work together in the fight against tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS, thereby making programmes even more effective .

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation works with cutting-edge ideas, providing us with a priceless example of generosity and highlighting the true nature of abject poverty: its futility, its irrationality, its absurdity and the injustice of it all . It will one day be said about the Gateses, to paraphrase the splendid verse of Paul Verlaine, that their hearts did not beat in vain .

The National Geographic Society, which has received the Award for Communication and Humanities, is a prestigious organization founded in Washington at the end of the nineteenth century that works with thousands of professionals around the world . Throughout its history, it has played a crucial role not only in discovering and exploring the Earth, but also in informing the broader public of scientific breakthroughs relating to Nature and mankind’s heritage in history, ethnology, geography and art .

It also publishes five monthly reviews —one in thirty-one languages with a circulation of eight million copies— which places the organization in the vanguard of the media specialising in the marvels of Nature and culture worldwide . Using carefully crafted production and photography of enormous symbolism and expressiveness, any issue whatsoever related to man’s adventure on

Earth and as part of the universe is embellished by the work of this publishing, television and film-making society .

It is also a non-profit organization that ploughs its profits back into its media publications and cultural and scientific activities . Thanks to the eight thousand research projects and expeditions it has funded to date and another five hundred that are presently being undertaken, the Society disseminates the highly accurate information needed to foster an acute awareness

of the threats stalking Nature and to galvanize the will needed to overcome them . National Geographic is therefore a beacon illuminating and succouring the precious world

bequeathed to us . Its approach and its message foster and spread the harmony that our times cry out for . Furthermore, it is an open window onto a world that we want to continue to thrive in all its splendour, complexity and beauty . Man continues to explore it, but we now have the awareness and the duty to protect it as something of vital importance for the present and future of mankind .

The Award for Arts has been conferred on filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar, who has taken his personal brand of cinema to the pinnacles of international fame and prestige . The creative passion and originality of this La Mancha-born filmmaker has transcended frontiers and captivated millions of cinema-goers the world over . His characters suffer and laugh and are touched by love, melancholy, tenderness and affection in scenes in which senses of humour and irony arise alongside crudity, thereby configuring the hallmarks of his unmistakeably personal style .

Immediate realities merge at the heart of his films; realities apprehended in his native La Mancha, in the youth culture of Madrid in the eighties, which are then forged into the international kaleidoscope of urban culture of the following decades . He thereby describes a new, avant-garde aesthetic synthesis, with a Spanish background reminiscent of Mihura, Berlanga and Buñuel, and provides us with invaluable portraits of the human condition, depicted as true-to-life, yet observed through the prism of his creative talent and personality .

His films attract the theatre-goer, who perceive in his works not only certain assertions, doubts, contradictions, fears and hopes, but also new facets of a cultural world in a permanent state of flux . His films are seen worldwide as a major part of our intellectual and aesthetic world, making him a benchmark of Spain’s best and most inventive cinema .

This Award to Pedro Almodóvar expresses the acknowledgement of a hallowed film director, and serves as a spur to the endeavours and production of so many young, hopeful professionals of the 7th Art in our country .

“The fact that eight out of ten children on

our planet do not enjoy the most basic

of rights is a perennial call to action.”

20th OctOber 2006


This year the Award for Scientific and Technical Research has been bestowed on Spanish physicist Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturáin, thereby acknowledging the extraordinary work of an outstanding young lecturer and expert in quantum computing who presently heads the Department of Quantum Optics at Germany’s Max Planck Institute .

We are particularly impressed by the fact that his nomination was seconded by five Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics, amongst other eminent scientists, all of whom have proclaimed their admiration for the work he does, for the international prestige that he has achieved with his cutting-edge research, and for his position as a leading light in the revolutionary field of quantum information, a new science for the twenty-first century .

His studies on large-scale quantum processors have had far-reaching repercussions and have led many laboratories to start experiments in this innovative scientific field . He has himself said that “the quantum computer will revolutionise the field of information technology” by providing greater efficiency and security in transferring and handling data . Cirac is also researching other state-of-the-art fields that will help to improve man’s quality of life .

His lead motivates and inspires anyone who loves science, and is also a powerful spur for our country’s researchers, who we take this opportunity to encourage to persevere in their work . His outstanding work, his youth and the depth of his knowledge invite belief in a brighter future for sciences and research in Spain, a future in which science will be increasingly appreciated and fostered by society as one of the key determiners of economic and social progress .

This year’s Award for Literature has been bestowed upon American novelist Paul Auster, whose work —which has not shied away from poetry, newspaper articles or cinema— is one of the most perceptive and profound analyses of what the author sees as existential absurdity and the limitations of modern man .

Paul Auster is a key figure in the renovation of contemporary literature . Blessed with an extraordinary imagination, he has used his work to build a unique universe in which fate, a basic component of the mystery, shepherds the reader towards a world of surprises, coincidences, unexpected and almost invariably extraordinary reactions that nevertheless make his characters more human by transforming them into real people with emotions .

The basic hallmark of his work is his approach to eternal and universal questions, such as solitude, the eventuality of man and death, handled with a discourse of absolute freedom . With consummate ease and intelligence, Auster —for whom writing is always a great adventure— has managed to communicate his obsessions, concerns and desires by recounting stories steeped in mystery and even implausibility .

Paul Auster frequently sets his narrative in the city of New York, a universal metaphor of our present plight and the milieu for terribly fragile lives; a fragility that Auster feels morally obliged to constantly remind us of . Such lives arouse the compassion of the reader, who identifies with them and is inexorably shepherded into the pleasure of reading .

The Award for Social Sciences goes to an Irish woman, Mary Robinson, former President of Ireland, university lecturer in Law, driving force behind the International Penal Tribunal, former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and now President of the Ethical Globalisation Initiative .

She represents an ancient and beautiful land, Ireland, with which Spain maintains a strong cultural bond and a centuries-long close friendship . Its origins hark back to times immemorial, if an ancient legend is to be believed .

Her work is distinguished by a particularly meaningful feature: her unflagging commitment to cultural values and the tenacious endeavour to extend human rights in the world . Another common thread running through all her work is justice, fraternity and generosity as key drivers of parity in international relations .

Mary Robinson also epitomises the many men and women who have successfully blended modernity and values burnished by the centuries to help make our world a more open-minded, humane place .


Her enormous social sensitivity and her extraordinary sense of the practical are surely not unrelated to the fact that she is of the female sex: a woman of our time, who grieves for the suffering of others and for the myriad people who suffer the atrocity of violence . We need people like Mary Robinson who combine in-depth knowledge of current affairs with a ceaseless quest for peace, and an unerring ability to find solutions to specific problems as they arise .

Over the years, I have constantly mentioned how tremendously inspirational clean and fair sport is for young people and how it sets a fine example for society as a whole . Will power, self-sacrifice, fair play and healthy rivalry are part and parcel of the careers of the greatest sports players . These virtues are particularly well highlighted in team sports . This is why it has been a

great joy to see that this year’s Award for Sports has gone to Spain’s basketball team .

This team has proved itself able to combine over long periods great tenacity, an admirable bond with their coach and great togetherness —spin-offs of their work ethic and companionship— which are unquestionably the cornerstones of their success .

Their frequent victories, the way they gradually fought their way to the top, are reminiscent of Unamuno’s idea regarding a character trait that further enhances the triumphs of those who tough it out and fight for victory: they pursue victory

with determination and conviction, but find consolation in defeat and moderation in victory . For everyone knows that you achieve nothing of any import in life without that human touch, without brotherly comradeship .

This is why the splendid example the Spanish Basketball Team has set for all of us will always be part of the history of sport and will always be particularly remembered by those of us who love and play the sport . To quote their coach, Pepu Hernández, this team are an example of a bunch of nice guys who get together to do good things hoping to make the whole country happy . We hereby testify to that and encourage them to continue with their good work .

They are Laureates today because of all these virtues . Thanks also to these virtues, they won the World Championship in Japan this September in such a brilliant and deserved way, getting the whole of Spain to its feet with excitement .

By conferring this year’s Award for Concord on unicef, this final accolade takes on the most moving of dimensions and fullest of meaning, for none of the problems that mankind confronts is as moving as those that affect childhood and so many children the world over who need special, urgent care and attention for their rights, their needs and their sufferings .

Since it was founded in 1946, unicef has been a pioneering organization in tackling these ills of the world, which stir our conscience and spark general outcry, because their victims are the most defenceless of human beings and because a childhood that is forsaken or menaced by threat or aggression is not only perverse per se, but also the source of a multitude of future afflictions .

The fact that eight out of ten children on our planet do not enjoy the most basic of rights is a perennial call to action that unicef has responded to, showing enormous efficiency in almost two hundred countries in the world .

It is only right, then, for our Award to hail the endeavours made by unicef every day in pursuit of a better childhood, to alleviate the bleak reality of sick children, to put an end to the tragic circumstances that so many abused, exploited and hungry children still live in, even in the twenty-first century .

Ladies and Gentlemen, In a few weeks we will close events celebrating the 25th anniversary of our Awards, whose

intense and treasured history evoke countless cherished experiences and feelings, for it has been a marvellous adventure; one that began like Don Quixote, when he set off in the radiant, austere land of La Mancha to wander the horizons dreaming with enormous hope, but limited equipment of implementing his most noble ideals .

“In this quarter century, and in the figures

of our Laureates, we have had the chance

to admire and highlight the power of

intelligence, sacrifice and excellence.”

20th OctOber 2006


In this quarter century, and in the figures of our Laureates, we have had the chance to admire and highlight the power of intelligence, sacrifice and excellence . Moreover, the Foundation and our Awards have fostered generosity over self-interest, concord over division, peaceful coexistence over fanaticism, commitment over indifference .

We want this message to be proclaimed with clarity, vigour and force to our youth in particular, so that they may grow in statute with these virtues, so that they may turn their back on potential despair and so that they may join the great adventure of life in peace, plenitude and responsibility with willingness .

Our work started and developed because of the freedom and stability guaranteed under our Constitution . The Awards and the Foundation behind them combine in their history the same virtues that have guided the lives of the Spanish people over recent years: determination and caution, firm convictions, faith and trust in our common future .

After twenty-five years, what most fills us with satisfaction is to see the most valuable of the many shows of support that our Foundation and Laureates could receive: the fact that the great majority of Spaniards consider them as a great Spanish cultural and moral heritage for the world at large .

The Crown has encouraged the Foundation in its ongoing pursuit of culture . It is work in the service of Spain, in the service of our progress and our projection abroad as a great nation . This is the main reason that inspired HM The King in his support of the founding of our organization; alongside HM The Queen, he has given us this support at all times .

Like our unforgettable Julián Marías, I now think that the most important thing is to look forward towards the future and believe in what we are doing . The Princess and I are happy to think that we will pass on to our children all the substance of these emotions and lessons, the emotive heritage of unforgettable memories . Because we want hope, the desire for a fairer world and the tireless quest for a mankind of free men and women to blossom in their hearts . Because, in short, we want them, like us, to also believe in the light just before the dawn .

Thank you

“The Crown has encouraged the Foundation

in its ongoing pursuit of culture.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXVII

26th October 2007

1


Arts

Bob Dylan

sociAl sciences

Ralf Dahrendorf


Al Gore

literAture

Amos Oz


Peter Lawrence and

Ginés Morata


The journals Nature and Science

concord

Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem

sports

Michael Schumacher


Laureates. Excerpts

As you read a foreign novel, you are actually invited into other people’s living rooms, into their nurseries and studies, into their bedrooms . You are invited into their secret sorrows, into their family joys, into their dreams .

Which is why I believe in literature as a bridge between peoples . I believe curiosity can be a moral quality . I believe imagining the other can be an antidote to fanaticism . Imagining the other will make you not only a better businessperson or a better lover, but even a better person .

Part of the tragedy between Jew and Arab is the inability of so many of us, Jews and Arabs, to imagine each other . Really imagine each other: the loves, the terrible fears, the anger, the passion . There is too much hostility between us, too little curiosity .

Jews and Arabs have something essential in common: they have both been handled, coarsely and brutally, by Europe’s violent hand in the past . The Arabs, through imperialism, colonialism, exploitation and humiliations . The Jews, through discrimination, persecution, expulsion, and ultimately mass murder on an unprecedented scale .

One would have thought that two victims, and especially two victims of the same oppressor, develop between them a sense of solidarity . Alas, this is not the way it works, neither in novels, nor in life . Some of the worst conflicts are indeed between two victims of the same oppressor; two children of the same violent parent don’t necessarily like each other . Often they see in each other the image of the abusive parent .

Which is exactly the case between Jews and Arabs in the Middle East . While the Arabs regards Israelis as latter-day crusaders, an extension of the white, colonizing Europe, many Israelis, for their part, regards the Arabs as the new incarnation of our past oppressors, those repsonsible for carrying out pogroms and Nazis .

This situation charges Europe with a particular responsibility for the solution of the Israeli-Arab conflict: instead of wagging their fingers at either side, Europeans should extend empathy, understanding and help to both sides . You no longer have to choose between being pro-Israel and being pro-Palestine . You have to be pro-Peace .

Amos Oz —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2007



Years from now, the next generation will ask of us one of two questions . As they survey our actions, and our inactions they will either ask: What were you thinking? Why were you deaf, dumb and blind to the consequences of what was being done to the truth, of what was unfolding? Or they will ask a question, that I prefer them to ask and I truly believe they will ask . I want them to look back on 2007, at the beginning of this century, and ask about us: How did they find the moral courage to rise and face the crisis so many said was impossible to solve? How did they find the ability to raise their level of consciousness about the truth that was confronting our world? How did they find the courage to act?

We have everything we need now to make certain that that second question is the one that our children ask . And as they attempt to answer it, I want them to say that we realized we had everything we needed, to save the ecological integrity of our planet, with the exception of political will . But then we realized that, in democracies like Spain and the United States and nations throughout this world that are free, political will is a renewable resource .

Al Gore —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2007



In 1953, the State of Israel established Yad Vashem to commemorate, document, research, and convey the story of the Holocaust . It is a story that commences with the vibrancy of Jewish life in Europe until the Nazi conquest . The story then descends into systematic mass annihilation .

Yet it also contains the struggle to survive and to sustain the values and enterprise of the Jewish individual . And there are invaluable chapters of fighting and resistance as well . But at the end, the outcome Death . “Darkness on the face of the abyss” (Genesis 1:2) .

There is neither comfort nor meaning to be found in the deaths of all the victims unless: We assume, with holy awe, the historic responsibility of gathering from among the cupboards

and drawers those letters and artifacts, the creative spirit, that express the identity of the victims, created in God’s image .

We do so in order to retrieve the image of their faces, to record their names in a ledger .We raise generations of educators who will guide us how to study the Holocaust, and learn from it .And from all this We establish a yad va-shem, which offers a form and a forum to chronicle the

rupture and eclipse . In which the Murderer murdered, the Victim struggled to survive humanely, the Neighbor looked on silently, and only the very Few arose to offer rescue .

These were the scant rescuers among the nations who risked their lives and, at times, those of their dear ones, to ensure that amid the oppressive gloom a few rays of light might shine forth . They are the Righteous Among the Nations, outstanding individuals in whose honor a new concept in human civilization was coined . Among them are members of the Spanish people . We remember them, salute them, and express our deepest appreciation for their actions .

Avner Shalev, on behalf of Yad Vashem, the Jerusalem Holocaust Museum —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2007

Avner Shalev has been President of Yad Vashem since 1993.— Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 26/10/2007.


Ralf Dahrendorf feels deeply honoured to be granted the Prince of Asturias Award and was really looking forward to coming to Oviedo . For him, Spain was the first country in a new league of liberty . Observing Spain’s transition marked the beginning of his taking interest in the processes of democratization in previously non-democratic countries .

When he wrote his Reflections on the Revolution in Europe, he recommended to the East Europeans the path that Spain had successfully taken .

Christiane Dahrendorf on behalf of Ralf Dahrendorf —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2007

Due to poor health, Ralf Dahrendorf was unable to attend the ceremony, at which he was represented by his wife, Christiane Dahrendorf.— Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences on 26/10/2007.

26th OctOber 2007


Speech XXVII

Yet another year, in autumn, we enthusiastically return to our beloved Asturias to reencounter the never-forgotten affection of its people, with the beauty of its scenery and the message of hope embodied by this solemn event; a profound, emotive event that has brought us together now for almost three decades to celebrate the triumph of good and of culture, this knowledge of mankind by mankind, as the unforgettable Francisco Umbral declared from this selfsame stage .

In this ceremony, we extol values that neither the passing of time nor fashions will be capable of vanquishing, because these values ennoble our lives and make them loftier .

With the joy that all this produces in us, we welcome and thank all those who accompany us here today . The Laureates, their families and friends, to the distinguished cultural and social delegations from all round the world who have wished to share these moments with us, and also to our Foundation’s Trustees and Patrons, who have bestowed their trust in us and act as a spur to our efforts .

We also wish to offer our thanks to the Juries, who have once more fulfilled the difficult task in both an independent and responsible manner, and to the national and international media

which, in such numerous representation of the most prestigious journalism, have wished to be witnesses to this event .

I wish also to express some words of special gratitude to the municipal authorities of this city, to the Regional Government of the Principality and to the Government of Spain —who have been so supportive— for being aware of the importance that the Foundation and its Awards have for one and all . The fact is that the vast majority of the people of Spain endorse our

Awards and rightly see in them a valuable cultural heritage —before the world— of a Spain which progresses relentlessly, while committed to all that encourages and elevates the intellectual and moral education of human beings .

Albert Camus wrote that some people are greater, more authentic and have more beautiful hearts than others and make up an often invisible society throughout the world that justifies the life of all . As in previous years, this evening I have the honour of extolling through my words the life and work of some of these people who have received our Awards this year . We congratulate them all, filled with emotion, and thank them for their example .

The Award for International Cooperation has been conferred on the former Vice President of the USA and Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for Climate Protection, Al Gore, for carrying out actions with enormous repercussions committed to the preservation of the environment and for his leading role in disseminating the ever-growing conviction throughout the world that climate change is one of the threats that human beings need to address both urgently and resolutely .

This is precisely what the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has confirmed in a recent report, drawn up by 600 scientists and accepted by over one hundred countries, regarding the influence of human activity on global warming; a dangerous transformation of the environment that is a consequence of the errors and excesses —whether conscious or not— of our frequently disorderly development

We have been forewarned for a long time now by scientists, ecologists, institutions and people that are sensitive to this issue of the need to combine industrial progress with the conservation of the environment and biodiversity . For we are all witnesses —at times impotent and sadly surprised–to the growing, inexorable degradation of the planet and to the desperate situation of millions of people who are —or may become— innocent victims of this threatening devastation .

Al Gore has bravely and resolutely made every effort for all these warnings to be heard, so

“In this ceremony, we extol values that

neither the passing of time nor fashions

will be capable of vanquishing.”

Watch video


that we become more aware of the fact that only if we conserve this legacy handed down to us, this treasure that is our Earth, only if we avoid the degradation of our beautiful planet —our true home— to irreversible limits, shall we have fulfilled one of our major duties as human beings

Our Laureate has known how to highlight the fact that it is impossible to find solutions to this problem if we are not capable of thinking globally; since no people, culture, race or country is free from its devastating effects . If we learn to work with this vision, we shall understand how related it is to other serious evils of our time, and we shall have more of a chance to get closer to solutions that are compatible with both progress and life .

The Award for the Arts has been bestowed on the musician, singer and poet Robert Allen Zimmerman, known to us all as Bob Dylan, a symbol for millions of people, who sing his beautiful, suggestive songs convinced that —in unison with his dreamer’s cry— something might change for the better in the world . The answer is blowing in the wind, he has told us time and time again to the sound of his guitar and unmistakeable voice . The answer to so many evils that threaten human beings is blowing in the wind so that each and every one of us can capture it and feel the strength of unity, of shared will, of the courage to change .

Although it has not been possible for him to accompany us here today, we wish to remember and acknowledge the unyielding hope of this austere musician, his sensitivity and the strength of his dreams .

Dedication to others, serving juster causes as a way of life takes on greater value when what is at stake directly affects human life and, in particular, the knowledge of its biological bases as a means to solving the major problems caused by the most serious illnesses .

The two eminent biologists who today receive the Award for Technical and Scientific Research, Britain’s Peter Lawrence and Spain’s Ginés Morata, embody the scientific attitude of the present day, enthusiastic about as well as committed to pushing

back the limits of what we as humans know as reality . If for Albert Einstein true art and true science arose from mystery, on awarding them this prize,

the Jury has highlighted the fact that both scientists have done no more —and no less— than work “on the last mystery of life”, convinced of the present-day possibilities of eventually understanding the programming of living matter and, hence, the alterations that separate health from illness, life from death .

There is a basic unit in the physical support of all living beings, in the phenomena that characterize them . This finding has been fundamental for the spectacular progress of the life sciences over the last six decades That is why it makes sense to study simple living beings that serve as experimental models, obtaining results that are of general value The possibilities that this form of knowledge offers will continue to astound us . Such as the fact that a living being so small in size —which nonetheless is equipped with the attributes of more complex organisms, with their symmetry and their differentiated organs— has been the basis for constructing an entire genetic theory of animal design . Understanding this developmental program allows scholars to extrapolate the findings to human beings, analyse the controlled growth of body organs, discover why hundreds of types of differentiated cells may arise from one single cell, and address the lack of control caused by tumours, among other issues .

The two scientists receiving the Award today exemplify the value of intelligent, lucid endeavour aimed at adding to the legacy of our knowledge the details of the formation and regeneration of complex organisms, why some cells are programmed to die so that living beings may develop, and also the way in which these age .

The fructiferous cooperation between Peter Lawrence and Ginés Morata, at Cambridge and at other centres and universities here in Spain, has contributed to the creation of a school of

“ We have been forewarned for a long time

now by scientists, ecologists, institutions

and people that are sensitive to this

issue of the need to combine industrial

progress with the conservation of the

environment and biodiversity.”

26th OctOber 2007


Developmental Biology that shines brightly in the scientific universe and illustrates the value of the spirit of collaboration, of team work, of the faithful transmission of knowledge and of shared teaching . The profound humanism manifest in their research supposes a lofty example for young researchers and makes them exceptionally worthy of the Award that we bestow on them today .

The Award for Literature has been conferred on the extraordinary Israeli writer Amos Oz, a great defender of peace in the world . His literary work is based above all on the narrative, though also on the short story, memoirs, poetry and essays .

To open his books is to find oneself entrapped in the atmospheres he knows how to create so well, in the tales he tells us, in the diverse characters he gives life to through genuine literature and deeply moving thought . He has contributed to converting modern Hebrew into a language of culture and occupies his place within the universal literary tradition because he understands so well that literature, art —all the arts— are fields without frontiers, rivers whose waters surge from highly diverse sources and from all centuries .

Light and shadow, passion and humour, tragedy and poetry, pain and joy, reality and dreaming are the forces that illuminate his books and which move his readers . Amos Oz, all of whose

writings are autobiographical, is an author intensely committed to his most immediate reality, that of his country, Israel, and what its history and present-day situation represent . Founder of the Peace Now Movement, Oz believes that “where there is life there has to be compromise, a meeting place .”

He tells us that fanaticism is the most perverse of plagues, a blind force that obliges one to renounce being oneself . And to avoid this, Oz reminds us, through pages full of imagination and profound beauty, that one’s own belief cannot be imposed, neither by force of arms nor with violence .

The scientific journals Nature and Science have received the Award for Communication and Humanities . Created in the 19th century, the most prestigious scientists have published their discoveries, advances, analyses and studies in their pages . Thanks to these journals, we have been informed —as the Jury has pointed out— of “knowledge of the highest degree”, since they have provided a channel for the most important research studies, the results of which they have known how to transmit to the international community in the most rigorous way .

In the present day, the media face the challenge of serving society via truthful, rigorous information that must at all times be of the highest quality . What is more, public opinion often encounters serious difficulties in understanding the consequences of scientific discoveries, which on occasions, when they are not used prudently, may become sterile or incomprehensible if not explained in language that is accessible to non-specialists . For this reason, we must afford great value to the work of journals like Nature and Science, which have managed to interest —at one and the same time— research professionals and the public at large, bringing, as the Jury has stated, “science closer to life” .

Nature and Science perfectly exemplify the secure direction that an advanced society may —and must— follow: drawing attention to the highest level of scientific knowledge, of knowledge per se, while at the same time disseminating it in the most rigorous, in-depth manner and making it universal .

The Award for Social Sciences has been conferred on the eminent Anglo-German sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf . Committed to freedom and democracy, a great defender of Europe and of the fundaments that sustain its union, Dahrendorf has highlighted the historical importance and transcendence of the splendid European project for the world .

Ralf Dahrendorf holds that the principles of democracy continue to be essential for any liberal order and that its parliamentary and representative institutions signify a major conquest in the history of humanity . He also confers great importance on the process of applying democracy to a supranational organization —as is the European Union— with the aim of avoiding the difficulties with which people express their will when many relevant decisions have been transferred to European institutions .

“ We never forget those who need the

encouragement and strength that comes

from solidarity, the victims of terrorism,

fanaticism, poverty and injustice.”


We regret that he cannot accompany us here this evening and hope to see him soon, well again and visiting us here in Spain . His ideas remind us of one of the deepest roots of European culture, that of Athens, and the pride proclaimed by Pericles on account of living in that Athens in which the respect for one’s ancestors and traditions existed in harmony with the positive acceptance of what was novel, and where the idea prospered that everyone should have the opportunity to become what they wished to be . A society which, as he has written, loved beauty without waste and unfailingly honoured wisdom .

Europe and its culture possess a past full of encounters and clashes, of cruel wars and pacific trade relations, of examples of tolerance and of harsh inquisitorial actions, of scientific ideas coexisting alongside irrational superstitions . This complex history, enriched by numerous fundamental contributions, has progressively shaped the fascinating idea of Europe and its reality over the centuries .

This is the Europe of coexistence, of dialogue, of culture, a land crisscrossed by paths of concord and symbolised by the joy of its anthem and by the blue flag and its stars; the Europe that our admired Steiner analyses as a land made to the human scale, the land of Roman roads, Greek temples and beautiful cathedrals; which may even be traversed on foot, going simply from one café to another . In short, a Europe that bears the traces and scars of the most serious of errors, while in turn promoting the highest ideas of civilization: the impulse to establish and spread throughout the world the practice of human rights, political democracy, the freedom of individuals, the rule of law, respect for diversity, the search for shared welfare and peace, just as its founders conceived it, and a reality whose political, economic and cultural model is an example for other human communities .

This is the Europe that Dahrendorf has analysed, defended and studied in his works, which highlight the broad scope of his view and his concern that the uniting process of Europeans be based on open, cosmopolitan societies committed to solidarity and justice .

The Award for Sports has been bestowed on the racing driver Michael Schumacher, whom we admire for his tenacity and valour, for his brilliant, intense devotion to Formula 1 racing . Extraordinary natural talents and great willpower blend together in the life of this sportsman, seven times world champion, who has been unanimously acknowledged as the best racing driver of all times in his speciality .

Once more this year, a sportsman who is still under 40 years of age provides us with the example of his professional career and of the high levels that human perseverance can reach when guided by values such as dedication, the admirable yearning to overcome, the iron will to achieve excellence and the spirit of triumph .

The force of sportsmen like Michael Schumacher is an example —above all for the youngest among us— of the capacity of a human being to overcome the most difficult of challenges, of the benefits that come from the sacrifice and abnegation of the great champions, who, like Schumacher, strive to convert their work and that of the team that fervently joins professional forces with them into a permanent success .

But one does not become a great sportsman if one is not in possession of other values, such as those of generosity, companionship and nobleness . Triumph on the podium means nothing if the victory does not carry over onto other works that redound in the service and benefit of all . To add even greater glory to his triumphs, today we recall Michael Schumacher’s dedication to others, which has been recognized by diverse organizations of a global scope, attentive to the most significant social gestures of solidarity . His donations to various humanitarian causes, as well as the fact of being unesco Special Envoy for Education and Sport since 1995, constitute excellent proof of this less known, though no less valuable facet of our Laureate .

The Award for Concord has been bestowed on the Holocaust Memorial Museum of Jerusalem . This Award allows us to pay the most heartfelt tribute of respect, acknowledgement and affection to the millions of innocent victims of the Holocaust, to so many men, women and children who were cruelly persecuted and exterminated . A brutal suffering that will never cease to be worthy of our most radical repulsion and to profoundly move our hearts .

26th OctOber 2007


The Holocaust Memorial Museum represents the living memory of an appalling human tragedy, as well as an anthem to life . It is also a call to human freedom and dignity, and a firm commitment to concord and tolerance as parameters for coexistence that cannot be renounced among those of us who claim and proclaim to be human beings .

The immense pain, the profound tragedy that the “Shoah” meant for the Jewish people and for the entire world, symbolized by Yad Vashem, constitute —in short— an unavoidable reference to the commitment of us all to human rights, to the freedom of mankind and our inalienable dignity .

An essential commitment that we must know how to keep alive in our societies and transmit to future generations so that such atrocious acts can never be repeated, so that —together— we wipe oppression, hate, racism, intolerance and disregard for life from the face of the earth forever .

Yet another year our ship has reached a safe haven . The words hope, freedom, justice, valour, beauty and gratitude come to mind as I conclude this solemn, emotive ceremony . And also the lucid, profound verses of our unforgettable José Hierro:

Though of what service are our lives, if they do not enrich the lives of others .

Our Awards are inspired by this precious thought, in extolling culture, work, endeavour and moral commitment . That is why we never forget those who need the encouragement and strength that comes from solidarity, the victims of terrorism, fanaticism, poverty and injustice .

As has been written, the desire to know, the urge to understand are engraved on the soul of the best of men and women . To awaken in other human beings the knowledge and dreams that go

further than ours and to induce in others appreciation for what we love is the passionate adventure pursued by our Foundation .

And so, each year we publicly acknowledge the merits of men and women who with their lives, their work or their example have contributed to the progress of humanity . And we do so with conviction and humility from an institution that came into being three decades ago inspired by the hope experienced in Spain regarding its recently approved Constitution; which was

ratified by a vast majority of fellow countrymen and women as the basis for our political order and a wise guidebook for our coexistence .

Since then, we meet on an evening such as this in this theatre to receive and honour men and women who come from very different, far-off places in the world, who speak different languages and who feel part of highly varied cultures, traditions and beliefs .

They do not think alike; they could not be more diverse . Yet, despite their differences, we are sure that there is much that unites them . Above all, they represent the fight for Fundamental Rights, especially for people’s right to life and dignity; they defend freedom and democratic values; they are capable of coexisting within this difference and consider their own diversity as a source of collective enrichment . In short, they are a living example of what we Spaniards also proposed thirty years ago now for our own country and which we have continued to build for future generations .

As heir to the Throne, I dedicate and shall continue to dedicate my efforts to this grand endeavour . We continue to work all together, devoting our efforts to this grand endeavour of making Spain a society that is ever more solidly united around the principles and values of our Constitution .

Today, as twelve intense months of work and joy for all of us who form part of the Foundation conclude and new tasks and new efforts commence immediately, we may once more affirm that we continue to be moved by all these ideals, the never-yielding enthusiasm to continue forging this path; a path that has never been easy, and which aims towards the highest of goals . For, when these do not exist, only the sterile footsteps of routine and the voice of that which is insignificant are to be heard .

Thank you .

“The words hope, freedom, justice, valour,

beauty and gratitude come to mind as I

conclude this solemn, emotive ceremony.”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXVIII

24th October 2008

1


Arts

National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela

sociAl sciences

Tzvetan Todorov


Ifakara Health Institute,

Kintampo Health Research Centre,

Malaria Research and Training Center and

Manhiça Health Research Centre

literAture

Margaret Atwood


Sumio Iijima, Robert Langer, Tobin Marks, Shuji Nakamura and

George M. Whitesides


Google

concord

Ingrid Betancourt

sports

Rafael Nadal


The writing of fiction is an art of time: through it, events unfold, changes are set in motion; in other words, fiction tells stories; and through stories, we know both ourselves and others . A country without stories would be a country without a mirror: it would cast no reflection, and it would lead at best a ghostly, shadowy existence . “Who am I?” its citizens would ask, and there would be no answer . Such a country would also be without a heart, for fiction writing is an art of the emotions . In an age of specializations, art alone can show us the whole human being, in its many variations .

Everything in our societies is influenced, not only by the ground beneath us, but by the imaginative world we build and dwell within . Even our most seemingly solid institutions are sustained by our ideas about them, our faith in their existence . Banks melt away when we lose our faith in them, as we have seen so recently . So it is with nations . It is part of art’s function to imagine the real, and thus call it into being .

My own country’s fiction contains many wonders: kitchens with bears in them, Native Indian snipers come from the remote forests to fight in the First World War, an icy cannibal monster with feet of flame; but also many women and men who are less outwardly remarkable, living their lives and dealing with their particular times and their often snowy spaces as character, circumstance, and fate drive them on .

Today we find ourselves in a worldwide crisis; financial, but also environmental . Many people are frightened of the future; a future that will almost certainly bring food shortages, a dwindling supply carbon-based energy, and more poverty and social turmoil . In such conditions, it helps us to remember our common humanity, a humanity marked at its best by inventiveness and courage, by nimble thinking and generosity, and by the capacity for joy even when danger threatens . A society rich in the arts is also rich in such qualities . Economists can set no price on them, for they cannot be quantified . Yet without them we will do very poorly indeed . We need to re-imagine ourselves; not only ourselves, but our relationship to the planet that sustains us .

Margaret Atwood —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2008



Laureates. Excerpts

It is clear that our world must change and that each one of us must break the misfortune of his or her own indifference . This transformation that drives us, at times in which the skyscrapers of world finance seem to crash down upon us, when the fragility of our civilization is more clearly manifest, this transformation, which we feel to be essential, starts deep down in our heart .

Because what is collapsing in this world is irresponsibility and selfishness . How do we think we are going to save the planet from global warming if we do not agree to consume in a different way and, therefore, if we do not agree to change our habits and our pleasures?

How do we believe we can survive the flood of human beings that are migrating towards Europe or the United States if we do not agree to recognize their right to desire the same as what we desire?

With each word we can reclaim other relationships, other commitments, other solutions . . . We can accept trade agreements that are not so good for us, but which are fairer . We can seek to invest with a greater sense of solidarity and less speculative yields . We can offer more dialogue and less imposition by force .

Above all, we can not resign ourselves . Because to resign oneself is to die a little, it means not making use of the possibility to choose, it means accepting silence . The word, however, precedes actions, prepares the path, opens doors… Today, more than ever, we must use our voices to shatter chains .

I have the profound conviction that when we talk, we are changing the world . The great transformations in our history were always announced previously . That is how man reached the Moon, the Berlin Wall fell . . . that is how apartheid fell . I hope that that is how terrorism has to disappear, too .

Ingrid Betancourt —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord2008



Prior to the contemporary age, the world had never been stage to such intense circulation of the peoples who inhabit it, or of so many encounters between citizens of different countries . The reasons for this movement of peoples and individuals are many . The celerity of communications boosts the prestige of artists and of the learned, of sportsmen and women and of activists for peace and justice, placing them within the reach of men and women from all continents . The current speed and ease of travelling nowadays invites the inhabitants of the rich countries to practise mass tourism, while globalization of the economy obliges the elite to be present in every corner of the planet and workers to move wherever they can find work . The population of poor countries tries by whatever means possible to access what it considers the paradise of industrial countries, in search of decent living conditions . Others flee from the violence that ravages their countries: wars, dictatorships, persecution, terrorist acts . . . For a number of years now, to all these reasons which motivate the displacement of populations have been added the effects of global warming and the droughts and cyclones it entails . According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a million people will be displaced in the world for each centimetre that the ocean rises . The 21st century presents itself as one in which numerous men and women shall have to abandon their country of origin and adopt —either permanently or provisionally— foreign status .

All countries establish differences between their citizens and those who are not: that is to say, foreigners . They do not enjoy the same rights, or have the same duties . Foreigners have the duty to subject themselves to the laws of the country in which they live, even though they do not participate in its management . Laws, however, do not tell the whole story: the framework they define includes thousands of daily acts and gestures that determine the flavour existence will have . The inhabitants of a country shall always treat those close to them with more attention and love than they do those whom they do not know . The latter, however, do not cease to be men and women like the rest . They are driven by the same ambitions and suffer the same needs; only that they are more prey to neglect than the former and plead for our help . This concerns us all, because the foreigner is not only the other; we were once the foreigner —or we will be—, running the odds of an uncertain fate: each one of us is a potential foreigner .

Tzvetan Todorov —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2008


24th OctOber 2008


Speech XXVIII

Filled with the deep emotion we feel each year when holding our Awards Ceremony and the satisfaction and joy of having among us people and institutions worthy of the most universal recognition, we meet once more in Oviedo, capital of this beloved land, Asturias . A land and a city that always offers us a warm and generous welcome, and which once more constitute the lighthouse that casts its light on a day such as this over the most generous dreams, the most heartfelt desires for the concord and progress of Earth’s inhabitants .

We offer our most cordial congratulations to our Laureates, who, through their work and example, enrich human existence as well as instilling it with hope . Our deepest gratitude goes out to the personalities, representatives of the various institutions and all those who have wished to accompany us here today so that this great cultural celebration may grow in stature .

We also welcome those who have come from abroad to this beautiful Principality of Asturias, home to historical exploits, unique cultural creations and privileged natural landscapes that all Asturians have known how to conserve and enhance .

We also wish to especially thank those who help us to make our aspirations a reality: the Governments of Spain and of Asturias, Oviedo City Council, the Foundation’s Trustees and Patrons, the members of the different Juries, the media, the people of Asturias, who so fondly embrace our initiatives, and so many anonymous people who encourage us in our work and who feel a sense of solidarity with our noble ideals .

The combination of all these parties has defined the exceptional path that our Foundation and its Awards has followed for almost thirty years now . This success is not a goal for us, regardless of how noble it might be, but rather a stimulus to go even further, because, as Don Quixote said, we prefer to set out even before sunrise . And we have wanted to tread our already long path humbly, while attempting at all times to be guided by caution, which, as an age-old saying goes, is a light whose clarity never goes out .

Along this path, our Foundation has undergone a change in President . We offer our gratitude to Matías Rodríguez Inciarte for enthusiastically leading us into the future with the confidence with which he admires our past journey . Precisely in this regard, we wish to render tribute and express deep gratitude today to our dear José Ramón Álvarez Rendueles, who, in the footsteps of Plácido Arango and Pedro Masaveu, presided over us for the last twelve years with great dedication, generosity and loyalty .

I would now like to devote a few words to our Laureates, who are the true protagonists of this solemn event that our Foundation organizes and holds annually, which we see as a factory of dreams that come true to serve Spain, because the grandeur of a nation is also measured by what it generously gives to the world to make it a better place, to fight against all that would extinguish

hope in humanity and its future . Music has always been conceived of as one of the higher arts,

as possessing great transformational power, not only due to it being the expression of that which is beautiful, but also because it is undoubtedly the art which is closest to harmony, the most sublime medium for conveying feelings and communicating emotions . Since —as has been said in a thousand different ways— it is so very true that the mission of art transcends the

horizon of aesthetics and vigorously projects itself onto other fields such as humanistic education, social promotion and ethical commitment . Good and beauty —as in the words of Octavio Paz— are inseparable . An example of this is the National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela, which has received the Award for the Arts .

“The grandeur of a nation is also

measured by what it generously gives to

the world to make it a better place.”

Watch video


Each day, millions of people the world over experience the beneficial effect of music, its ability to bring us together, to free our hearts, to move us . These abilities become manifest in these young orchestras . What is more, however, and as their creator, the composer José Antonio Abreu, has stated, the benefits to be reaped from these orchestras, which extend to society as a whole, are most salient in the young people of Venezuela, through the feelings of solidarity and self-esteem that surge inexorably within them .

And so the “Sistema” (as it is popularly known), which has provided a musical education to hundreds of thousands of children many of whom are victims of poverty, alienation and social isolation, has accomplished the most challenging goals that Maestro Abreu originally set for himself . To recall just one example right now, let us highlight that of Gustavo Dudamel, one of his most outstanding and gifted students, who at the mere age of 27 has already conducted leading orchestras worldwide: a veritable symbol of what music and work undertaken with faith, sacrifice and dedication can achieve .

The Award for International Cooperation has been bestowed on four organizations leading the fight against malaria in Africa . These are the Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde de Manhiça,

in Mozambique, created and directed by the Spanish doctors Pedro Alonso and his wife Clara Menéndez; the Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, in Tanzania; the Malaria Research and Training Center, in Mali; and the Kintampo Health Research Centre, in Ghana .

The figures regarding this disease are as resounding as they are shocking: malaria threatens forty per cent of the world’s population and is endemic in over one hundred countries; it is the cause of more than a million deaths each year; its main victims are children; and it is considered one of the major

reasons why Africa is underdeveloped . Hence the importance of the work these four organizations carry out in the areas of the African continent that constitute what has been called the “Nation of the Poor”; a nation without geographical frontiers, where hunger, conflicts of all kinds, disease and despair have taken root, and where, by living in such tragic conditions, the freedom for each person to choose their own destiny does not exist .

Poverty can be found on all continents, in all countries worldwide . But, of all these, Africa suffers the most atrocious and the most absurd of poverties . The starving of Africa are dying on a continent that also nurtures lush crops and is home to most of the planet’s energy and mineral resources . The four meritorious organizations we are distinguishing here today with special admiration work together heroically and humbly, “like a small family”, as Dr Pedro Alonso has stated . But we know that they are much more than just that; that they are moved by a sublime ambition: that of eradicating pain and suffering, of conquering a disease which vents its fury on the most vulnerable to overcome once and for all the terrible combination of poverty and disease that thwarts progress, and even hope, in so many impoverished places in the world .

The Award for Technical and Scientific Research has been conferred on five scientists who are experts in Materials Science and Nanotechnology for their extraordinary merits . This discipline works with matter on an atomic scale to study, design and produce novel devices, materials and systems with unique, controlled properties that are also —curiously enough— fundamental for the sustainable development of the planet and in fighting poverty and disease . Their work makes a decisive contribution to human health, energy savings and the use of new sources of clean energy, while enabling fascinating challenges to be addressed and technological breakthroughs to be made .

Among the most serious issues mankind faces are environmental conservation and the fight against climate change . In this respect, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, and especially oil, to sustainable levels and putting a brake on the threat of global warming together constitute a major scientific and technological challenge .

“The mission of art transcends the horizon of

aesthetics and vigorously projects itself onto

other fields such as humanistic education,

social promotion and ethical commitment.”

24th OctOber 2008


The physicist Sumio Iijima’s carbon nanotubes are excellent candidates for safely storing hydrogen, one of the green fuels of the future . Ultralight and ultrastrong, they also find applications in the fields of electronics and computing .

The engineer Shuji Nakamura’s environmentally-friendly light bulbs, known as LEDs, prevent the burning of millions of tons of coal and are gradually becoming the light source of the future . They currently provide a very practical solution in underdeveloped areas with scant energy resources . These areas can also benefit from ultraviolet LEDs to efficiently and economically purify water, one of the scarcest natural resources in some areas of the planet, and one which is essential for life .

The goal of engineer Robert Langer has been to develop materials for medical purposes . He is a pioneer in what is known as the intelligent, controlled release of drugs . His materials act as messengers that travel around the human body transporting medicine, saving millions of human lives and tackling terrible diseases such as cancer . As the father of tissue engineering, he has also applied his revolutionary biomaterials for the controlled growth of artificial organs .

To the chemist George Whitesides, we owe ingenious, efficient fabrication techniques in this world of the infinitely small . Emulating Nature, he has found the appropriate conditions for atoms and molecules to self-assemble and for materials to build themselves . Likewise, his soft lithography behaves like a powerful nanopress, also capable of choreographing the subtle dance of atoms and molecules . By means of these techniques, it is now possible for the first time to build significant amounts of materials with surprising novel properties and for very specific purposes .

The use of clean, free, sustainable solar energy requires optimum systems for capturing such energy . The chemist Tobin Marks has worked to develop a new generation of organic solar cells which are highly efficient and economical . To him we also owe a wide range of recyclable plastics and environmentally-friendly materials, as well as modulators for efficiently transmitting data and a prototype for the e-paper of the future .

The achievements of these five scientists once again underpin the social dimension of their work, especially when fostering progress even in the world’s most underprivileged areas . They are, in short, a clear example of the passionate, far-reaching role played by science: to understand in greater and greater depth how the material world works, and to improve our lives, making them

more pleasant or relieving them from suffering . Undoubtedly, another important step forward in human

progress has been taken by the Internet search engine “Google”, which has received this year’s Award for Communication and Humanities . Conceived by the intelligence, dreams and aspirations of two young men, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, who met at Stanford University, Google has become a fundamental instrument for the development of human culture .

From the remotest of times, we human beings have sought the most efficient and fastest way of communicating with one

another . The world’s most beautiful monuments, its legendary libraries, the diverse writing and publishing techniques, the various means of transport are all ways of materialising the yearning to transmit and receive information and knowledge and the longing to explain and understand the world . Google is a new, efficient and extraordinarily fast way of achieving this dream, making an enormous volume of information available to millions of people in only seconds . The creation of Google Earth and Google Book Search is progressively placing within our reach the remotest corners of the Earth and the intellectual production of centuries of civilization .

It is therefore also, and above all, a useful instrument for fostering development, as has been recognized by the unesco, which has started up in conjunction with Google what is known as the Literacy Project . Those in charge of this project have stated, and rightly so, that they feel great pride in witnessing how Google, which came into being as a result of the wish to help people find information, is also used to share ideas and to facilitate the search for solutions to the lack of culture, ignorance and disinformation .

“ We wish to express the deep pain we feel

each day as we witness the tragedy of so

many women and men attempting to cross

frontiers in their flight from extreme poverty.”


The Award for Social Sciences has been conferred on the Bulgarian-born, naturalized French writer Tzvetan Todorov, an excellent linguist, semiotician, historian of ideas and literary theoretician: a true contemporary humanist .

Trained in the best French tradition, he learned to perceive in texts the subtle weave that held them together, that gave sense to them, made up of a long literary tradition that is a mixture of scholarly and popular origin . His infinite curiosity also led him to explore historical terrain, reencountering there one of his other fields of research: signs, communication, the mechanisms of language . Excellent proof of this are his studies on the discovery of America, which he defines as the most amazing encounter in the history of humanity, the moment at which men discover the entirety of what they form part of .

Outstanding and suggestive too are his studies on that great peak of Western thinking, the Enlightenment, extolling its spirit and lights, situating it in our times and claiming it as a mark of our European identity . An identity that he also states is based on the renouncement of violence, on forgiveness, on reconciliation and on life in common . His condition as a “displaced man”, a victim in his country of the long night of totalitarianism, enables him to have a perspective that is far removed from any kind of sectarianism or ideological imposition and to be convinced of the benefits of the proximity of others, of those who do not think in the same way .

Todorov asserts that immigration is always a source of wealth, of dynamism and energy . The phenomenon of emigration is well known in Spain, and particularly so in Asturias, which has been witness to this phenomenon for centuries . But in referring to this reality, we wish to express the

deep pain we feel each day as we witness the tragedy of so many women and men attempting to cross frontiers in their flight from extreme poverty, with the hope of finding a better life on the other side, which every human being has a right to .

This constitutes a drama that moves us and causes us anguish and sadness, above all when we see that children often make this journey, sometimes arriving on death’s door, and

whose heart, as Camus wrote, may possibly contain the entire pain of the world . Margaret Atwood, from Canada, considered one of the most important writers of our time, has

received the Award for Literature . Poet, narrator, essayist and original speaker, with her mastery of the art of writing, based on a profound knowledge of the classics, she has created extremely beautiful works that are at the same time deeply committed to social reality and the defence of humanism . In her verses she mixes lyrical sentiment with a profound ethical commitment, ever inseparable from great literature; her condition as an extremely keen observer of human relationships can be discerned in her prose, together with her condition as a fighter against social injustice .

A staunch defender of the freedom of expression, she is also a faithful supporter of Nature conservation, which she invokes in pages brimming with intensity and critical force . Particularly important and original are her ideas on feminism, which she has always written about from an independent stance and to which she has devoted highly lucid essays, fostering and celebrating the legitimate, promising conquests of women while warning us against the perils raised by the possibility of these achievements degenerating into clichés .

Her rich literary work, which she has always intended to be crystal clear, entertaining and easily readable, ranges from allegory to parody, from the full expression of poetic sentiment to the well-aimed assault of her sharp wit against intolerance . Her free thinking enables her to face up to injustice in every sphere and to combat it with her subtle and suggestive words, far removed from any form of dogmatism .

For all this, for her intellectual honesty, for the independence of her judgement, she has become a moral reference for many women and men all over the world .

On the morning of the 3rd September last, we received with great joy the news that the Jury had conferred the Award for Sports on Rafael Nadal . On this stage, in previous years, we have presented the Award to other sportsmen and women with dazzling careers, accustomed to glory .

“Spain exists in its yesterday, in its great

history, but above all in its tomorrow.”

24th OctOber 2008


And we have praised them for their spirit of sacrifice, for their exceptional qualities, but also for their human values . Today, we especially recall, with fondness and concern, Severiano Ballesteros, who, as he himself has said, is playing the game for life itself .

This is what occurs to us with Rafa Nadal, who amazes us every time he wins, because in each and every victory he displays the humility and simplicity that only the greatest are capable of feeling in such a way . But what amazes us even more is that he never forgets those who suffer, those who fight against pain and illness .

Because apart from being a superb tennis player, Rafa Nadal is a great human being, a grateful young man . He never ceases to stress, with the deepest fondness, the fundamental influence that his family —his grandparents, his parents, his uncles and aunts, in particular, his uncle Toni, who is much more than just his coach— have had on his life . They have known how to guide him along the always difficult road to success, encouraging him to walk hand in hand with authenticity, simplicity and greatness of spirit .

Rafa has stated that what is important is not to be a good sportsperson, what is important is to be a good person . And he has demonstrated that he is both; since, from his laurel-crowned summit, he is socially-committed and always feels happy with the triumphs of his colleagues in other disciplines, as he recently expressed with joy at the Beijing Olympic Games and at the European Soccer Cup and Basketball championships .

His behaviour and feelings are a great example for children and youth, who, as well as enthusiastically following his sporting triumphs, learn from his truly generous sense of fair-play . This may in fact be one of his greatest triumphs, since, from the highest place on the podium, he underlines the most emotive, educational aspects of sport, such as when he says, with legitimate pride, that being Spanish constitutes an extra motivation for him . “To win,” he has stated, “is always much more pleasing when you are playing for your country .”

For his serene patriotism, for his fortitude under duress, for his triumphs, for his humility and for his example, Rafa Nadal has forever gained admiration both in Spain and abroad .

Today we feel with emotion the immense relief and joy that moved us back in the month of July when we heard the news of the end to the long and tortuous captivity of Ingrid Betancourt . On presenting her today with the Award for Concord, we recognize in her a person who, as the minutes of the conferral of the Award states, “personifies all those people in the world deprived of their freedom for defending human rights and for fighting terrorist violence, corruption and drug trafficking .” Thousands of people who, in whatever corner of the planet, live with their backs turned to the inexcusable good of being free and whom we remember today as we join in Ingrid Betancourt’s prayers that hope should never abandon them .

Ingrid Betancourt, who has been subjected to extremely harsh trials, suddenly faced with vulnerability, humiliation and physical and mental pain, now fights to definitively leave behind those years of suffering and fear, and tells us that the answer to vengeance is compassion; that one may respond to wrong with right, that hope and love of life manage to overcome the most fearsome barriers of cruelty and hate .

As the beautiful verses of Salvador Espríu go:

Men cannotever beunless they are free,

It is so: we human beings cannot live without freedom . We survive without it, but we do not live life to the full . This is the most profound lesson that we can extract from Ingrid Betancourt’s experience . And those of us who have the fortune to be able to denounce such unjust, such harsh situations have the duty to defend dignity, happiness and the welfare of free human beings . For all this, we recognize here this evening her heroic resistance, her victory, the exquisite absence of spite in her heart, the greatness of her spirit .


We likewise wish to fondly remember the fourteen people who shared in her release, impeccably and courageously carried out by the Colombian Armed Forces, whom we congratulate and encourage in their long-suffering work fraught with perils . We also spur on those governments which, like that of our sister country Colombia, work to consolidate democracy, civil liberties, peaceful coexistence and the definitive end to political and social problems of such injustice and gravity for security and health, for regional stability and the needs for economic and social development .

Ladies and Gentlemen, Throughout these years, many of our Laureates have warned us of the challenges that

humanity faces at the beginning of the 21st century . Many have spoken lucidly and with concern about different aspects of a process in which we have been immersed for several decades now: globalization, a process which has driven the inexorable rapprochement of nations until forming a truly global village, in which we share, now more than ever, the future of our destinies and the consequences of our deeds .

Within this framework, we make the most of the opportunities provided by universal access to communication and knowledge transmission systems . Let us work together to stabilise and heal

the international financial system as soon as possible . Let us all seek to suitably channel the pressure of human development on our planet’s environment . Let us act as a solid front when faced with natural disasters and major catastrophes . And let us join forces to fight efficiently by means of the instruments of the rule of law against terrorism and all forms of organized crime .

These global realities of the interdependent world in which we live affect essential aspects of our existence and condition

our freedom, progress and welfare, which, for the time being, still await effective global solutions . From this very stage, we have heard demands for united responses to many of the aforementioned challenges . However, despite their importance and, whilst recognizing the value and effort of many initiatives of different kinds and origins, these challenges have not been addressed with the necessary conviction, celerity or forcefulness .

The recent financial crisis has highlighted both the true breadth and depth of this process and the urgent need to overcome the great perils and challenges that this global community which we are building present us with . It reveals how essential it is for societies and states to become aware of the need for institutions to put order in and regulate globalization; in short, to offer greater confidence and hope to all the planet’s inhabitants .

This process needs to be managed by means of a great cooperative effort and worldwide agreement . It requires a balanced impetus that, while respectful of the responsibilities of the different states, is also audacious, so that we can face up to these challenges with resolve and a view to the future . For this to be so, we must exploit all the advantages this new world scenario provides .

The last three decades have evidenced Spain’s will to build its future on the solid basis of democratic values and to take up a proactive position on the international stage . I am convinced that Spain is determined to contribute, on the basis of these foundations, to this great multilateral effort in channelling the process of globalization .

For that reason, and on speaking of our country, I would like to conclude by evoking other important events that also changed the course of our history forever and which had a major influence on many places in the world . This year we commemorate the bicentenary of the War of Independence and the 30th anniversary of our current Constitution . In addition, we are presently preparing the bicentenaries of the Independence of the sister republics in America and of the Constitution of Cadiz, the first liberal constitution in all of what we nowadays call Latin America .

All these, either peacefully or through truly difficult sacrifices, were paths that sought freedom and justice, momentous steps in the evolution towards an advanced, democratic society, governed by the rule of law . They are also, like all great historical events, examples for the future . The Spanish

“It is so: we human beings cannot live

without freedom. We survive without

it, but we do not live to the full.”

24th OctOber 2008


people, and above all the youngest among us, must ponder these events and learn from these mistakes, failures, glories and achievements so as never to repeat what should never have occurred and to extol all that is good in them, all that has transformed us into a great nation: into a Spain that is democratic, diverse, fully integrated in Europe, in control of its destiny, a nation of which we feel so proud .

Spain exists in its yesterday, in its great history, but above all in its tomorrow . For that reason, these lessons from the past and the mists that usually obscure our view of the future cannot stop us from clearly seeing that we are facing a new world, a very different one from that of the 20th

century, one that is broader and more complex, with powerful new voices, which announce profound modifications in the way in which we have conceived, experienced and administered our world .

As in every period of transition and of such rapid and profound changes, the current period is full of risk and uncertainty, but also of opportunities and hope . The journey we have before us is not mundane . To venture forward into these new times requires, more than ever before, skilfully choosing the course and firmly holding to it, and demands a determined, shared will, based on solidarity among all the people of Spain, that bolsters their hopes, confidence and security . It is a

journey in which it is essential for all this effort to drink from the wells of humanism and ethics, which foster the best of human life .

History also taught us that one of the keys to the progress of mankind is the capacity of people and societies to adapt to technological changes . For that reason, we have to be aware that the education of our young people and citizens constitutes one of the main pillars of our future well-being; an education that is

continually brought up to date, with a universal outlook based on effort, work well done and which is successfully connected with the working world .

Likewise, innovation, scientific research and the new technologies must constitute the very core of our productive fabric, ensuring the competitiveness of our businesses in the global market in which they currently carry out their activities . Only thus, in this knowledge society in which we now live, will wealth be created and distributed and employment be created, which is one of the major concerns of the Spanish people .

This is hence, more than ever before, the moment to stand our ground firmly on the great principles and values that are the soul and raison d’être of our Awards . Those principles and values that support our faith in the future and underpin our determination to build a world which we want to be more prosperous, but, above all, more sustainable and more socially committed, more just and always free .

Each year, our Laureates enrich our ideas and remind us of the importance of serving as an example through their own personal history . We shall thus continue to recognize in these Awards those who seek truth and beauty, those who work for peace and the well-being and freedom of all, those who, in short, help build this forever unfinished city of a better world .

Thank you .

“The education of our young people and

citizens constitutes one of the main pillars

of our future well-being.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXIX

23rd October 2009

1


Arts

Norman Foster

sociAl sciences

David Attenborough


World Health Organization (who)

literAture

Ismaíl Kadaré


Martin Cooper and

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson


National Autonomous University of Mexico (unAm)

concord

City of Berlin, on the 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall

sports

Yelena Isinbayeva


Laureates. Excerpts

This year Berlin commemorates the dramatic autumn events of 20 years ago . At first, only a few faced up to the dictatorship with courage and determination . Then they became many more . In the autumn of 1989, millions of people came out onto the streets of Berlin and other cities in the GDR to peacefully demonstrate for their democratic and human rights to freedom .

On the 9th November 1989, they brought down the wall that had divided the city for three decades . The images of people dancing on the wall were seen worldwide and aroused great interest . It was the happiest moment in Berlin’s history .

A year after the wall fell, Germany and Berlin celebrated reunification in peace and freedom . The peaceful revolution of the people of Berlin and other cities in the former GDR would have

been unimaginable without the prior events in Poland, with Solidarność, Hungary, the Republic of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union .

The reunification of our country would not have been possible without the support of many friends abroad, not least among these Spain and its prime minister, Felipe González .

We remember all this in Germany with gratitude . Many people in Berlin gave their utmost in the weeks of the peaceful revolution . It is well

known that faith in a better future is capable of moving mountains and it engendered a great deal of confidence that encouraged Berliners to overcome the problems of unification . The wall had severed Berlin’s life vein . The challenges in urban planning, infrastructure, economic and social policies were beyond compare . Hundreds of thousands of jobs were lost and it took time to create new ones . What’s more, reunification implied losses for many people . And in daily life it was also necessary for the people of the East and the West to meet up again . It is true that they spoke the same language, but they had grown up in very different systems . This new meeting and this coexistence were not easy to surmount .

Klaus Wowereit, on behalf of the City of Berlin, on the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Wall — Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2009

Klaus Wowereit was Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014. —Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 23/10/2009.


Apart from a brief period of friendship in the 15th century, my country, Albania, and yours, Spain, never maintained any sort of relations . Complete rupture, however, occurred in the last century when my communist country, famous for breaking relations —this was, one might say, its speciality—, cut off all links with Spain .

Nonetheless, as in all things in this world, the miracle of literature also possesses a tradition . During the glacial age of which I just spoke, when no-one travelled between my country and Spain, a solitary gentleman crossed the impassable frontier as often as he wished, spurning the world’s laws . You will imagine who I am referring to: Don Quixote .

He was the only one who that communist regime did not manage to detain, which was precisely the easiest thing in the world for it to do: to detain, to ban . Don Quixote, whether as a book or as a living character, was as popular in Albania as if she had engendered him herself .

The following explanation might be found for this paradox: Don Quixote was deranged, and the Albanian State was no less mad; hence, it was logical for two crazy beings to understand one another . At the same time as I apologise for comparing the noble derangement of Don Quixote with the perverse insanity of my State, allow me to tell you that this was not so, and that the parallelism is related to another phenomenon .

I have made this long introduction so as to arrive at the main theme of my brief speech: the independence of literature . Don Quixote crossed the Albanian border because, among other things, he was independent . When an Albanian writer, due to works written mainly in a communist territory and period, comes to receive an Award from a Western kingdom, this occurs because literature is —by reason of its own nature— independent .

The debate is a longstanding one . It has been and, perhaps, continues to be the main concern of this art . As opposed to the independence of states, that of literature is global . Hence its defence should also be… global .

This does not mean that it is any easier . Quite the contrary . The independence of literature and the arts is an ongoing process . It is difficult for our mind to

capture its true proportions . Accustomed as we are to independence mainly in reference to states, nations or even human individuals, we find it difficult to take it any further . To take it further means to understand that the non-dependence of the arts is not a question of luxury, a desire to perfect the arts themselves . It is an objective conditioning factor; that is to say, it is imperative . Otherwise, this parallel universe would not remain standing; it would have collapsed a long time ago .

Ismaíl Kadaré —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2009



Margaret Chan, on behalf of the World Health Organization —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2009

Margaret Chan has been Director-General of who since 2007. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on 23/10/2009.

Health is the very essence of our common humanity . It is part of our human nature to value and desire good health . And it is in the best interests of all nations to build a common understanding of threats to health and to promote good will in seeking and sharing solutions .

When who was founded 61 years ago, a central aim was to provide a mechanism through which all countries could work together in the pursuit of better health . A commitment to the principles of equity and social justice was present from the start .

This is the heart of the moral and ethical imperative to work together for health, to make life better for the people worst off . No one should be denied access to life-saving medical care for unfair reasons, including those with economic or social causes .

The need for international cooperation in health has become even more important under the unique conditions of the 21st century . At a time of radically increased interdependence among nations, health problems everywhere are being shaped by the same powerful forces, creating universal threats .

The globalization of unhealthy lifestyles has fuelled an alarming worldwide rise of chronic diseases, like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes; diseases now found in rich and poor countries alike . Changes in the way humanity inhabits the planet have spurred the emergence of new diseases and accelerated their international spread .

The climate is changing, with profoundly negative consequences for health . Killer diseases, like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, are not yet under control .

Advances in medicine have raced ahead, but far too many people have been left behind . Allow me to use, as an illustration, the growing H1N1 pandemic . The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century is spreading in a world where differences in income levels, in health status, in access to care, and in resources for health are greater than at any time in recent history .

When this same virus reaches all countries, the great differences that exist in each country in the field of healthcare will become evident . The current pandemic is the first important test of the revised and reformulated IHRS (international health regulations), which have served the international community, providing an orderly and regulated way of acting collectively and we are gathering their fruits .


José Ramón Narro, on behalf of the National Autonomous University of Mexico —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities2009

Knowledge has always been important for human beings, but it is now fundamental . There is no sphere of life which is not influenced by knowledge . That is why the lack of interest of some in these matters is so worrying, as is also the fact that it is not a priority in many places or that resources are not made available for its generation and transmission . Without a science of its own, without a vigorous, quality higher education system, a society is condemned to “la maquila”, the in-bond assembly shop, to the half-way point in development .

That is why it is essential to demand the right to education . That is why it is necessary to insist, and to insist again . Education is the path to human self-improvement, on both an individual and collective level . Conceiving of it as a fundamental right is one of the major ethical advances in history . As a public and social good, higher education must be accessible to everyone in accordance with criteria of quality and equity . That is why it is so distressing that in today’s world, with its great developments, there are almost 900 million people who do not even know how to read and write .

It might appear to some that to speak of values or of humanism is a matter of the past, of the Renaissance or of the 19th century . They are wrong . It is also a matter of here and now and of the future . The best antidote against illusory success, selfishness, corruption and indifference are the enduring lay values of yesteryear .

That is why the crisis the world’s population is facing requires a profound review of the values which we transmit to the younger generations . This must be done in view of the fact that inequality and backwardness affect thousands of millions of people worldwide . Modernity must translate as better conditions for those who have always been ostracized . True knowledge is not neutral; it must be steeped in social commitment .

Let us make the most of the opportunity offered by the failure of the financial system to propose new schemes for development that allow young people to recover hope for a more encouraging future . The great challenge consists in achieving progress in which the human and social aspects constitute what is important .

In 2007, José Ramón Narro was Rector of unAm. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities on 23/10/2009.

23rd OctOber 2009


Speech XXIX

Next year, when the dawn of the 30th commemoration of our Awards appears on the horizon, we look upon this Award ceremony with renewed hopes and deep satisfaction thanks to the shining path travelled thus far .

A course that is far from easy, forged with great effort day by day so as to recognize and extol, as we do today, the work and life of personalities and institutions from all over the world with careers and traditions that have remained impervious to passing fancies . These were often embarked upon alone, overcoming major obstacles with scant means . This brings to mind the biblical proverb that humility always precedes glory . Our Laureates are, for this reason, supreme models of effort, sacrifice, intelligence, nobleness, of the spirit to excel and of such qualities that dignify human beings .

From this beautiful, refined city of Oviedo, from this beloved land of Asturias, our Awards have, year after year, expressed before the international community Spain’s firm commitment to the values that ennoble and exalt our lives and provide essential support and guidelines in such intense and difficult times as these, when we find ourselves at a crossroads of opportunity and hope .

When we reflect, as often we do, on the path that our Awards have forged, when we think about their future, both our commitment to protecting their independence and our loyalty to their calling grow . Likewise, our faith in their future is enhanced, since “good works never cease”, as Unamuno so wisely cautioned us .

This being the case, it is inevitable that the word gratitude resound this evening from the bottom of our hearts to those who, over so many years, have made the great work of the Foundation possible, and who so generously encourage and assist us . This gratitude, full of admiration, also goes out to the people and institutions who today are receiving our Awards . They all embody,

here on this stage, our best wishes, our principles, our belief that culture is a true reflection of the intellectual, aesthetic and moral development of human beings .

Our affection also goes out to the thousands of people of Asturias and from other parts of Spain and even to the many from abroad who accompany us in the engarlanded streets and balconies of this city, to make this day a great celebration —unique in the world— of culture and of concord . Together, we have all managed to turn something that started out as a

dream and a beautiful, courageous initiative, into a fruitful and promising reality in the present . In this reality, the figure of Sabino Fernández Campo, our beloved Sabino, is ever present . From here, I send him our most heartfelt regards full of personal affection and gratitude, sentiments felt by us all .

I would now like to devote a few words to the Laureates of this edition of the Awards, since this is their ceremony .

Sir Norman Foster, Laureate for the Arts, is rightly considered one of the greatest architects of the global era for having created a style of architecture that is ahead of its time, full of imagination and committed to the new technologies, aesthetic adventure and the environment . As the Award Jury has highlighted, his work is a masterly combination of quality, intellectual reflection and a dialogue between territories and their citizens via an original command of space, light and matter .

His projects —of unmistakeable personality, as well as the fruit of his study of history, in other words, of his respect for the vitality, force and value of the best of the past— innovatively combine both utility and beauty . They comprise a style of architecture that proves to be delicate and rotund, poetic and modern, free and transparent; that courageously defies convention… an ode to the opportunities and challenges of a career crafted of passion and tireless effort .

This creativity, all this passion for beauty and his efforts in the service of human beings constitute

“Spain has more than shown in

recent decades how to overcome

challenges in an exemplary way.”

Watch video


an original corpus of work that is admired throughout the world and evokes deep emotion in those who contemplate it . That is why, when these projects become reality, when his buildings rise up into the sky of so many cities around the world, it seems as if they seek to remind us of certain beautiful verses that claim that we are made to dream, this “dreaming aloud” of which Octavio Paz spoke .

The Award for International Cooperation has been bestowed on the World Health Organization . In a world in which frontiers dissolve more and more rapidly, making it necessary to work with ever increasing intensity for solidarity and for the benefit of all human beings, health has become one of the greatest challenges and a priority of multilateral cooperation . We have called attention to this

fact on other occasions on this stage: healthcare is a universal right; hence, health and increased access to medical care and scientific advances constitutes one of the most significant key factors in the progress of humanity .

Founded in 1948 within the framework of the UNO, the World Health Organization carries out its mammoth work both efficiently and rigorously . Among other achievements, it has managed to eradicate smallpox, attack infectious diseases such as

tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS, reduce poliomyelitis and child mortality and to curb many epidemic outbreaks . Moreover, it remains alert to the appearance of other, new diseases, fighting against both those that are known and against emerging illnesses that must be identified and are often triggered by factors such as climate change, pollution or unhealthy lifestyles .

As we can see, these problems —which have worldwide repercussions— also demand global solutions . This is what the World Health Organization watches over with its one hundred and ninety-three member states, its one hundred and fifty offices dotted all over the planet and its eight thousand experts . We wish to take advantage of this occasion to manifest our gratitude to the World Health Organization —represented here by Margaret Chan—, an organization upon which rests the public health of all peoples of the Earth .

The British naturalist Sir David Attenborough, one of the most prestigious and most universally known specialists in natural sciences, has been bestowed with the Award for Social Sciences . Together with him, we can take pleasure in the fact that, fortunately, everyday more and more of us are aware of the need to preserve the environment, to stop the deterioration and reduce the dangers that threaten our planet, to fight against climate change .

Among many other things, David Attenborough is President of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation and Fellow of the Royal Society of London . He has always worked to disseminate his knowledge in such a way that it should not only be a delight to the eyes, but also a stimulus to awaken the awareness of the millions of people he reaches with his message; that we must know and learn about the Nature that sustains us so as to respect and care for it . Underlying his professionalism, there vibrates the beautiful, edifying lesson of his work and the body of work he has produced .

With inexhaustible passion, he has kept his love of Nature alive since his childhood, when he collected fossils, insects and plants, and which, as an adult, he has known how to transmit to all kinds of audiences with such enthusiasm and wisdom . Consider the fact, for example, that some of his series for television, such as the highly celebrated Life on Earth, have been seen by more than 500 million people all over the world . Similarly, thanks to his work in the World Land Trust organization, he has fostered the protection of thousands of square kilometres of great biological richness in several tropical countries .

His work always transmits feeling, admiration and amazement at the marvellous diversity of the Earth and its cultures . His programmes in the world’s most important media are, in short, examples of intelligent creativity and modesty when faced with the aspiration to know and embrace life’s complexity . They are a lesson in humbleness versus arrogance, intellectual conceit and fanaticism of any kind .

Our Juries have frequently turned their gaze towards the sister countries of America . Endearing and lasting bonds join us with these countries . For that reason, it is always a cause for very special

“Let us work, in short, in close cohesion,

shoulder to shoulder, with a constructive

spirit, with confidence and hope.”

23rd OctOber 2009


joy to Spaniards when an institution or a person from Latin America receives one of our Awards, as is the case this year with the conferral of the Award for Communication and Humanities on the National Autonomous University of Mexico (or unam, as it is commonly known) .

unam, “the soul of Mexico”, as it has been called, is much more than just a university in the traditional sense of the word . It has extended its exemplary work beyond its lecture halls and has created a far-reaching network of cultural institutions and media to disseminate the values of the deepest university spirit; that is, the passion for knowledge and the love of teaching in freedom . In this way, it has contributed decisively in structuring, opening up and modernizing a society which, without the existence of unam, would undoubtedly be less prosperous and much less dynamic .

But unam has also passed on to Mexican society and to that of many other Latin American countries reverence for justice, tolerance and democracy, which have pervaded the works of the best intellectuals, teachers and artists who have passed through its lecture halls and who represent the elite of Latin American thought .

Just as we are about to hold a new Ibero-American Summit in Estoril devoted to “Innovation and Knowledge”, we put unam forth as an outstanding example of the great academic capacity and scientific level of so many Latin American countries .

At the same time, in Spain we shall never be able to forget the enormous generosity unam extended towards our fellow countrymen and women, who, after the Civil War, were forced to seek exile in American lands under difficult, bitter conditions . It offered them its lecture halls, its publications, its research institutes and all kinds of assistance that contributed to enabling these “exiled, weeping Spaniards” —as one of them called them— to remake their lives with dignity and contribute, perhaps, more than a mere modicum of prestige and academic brilliance to the University itself . There will never be occasion enough to proclaim our deepest gratitude, which we do so once more here today in the presence of its Rector, José Narro .

Nothing would be the same for many human beings without the daily use of the mobile phone and electronic mail: e-mail . Their respective inventors, the electronic engineers Martin Cooper and Raymond Samuel Tomlinson, have received the Award for Technical and Scientific Research .

A pioneer and driving force behind wireless communications, Martin Cooper had already commenced his findings in 1954 with the development of portable radio systems and, two decades later, was to make the first call from a mobile phone; while Raymond Samuel Tomlinson used the well-known @ symbol in October 1971 to separate the name of the recipient of the mail from that of the computer receiving it, thereby making communication between different computers possible . Thus was born e-mail, a means of communication now as familiar as the mobile phone .

Free-flowing communication is one of the greatest achievements of our day and the mobile phone and e-mail, in particular, are two of the most significant technological innovations of all time . As such, the depth of their social impact is yet to be fully known .

The rapid and valuable spread of communication that these two prodigious media have achieved provides innumerable benefits . Consider how they serve and help in the fields of health, education, public and business management; how they constitute an opportunity or tool for modernizing underdeveloped countries . Consider how they bring down barriers between countries and ideas, how they comprise an ideal medium for spreading culture, how they have disseminated and democratized information and communication in an extraordinary way, intensifying and facilitating relations between human beings on a universal scale . For all these reasons, Martin Cooper and Raymond Samuel Tomlinson take their place in the great annals of world science and also, from today, in the particular and beautiful history of our Foundation .

The Award for Literature has been bestowed on the Albanian writer Ismaíl Kadaré, one of the creators who has most intensively lived and suffered a titanic struggle between extremes, the tension between his literary creation and the social and political problems of his time, especially of his country, martyrized by a calloused, closed political regime . Dedicated to literary creation with a passion that these extremely harsh conditions have not mitigated, he has also known how to masterfully open it up to the world .


Full of lucidity, depth and vigour, Kadare’s work is not limited to creating fictional characters and stories, because it begins with the deepest conviction that literature is not only entertainment or mere aesthetic recreation, but rather that it should contain a message and a moral commitment .

If his creation as a novelist and poet is admirable, no less so are his essays on the culture of the Balkan Peninsula and the literature and art of Ancient Greece . From these he constructs a beautiful ode to the magnificent faculty of their authors to universalize the problems and dreams of those societies and to their warning —valid for their time and for all times— that the light and democracy engendered by their civilization are achievements that must be defended so as not to lose all that without which neither art, nor letters, nor even thought can fully transpire: freedom .

The conferral of this Award not only recognizes one of the most important European writers of our time, but also someone who has been able to preserve and extol the beauty of the language of his country, Albania, and to build with this a body of work of universal resonance, written in the most part in a climate of extreme intolerance and authoritarianism, in which there shines a criticism of totalitarian power and its most perverse mechanism . An unceasing ode to tolerance and freedom, although it often had to be formulated through allegory, recovering old legends, in order to sidestep censorship and difficulties that seemed insurmountable .

The legendary Olympic motto “Citius, Altius, Fortius” (“Faster, Higher, Stronger”) has a model and example in the Russian athlete Yelena Isinbayeva, a specialist in pole vaulting; a speciality that has undergone a progressive, extraordinary evolution and in whose ascent, in the continuous breaking of records, she has been a key figure . The conferral of this year’s Award for Sports on this exceptional athlete is thus a source of pride for us all . At 27 years of age, she has not only stood out in an extraordinary way for her values both as a person and as an athlete, but has received recognition at an early age as “the world’s best athlete” .

In addition to being the only athlete in the history of this speciality to surpass a height of five metres, her sports triumphs include twenty-seven world records and eleven first prizes in Olympic, World and European competitions . However, we know she still has before her an open road on which she will surely continue to make every effort to break records and achieve new victories .

All these successes of Isinbayeva’s are the result of iron will, of powerful, vital strength and of very special sensitivity, without which the sporting spirit would mean nothing .

For all these reasons, Yelena Isinbayeva is worthy of the admiration and respect that we all profess towards her . We would like to see her extraordinary example instilled in our younger generations and in all those people who wish to better themselves and who aspire to a healthier life . In this way, we shall succeed in increasing the presence of sports in our time, in its continuing to create environments of coexistence and solidarity among peoples .

There will perhaps be few cities in the world with a greater symbolic content than Berlin . Jean Paul Richter said of it that “it is more a part of the world than just a city .” And so we wish to proclaim with every respect, humbleness and pride that Berlin is today in Oviedo . And we wish to joyfully celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Wall with the conferral of the Award for Concord .

A literary city forever linked to art and intelligence, it suffered terribly under the totalitarianisms that ravaged the last century and played a leading role in the most important events of European history . Devastated by the war that converted it into a fragmented, divided city, cut in two by an atrocious wall that not only separated Berlin and Berliners, but also all Germans, Europeans and the world .

The fall of that wall, after so many dark years of sacrifice and pain, was one of the most exciting moments that we have been witness to and opened the way to German reunification, which we feel with special jubilation . While the citizens of Berlin, brimming with emotion, hugged one another

“Unemployment, the most painful

consequence of the economic crisis we

are experiencing, offends our dignity as

human beings and is our main concern.”

23rd OctOber 2009


as they crossed the border that had been built to be insurmountable, the two halves of Europe also saw the ideological walls that impeded the view of a future of cooperation and integration in peace begin to collapse .

Today, Berlin celebrates that unstoppable force, built of hope and valour, of pardon and concord, which managed to bring down the Wall . It has vertiginously recovered its former splendour and the brilliance of its culture and creativity, which it had never really fully lost . It has been reborn once more as a city full of life, a lover of progress and of peace .

The year the Wall fell ushered in a new age, one that is perhaps uncertain and unpredictable, but an age which is more humane and freer . Today, Berlin is a great European capital, above all a symbol of hope: it is loved by the young, it is a world reference for those who are committed to all that culture, creativity and coexistence supposes .

We dedicate our sincere admiration and our affection to the people of Berlin in the persons of their Mayors, Klaus Wowereit, Walter Momper and Eberhard Diepgen, and also to all Germans, as they are celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the creation of the German Federal Republic .

Ladies and Gentlemen, Let us evoke now, at this time of such vertiginous and profound changes that humanity is

experiencing and on this evening in the Campoamor Theatre illuminated by the light of freedom and culture, the hope with which we open up to a new world .

A world in constant transformation, in which the industrial society we have known gives way to the communication and knowledge society in which scientific and technological advances occur continuously, situating us in a new age; a world in which education is now not only a basic human right, but also an essential requisite to find work and the basis for the collective success of nations .

We continue to witness the inexorable development of globalization, which affects and conditions substantial aspects of our lives, health, security, natural environment and coexistence within the diversity of languages, cultures and religions . In short,

a world in transformation in which a stable and prosperous international economic order is no longer possible without values that inspire it and upon which it is founded or without determined cooperation between states .

Unemployment, the most painful consequence of the economic crisis we are experiencing, offends our dignity as human beings and is our main concern . It calls for states to facilitate the necessary social protection to those who find themselves in this situation, at the same time as they implement all the necessary means for young people to be able to find work and for the unemployed to be able to return to the workplace as soon as possible . In Spain, this crisis has also shown us that we need new bases upon which to grow and generate employment which makes it possible for citizens and their families to be able to live their lives with dignity, security and trust in the future .

This new scenario that we face situates Spain and the other nations with whom we share beliefs and values at a crossroads . We know, and we have learned so from the endless lessons that our history offers us, that the greatest hopes as well as the greatest achievements are born from the greatest difficulties . Spain has more than shown in recent decades how to overcome challenges in an exemplary way and I have complete trust in the capacity that we Spaniards have to build a more solid and equitable future, one of prosperity and well-being, which we all long for .

To do so, we must apply the best of ourselves to this task . Let us reflect collectively, sincerely and deeply about our challenges and priorities, our strengths and our weakness . Let us embark upon this path without waiting for others to be the ones to solve what we ourselves must face, and let us bring to this great individual and collective effort all our capacity for enterprise, imagination and innovation .

“Fortunately, everyday more and more of

us are aware of the need to preserve the

environment, to stop the deterioration and

reduce the dangers that threaten our planet.”


Without fear and looking to the future, aware, as has been said, that “the present is only an instant of the past”, let us rest on the everlasting values that we have proclaimed on so many occasions here: effort and sacrifice, tolerance and mutual respect; knowledge and culture; a commitment to solidarity .

Let us work, in short, in close cohesion, shoulder to shoulder, with a constructive spirit, with confidence and hope . And let us thus forge a shared confident will in which —legitimate differences apart— generosity, the sense of responsibility and, above all, common interest prevail .

Let us be inspired by these principles and let us situate Spain in the place that corresponds to it in this new world that is being shaped in the dawning of the 21st century . It is our responsibility . It is the responsibility of one and all . It is what the people of Spain demand and what, undoubtedly, we shall achieve together .

Thank you all very much .

23rd OctOber 2009



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXX

22nd October 2010

1


Arts

Richard Serra

sociAl sciences

The Archaeological Team of the Terracotta Warriors

of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang in Xi’an (China)


Spanish National Transplant Organization and

The Transplantation Society

literAture

Amin Maalouf


David Julius, Baruch Minke and Linda Watkins


Zygmunt Bauman and

Alain Touraine

concord

Manos Unidas

sports

Spanish National Football Squad


Laureates. Excerpts

The distinction you have bestowed on my work comes from Spain, the land of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the author of the greatest novel ever written, but through that novel also the founding father of humanities . Cervantes was the first to accomplish what we all working in humanities try, with only mixed success and within our limited abilities, to do . As another novelist, Milan Kundera, put it: Cervantes sent Don Quixote to tear up the curtains patched together of myths, masks, stereotypes, prejudgments and pre-interpretations; curtains that cover up tightly the world we inhabit and which we struggle to understand, but are bound to struggle in vain as long as the curtain is not raised or torn up . Don Quixote was not a conqueror; he was conquered . But in his defeat, as Cervantes showed us, he demonstrated that “all we can do in the face of that ineluctable defeat called life is to try to understand it .” This was Miguel de Cervantes’ great, epochal discovery; once made, it cannot ever be forgotten . We all, in humanities, follow the trail which that discovery laid open . It is thanks to Cervantes that we are here .

To tear up the curtain, to understand life… What does this mean? We humans would prefer to inhabit an orderly, clean and transparent world in which good and evil, beauty and ugliness, truth and lies are neatly separated from each other and never mix, so that we can be sure how things are, where to go and how to proceed; we dream of a world in which judgments and decisions can be made without the arduous labour of understanding . It is of this dream of ours that ideologies are born; those dense curtains that stop looking short of seeing . It is to this incapacitating inclination of ours that Étienne de la Boétie gave the name of “voluntary servitude” . And it was the trail out and away from that servitude which Cervantes blazed for us to follow, by presenting the world in all its naked, uncomfortable yet liberating, reality: a reality of the multitude of meanings and irreparable shortage of absolute truths . It is in such a world, in a world in which the sole certainty is the certainty of uncertainty, that we are bound to attempt, ever again and each time inconclusively, to understand ourselves and each other, to communicate, and so live with each other and for each other .

This is the task in which humanities try to assist fellow humans; at least what they ought to be trying, if they wish to remain faithful to Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra’s legacy .

Zygmunt Bauman —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 2010



Football has formed part of our daily lives for more than 100 years now and is inexorably linked to the hopes and desires of millions of Spaniards . We speak about it so often and so fervently that it is like just another member of the family . People talk about football before and after the games are played; before and after championships start and end; and there is no place where its presence is not felt . Football leaves no-one indifferent, nor is it a matter of no consequence .

We are, therefore, beneficiaries of a certain status, of certain privileges and responsibilities that cannot be ignored . We lead and give voice to a universal phenomenon whose significance cannot be denied, one which encourages us to strive to be better each day . Since 1920 to the present day, the Spanish Football Squad has acted as a focus for the feelings of generations of supporters who have accompanied the national team in their joys and sorrows, in their victories and defeats, never forsaking them, knowing that what a small number defended was sought by many .

The squad that today receives the Prince of Asturias Award is the depository of a number of values that go beyond specific victories and their material aspects, while also being the rightful heir to a tradition that does us honour . These values are of an enduring nature with determining characteristics: effort, sacrifice, talent, discipline, solidarity and modesty . The players who have won the World Cup have been loyal to these principles and to those of fair play and honour . Defending these values, they achieved the final victory . It would have not been possible otherwise .

Vicente del Bosque, on behalf of the Spanish National Football Squad —Prince of Asturias Award for Sports2010

Vicente del Bosque has been Head Coach of the Spanish National Football Squad since 2008. — Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Sports on 22/10/2010.


This diversity of the world, the extraordinary cultural diversity that characterizes any human society, is generally the object of praise, but also sometimes cause for suffering; because, although it is a source of wealth for our countries, it is also a source of tensions . Those nations based on ethnic diversity and immigration figure among the most dynamic on the planet –one need only look to the other side of the Atlantic to confirm that this is so . However, this dynamism often goes hand in hand with discontent, discrimination, hatred and violence .

In itself, diversity is neither a blessing nor a curse . It is simply a reality, a fact of life . The world is a mosaic of innumerable nuances, and our countries, our provinces and our cities progressively take on the image and semblance of this world . The issue is not knowing whether we can live together despite our differences in colour, language or creed; the question is knowing how to live together, how to turn our diversity into a benefit rather than a misfortune .

Living together is not innate to men, whose spontaneous reaction is usually that of rejecting the other . Overcoming rejection requires the lengthy undertaking of educating citizens, incessantly repeating —to one and all— that the identity of a country is neither a blank sheet on which anything may be written nor an already written and printed page, but rather a page that is in the process of being written . There is a common heritage —institutions, values, traditions, a way of life— which each and every one of us must ascribe to, but each of us must also feel free to make our own contribution depending on our own talents and sensibilities . As I see it, getting this message to take root in the way people think is a priority for educated people today .

Amin Maalouf —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2010



Furthermore, I wish to manifest here today my admiration for Hispanic culture and to acknowledge my debt to it, that same culture I have experienced in Spain and in many Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, in which I have lived many years of my life: mostly in Chile, but also in Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, the Dominican Republic and —with great intensity in the last decade— Colombia and Mexico . I would like to make a very special mention of the heartfelt bonds I have with the University of Chile, Mexico’s unam and the Ibero-American University of Puebla .

I identify strongly with the entire Latin world: Italy, Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, Portugal and Brazil, without forgetting, of course, France . What best characterizes the Latin world for me is the lack of permanent, solid correspondence between its citizens and its institutions . France and the French, Spain and the Spaniards, Italy and the Italians… have never been the two sides of the same coin . The relationship all of us have always had with the country we are citizens of seems to be more one of love —with its passions and its conflicts— than one of professional or philosophical identification .

Alain Touraine —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 2010


22nd OctOber 2010


Speech XXX

All of us who feel this Foundation and its Awards to be our own are filled with pride to return to this beloved land of Asturias . Oviedo these days becomes the cultural focal point of Spain in the world . And in times of intense change and uncertainty, this ceremony provides us with a beacon of serenity and values that give us strength and conviction to continue with our work .

Our Awards are now 30 years old . An already lengthy distance that we have covered with the conviction that culture is the breath of life . We remain steadfast in our commitment to the search for excellence and its praise . Moreover, through the example of our Laureates, we foster the idea that a freer humanity, devoid of injustice or violence, is possible .

And also, because we proclaim that it is necessary to achieve a better world and that we are ready and willing to fight staunchly for it, we have defended generosity, concord and tolerance from the outset . Looking back at what has already been done, we wish to humbly raise our head and pledge to go one step further each day, since, as the poet has said “I never think I’ve arrived, even though I find myself at journey’s end .”

We have been accompanied on our exciting, ongoing journey by many people who are worthy of our gratitude and to whom we shall always be indebted: our Trustees and Patrons, for their constant, generous support, vision and affection; the Juries, for providing their valuable criteria in the task of deciding; the Foundation’s Presidents and discreet, efficient team, who always do their utmost with enthusiasm to bring our goals to fruition; in short, so many people, some of whom have sadly left us now, who have believed in this endeavour and have been a driving force in so many ways and from different locations .

An important handing over of the baton has taken place this year . I first wish to welcome on board the new Director, Teresa Sanjurjo . In a short time, she has already shown that she fully identifies with the values that imbue our Foundation . Her rigour, professionalism and effectiveness deserve our full confidence for such an important role in our beloved Foundation .

I also wish to close this part of my address with a mention for Graciano García . He has deftly exercised the role of Director with extraordinary dedication and passion, from those initial

daring steps, full of enthusiasm and conviction, until the maturity and prestige enjoyed today . It seems just and fitting for me to join together with the public recognition you deserve . Our affection and thanks are heartfelt and I know that you shall always stand at our side .

Let our attention now turn to this edition’s Laureates . From their different activities, they show us how they live and work moved by a passion impossible to repress: the passion for life and for giving shape to a more serene, more dignified, more complete and happier reality for everyone .

Congratulations to you all for doing so, our heartfelt thanks, and welcome to our beloved Asturias, to this ceremony that we hold each autumn with immense joy, with the overwhelming warmth and support of so many people who celebrate, along with us, the triumph of dedication and talent .

Richard Serra, an American sculptor with Spanish roots, has received the Award for the Arts for having dedicated his life to the creation of a work of great personality and beauty . Marked by unlimited nuances, his work stands heir to the brilliant characteristics present in history’s great sculptors, painters and architects, those who in their time followed the same path he now travels: that of authenticity, of the force of his creative passion .

For him, his sculptures are not inanimate objects, but rather beings that speak of time, space and the movement of people . Serra creates new forms and, to a certain degree, reinvents sculpture .

“This ceremony provides us with a beacon

of serenity and values that give us strength

and conviction to continue with our work.”

Watch video


Those who enter his monumental sculptures feel the embrace of their metal walls, grand both in size and simplicity . The roughness of the material harmonises with the smoothness of its curves, causing one to feel as if in a labyrinth, in a distinct, magical and marvellous place . Therein lies his mastery .

To be a maestro is to be, like Richard Serra, a great artist, a creator of unmistakable, solemn, generous and honest works, rooted in truth, that invite us to form part of them, to experience them with our emotions .

We turn our gaze now towards Eastern Asia, towards a civilization of great artistic splendour that spans thousands of years . The team of archaeologists working at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, in the Chinese city of Xi’an, has received the Award for Social Sciences . We recognize in the endeavours of the team that has undertaken this great salvage and research work the traditionally meticulous tenacity of the Chinese people, their vigour and splendour, expressed in their progressive opening-up to the outside world, in their influence on it, and in their spectacular current economic development .

With its thousands of terracotta warriors, sundry figures and objects, the tomb is a metaphor of eternity which, while not originally intending to, also establishes a magical dialogue with visitors . Since 1979, millions of people have been able to relive, in awe, the personal, age-old, mysterious history of an emperor who yearned for a refuge, a safe place for his eternal journey .

The work of the Xi’an archaeologists is one that requires extreme finesse and perfection, the result of which is both exciting and revealing, providing us with precious historical and cultural information on the China of over 2,000 years ago, a fundamental age for human civilization .

We know that specialists working on archaeological digs always do so with infinite patience, meticulousness and care; that a deep-felt emotion resides within each discovery . We admire

and pay tribute to such commitment to that knowledge, which sometimes has its origins in a tiny shard of pottery, glass or metal, with which hypotheses are confirmed and which allows the history of mankind to be pieced back together, like an immense jigsaw puzzle .

Alain Touraine and Zygmunt Bauman have received the Award for Communication and Humanities . We gratefully admire the rigour and depth of thought of these outstanding thinkers . Two wise men for uncertain times who have devoted their long-standing scientific careers to the noble cause of exploring the world and making it a better place for us humans to live in .

Representatives −as the minutes of the Jury put it− of the most brilliant intellectual tradition of European thought, their research embraces the most diverse fields, analysing and explaining the extraordinary complexity of contemporary society, its major transformations, its errors, as well as the possibilities and ways of elevating and dignifying its social, economic and cultural structures . They warn us that many of the terms of the past no longer serve to understand the present .

France’s Alain Touraine has studied post-industrial society and has reflected on the most important social and economic movements of the 20th century . He has likewise taken an interest in Latin America, denouncing dictatorships with the force of ideas . He has also focused his analysis on the processes of profound transformation generated by the economy and globalization in order to defend human rights, dignity and democracy in the world . On more than one occasion, he has addressed these topics alone, with a great degree of independence, although never in isolation, yet paying no heed to dominant trends, which gives added stature to his work .

Poland’s Zygmunt Bauman, who survived persecution by Nazism first and Soviet Communism later, has coined the expression “liquid modernity”, which is one of the mainstays of his intellectual work, in order to unveil a totally unknown scenario, the passage of a predictable, reliable society to another that is indecipherable, in which power evaporates into global space . A time that obliges us to tread —as he has written— on thin ice . The natural habitat of human life —he hopefully declares— is uncertainty, but it is the wish to escape this uncertainty that constitutes the authentic driving force of our endeavours .

“It is during difficult times when people

must express the stature of their ideals, their

lucidity and their great spirit most clearly.”

22nd OctOber 2010


Touraine and Bauman constitute critical consciences that help us interpret the complex world in which we live . They also outline paths to follow and how to address problems which, on account of being common to all mankind, can only have global solutions .

Europe is also at the core of their reflections, and both lament its sometimes slow and hesitant steps, as they are convinced that it has such an important role to play in the world . A world in which Europe must undertake its greatest adventure: the adventure of protecting and conveying the values that it has given birth to with so much sacrifice and which it has managed to preserve over centuries of history . The values of humanism, freedom, fraternity and tolerance .

Three neurobiologists admired worldwide, David Julius, Linda Watkins and Baruch Minke, have received the Award for Technical and Scientific Research . The same emotion that artists and archaeologist feel before a new endeavour is also present in the work they carry out with their teams as they delve into the complexity of the nervous system and seek solutions to alleviate physical pain, which in its acute or chronic form so often and so seriously affects human beings .

The three doctors to whom we pay tribute today are worldwide leaders in sensory neurobiology . Their achievements illustrate the possibilities of molecular biology and of current neuroscientific research, a discipline that started to bear fruits in Spain with Ramón y Cajal, a source of legitimate pride .

Baruch Minke has discovered a class of “biological sensors” that adapt and regulate the flow of information coming from our senses, information that travels to our brain, where it is perceived in the form of sensations . David Julius has identified some important members of this family which, linked to specific neurons, are involved in the detection of noxious stimuli and the perception of temperature and pain . Linda Watkins’ work reveals that cells long considered to be a mere support

for the neuron also contribute to the transmission of painful sensations when an injury is produced .

The contributions of Drs Julius, Watkins and Minke take on even greater importance when considered as a whole: for the first time ever the search for painkillers that are selective and specific for each type of painful episode has been made possible, thus increasing therapeutic benefits and minimizing side effects . With their work, conventional medicine takes on a

new dimension in its desire to prolong, and at the same time increase the quality of people’s lives . Thanks to these three outstanding scientists, science has thus taken a huge step forward .

Major advances in medicine also, however, owe a great deal to the spectacular progress in surgery . Organ transplants are, in this respect, one of the most effective testimonies of this constant progress . We are accordingly delighted with the conferral of the Award for International Cooperation on two organizations, The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization, which share one and the same magnificent purpose: to save human lives thanks to the generosity and solidarity that the donation of organs represents as well as to the systems of cooperation developed between specialists, medical and research centres, international bodies and countries . We express our gratitude for their dedication to such admirable, necessary work .

With almost thirty-five donors per million inhabitants —twice the average for the European Union— the Spanish National Transplant Organization has placed Spain at the top of the world ranking in terms of transplants, a source of great pride . We can now speak of a Spanish model for transplants that has even been adopted by the European Union and which has been successfully exported to countries in Latin America .

We are likewise honoured by the international recognition received for this organization’s work, which has proven to be a powerful stimulus for Spanish society and for its healthcare system and scientific community .

Similarly, The Transplantation Society, with over 4,000 members worldwide, is the leading international organization that addresses the different aspects of human transplantation, such as pharmacology, medicine, research and training . Our Award recognizes the work of this organization,

“Let us afford greater vigour and drive

to our public life. Let us renew our

behaviour and change our attitudes.”


which, since 1966, has fostered and promoted the donation of organs, laid down clinical practice guidelines and fostered advances in education and scientific research as well as ensuring compliance with strict ethical standards in these procedures .

Here today we wish to highlight two fundamental issues in which these organizations play an essential role: the first of these, the fight against the illegal trafficking of organs . We refuse to accept that such a degrading, cruel practice should continue to exist, against which the only possible stance is to demand solutions and intensify legal actions that put an end to this practice once and for all .

The second issue tells a happier story: the recognition of and immense gratitude towards anonymous donors, women and men who provide us all with a noble lesson of generosity and moving altruism . Through their example, they help thousands of people and dignify all human beings .

We support both organizations when they insist on the ever urgent need for donations and in their appeal for these to increase . There are still very many people who are waiting for a life-saving transplant .

We express our gratitude to the Lebanese writer Amin Maalouf, this year’s Laureate for Literature, for his works, in which the history of Spain has a significant presence . Gratitude for converting his splendid fictional worlds —heirs to the oriental tradition of fables— into a melting pot of cultures: worlds in which the beauty of the stories that are told also draws the attention of readers to the urgency of always siding with peace over and above any differences in race, language or creed . In the art of storytelling, in establishing the ambience surrounding his characters’ lives, all is subtly arranged in defence of the need for coexistence and of respect for others .

In his essays, he advocates tolerance and denounces the exclusion born of the use of one’s own identity as a weapon . He also underscores how we all form part of the human adventure, and

that the legacy of our forebears must merge with contemporary experiences . For Maalouf, differences must enrich and include, never isolate or exclude .

He proclaims the primacy of the values of culture and teaching as a crucial goal for this century which —he states— we have entered without a compass to guide us . Culture to provide us with the intellectual and moral tools that will enable us to know more and develop an inner life that is both more stimulating and thriving . And teaching to comprehend and

appreciate the richness of human diversity in a way that translates into harmonious coexistence rather than tensions that beget violence . Because, as he claims, there are no strangers in this century, only travelling companions .

On the night of Sunday, 11th July, a thrilled Spain vibrated before an event long dreamed of: overcoming very difficult moments, our Football Squad won the World Championship title fair and square . For this reason, and for having been a great social and moral example through the long trek up to this exceptional summit, it has received the Award for Sports .

Until achieving the final splendid triumph, our team displayed the values for which it has justly been praised the world over: drive and determination, absolute fairplay, modesty, as well as a way of playing in which the team aspects of football grew in stature alongside enthusiasm, talent and beauty . A veritable lesson for the hundreds of millions of people who followed the team through those intense days, days of more than just sport and football, days we Spaniards shall never forget .

In prior years, I have underlined on this very stage the lofty values that the practice of sports brings with it, especially the stimulus that it represents for young people . So, this year, the model performance of the Spanish Football Squad is also the best gift that all of you —manager, players, technical staff and the Royal Federation— have offered them . Not only have you shown what can be achieved by the noble contest of sports competition, keeping up your resolve and efforts until the last minute of the last match, but you have also reminded young people how, through unity and camaraderie, through nobleness and trust, the stumbling blocks and trials of daily life can be

“The path requires our institutions to be

strengthened so that they can structure the

solutions society seeks and demands.”

22nd OctOber 2010


overcome, never losing hope or self-control when one has to struggle day to day, each one of us doing the task that falls to each .

You have formed an exceptional group: a head coach, Vicente del Bosque, who brought level-headedness, discretion and modesty, in addition to his decisive technical contribution . And a set of extraordinary players in whom the quality of your football is on a par with the high quality they have shown as human beings . You belong to a formidable generation of Spanish sportsmen and women in so many disciplines and categories that has made us a sporting power worldwide . You are the young, ambitious, capable Spain, lacking in complexes, unyielding, a demonstration that the young people of present-day Spain are ready to aspire to the highest of goals .

What’s more, on those days, you made us feel —in our streets, squares and homes— emotion and pride in being Spanish, in belonging to a great nation .

For all this, we express to you today our gratitude, and with this Award, besides the admiration and applause of this theatre, we also pass on to you the recognition, joy and applause of all of Spain .

The granting of the Award for Concord to an organization like Manos Unidas makes our Awards gain in stature and take on their deepest meaning . Manos Unidas is a institution beloved by Spaniards that came into being 50 years ago now when a group of women belonging to Acción Católica responded to the campaign against hunger promoted and undertaken by the fao .

With the passing of time, 40,000 volunteers, 71 branches, action programmes in countries in Africa, America and Asia, the support of hundreds of projects, et cetera, constitute some of the figures that endorse the actions of Manos Unidas . Its aims highlight the needed, useful humanism of this institution: the all-out fight against hunger and poverty, patient work in support of the education of the most needy, the social promotion of people, with special attention to women, agricultural development and healthcare .

Today, we also wish to manifest our gratitude to three worthy groups of people making up this institution and making it grow extraordinarily in stature . The missionaries that devote their lives to so many people wallowing in the most absolute neglect . The volunteers, in whose actions the best of human behaviour flourishes . And all those who contribute to making this desire to give of oneself a tangible reality that characterizes the work of Manos Unidas .

At this ceremony, we always encounter that beautiful, meaningful word, concord, which sums it all up in an ideal way, which attracts progress and facilitates coexistence, which, in short, makes humanity better .

Thank you, therefore, to the colossal chain of “joined hands” at Manos Unidas . Working hand in hand to help others . Working hand in hand to heal, feed and educate . Working hand in hand simply to save . May your joined hands never come asunder .

Ladies and Gentlemen,Our Laureates have spoken of beauty, dignity and sacrifice, of effort and generosity . They

enable us to extol the value of merit . Let us underscore in their work, in their so rich and varied experiences that which has most value for us as an example and guide, to thus keep up the enthusiasm and hope that is so necessary at this difficult crossroads for humanity that we are living through .

Spain has proven to itself on many occasions throughout history, with the admiration of one and all, that it knows how to overcome the most crucial moments . It now has to do so once more, tackling the causes and consequences of a process that is seriously affecting its economy and welfare; when, at the same time, changes of enormous import of geo-political, economic and strategic order are being produced . And it has to do so once more trusting in its talent and fortitude, with faith in our capacity to prevail .

In this way, we shall manage to build, with hope in the future, an economy that is both more competitive and more efficient, one which does not flee from the risk of enterprise and innovation, agile to adapt to the speeded-up changes that we are experiencing and which is capable of generating employment . A society of solidarity and inclusion, one in which so many people without work know that their situation is only transitory, never one of despondency without end .


Times of crisis also force us to redefine projects and ways of living . It is during difficult times when people must express the stature of their ideals, their lucidity and their great spirit most clearly . Let us afford greater vigour and drive to our public life . Let us renew our behaviour and change our attitudes . Let us once more generate excitement and trust in projects that unite and bring us closer and closer together .

The path requires our institutions to be strengthened so that they can structure the solutions society seeks and demands . However, we must also seek moderation where there has been excess; ethics where there has been abuse so as to act realistically, courageously and scrupulously on the basis of integrity, effort and the culture of a job well done .

Let us stand together to strengthen these convictions and take advantage at this time to channel all our capacities more efficiently . The major progress made in recent decades thanks to the contribution of Spanish society as a whole and, especially, past generations, must spur us on now towards the future .

Because these generations taught the younger ones —and the whole world— how they did it . Ortega y Gasset said that it is only possible to advance when one looks far ahead and it is only possible to progress when one thinks big . We Spaniards of today have it in our hands to show that we have not only learned

that great lesson of national responsibility, but that we can once more be an example of aptitude, self-improvement and greatness . They did . I am convinced that we who believe in the great reality of Spain can once more achieve it . Have no doubts regarding this . I certainly do not .

Thank you .

“Moreover, through the example of our

Laureates, we foster the idea that a freer

humanity, devoid of injustice or violence,

is possible.”

22nd OctOber 2010



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXXI

21st October 2011

1


Arts

Riccardo Muti

sociAl sciences

Howard Gardner


Bill Drayton

literAture

Leonard Cohen


Joseph Altman, Arturo Álvarez-Buylla and Giacomo Rizzolatti


The Royal Society

concord

The Heroes of Fukushima

sports

Haile Gebrselassie


Laureates. Excerpts

The ease with which humans incorporate new findings into their everyday lives is astounding . For many, knowledge is only palpable when reduced to novel technological advances: a new drug, a mobile phone, the Internet, aviation, new diagnostic devices and so on . However, knowledge has another very important role: it provides us with new perspectives with regards to the world we live in; it is part of individual and collective consciousness . Knowledge is like a large expanding sphere; we live inside it, limited by the harsh frontier of the unknown . The scientific and technological progress achieved over the last century overwhelms many young people, who think that there is nothing left for them to discover . My impression is that the best is yet to come; providing, of course, we do not destroy the planet or curb the imagination and creative activity of its peoples first .

As for technology, living organisms still outshine us in their capabilities: think of limb regeneration in a salamander; the ocean voyages of the albatross; or a dog’s sense of smell . Nature always reveals to us its amazing technology, in units that self-assemble (as in the enigmatic development of the embryo) and self-recycle to integrate fully into the environment… without leaving a carbon footprint in the atmosphere or piles of waste that endanger the planet . Increasingly, we scorn and annihilate life forms that have a great deal to teach us . As living beings, our future lies with biology . We have so much to learn from other organisms, as well as from ourselves .

In this respect, the simple act of enhancing knowledge through the fostering of imagination, exploration and creativity is what makes a people great . The great leap forward that Spain has made as a driver of science, culture and the arts over the last 30 years will hopefully serve as an example to other countries and, in particular, to Latin America .

Arturo Álvarez-Buylla —Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research 2011

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research on 21/10/2011.


Now, you know of my deep association and confraternity with the poet Federico García Lorca . I could say that when I was a young man, an adolescent, and I hungered for a voice, I studied the English poets and I knew their work well, and I copied their styles, but I could not find a voice . It was only when I read, even in translation, the works of Lorca that I understood that there was a voice . It is not that I copied his voice; I would not dare . But he gave me permission to find a voice, to locate a voice, that is to locate a self, a self that is not fixed, a self that struggles for its own existence . As I grew older, I understood that instructions came with this voice . What were these instructions? The instructions were never to lament casually . And if one is to express the great inevitable defeat that awaits us all, it must be done within the strict confines of dignity and beauty .

And so I had a voice, but I did not have an instrument . I did not have a song . And now I’m going to tell you very briefly a story of how I got my song . Because I was an indifferent guitar player . I managed a few chords . I only knew a few of them . I sat

around with my college friends, drinking and singing the folk songs and the popular songs of the day, but I never in a thousand years thought of myself as a musician or as a singer .

One day in the early sixties, I was visiting my mother’s house in Montreal . Her house is beside a park and in the park there is a tennis court where many people come to watch the beautiful young tennis players enjoy their sport . I wandered back to this park which I’d known since my childhood, and there was a young man playing a guitar . He was playing a flamenco guitar, and he was surrounded by two or three girls and boys who were listening to him . I loved the way he played . There was something about the way he played that captured me . It was the way that I wanted to play and knew that I would never be able to play .

And, I sat there with the other listeners for a few moments and when there was a silence, an appropriate silence, I asked him if he would give me guitar lessons . He was a young man from Spain, and we could only communicate in my broken French and his broken French . He didn’t speak English . And he agreed to give me guitar lessons . I pointed to my mother’s house which you could see from the tennis court, and we made an appointment and settled a price .

He came to my mother’s house the next day and he said, “Let me hear you play something .” I tried to play something, and he said, “You don’t know how to play, do you?” I said, “No, I really don’t know how to play .” He said, “First of all, let me tune your guitar . It’s all out of tune .” So he took the guitar, and he tuned it . He said, “It’s not a bad guitar .” It wasn’t the Conde, but it wasn’t a bad guitar . So, he handed it back to me . He said, “Now play .” I couldn’t play any better .

He said, “Let me show you some chords .” And he took the guitar, and he produced a sound from that guitar I had never heard . And he played a sequence of chords with a tremolo, and he said, “Now you do it .” I said, “It’s out of the question . I can’t possibly do it .” He said, “Let me put your fingers on the frets,” and he put my fingers on the frets . And he said, “Now, now play .” It was a mess . He said, “I’ll come back tomorrow .”

He came back tomorrow, he put my hands on the guitar, he placed it on my lap in the way that was appropriate, and I began again with those six chords: a six chord progression that many, many flamenco songs are based on them . I was a little better that day . The third day… improved, somewhat improved . But I knew the chords now . And, I knew that although I couldn’t coordinate my fingers with my thumb to produce the correct tremolo pattern, I knew the chords; I knew them very, very well by this point .

The next day, he didn’t come . He didn’t come . I had the number of his, of his boarding house in Montreal . I phoned to find out why he had missed the appointment, and they told me that he had taken his life . That he committed suicide .

I knew nothing about the man . I did not know what part of Spain he came from . I did not know why he came to Montreal . I did not know why he stayed there . I did not know why he appeared there at that tennis court . I did not know why he took his life . I was deeply saddened, of course .

But now I disclose something that I’ve never spoken in public . It was those six chords, it was that guitar pattern that has been the basis of all my songs and all my music . So, now you will begin to understand the dimensions of the gratitude I have for this country .

Everything that you have found favourable in my work comes from this place . Everything, everything that you have found favourable in my songs and my poetry are inspired by this soil .

Leonard Cohen —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2011



Riccardo Muti —Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts 2011


Naturally, everyone expects me to say that music is the most beautiful thing in the world, that music brings people together, that harmony and beauty are essential in the world for it to keep turning . That is what we always say; however, we live in [a state of] disharmony, strife, war, hate . This means we must continue to keep striving for beauty to be attained and for good to triumph over evil .

In fact, listening to the beautiful speech given by the great Leonard Cohen, I was reminded of something important: the importance of encounters . Encounters: music is an encounter, the opera is an encounter and these wonders that amaze us and awaken our passions later blossom from these encounters . Naturally, my present task as a musician is not only to demonstrate whether I am able —more or less— to conduct Verdi, Beethoven or Strauss, but whether through music I can make these encounters lead to beauty and brotherhood .

That said —and I do not wish to insist on this because one can easily wax rhetorical [in this respect]— I would rather take this opportunity to say, this evening, that everyone is thanking Spain, but I also have to express my thanks because I am Neapolitan . . . (Good, you have laughed!) . When I was a child I lived in Naples and my mother told me, “Go for ham or cured sausage to the Via Roma,” she did not say, “Via Roma”, she would say, “Go to Toledo .” Even today, in Naples, the Via Roma is “Toledo” for Neapolitans . The most extraordinary neighbourhoods in Naples, those representing authentic, passionate Naples, are called “Spanish quarters” . And the San Carlos Theatre, the Teatro Real de San Carlos, which is —not because I say so, but because everyone says, I am afraid— the most beautiful theatre in the world, was built on the instigation of Carlos III de Borbón . What does this mean? That the relationship between Naples and Spain has been an extremely important, strong and meaningful relationship .


We express our deepest gratitude for the heartfelt aid and support that has come from the Kingdom of Spain as well as from other countries around the world, after the great earthquake of 11th March in eastern Japan . Moreover, as a Japanese citizen, my heart and soul go out to all those around the world who suffered anxiety and concern following the incident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant 1 .

Since the accident, we have been evacuating the people, as well as cooling the reactor containment buildings and carrying out clean-up activities .

As head of cooling operations, I personally was first on site to weigh up all the options and to take the difficult decisions that had to be made .

We realize that the 2011 Prince of Asturias Award for Concord has not been conferred solely on those of us who are here today, but also on all those who are still working on site .

On the occasion of the presentation of this Award, I would like to express my firm resolution to continue the fight to ensure the safety of the Japanese people .

Toyohiko Tomioka, on behalf of the Heroes of Fukushima—Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2011

Extract from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord on 21/10/2011.


Speech XXXI

Yesterday we learned that those who have tormented Spanish society with their terrorist violence have accepted their defeat . This is definitely good news . It is, above all, a great victory for the rule of law . A victory for the will and determination of democratic institutions, for the effective, selfless sacrifice and efforts of our law enforcement forces; in short, for our society as a whole . At this time in which freedom and reason vanquish barbarity, I wish to cast my gaze back —I would like us all to cast our gazes back— with tremendous feeling and respect towards the victims, towards their pain and to pay an emotion-laden tribute to their memory and their dignity .

Ladies and Gentlemen,This evening we have gathered here in gratitude to honour our Laureates . Their presence here

among us in Oviedo has allowed us to underline even more their merits and the valuable lessons of their lives, dedicated to work, committed to art, to science, to sport, to solidarity . We do so with admiration and great satisfaction as our Foundation helps to keep alive, in these difficult times, the values and goals

for which it was instituted more than thirty years ago .This ceremony is a compendium of all of these values: of our

will to honour exemplary behaviour, to offer society a looking glass in which to see itself and positive models to emulate, and also to share with everyone, in essence, a message of hope .

We are grateful for the support and generosity of so many people who have made our work possible: the members of the different Juries, the Trustees and Patrons of the Foundation, the national and international media and the distinguished guests

and visitors who both honour us and regale us today with their presence .The Princess and I are particularly grateful to those in this beloved Asturias who always

welcome us with such affection and receive the Laureates with admiration and heartfelt joy .We also remember today with sadness Juan Luis Iglesias Prada, the former General Secretary

of the Foundation, who passed away last March . We will greatly miss his enthusiasm and the excitement and love with which he worked for the benefit of our institution, to which he positively contributed through his bonhomie and his intelligence .

Ladies and Gentlemen,We turn now to the Laureates to reflect, albeit briefly, on their invaluable work and to extol

their merits .The Neapolitan maestro Riccardo Muti, Laureate for the Arts, is one of the greatest orchestra

conductors . He has conducted the most important ensembles with exquisite sensitivity on the most prestigious stages in the world . He is, moreover, a humanist with a deep commitment to research, devoted especially to recovering major historical works that he rescues from oblivion to make them a part of current repertoires . Maestro Muti ceaselessly vindicates the need to support and boost the teaching of music, as essential for education to be truly comprehensive . His immense talent also rests on a transcendent conception of music, on the idea that conducting sets off a process that commences with the composer to then reach the baton of the conductor, who is able to extract the feelings of each singer and musician so as to finally convey them to the audience . On this difficult, ongoing path of learning, Muti humbly acknowledges that he will never get to his destination, because, as he says, beyond the notes “abides the infinite” .

His experience and renown do not stop him from gratefully evoking those who were his teachers, while he devotes himself to his daily work of delving ever deeper into music’s power and secrets . This is what transcends from the beauty and communicative capacity of his performance as an artist and what generates so much admiration and praise worldwide .

“No great nation can ward off the crisis with

pessimism. No great nation can emerge from

it without the participation of all concerned.”

Watch video


The Award for Social Sciences has been conferred on the American psychologist Howard Gardner, who has worked and carried out research above all in the field of Education Sciences . He is the author of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and his studies in this field, on the way these intelligences develop, have led to numerous innovations being introduced into the education system, with the principal goal of achieving —as he has stated recalling Plato— that “people want to do what they ought to do” . This formulation, though straightforward in appearance, often clashes with teaching methods which, by simplifying and putting limits on their goals, have given priority to only some forms of intelligence to the detriment of others . The fullest development of our capabilities facilitates what, for Gardner, is good work: work that is of a high quality and is aimed at improving the lives of others; that is to say, work that is excellent, committed and ethical .

For over ten years now, through the Goodwork Project fostered by Harvard University, Howard Gardner has proposed to identify individuals and organizations that are an example of

excellent work . He also seeks a way to make their presence felt more often in our society . This he does in collaboration with an international team of researchers who turn into reality his determination to improve the education and hence the future of human beings .

This optimum way of working also stands out especially in the work carried out for over 350 years by The Royal Society, the world’s oldest scientific community, which has received our Award for Communication and Humanities . Its admirable mission consists in pushing back the frontiers of knowledge

through the development and use of science to the benefit of humanity . These are great aims that require a truly solid organization, such as that of The Royal Society, made up of individuals who love their work and passionately defend the supreme benefit of knowledge in addition to the importance of its generalization .

On this evening devoted to culture and values, the centuries-old background of The Royal Society serves to both highlight and defend the social priority of education and instruction; the need to spread knowledge and to put our principles into play for the benefit of us all; the conviction that this is the surest way to finally overcome injustice, violence and fanaticism, as well as the suffering and pain they produce in so many human beings .

From this point of view, the question raised by Bill Drayton, on whom our Award for International Cooperation has been bestowed, is even more pertinent . “What is the most powerful force in the world?” And Drayton responds, “A good idea, every time .” Over the thirty years in which his Ashoka Foundation has identified and backed some 3,000 social entrepreneurs worldwide, Bill Drayton has undoubtedly been able to corroborate over and over again that this is more than just a statement . It is a fact and a truly beneficial one at that .

The work initiated by Drayton —which Ashoka has developed over time— focuses on and highlights fundamental characteristics of social entrepreneurship; features such as creativity, fortitude and, above all, trust . Bill Drayton also strives so that our actions have positive repercussions for society and our work takes on increasingly higher levels of social responsibility . In short, he works with the aim of changing and improving the world .

Social entrepreneurs discover and put into practice feasible solutions to social problems, seeing opportunities where others only perceive threats . As this way of working becomes even more necessary in times of crisis, this recognition here today of Bill Drayton’s work becomes especially significant . One can look to the future fearfully or confidently and only those who truly believe in human beings —as is the case of social entrepreneurs— are in a situation to face the future with hope . This is the value of the Ashoka Foundation and social entrepreneurs . This is the significant and intelligent path trodden by Bill Drayton, whom we distinguish here today .

The neurobiologists Joseph Altman, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla and Giacomo Rizzolatti have received the Award for Technical and Scientific Research . Thanks to their contributions, we know

“ We Spaniards must be aware that we are

engaged in a common enterprise and that

today, more than ever before, we have to stand

united around our great national goals.”

21st OctOber 2011


more about the human brain and can better understand this fundamental organ for exercising the capabilities that make our species so unique . We are obliged once more to recall here our countryman Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the founder of neurobiology, who, at the beginning of the last century, already intuited that the dogma of non-regeneration of the pathways of the central nervous system would be experimentally refuted .

It was precisely Joseph Altman who reported processes of neurogenesis in the mammalian brain in the 1960s, thereby formulating the innovative idea that brain neurons can be regenerated . Cerebral plasticity thus became a fact with a well founded anatomical basis .

Arturo Alvarez-Buylla, a Mexican citizen of Spanish stock and deeply proud of his Asturian roots, took up Altman’s thesis to identify germinal regions in the brain, where new neurons as well as what are known as glial cells continually develop throughout life thanks to the stem cells present there . He has also delved into the processes of migration of these new neurons leading to their permanent insertion in different regions of the brain, which may contribute to tackling the problems associated with tumours in this organ .

Finally, Giacomo Rizzolatti discovered the existence of what are known as mirror neurons, which are activated not only when carrying out an action, but also when observing how a peer

does so . A discovery that allows us, as the social creatures that we are, to understand the actions, intentions and emotions of others, not only through conceptual reasoning, but also via direct simulation . “Feeling”, says Rizzolatti, “not thinking .”

All these findings and all this research have both profoundly and definitively changed our way of understanding the brain . It is fascinating to ascertain the basis of this cerebral plasticity, thanks to which we are able to learn, empathise, create and

communicate with one another . The work of our Laureates also opens up new pathways for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as for explaining —and possibly soon treating— disorders such as autism .

Feeling is what we do, above all, when we read the poems and listen to the music of Leonard Cohen, who has received the Award for Literature . We feel all the power of a body of work produced with constancy, talent and sincerity . Reading and listening to Cohen is, effectively, to feel the force of someone who writes and sings directly to the heart; to feel the sincere assertion that it was poets such as Lorca and Machado that shed light on his deepest doubts and certainties; it is also to feel the commitment of someone who, without forsaking his beloved Canada, his roots or his forebears, explores human nature, seeking out answers, solutions, a sort of reconciliation that brings our hearts closer together, aiming to make poetry and music an eternal meeting place for fraternal understanding .

Cohen tells us “It is not to tell you anything / But to live forever / That I write this .” So lives Leonard Cohen . . . with irony and an acute sense of humour, with flashes of light and outstanding imagination, unable to staunch the abundance and richness of his ideas, words, notes and songs . Several generations have read and listened, as we have, to his creations with admiration and respect, creations that already form part of our musical history and our collective memory . We recognize his great body of work and thank him for his coherence, for the beauty of his words, for not having renounced what has made him an admired and admirable artist, a friend with whom to tread the paths of life and of the irresistible force of love .

The great athlete Haile Gebrselassie, who has received the Award for Sports, is an idol for millions of people around the world and dearly loved, especially in his home country, Ethiopia . Strength of will and the spirit of sacrifice are the norm in him . The norm to attain success as a sportsman and to demonstrate that the most difficult of challenges can be overcome with tenacious persistence and a great heart .

His feats have thrilled us throughout his career . We imagine him when he was a mere child running barefoot 20 kilometres a day to and from school, his schoolbooks held firmly under his

“Let us all shoulder our responsibilities

and promote a collective spirit

of hope and enthusiasm.”


left elbow —which determined his style of running— and his heart filled with all the enthusiasm in the world, until he became one of the best long distance runners of all time .

As we have recalled on this very stage on previous occasions, sporting success is even greater when, as he does, individuals make the effort to pass on their most ambitious dreams by helping others, above all the underprivileged .

Gebrselassie is very sensitive to the deficiencies and difficulties his countrymen suffer each day and so has been the driving force behind The Great Ethiopian Run initiative, the aim of which is to promote the mass participation of Ethiopians in athletics events . He has also built schools for young children and is a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for the Millennium Development Goals and the United Nations Development Programme .

I am therefore sure that Haile Gebrselassie would like to draw the attention of us all to the fact that in his country, Ethiopia, and in Kenya and Djibouti, hundreds of thousands of Somalian refugees are desperately seeking aid . They are starving to death . As I speak these words here, on this evening of culture, of concord, they sound even more dramatic .

We cannot return home without reflecting on this unjust, cruel tragedy . We cannot remain unmoved by and indifferent to so much suffering . The people who are starving to death in Somalia and in the surrounding countries do not merit this fate . We must all assume responsibility and

help put an end to this humanitarian crisis, as do so many aid workers and volunteers through their generous work at great personal risk, including the two Spanish aid workers who, we hope, will soon return safe and sound .

The Award for Concord has been bestowed on the people who have, since last March, been working round the clock at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in order to contain the radiation leakages and who have so rightfully earned the

title of “Heroes of Fukushima” . As the Jury has stated, through this Award, our Foundation also wishes to highlight “the serene, self-sacrificing response of Japanese society as a whole” following the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that razed the country’s north-eastern coast .

Through their bravery and generosity, the Heroes of Fukushima represent all the selflessness stirring us to do good, to renounce everything, even one’s own life, for the sake of others, a spirit we would like to see multiplied wherever necessary to bring an end to pain and injustice . Overcoming the loss of their loved ones and their property, the suffering caused by a desperately dramatic situation, they immediately confronted the threat to the damaged power plant with magnanimity, a sense of duty and a civic conscience .

This evening, we once more express our support and affection for the people of Japan, whose huge losses in terms of both human lives and physical damage and whose exemplary behaviour in the face of adversity have moved us all . Spain feels one with Japan in its suffering and sympathises with its populace, who have shown how to cope with this disaster with temperance, discipline and serenity . We are touched by the behaviour of the “Heroes of Fukushima” . We are thrilled by their courage and astounded by their fortitude . For all these reasons, we pay tribute today to their immense spirit of sacrifice and the example they have given the world .

Ladies and Gentlemen, dear Laureates,This year we commemorate the bicentennial of the death of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos,

a key figure in the Spanish Enlightenment . His life’s work is a tribute to the noblest of patriotic sentiments and the struggle against the evils and ignorance blighting his age . He was led always by the guiding lights of knowledge, morals and ethics . On his appointment as Minister for Justice and Mercy, he wrote: “I shall do good; I shall avoid all the evil I am able to .” Those words define this great Spaniard who contributed so much to the progress of Asturias and whose ideas are a yardstick for us all, all the more so in these difficult times, so similar to those he himself endured .

We are certainly not living in an easy time, but it is our time, the time we have been given to live . We are today living through a crisis, an already lengthy crisis, that affects us all deeply and has serious

“Our Foundation helps to keep alive, in these

difficult times, the values and goals for which

it was instituted more than thirty years ago.”

21st OctOber 2011


consequences of all kinds, with dimensions and a complexity that are putting our lifestyles and our abilities to the test . If we wish to resolve the challenges it poses, we must act decisively and bravely .

We know the path to achieve this goal . And on that path we all have a civic undertaking . No great nation can ward off the crisis with pessimism . No great nation can emerge from it without the participation of all concerned . Let us all shoulder our responsibilities and promote a collective spirit of hope and enthusiasm and the drive to overcome odds founded on the solid bases we already have . For there have been many successes over the last few decades and many are the achievements we have attained together, not without sacrifice or abnegation, and we are entitled to feel justly proud of them . In short, we have good reason to boost our self-esteem and hopes, to know that we can once more overcome the difficulties and challenges facing us .

We Spaniards must be aware that we are engaged in a common enterprise and that today, more than ever before, we have to stand united around our great national goals and, most especially, to tackle that great challenge of getting people back into employment . Recovering it at all levels and, above all, for our youngest workers, who are quite rightly asking society, as they are entitled to do, to fling wide the doors of hope .

Let us also elevate our gaze and contemplate the outside world . If Europe was the solution to Spain’s long-standing problems at the start of the last century, it is essential at present —and for the

future envisaged in our ambition— to advance steadfastly and with solidarity in the construction of Europe, which today faces one of the most decisive crossroads in its history .

This difficult time we live in also demands that we avoid confrontation and sterile division; that we respect the sensitivities and opinions that diverge from our own so that we can later integrate them for the benefit of the general good . With a sense of responsibility, let us seek out the shared criteria regarding what is essential . Rigorous debate is not confrontation, but construction; putting forward a solution is not synonymous with systematically

rejecting those of others; and reaching agreements always propitiates generosity, commitment and trust . The vigour of our democracy is far from alien to each every one of us, to our willingness to participate in public life, to our dedication at work, to the firm and lasting cohesion provided to our society by moral principles .

This is also a time in which to extol our solidarity . Since the crisis began, families, social institutions (many of them honoured by our Awards) and thousands of citizens are setting an example of self-sacrifice for those in greatest need . For that reason, they deserve the sincerest gratitude of society and they allow us to feel that happy glow that comes, in the beautiful words of the poet, from so many hearts that beat not in vain, for they are moved by the ills of others .

Ladies and Gentlemen,Jovellanos said that “virtue and valour must be counted among the elements contributing to

social prosperity, without which all wealth is wanting, all power is weak . Without virtue or good habits,” he claimed, “no State can prosper or survive . Without these cornerstones, the most colossal power will tumble to the ground, the most brilliant glory will be dispelled like smoke .”

Today we have seen here in the Campoamor Theatre how effort, humility, sacrifice and the quest for excellence have imbued the lives of our Laureates . From them we have learned to keep our minds open to the world . With them we have felt the transforming power of ideas . They have touched us with their passion for creating, their drive to innovate . These are values and ideals that we must never renounce and hold always as our inspiration .

The memory of our countryman Jovellanos and the example of our Laureates illuminate this solemn event . So distant in time yet so close in a single spirit: a spirit of bravery, of achievement and modernisation . Together, them and us, united in this ceremony, now a symbol of universal culture that Spain offers to the world from Asturias with great pride .


“ With a sense of responsibility, let us

seek out the shared criteria regarding

what is essential. Rigorous debate is not

confrontation, but construction.”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXXII

26th October 2012

1


Arts

Rafael Moneo

sociAl sciences

Martha C. Nussbaum


International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

literAture

Philip Roth


Richard A . Lerner and

Gregory Winter


Shigeru Miyamoto

concord

Spanish Federation of Food Banks

sports

Iker Casillas and

Xavi Hernández


I am an American writer . American history, American lives, American society, American places, American dilemmas —American confusion, expectations, bewilderment, and heartbreak— constitute my subject just as they did for my American predecessors for more than two centuries . American speech is my argot . Inasmuch as I give thought to my audience, the audience I think about is an American audience .

Consequently, I am taken aback to learn that a Spanish audience has been paying attention as well; an appreciative Spanish audience at that . What can my American stories mean to Spanish readers? How can my portrayal of American lives in my novels like American Pastoral, I Married a Communist, and The Human Stain compete with the clichéd, supersimplified representation of America that befogs the perception of my country nearly everywhere? Can a work of American fiction —written by me or by any of my greatly gifted contemporaries— penetrate a mythology of America that is, in so many precincts, rooted in staunch political animus?

I imagine that presenting me with this prize —like your presenting it several years back to my American friend Paul Auster— suggests a hopeful answer of yes . Yes, a work of serious American fiction is indeed able to pierce the ignorance, lies, and mindless superstition that can generally combine to keep the vast density of the true American reality at bay .

“Look,” I may now tell myself, “there is somewhere where I’ve gotten through!” And if that should be the case, nothing could make me happier .

Alan D. Solomont, US Ambassador to Spain, on behalf of Philip Roth —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2012

Due to an operation, Philip Roth was unable to travel to Asturias to attend the ceremony, at which he was represented by the US Ambassador to Spain.—Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Literatureon 26/10/2012.

26th OctOber 2012


Laureates. Excerpts

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement forms the largest humanitarian network in the world that embodies, on a daily basis, the power of our humanity .

At the heart of the Movement are more than thirteen million active volunteers who provide life-saving and life-changing services in communities across the world . In the face of wars, disasters, poverty, violence, exclusion or stigmatisation, they show in action that we can all be part of the solution when it comes to improve the lives of the most vulnerable people, and to make this world a better world .

Tadateru Konoé, on behalf of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2012



In Pakistan, Yemen and Syria, to mention just a few places, we have suffered losses that are tragic for two reasons .

First, because talented and selfless persons were taken from us far too soon . And second, because hundreds, perhaps thousands of people are now left without help as a result of these tragic losses .

I therefore call upon all armed forces and all armed groups, politicians and local leaders to allow not only Red Cross and Red Crescent workers, but everyone seeking to alleviate human suffering in an impartial manner, to perform their tasks in safety .

In particular, local nurses, paramedics and doctors must be allowed to carry out their neutral and impartial work free from pressure and free from attacks .

That is what is required to preserve some measure of humanity when disaster strikes .

Peter Maurer, on behalf of the International Committee of the Red Cross —Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation2012



There was a time when building did not require the presence of an architect . The architect’s trade had not yet made its appearance . Building was yet another activity among the many needed to survive . However, the necessary specialisation that accompanied the evolution of the human species soon gave way to concrete tasks related to building that culminated in the appearance of the architect . It may well be the memory of that very remote past which is behind the instinct to build that still thrives within us today . The popular expression “there is an architect inside every one of us” would seem to confirm this . Along with this innate attraction for building, there is, in the use we make of the term today, an understanding of what this profession forged in the Renaissance actually is: the architect as someone who, with a mastery of drawing, which the Italians then called disegno, was able to shape what was built . The Italian term later moved on to the English term design and the Spanish term diseño, with the assumption that the practitioner masters both the technical knowledge and the ability to give expression to the aesthetic zeitgeist of a particular moment in time . Today the role of the architect as a technical expert seems to have lost ground, while the artistic component that has always accompanied our trade prevails over its technological counterpart . The architect, as the person responsible only for the image, the appearance that buildings offer us . This is the situation we now find ourselves in .

I would like architects —and by saying architects, I am thinking of those to come— to continue to keep alive that necessary rationality that survival requires, without forgetting how much mortals imbue what they build with their conception of the world . I would like architects to continue to be involved in the process of building, knowing and understanding the formal and structural aspects that determine what buildings are . I would like architects to make the construction of the city the rationale underlying their profession . A city that makes our work transcend the strictly personal, since within this work what is public inevitably intersects with what is private .

Rafael Moneo —Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts2012



What I have done over the years is to develop (in collaboration with economists) what is known as the Human Development Approach, or Capabilities Approach . This is an approach to the measurement of national quality of life that holds that economic growth, measured by GDP per capita, is insufficient: such an approach does not really capture what people are striving for .

The GDP approach ignores distribution, and thus can give high marks to nations that contain alarming inequalities of opportunity . And it also ignores the fact that a flourishing human life has many parts that vary independently of one another, and independently, too, of regional or national economic growth . A nation may have high growth without political or religious liberty; but people desire to have a voice in the shape of their political and conscientious lives . A nation can also grow well without adequately distributing opportunities for education, for health care, and for the basic preservation of bodily integrity; as my own wealthy nation, with its struggles over education and health care and its woeful record of domestic violence against women, shows all too clearly .

What we have been arguing, then, is that the right measure of development is people-centered, distribution-sensitive, and plural: it reflects the fact that people do not strive for national income, they strive for meaningful lives for themselves . By developing a list of the Central Human Capabilities, which I argue are minimum requirements of a life worthy of human dignity, I have tried to give substance to these ideas and to suggest some definite goals for all nations .

Martha C. Nussbaum —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences 2012


26th OctOber 2012


Speech XXXII

The Princess and I are honoured and fortunate, as we have returned to our beloved Asturias, to this annual Awards event in Oviedo, to celebrate the triumph of intelligence, to recognize a job well done, to extol generosity and altruism, to proclaim that our Laureates are an example to one and all .

For we believe that those who dedicate their work and their time to the pursuit of truth and beauty help us find ways to move forward into the future; because we know that the work of those who put ethics and commitment before any banal desire and shared well-being before one’s own drives us towards that fuller, more dignified and better life that we all yearn for . Our Laureates help us keep hope alive and, reinforce, once again, on this autumn evening —which is also an evening of light— our confidence in the noble values of the human spirit .

Our Foundation is not oblivious to today’s challenges and difficulties: it cannot and does not wish to be, either . This ceremony means so much because we are accompanied —be it only for a few hours— by those who embody everything we admire . Furthermore, we are able to convey to

them how their example aids, encourages and comforts us . In the year in which Spain celebrates the bicentennial of the

Constitution of Cadiz, the first constitutional text that opened the doors to the transition to the modern era in our country, the lesson of patriotism of its architects —known as “Spaniards from both hemispheres”— and the example of self-improvement of the people of Spain in those historic times are likewise a rewarding source of inspiration for one and all . Moreover, we are filled

with pride to know that this text signified a major contribution to constitutionalism and freedom, especially in America and Europe .

This is a day for gratitude . Gratitude to our Laureates, for all they represent of what is sublime . And gratitude to those who, through their generosity, allow us to carry on our undertaking with hopes intact: our Trustees and Patrons, members of the Juries, the media and so many other people who share with us their enthusiasm, admiration and respect for the work of the Laureates, the leading figures in this ceremony . We also extend a most special greeting to the hundreds of volunteers from the Red Cross and the Food Banks who have joined us here in Oviedo today .

My most sincere congratulations to the Laureates, to whom I now wish to devote my words . The Spanish architect Rafael Moneo has received the Award for the Arts . His name thus joins

the ranks of other illustrious colleagues of his who were granted the Award in previous years; among these, one of his former teachers, Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza, from Navarre like him, whom we are sure Rafael Moneo will remember today with particular emotion, as do we .

Rafael Moneo has worked all these years with the clarity of mind and intelligence of someone fully aware that their work can and must improve the lives of others . Not unrelated to this attitude is his academic vocation, his belief that the practice of architecture has to maintain a dialogue with teaching and intellectual reflection . All this translates into his outstanding work as a teacher, above all in Spain and the United States, where he was chair of Harvard University’s Department of Architecture .

The Museum of Roman Art in Mérida, the “Kursaal” in San Sebastián, the extension of the Prado Museum and other prominent international projects are sublime examples of his extraordinary talent and constitute works he has masterfully managed to integrate in the historical evolution of the city and the urban landscape .

Rafael Moneo claims this is the utmost a work of architecture can aspire to . Stated so baldly, it seems so easy and simple, and yet it is one of the most important and most difficult features to find in major architectural projects .

“Our Foundation is not oblivious to

today’s challenges and difficulties: it

cannot and does not wish to be.”

Watch video


The American philosopher Martha Nussbaum has been granted the Award for Social Sciences for her contribution to the humanities, philosophy of law and political science . Her reflections embrace numerous topics, addressing —through her well-known “capabilities approach”— questions as diverse as gender, religion, international development, education and social justice theory .

The common thread running through her thinking is that of human vulnerability . Nussbaum examines how to foster positive feelings and emotions like friendship and love while attempting to eradicate others like violence for ever . This is because she is convinced that it is possible for us human beings to reach an agreement on a set of universal ethical principles despite our different ways of understanding what constitutes goodness .

A brilliant Hellenist, admirer and student of the philosophy of Socrates and Aristotle, Martha Nussbaum has also reflected on the process of degeneration in education, on the “shrinking of the soul”, as Rabindranath Tagore so suggestively phrased it . She constantly warns us of the intellectual and ethical poverty resulting from abandoning the study of the humanities and extols us to continue working to avoid the evils inherent in this dereliction .

On numerous occasions in this very forum we have heard the call to attention by our Laureates on this issue, on the

urgency of ensuring the protection and development of humanistic studies as the best way to distance ourselves from the ignorance, contempt and oblivion of our past . However, we continue to perceive how we are losing —almost without realizing it— the immense wealth of wisdom contained in these studies, and how —unfortunately— the borders of the authentic education of human beings are becoming blurred . Let us recall, not without a certain shudder, the questions voiced by T .S . Eliot:

Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?

Today we recognize the greatness and soundness of Martha Nussbaum’s thinking and work and thank her for her tenacious defence of what ultimately makes us freer .

Shigeru Miyamoto, who has received the Award for Communication and Humanities, is one of the most distinguished representatives of Japanese graphic art, which in recent decades has conquered the world through cartoons, comics —the famous “manga”— and video games . This last medium comprises Miyamoto’s field of work . Among other video games, he is the author of two series —The Legend of Zelda and Super Mario— which millions of children, adolescents and also adults worldwide have played and continue to play . He commented on receiving the news of the Award that his dream is to continue providing fun and joy to people of all generations around the world through his work .

But what is the secret of this truly global success? It seems that Miyamoto’s talent consists in fusing Western and Eastern elements in his video games in a synthesis that is attractive to young people of all cultures. His work also embraces the Japanese literary tradition of the figure of the child-hero, like Link, the main character in The Legend of Zelda, with whom all the world’s children can identify .

Equally commendable is the capacity of Miyamoto’s video games to stimulate positive emotions and feelings in players, as well as the educational aspect of his creations, which always shun violence . Through them, one learns to follow the rules of the game, achieve goals and respect one’s opponent while at the same time developing creativity, initiative and intelligence . We hope he continues creating with the same enthusiasm, contributing that vibrant quality brimming with energy with which he manages to unite us all —as is his goal— in fun and joy .

“ We know that pessimism, resignation

or despair do not bring us closer to the

solution, and I know it is not easy for

many to keep their spirits high.”

26th OctOber 2012


The British biologist Sir Gregory Winter and the American pathologist Richard Alan Lerner have obtained the Award for Technical and Scientific Research for their decisive contributions to the field of Immunology, which have made it possible to obtain antibodies of high therapeutic value . Their work shows the immense possibilities of current biotechnology to intervene in cells and biological materials, modifying their capabilities and channelling their activity toward very useful applications .

Sir Gregory Winter has discovered that it is possible to obtain antibodies in modified animal cells in such a way that they behave like antibodies able to function in the human body without being rejected . Similarly fascinated by the wide variety of antibodies that our body can produce, Dr Richard Lerner has conceived and designed new possibilities for managing this diversity and even broadening it in the test tube . The procedure that he has developed enables the repertoire of natural antibodies to be increased, creating what are known as “combinatorial antibody libraries” .

We daily witness the extraordinary practical implications of Dr Winter and Dr Lerner’s work: improved diagnosis and more effective treatment of many diseases that still plague mankind . Thanks to the intelligence, vocation and commitment of those who, like them, devote their lives to the advancement of knowledge, we can enhance our quality of life .

We are likewise grateful to the American writer Philip Roth, who has received the Award for Literature, for the unique, unrepeatable experience that reading his novels provides for us, the non-stop accumulation of feelings and ideas with which he builds his stories, the penetrating analysis he makes of reality and the journey through time on which we embark through his works to those many fulfilled dreams and failed utopias of which the history of his country and of his hometown of Newark is built .

Often using irony and with amazing ability and great courage, Philip Roth interprets and meticulously analyses social practices and customs and the ways in which human beings, particularly American Jews, behave and relate to each another . He also reflects both intelligently and lucidly on death, disaster, sex and chaos, through suggestive prose of great linguistic perfection and emotional effectiveness . Novels like Portnoy’s Complaint, American Pastoral and Nemesis —to name but a few— are masterpieces for which Philip Roth will always be recognized as one of the greatest American writers, a virtuoso admired worldwide .

The Award for International Cooperation has been conferred on the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . The millions of volunteers working in this movement immediately come to mind . They will feel proud this evening —as they do daily— to belong to one of the most prestigious humanitarian networks in the world .

The Red Cross and Red Crescent’s task is enormous: to prevent and alleviate human suffering, protect life and health and ensure respect for people’s dignity, especially in times of armed conflict and in situations of crisis and need anywhere on the planet . The principles governing the Movement are also noble: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality . For nearly 150 years, the Red Cross and Red Crescent have worked disinterestedly and in a profoundly generous way, exemplifying a vocation for public service, in order to bring solidarity to the fore in the world .

The work of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is founded on the altruism of so many dedicated people who help and assist the underprivileged, the needy and the vulnerable . In Spain, where more than two hundred thousand volunteers keep the work of this organization alive, we can feel especially proud of helping to maintain the degree of efficiency and dedication of the International Red Cross, contributing that generous spirit of solidarity which characterizes our society and which we would especially like to highlight here today .

Exemplarity also shines out in our Laureates receiving the Award for Sports, the soccer players

“Right now, we Spaniards face new

common goals on which to work together,

focusing all our energy so as to take Spain

along the path of the 21st century.”


Iker Casillas and Xavi Hernandez . Both symbolize, in the words of the Jury, “the values of friendship and companionship that go beyond the all-out rivalry of their respective teams .” They are a role model for young people for their sportsmanship and fair play, without a doubt; but also for their conciliatory attitude and for the long-standing friendship highlighted in the conferral of the Award as a fundamental added value to their major sporting successes . In short, in the persons of Iker and Xavi, we reward not only personal and professional excellence, but also greatness of spirit .

All these values redound in the interest of sport . We know that rivalry, ambition, competitiveness, the desire to beat the opponent, achieve more medals and trophies and win more than others are inherent to sports competitions . Precisely for that reason, however, it is so notable to see how all this rivalry and sports clashes can exist while maintaining a deep friendship . Because friendship is affection, sincerity, comprehension, support and cooperation . Therein lies the greatness of the example of Iker and Xavi, of Xavi and Iker; in the tremendous scope of their humanity, in the loftiness of their feelings, which we recognize here today .

They also in some way represent here today all those within the world of sports who cultivate these human values, promote coexistence and solidarity and prudently manage success and fame .

The German poet Goethe wrote: “Civilization is a permanent exercise in respect . Respect for the divine, the earth, for our fellow man and so for our own dignity .” Such is the way of the Spanish Federation of Food Banks, which has received the Award for Concord: working to provide us with not only an extraordinary example of what civilization is, but also a permanent example of justice .

We have already highlighted, when speaking of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the spirit of solidarity that characterizes Spanish society and how, in times of exceptional difficulty, this spirit becomes more valuable, more necessary than ever . The same applies to the Food Banks . Their work, both tenacious and respectful of the needs of so many people, should not only be a source of pride for one and all, but also a unique opportunity to reflect on the

enormous privations and difficulties endured by so many Spaniards . They all know that they can count on the food banks’ voluntary workers . These volunteers are

mostly people who have already retired; people who offer up their time and efforts to alleviate the needs of others, to provide consolation to those who are suffering from the economic crisis in an especially severe way . They do so, moreover, ensuring the scrupulous fulfilment of the criteria on which their activity is based, namely that the service be free of charge, fairly distributed and transparent, while at the same time promoting solidarity and social cohesion .

Those in charge of these organizations dream of the day when food banks will cease to be a social necessity . And on reiterating this dream here, we wish for the greatness of the dream and the lesson of their work to be assumed by one and all .

Ladies and Gentlemen, This ceremony honouring the exemplarity to which our Laureates have devoted their lives is

coming to an end . Since 1981, the aim of the Foundation has been —as it continues to be today— that the works that most exalt human beings and their noblest feelings be offered up from Asturias to all of Spain, and that the voice of our Laureates should sound out loudly in this theatre as a reference and guide, especially in the times we live .

These are undoubtedly extremely complex and difficult times . But I do not wish to close this ceremony without also affirming that they are times to look to the future with hope and responsibility, times for coexistence .

And in such times, our politicians have the major task of legitimately channelling and addressing the serious problems we are experiencing, especially those arising from the economic crisis . There can be no greater demand for commitment and accountability on the part of public authorities before our citizens . The sacrifices so many Spanish are making, the serious concern and uncertainty of many others regarding their future, further accentuate the duty of all state

“ We Spaniards are experiencing a

decisive time in our history. We are each

called to give the best of ourselves.”

26th OctOber 2012


institutions to serve citizens, to bolster their vitality and confidence, while at all times caring for the general good and staying the course toward their welfare .

Facing adversity also requires a commitment on all parts, a spirit of shared endeavour . We know that pessimism, resignation or despair do not bring us closer to the solution, and I know it is not easy for many to keep their spirits high . Even so, we still need to promote and encourage a social awareness that values all that we have that is positive, that recognizes our capabilities and strengths, enhances our self-esteem and helps us to project an image of our country that will ultimately nurture the hopes of all citizens .

The current economic crisis also requires a rigorous reflection as to how the collective spirit can also recover values that have, in recent times, gone astray, but which have never been definitively lost . We have been witness here today to the examples of generosity, integrity, effort and excellence embodied by our Laureates . These are values that dignify people and their works . They are permanent values for our society, because as our 2008 Prince of Asturias Laureate Tzvetan Todorov states, “Ethics is the best instrument with which to protect the wealth of nations, their creativity, their peculiarities and their social capital .”

Ladies and Gentlemen, Although our primary concern is the economic crisis and how to overcome it, we should cease

to think also about the Spain we aspire to in this 21st century . For years now, we have been experiencing profound changes affecting our lifestyle, our

economy, and even the political evolution of Europe . We live in a society that speeds up the time and shortens distances, which makes transformation and changes the general rule, the norm, and that is leading to a new, more complex scenario for one and all . And we must assume that all this requires a new mindset and new attitudes, new individual and group behaviour . It requires that we look up and broaden our horizons toward the future with an open mind, with courage and ambition to move

forward and remain at the fore, ever cultivating, as our Laureate Martha Nussbaum puts it, the capacity for reflection and critical thought .

Right now, we Spaniards face new common goals on which to work together, focusing all our energy so as to take Spain along the path of the 21st century . A century that, more than ever, will be one of knowledge, science and new technologies; one of innovation, communication and creativity; while also the century of a renewed humanism .

These goals entail great challenges in an international context in which we must be aware that, in response to relentless interdependence, the world is increasingly moving towards greater political and economic integration . We shall need more global responses to problems that have long been such . This implies facing enormous challenges that can only be overcome and turned to our advantage if all Spaniards collaborate and pull in the same direction .

We are all well aware of the value of living in harmony in this endeavour . Since 1978, millions of Spaniards have been educated in freedom and democracy . We have learned to express our views and listen and evaluate ideas different from our own . We have also learned to resolve our discrepancies within the framework of the rule of law, something which has required so many sacrifices to achieve .

Throughout these years of democracy, together we have accumulated an extraordinary legacy of freedom, respect and civility, as never before in our history . A legacy that we must cherish, protect and —as in any human endeavour— foster and enhance .

We must thus continue building our future step by step, with one foot planted firmly in the present and determined to overcome discrepancies, preserving sentiments and upholding the feelings we share, forged through our prolonged, shared history . A future based on mutual respect and trust among all Spaniards; one we can work toward in harmonious coexistence, each with their own personality and with the constructive spirit of a common undertaking .

“As heir to the Throne, I perform my

duties with enthusiasm, pride and

full confidence in our future.”


Ladies and Gentlemen, We Spaniards are experiencing a decisive time in our history . We are each called to give the best

of ourselves . As heir to the Throne, I perform my duties with enthusiasm, pride and full confidence in our future; and I strive —as I have always have— to serve the general interests of Spain with a will and all-embracing spirit . It is certainly my obligation, my duty, but also my conviction . This is what I think, what I feel and what I believe in .


26th OctOber 2012



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXXIII

25th October 2013

1


Arts

Michael Haneke

sociAl sciences

Saskia Sassen


Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science

literAture

Antonio Muñoz Molina


François Englert, Peter Higgs and

the European Organization for Nuclear Research (cern)


Annie Leibovitz

concord

Spanish Organization for the Blind (once)

sports

José María Olazábal


Laureates. Excerpts

When —on the occasion of being in Madrid for the first time to stage the opera— I entered the room containing Goya’s “Black Paintings” in the Prado Museum, I received a shock that I shall probably never forget . I actually started shaking and had difficulty remaining standing . I quickly left the room because I could not cope with it . But I had to go back . Whenever my obligations at the Teatro Real allowed me to do so, I would return to expose myself to the sensations that this work arouses in me .

I believe this experience with Art, which affected me with a vehemence almost unknown to me, can provide a delightful pretext to talk about the reason why I am here today as Laureate in the category of the Arts: the existent or non-existent possibilities of the influence of artistic creation or contemporary filmmaking .

Even though it is by no means certain that my own field of work, filmmaking, can even be considered Art . Since its invention at the beginning of the last century, the fairground nature of most cinematic production has done all it can to prevent it from being considered so .

Due to the particularity of being the most expensive of all artistic endeavours, while at the same time the one that is most ephemeral and dependent on the market, filmmaking finds itself in a particularly strained situation . The primary task of any film is to find as broad an audience as possible in order at least to cover its production costs and ensure the possibility of continuing to work with a certain degree of stability . As in other economic sectors, mistakes are not tolerated: those who repeatedly commit them are unlikely to have the opportunity to continue working . Added to this is the aggravating factor of competition from mass media, which, through their trivialization of aesthetic criteria and contents, necessitated by their dependency on ratings, do not precisely represent a sophisticated audiovisual school for the potential filmgoer .

Michael Haneke —Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts2013



For me, photography represents life itself . It is communication, and it allows the sharing of experience . It enables us to show others what we see –the things that fascinate us, the people and places we love and hold dear . Some photographers bring light to our difficulties and discontents, the things that betray us and hold us back . Others take us to worlds we could never visit, or help us better understand people we would otherwise never know .

At the same time, with a camera we can retain the vanishing moments of our lives . A photograph can ensure that we remember —for example— the amazing view that enchants us in the moment we see it, but then leaves our sight . Or the memorable event; the place we visit once; our children who grow up and change so quickly . The people we love and learn from . The happy, sad, profound moments which animate and enrich all our days . Photography has always had this incredible power to still and hold on to the present –before it disappears into the past .

And yet the value of photography as a serious enterprise has been in question since the invention of cameras . For a long time, the question was whether or not photography was Art . It was finally decided that the answer was “Yes”, but now the question is whether or not photography is actually dead .

There are conferences about this . At one of these conferences it was recently proposed that while photography might not be

dead, it was very likely that photographers were . Here during the same era when more people than ever before have accepted photography as an

art form, others wonder whether the still image will survive at all –in this age of digital imaging, camera phones, easily accessible video capture, and the ever-increasing importance of television and the Internet over the photographic object and the printed page . Is photography less special than ever, less meaningful, now that anyone can take a picture, that millions are made every second, and that no one is certain whether or how all these digital images will survive?

Annie Leibovitz —Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities2013



The passion for discovery, reflection and interpretation is as old as mankind . No matter the different names it has been given over time —from spiritualism to the algorithm building—, it is an endeavour that can take years; years spent pondering over a particular subject or puzzle .

However, the making of institutions, codes and a large number of inventions and interpretations appears only in particular periods . These range from the period of high scholarship in China, through the Academies of Ancient Greece and the great universities in Spain and France in the Middle Ages, up to the universities of our modern age . It all required vast amounts of work and of devoted workers and scholars .

This world of scholarship is today under attack, not simply large, visible attacks, but also under attack by Lilliputian deployments, thousands of small wounds .

Saskia Sassen —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences2013



Those who write know they have to devote as many hours and years to their craft as other artisans to theirs, and that they will not manage to achieve anything of value without that dedication . Yet they also know that commitment —in and of itself— does not guarantee the quality of the result, because experience and dedication can lead to stagnant mannerisms and self-parody . They also know that the “best” is sometimes recognized immediately and at other times ignored, and that what sometimes seemed “better” falls apart after a very short time and that, long after, a strange form of deferred justice shines the spotlight —with no possibility of compensation— on real talent which did not itself shine in their lifetime .

Disheartenment in the face of the uncertainties of the craft is further accentuated in times of uncertainty as bitter as these . It is difficult to speak of perseverance and the pleasure of working in a country where so many millions of people despairingly are without work . It is almost frivolous to ramble on about the lack of correspondence between merit and success in literature in a world where those with a job see their wages dwindle, while the better-off see their profits increase obscenely, in a country ravaged by a crisis in which those responsible go unpunished, while their victims receive no justice, where rectitude and a job well done are so often afforded less value than cheating or clientelism; in a country where the latest forms of demagoguery have given new life to the ancient contempt for intellectual work and knowledge .

Even so —and leaving civic responsibilities in their due place— the only acceptable remedy against the disheartenment of this craft lies in the craft itself . Writing, crafting all five senses into each word . Writing without succumbing to the slightest form of indulgence . Writing, accepting and enjoying the solitude and giving thanks for the network of other fundamental crafts that make it one of the least solitary and most communal crafts in the world, just as the craft of the musician and scientist is solitary and communal; giving thanks to the craftsmanship of the publisher, the proof-reader, the translator, the bookseller, the critic, that of other writers, one learns to admire, the craftsmanship of those who teach others to read and of those who transmit their love for literature in the classroom; giving thanks for the most pleasurable craft of all, that of the reader . Writing with the fear of not having readers and with the fear of losing them, surmounting praise and injuries equally . Writing, because, like any other craft, writing is primarily an act of affirmation, despite all the abnegation and impossibilities it involves . Writing, just because .

Antonio Muñoz Molina —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2013


25th OctOber 2013


Speech XXXIII

At this time and place, many memories and lessons come to mind each autumn . Memories that make us think, learn, discover and grow in terms of ideals and values which move us and strengthen our faith in humankind . I am referring, of course, to the words, images, books and feelings we zealously guard at the Foundation as the most precious of treasures, that we wish to preserve so as to share them without bound .

We meet once again to present our Awards to the Laureates whose work motivates us . It is a great privilege to see them assembled here at this celebration so significant and highly valued in

Asturias and beyond its borders . Welcome, therefore, to this land, accustomed to maintaining

with an iron will the values that have enabled it to progress while always managing to remain hopeful even in critical situations .

Today our Laureates receive well-deserved honours, for which we first and foremost congratulate them all . They also receive our gratitude, because through their example they remind each of us that we must assume our responsibilities with a sense of duty .

In turn, by acknowledging in them the best of science, culture, solidarity and sport, we enrich our cultural heritage and

offer an image far removed from the pessimism that so often holds us back from a better future . We also wholeheartedly thank our Trustees and Patrons, the media and the people whose

presence here contributes to the significance of this event and, in short, to all who support our goals . As the Inca Garcilaso already stated more than 400 years ago from magical Peru, “There is but

one world .” The work of the Foundation, summed up in each edition of our Awards, is perhaps the best example of our desire to open up and take part in that world, whose diversity is actually an opportunity —an opportunity for gathering and solidarity, for understanding, dialogue and cooperation—, never a problem nor an obstacle .

This evening, to a certain extent, this theatre proudly stands as a beacon of knowledge, wisdom and tolerance, and our greatest desire is for everyone, especially the young, to let themselves be guided by the excellence shining forth from this wonderful group of people .

Let us now learn a little more about our Laureates’ merits . The Award for the Arts has been conferred on Michael Haneke . Filmmaker, screenwriter and

playwright; in short, a person in whom an acute artistic sensitivity and a profound insight into the reality —and complexity— of human nature converge . That is why, perhaps, in addition to unanimously applauding him, the critics have dubbed him the “poet of the cinema of discomfort” .

There is a plethora of adjectives extolling the ethical and artistic intensity of his work: his vision is keen; his analyses, relentless; his discourse, consistent; his technical mastery, extraordinary; and his narrative pace and creation of suspense, masterful .

All thanks to an innovative talent which, by evocatively revealing the darker side of the human condition, has created a novel, overwhelmingly beautiful and eerily effective form of representing the world via the big screen

A form that makes us think, moves and unsettles us, obliges us to seek answers, leads us to question our very nature, how we live, what we do in our daily lives . In short, echoing Godard’s words, Haneke’s cinema is “a thought that forms, a form that thinks” .

The Dutch sociologist Saskia Sassen has received the Award for Social Sciences . A specialist in the study of migratory flows and the role of large cities in the global economy, she coined the term “global city”: that city which, according to Sassen, is a frontier zone .

“Our greatest desire is for everyone,

especially the young, to let themselves

be guided by the excellence shining forth

from this wonderful group of people.”

Watch video


Her interest also focuses on the mobility of labour and capital and the effect this mobility has on people and countries . Sassen maintains that historical frontiers have faded in favour of those created within global cities: virtual frontiers, built with ethereal elements such as large-scale trading and financial transactions .

Committed to her time, she does not hesitate to talk of the serious problems that globalization has caused: growing unemployment in some areas and the ensuing creation of precarious employment in others, emigration, impoverishment of the population, the desperate situations encountered in so many cities, making them uninhabitable .

Saskia Sassen both alerts and advises us as to how to improve the lives of millions of people who, day in, day out, suffer the effects of dealings not of their making and far beyond their control, even though these activities may be taking place in their own city, in their own neighbourhood, in these cities which have become frontier zones; cities which have, she states, a discourse we sometimes fail to listen to, but that nonetheless is directed at us .

The US photographer Annie Leibovitz has been granted the Award for Communication and Humanities . The art of photography finds in her person not only a universal photographer who has created a striking collection of portraits of the greatest figures of our time, but also someone who has pursued her work with the greatest intensity and utmost aesthetic sense .

The work of our Laureate is linked to the major media in the US . Photographs we all recall and personal snapshots; photographs of world famous celebrities and members of her own family; everyday objects; landscapes of some indeterminate

place . . . all become a stunning display in Leibovitz’s photos, a sculptural image, full of beauty . In addition to capturing the essence of the subjects in her portraits, she envelops them in a truly

special and unmistakable ambience . And she does so with a style that has created a school of its own, revealing her own particular outlook on life, her concerns, her interests, her tastes .

Someone once wrote that film is a miracle that can be seen . In Leibovitz’s works, photography is also like a miracle: moments captured with her camera that become eternal displays of sensitivity, beauty and love .

The physicists Peter Higgs and François Englert and the European Organization for Nuclear Research —cern— have received the Award for Technical and Scientific Research . We have to go back to 1964 to understand the importance of the work undertaken by Higgs and Englert, although their theses were not confirmed until July last year .

Peter Higgs, Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Edinburgh, and François Englert, who holds a similar Chair at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, worked independently during those years, but simultaneously formulated the existence of a subatomic particle at the origin of the mass of other particles, the so-called “Higgs boson” or “scalar boson” .

François Englert repeatedly reminds us, with generosity and humility, that he carried out his work in the company of the late Robert Brout, whose widow accompanies us here this evening and to whom we extend a particularly warm greeting . Back then, Englert and Peter Higgs described the symmetry breaking mechanism in the field of quantum field theory, thus providing a key to completing the Standard Model of Particle Physics .

These theories, analyses and data are extremely difficult to understand for the lay person . However, we are all basically aware that they are critical in the furtherance and progress of knowledge .

When cern proved the existence of the boson last year —recreating conditions similar to the Big Bang— we beheld the grandeur and significance of these theories and realized we had been made privy to the greatest discovery in the history of the understanding of Nature, a discovery which moreover confirmed current physical theories such as Einstein’s theory of relativity .

We are talking about science . We are also talking about a model international organization, cern, constituted by 20 member states, including Spain, a fact we are very proud of . Its facilities

“The men and women of Spain have faced

adversity with great courage and have shown

a capacity for sacrifice beyond question.”

25th OctOber 2013


have witnessed some of the most interesting research and discoveries in recent decades, the consequences of which are of high social value, as cern’s ultimate goal is knowledge and, in short, to improve the quality of human life .

The same spirit which shone in the life and mind of Albert Einstein also underpins the excellent work carried out by cern . As he said, “We live in the world when we love, and only a life lived for others is worth living .”

Spain’s Antonio Muñoz Molina has been distinguished with the Award for Literature . His prose is powerful and precise, while his outlook is melancholy, reminiscent of Cervantes . He also stands out for his distinctive sense of narrative pace . Reading Muñoz Molina is an unforgettable experience . With realism and descriptive power, he imbues his prose with the conviction that literature can better the lives of human beings; that literature shields us from so much malice and helps us enthusiastically confront everyday life, with all its longings and enigmas; that literature alleviates and rewards us, shelters and protects us .

As his much admired Primo Levi wrote, “by living and then writing about and pondering these events, I have learned many things about the world .” And that kind of learning appears at every turn in Muñoz Molina’s books; in every sentence, with every character, in the wake of a passion for literature that courses through their pages .

As stated by another great man of letters, the Portuguese writer Miguel Torga, “Giving without asking for anything in return is the only gift of the gods within the reach of humans .” That is the task Antonio Muñoz Molina has so generously and

—I believe— inescapably devoted himself to: to bringing us all the greatness of his beloved Sierra Mágina, all his love for humankind and solidarity with the most downtrodden, alongside a feeling of gratitude for the sacrifices of our forebears and rage over our failures . All so human, yet magical at the same time .

The Award for International Cooperation has gone to Germany’s Max Planck Society, which comprises a network of 80 scientific research institutions and enjoys an extraordinary reputation . Dozens of Nobel Laureates work and conduct research there and have done so throughout its history, as is also the case of some brilliant young Spanish scientists and our beloved Juan Cirac, who was distinguished here some years ago .

As with other major scientific institutions, like cern, the activities carried out by the Max Planck Society always look to the future —so essential in scientific research— while remaining true to a tradition that has afforded it enormous international respect .

The researchers at the Max Planck Society know they form part of a respected institution that boasts state-of-the-art facilities and equipment and, more importantly, a high degree of autonomy . Besides being extremely efficient, it is also selective, rigorous, demanding, flexible and right on the cutting edge . These are, without a doubt, the keys to the excellence and success of its scientific achievements; it is a mine of knowledge and progress .

José María Olazábal has been granted the Award for Sports . Here this evening we recall with special emotion —as we know he does— Severiano Ballesteros . Ballesteros was a teammate, friend and teacher to Olazábal, who, on hearing the Jury’s decision, stated how proud he feels to join the roster of Laureates this evening, especially because his much respected and cherished Seve has featured on that same list since 1989 .

Olazábal’s sporting victories on major golf courses around the world had their high point in the 2012 Ryder Cup, when he captained the European team with an extraordinary capacity for motivation and leadership . These successes are the result of many years of effort and dreams, as well as —we know— a great deal of suffering, overcome thanks to a spirit of sacrifice and willpower that are part of the cumulus of human qualities we all recognize in him .

Olazábal is, thus, a role model for the all-round athlete, whom we congratulate here today for

“Spanish society is thus once again providing

an example of maturity, responsibility and

civic awareness that it is only right and

proper to recognize in the highest degree.”


his triumphs and, above all, for the perseverance and strength he has shown . Thank you maestro, and not just for being a golfing maestro .

The Spanish Organization for the Blind, once, has received the Award for Concord . This recognition has thrilled the people of Spain, as once not only has a long track record of efficacy and work well done in our country, but also the respect and affection of our society .

They like to sum up all their efforts in a single word: hope . Hope which has led this unique, ground-breaking organization to serve as a model of social inclusion for dozens of countries, giving rise to initiatives and formulas for the integration of people with disabilities in over 25 states in America, Africa and the European Union .

To name just one of the many possible examples, let us recall that many thousands of children with severe visual impairment can now receive an education thanks to once’s educational projects in Latin America .

This is but a mere fraction of the work once and its foundations carry out and the goals they continue to achieve . Exceptional work, solidly built up over 75 years with great effort, love and always… hope .

Ladies and Gentlemen, At the end of July last, a district of Santiago de Compostela, Angrois, gave all the people of

Spain a lesson in courage and solidarity; one of great humanity . No sooner had that terrible train accident occurred, its residents immediately went down to the railway lines to save lives; to help the injured and assist the emergency services; to comfort the relatives of the casualties .

Some days later, the Princess and I were deeply moved upon hearing their story: with a heavy heart, they described their ordeal in detail and humbly acknowledged to us that they had only done their duty as human beings and as citizens . I am convinced that any village or town in Spain would have acted in

the same way as Angrois in equally tragic circumstances… examples abound . However, this in no way diminishes the great merit of their attitude and the exemplary value of their actions .

I have commenced this final part of my speech with the example of this small Galician village as a reference, as a stimulus to address the pessimism, frustration and mistrust that affect many Spaniards today . It is not hard —and I say this with humility— to understand and respect the feelings and reasoning that motivate this frame of mind in each individual . However, we cannot remain indifferent or do nothing; we must react .

Today is a day that I would therefore like to encourage us all —and I know it is not easy— to overcome that mindset . We need the efforts and collaboration of all… but what we really need is to restore the hope and confidence that underlies any successful endeavour, whether individual or collective, as in the many successes we have achieved in the recent decades of our history .

At the end of my speech last year, I stated that we needed to promote a collective consciousness that valued all that is positive in us, that recognizes our capabilities and strengths and enhances our self-esteem . Without doubt, Spain boasts great material assets with which to face our difficulties . However, we often forget that the most solid asset —the asset of greatest value we possess— is precisely our people, Spanish society as a whole, a society which is demonstrating that this is so through its behaviour during these truly difficult years .

The men and women of Spain have faced adversity with great courage and have shown a capacity for sacrifice beyond question . Many Spaniards, millions in fact, struggle every day to get by with honesty, effort, courage and humility; they are the ones that truly make Spain a great nation, one that is worth living in and loving, and one worth fighting for . Spanish society is thus once again providing an example of maturity, responsibility and civic awareness that it is only right and proper to recognize in the highest degree .

We are not, however, in the Spain that saddened Unamuno; in the country which, as he said, “each lives alone amidst others” . Solidarity is very present . So many Spaniards are devoting a

“Many Spaniards, millions in fact,

struggle every day to get by with honesty,

effort, courage and humility.”

25th OctOber 2013


portion of their time to helping others; and there are also many young volunteers who have flocked to the flag of social commitment .

All the social institutions, public and private alike, are turning to those in greatest need and in greatest suffering . While within families, the elderly are setting a great example of generosity by sharing the efforts of a life full of sacrifices with the younger members .

Nor, thankfully, do we live in a society in which insurmountable pessimism has taken hold, as at other times in our history . Public affairs are debated in civil society; institutions and forums are created with the aim of contributing ideas, proposals and more in a constructive spirit . It is not a society indifferent to the management of matters of general interest, nor to our future . We have a living society, a society with a pulsing heart .

I firmly believe, moreover, that the fraternal feelings generated over many centuries of coexistence are very present among us; centuries of sharing deep historical and family ties, so many emotions collectively suffered or enjoyed together . Feelings, in short, of respect, esteem and affection —of friendship— which have shaped us and which we must ever preserve and nurture, at all times, over and above tensions, discrepancies and disagreements .

Spanish society has set down firm roots in democracy and freedom, it rejects violence and intolerance and has been able to integrate into its ranks people of different religions, languages and customs, many of whom today feel proud to have achieved the dream of becoming a Spanish

citizen . We are a society true to our European vocation, proud of our Latin American dimension, aware of our place and our responsibility in the world… a world we are open to .

We also live with a profound desire to progress and adapt to the demands of the times . Society demands rigorous reflection so as never again to commit unacceptable errors and excesses, with the firm desire to build a future based on rigour, trustworthiness, effort and honesty . A future of solidarity,

based on strong ethical principles, in which integrity is rooted within our collective life and the management of our resources .

We thus have many reasons, ladies and gentlemen, for surmounting adversity . To do so, we can count on the strength of Spanish society and its determination to overcome difficulties as the best guarantee for our future . We can count on the aspirations and hopes of our citizens as the best hope for Spain .

A nation that millions and millions of citizens have built over the centuries and that today, all together in a shared project, we have the responsibility to carry forward in an ever unfinished endeavour . A nation that has never wavered in the face of adversity or renounced any of its dreams . A nation whose history is critical to understanding and explaining the history of humankind .

Ladies and Gentlemen, I now bring to a close this ceremony replete with memories and emotions . Today is a day that

strengthens our bond and commitment to the values that have at all times enabled mankind to progress and to the highest feelings defining humans .

The work of our Laureates and the example of the greatness and dignity of the citizens of a small village in Galicia —a great exemplary Spanish village— both comfort and encourage us . They give us confidence; they spur us to be optimistic and to have hope; they make us see that doing things well is the way to make a better world and a better Spain .


“Society demands rigorous reflection

so as never again to commit

unacceptable errors and excesses.”




L.D.: AS 03463–2015

Speech XXXIV

24th October 2014

1


Arts

Frank O. Gehry

sociAl sciences

Joseph Pérez


Fulbright Program

literAture

John Banville


Avelino Corma Canós, Mark E. Davis and Galen D. Stucky


Joaquín Salvador Lavado Tejón, Quino

concord

Caddy Adzuba

sports

New York City Marathon


Laureates. Excerpts

In our particular case, our daily activity is carried out in the laboratory and we have almost become used to our imagination being controlled by the laws of physics and chemistry . Although it is true that they do not prevent us from dreaming about crystal structures and the pathways via which molecules circulate and react . They do not prevent us from building new molecules that are not only beautiful, but also functional, without which it would not be possible to understand the advances made in medicine . One might say that if physics allows us to understand and explain Nature, chemistry has the ability to create, allowing us to generate previously non-existent molecules and materials . I would like to convey the idea that chemistry is a branch of knowledge which is both comprehensive and cross-disciplinary, as it feeds into materials science, biochemistry, biomedicine and so many other fields . Our ultimate goal is to control and direct chemical reactions in order to selectively obtain the desired product . In fact, life is based precisely on this chemical selectivity . Life would thus be the result of a large number of concatenated chemical reactions . Moreover, and although this idea is sometimes irrationally repudiated, our deepest emotions and feelings are also the result of the chemical reactions that occur in the body . However, for chemical reactions to be described as being successful, they must selectively generate the target molecule . Unfortunately, very few reactions lead solely to the desired product itself, but rather give rise to other by-products in most cases . So, how can it be that the host of chemical reactions constantly occurring in living beings happens to do so in such a selective way? The answer to this question lies in enzymes . These are simply biological catalysts that Nature has been developing and improving through evolution . Catalysts are responsible for increasing the rate of chemical reactions and channelling them to obtain the desired product . (…)

We live in an age dominated by an economy that is at times dehumanizing; making increasingly greater profits is almost the sole objective, while at the same time demanding short-term results from education and research without realizing that the path of learning and knowledge generation is a long one, one which constitutes a journey requiring continuous effort and resources . We must not forget that the purpose of universities and public research centres is not merely to train sound technical specialists duly qualified to succeed in their professional careers . What we wish and pursue is for our young people to receive a well-rounded education as free human beings aware of their social responsibilities; people convinced that our ultimate goal is to achieve a fairer society and who know that we have inherited our planet “on loan”, to be passed on to future generations in optimum condition .

Avelino Corma Canós —Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research 2014

Excerpt from the speech given on the occasion of receiving the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research on 24/10/2014.


In his book The Names of Christ, the Augustinian friar known as Fray Luis de León provides us with some thoughts on how to establish peace among men and nations . Fray Luis begins with St Augustine’s definition: peace is the tranquillity that precedes order . Peace thus consists of two elements: order and serenity .

Order, in the sense that all things must keep their proper place; each one should pay others the respect and courtesy that is due to them . Peace also demands serenity; that is to say, concord, consent, overt or tacit acceptance: “order by and in itself, without rest does not bring peace; nor do rest and serenity, if order is absent .”

In other words, peace —to be truly so— supposes justice, without which it would be no more than the mere absence of war or, more exactly, it would be a sort of war that has yet to be openly declared . The requirement of serenity —of acceptance and consent— breaks the impasse that the mere need for order may entail . When the current order is no longer accepted, another form of organization is needed to restore serenity . It hence follows that order in itself is not an absolute value that must be maintained at all costs; it is only valid insofar as it is accompanied by serenity and deserves the freely given endorsement of all parties . Order and serenity are thus in a dialectical relationship; order without serenity degenerates into armed peace, tyranny, despotism; serenity without order leads to immoral, reprehensible situations . True peace requires that order and serenity walk hand in hand .

Joseph Pérez —Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences2014



It is a very great honour, and a very great pleasure, to be here today, at the heart of the Principality of Asturias to receive this splendid award, for wich I offer heartfelt thanks .Humankind’s most momentous invention is the sentence . There have been great civilizations that did not have the concept of the wheel, but they had to have had the sentence, for without it they would have been neither great nor civilized . It is with the sentence that we think, speculate, calculate, imagine . It is with the sentence that we declare love, declare war, declare oaths—it is with the sentence that we declare the self . Our laws are written in sentences . One might go so far as to say that it is in sentences that our very world itself is written .

Others will make other claims . The scientist will say that the invention of mathematics is our supreme achievement as a species . And it is true, the language of mathematics is a thing of sublime beauty . Its great strength is its rigour . However, the great strength of the sentence, and by extension language, is that rigour is precisely, gloriously, what it lacks . No matter how clear, direct and simple a sentence is, it will always at some level be ambiguous . And the essence of life is ambiguity .

The language of sentences wraps itself around reality, in an endless effort to encompass it, to comprehend it, to express it . The effort is in vain, as it must be . Ultimate reality is ultimately beyond us . There is no such thing as the thing-in-itself: there are only the relations between things . All is contingency . As Emerson beautifully says, “We live amid surfaces, and the true art of life is to skate well on them .” Language, we may think, cuts no ice, but it does cut wonderful figures .

John Banville —Prince of Asturias Award for Literature2014



Today, Congolese women who have been victims of armed conflict, who have suffered violence and rape, have lost all dignity and honour . These women, whose genitals have been subjected to the vilest of assaults, who have been forced into sexual slavery and have been rejected by their own community, have suffered for 18 years . Eighteen years of torture, 18 years of devastation, 18 years of aimless flight and displacement, 18 years of extreme poverty .

The children born of this atrocity of sexual slavery in times of war are themselves victims of rape when they are young girls, or forcibly recruited into armed gangs when they are young boys: a vicious circle of suffering and desolation that directly jeopardizes the future of the Congolese nation, with its thousands of unschooled children traumatized by the horrors of war .

It is an open secret . Several reports from international NGOs and UN experts have denounced the organized, premeditated slaughter in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Various peace meetings and the signing of peace agreements between the Congolese government and the warring parties led us to believe, at one point, in an imminent end to the conflict .

Sadly, however, women are still being raped, children are still being forcibly recruited into armed factions, families are aimlessly treading the path of exile, entire villages are being burned to the ground, people’s belongings are still being looted .

No, our war has not finished . We are at war . A war that has been deliberately relegated to obscurity .

What is the reason for this war? What is the reason for the suffering of these raped women? Are peace and human dignity a luxury for poor women? Are these women condemned to suffer the horrors of a war they have not schemed?

Allow me to bring to account here certain multinational companies which, in the pursuit of their own interests, have contributed to plunging this great and beautiful country, the Congo, into a sea of blood and fire, taking the lives of more than 6 million people and depriving more than 500,000 women who have suffered rape of their dignity and honour . (…)

For how long will we continue to ignore the pain of women who have been raped in the Democratic Republic of Congo?

Congolese women, with ravaged bodies and souls, demand justice and reparation; they demand that the indirect authors hiding in the shadows be pursued along with the material authors . It is proper and fair that those who fund and sustain this horror for economic reasons should be brought to account for their actions .

Spain, one of the few European countries that have experienced the horrors of dictatorship in the recent past and which, in such a short period of time, has managed to construct a country of human rights, a country in which women’s rights are respected on a national and international scale, a haven of peace, a country of justice… Spain —as I was saying— will know how you use all its weight to exert pressure before the international community in favour of these Congolese women, whose only desire is to be able to live in peace in their country and satisfy their children’s needs . This justice requires strong, competent institutions . We therefore suggest that an International Criminal Tribunal (ict) be created for the Democratic Republic of Congo like the one created for Rwanda so that the crimes committed against Congolese women in these last 18 years do not go unpunished and, at the same time, to reinforce the mandate of the International Criminal Court .

Caddy Adzuba —Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 2014


24th OctOber 2014


Speech XXXIV

On 24th September 1980, a small group of Asturians created our foundation, the Prince of Asturias Foundation . It took place in a formal ceremony held in this city, under the presidency of my parents, King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía .

They were times of uncertainty and concern, but above all of special enthusiasm and hope; they were times when we dreamed of concord and freedom . The aim of the prime movers of this initiative was to take up these feelings, inspired by the broad and generous course laid out by the recently approved Constitution .

The Prince of Asturias Awards thus came into being with the aim of creating bonds between the heir to the Crown and the Principality and of establishing a commitment to culture and humanism . They came into being to thank and pay tribute to those who make sacrifices to create a better world . They came into being, in short, to distinguish those who wish to make life an act of continuous creation .

One year later —one that was, moreover, to be especially impressed on my memory—, while still a child, I presented the first Awards and gave my first speech in public in this very theatre . And thus, supported by the power of dreams and eager hope, convinced that there is nothing that courageous hearts cannot fully achieve, we have pressed on year after year .

Here, I listened —we listened— to masterful lessons, lucid reflections that encourage the spirit of knowing how to comprehend; poets who have sung to freedom, to life . We have borne witness to brave, sincere words of commitment . Each year, I have been deeply touched as I —as we all— have heard teachings and ideas that have shaped and enriched my life; and surely that of many others .

Since then we have followed a long and fruitful course . Thirty-four years have passed, during which the hours of serenity have been few . Nevertheless, we have tried not to fall into the temptation of taking the easy path, of giving way to banality, impatience or dismay . We have made

no concession to routine or complacency . For all these reasons, you will all understand how moved I

am to return here today as King, to present these Awards and to preside over this ceremony . You will all understand how much gratitude I feel deep in my heart, how many unforgettable memories and sentiments reside deep inside me . You will all understand the care and dedication The Queen and I put into raising our daughters, Leonor, Princess of Asturias, and Princess Sofía, so that a commitment such as ours to this noble cause and all that it entails might grow within them, as well .

And so, on this most special occasion, I wish to thank the many, many people who have helped us, those who have worked with diligence and conviction, the Trustees and Patrons, the Juries, the media and, of course, the people of Asturias, who welcome us so affectionately each time we visit Asturias .

We also thank Queen Sofía, whose support for us has never faltered during all these years . And above all, I wish to thank our Laureates, who accompany us here today in this ceremony ennobling it with their presence . They bring to mind, yet another year, its deep, true meaning; and I will now address my words to them .

The American architect Frank Gehry has been granted the 2014 Award for the Arts . The artistic vision, creative force and beauty with which he executes his projects have always stood out in his work . In Spain, the building of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao constituted a unique event; not only for its spectacular beauty, but also for the transformational effect it had on the city . We associate Gehry’s name and work with light, with the lustre of new materials; we associate them

“Supported by the power of dreams and

eager hope, convinced that there is nothing

that courageous hearts cannot fully achieve,

we have pressed on year after year.”

Watch video


with a magical style of architecture, the reflection of a master builder, of a professional who —as he has stated— always brings to fruition what he imagines: architectural works brimming with vitality and breath-taking beauty .

Frank Gehry’s example constitutes an invitation for Spain to continue being an artistic and cultural leader in all fields; and is an invitation for Spaniards to continue exhibiting and sharing their creativity both within and beyond our borders .

The Award for Social Sciences has been bestowed on French historian and Hispanist Joseph Pérez, whose parents were from Bocairent, Valencia . His studies, research and publications are of the highest scientific value . He has taken particular interest in the Modern Age, addressing historical topics and figures such as the Black Legend, the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492, the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, Philip II of Spain and Cardinal Cisneros . His painstakingly documented analyses and studies add no fuel to half- or supposed truths, seeking always to be objective, balanced and free of platitudes .

With profound respect for data and historical facts, Joseph Pérez masterfully highlights all that has progressively shaped the historical development of Spain and Spanish America, with both its mistakes and its major successes . In his hands, history is the authentic version of that which defines and distinguishes us, which fashions us as a people and which explains us and gives meaning to our raison d’être .

What Joseph Pérez’s teachings have to offer Spaniards could not be more germane . Joaquín Salvador Lavado Tejón, better known as Quino, has received the Award for

Communication and Humanities . This is the first time our Awards recognize a cartoonist and they do so distinguishing the work of a man who strives, as he has said, “to cause the world go over to the side of the good guys .”

Born of his keen and intuitive insight, Mafalda and the other characters devised by Quino are profoundly human, as well as being endowed with intelligent irony, sweet innocence or overwhelming common sense .

Son of Andalusian parents exiled in Argentina, he has also experienced exile first-hand . Nonetheless, he has managed to imbue his characters with a remarkable capacity for conveying universal educational values; as universal as the admiration and affection his splendid cartoons and drawings also arouse .

Quino’s work reminds us Spaniards —and anyone from any other society— of the need to always be guided by the finest and soundest principles and values, and to do so with a genuine feeling of deep-seated humanity .

The chemists Avelino Corma, Mark E . Davis and Galen D . Stucky have been granted the Award for Technical and Scientific Research . The three professors believe that advances in chemical science can —and should— change the world and make it a more humane place .

They are also well aware that their discoveries, inventions and patents are the result of the collaborative work of teams of scientists who share their enthusiasm and desire to do science, and also the desire to reveal the existence of what is known as “green chemistry”, the aims of which are to preserve the environment, improve industry, making it cleaner and more sustainable, as well as to make certain drugs more effective and less harmful to humans, especially those used in the fight against cancer . These are laudable goals, which Corma, Davis and Stucky likewise ennoble with their continued teaching responsibilities, with their exemplary dedication and commitment .

Their work is proof that technical and scientific research is always necessary for the progress of societies and of humanity as a whole . Spain must again garner the greatest support possible for research, because it is a sine qua non to be able to progress and better compete, essential to our prestige and capacity to help others and, above all, for our own well-being .

Irish writer John Banville has received the Award for Literature . Reading Banville’s novels reveals an author with a finely honed prose, replete with gleams of beauty . For that reason he has been described as a pure writer, one happily obsessed with words, a lover of sentences . That is also why the descriptions in his novels constitute pieces of major Art with a capital A, pieces of an imagined reality

24th OctOber 2014


that always manage to move the reader . All this reveals his intense love for the written word, his deep respect for literature and a capacity for expressing beauty and its different forms that amazes us .

In his original language or in the magnificent Spanish translations of his books, John Banville emerges as a virtuoso possessing a mastery of language that allows him, under the pseudonym Benjamin Black, to write works of an entirely different tone and theme, works written with a faster-paced, more efficient style, though nonetheless intense .

The reverie in which he states he writes envelops his work in a special, distinctive light; a light on which the colours of reality constantly depend, as his much admired James Joyce put it .

The Award for International Cooperation has been conferred on the Fulbright Program, sponsored by the United States Government and currently active in 150 countries . Knowledge, reason and compassion are the three words that the creator of the program, Senator Fulbright, used to define its aims . Three words that explain the intense activity the Program has undertaken since 1946 and the excellence it has maintained, preserved and fomented since then .

The Fulbright Program is an instrument for peace and friendship among nations, which, as our fellow countryman Jovellanos stated more than 200 years ago, are more prosperous

and fortunate when their prime fountainhead is a public education of excellence . With this same conviction, those in charge of the Fulbright Program are well aware that their work is a form of cultural exchange, dialogue and understanding . It is, in short, an experience based on the defence and avowal of the highest values of the human spirit and hence has borne the best fruits and will continue to do so in the future .

Since the late 1950s, Spain has enjoyed the benefits of the Fulbright Program through scholarships granted by the Fulbright Commission . Thanks to these scholarships, thousands of Spanish students have studied in the USA and thousands of Americans have likewise done so in Spain, thereby creating over the years a network of cooperation between our countries which —as I recalled last September at the Institute of International Education (IIE) in New York— share the same values of democracy and freedom .

This network is a symbol of the excellent relations that unite us and that —thanks to the exchange of knowledge, ideas, culture and science— have been strengthened and become more enduring . We are pleased that this is so and we are also confident this network will continue to be strengthened, much to the satisfaction of both countries .

The New York City Marathon, the most popular race of its kind held in the world, has received the Award for Sports this year . This is a race built on the enthusiasm of thousands of people —both professionals and amateurs— who enjoy running through city streets, transforming them for a few hours into a show of solidarity, effort, dignity and sportsmanship .

It is likewise a personal challenge for the participants, a race that provides the wonderful feeling of taking part in an extraordinary event that also attracts over two million spectators and which counts on the support of more than 9,000 volunteers . This all makes the New York City Marathon an example, a model of peaceful coexistence and unity, a sporting event created and held for the sole, engaging purpose of enjoying running together .

It is an authentic example of the grandeur of being united, of advancing together, with generosity and sportsmanship, looking to the horizon of a common goal shared by one and all .

Finally, ladies and gentlemen, journalist Caddy Adzuba, from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has received the Award for Concord .

As Gandhi put it so cogently, “The most atrocious of all bad acts committed by people is the silence of good people .” And Azduba does not wish to be silent… cannot be silent… is not willing for silence to spread over the barbarism and violence suffered by women and children in her country —and in many other countries—, because only through truth can answers and solutions be found to prevent, stop or repair these evil acts .

“Society needs moral references to admire and

respect; ethical principles to recognize and

observe; civic values to preserve and foster.”


So Caddy Adzuba speaks out… asks why… says what is happening, repeats over and over again what she has experienced and suffered… what so many women and children experience and suffer, and, in so doing, opens the way for hope . She also strives to make us all understand that there is a need to shine light on the darkest realms of reality… that it is necessary to warn against the violation of human rights… to warn against injustice .

Caddy Adzuba’s brave, self-sacrificing and perilous work makes us think of all the innocent victims that this woman wishes to give voice to . They experience a horror that we wish did not

exist, one that we even find impossible to believe does exist . Today, from this corner of Spain, we presume to look Caddy

Adzuba in the eye to thank her for her commitment to such a worthy cause and to recognize her heroic conduct, which we admire, respect and staunchly support .

Yet, while maintaining her gaze, full of strength and hope, we cannot overlook the pain and anguish that the recent epidemic of Ebola is generating in Africa . A severe crisis that forces the international community to coordinate and commit more effort

with greater efficiency to fighting the virus and its global contagion, and to treating those affected . And in this fight, inspiring stories of dedication, generosity and professionalism stand

out in which doctors, healthcare workers, scientists, members of religious orders, voluntary workers and soldiers play the major role . Our thanks go to all of them and, particularly, to our compatriots for showing us we can trust in their competence and capacities; they are —you are— Spain’s pride .

Ladies and Gentlemen, On 24th September 1980 —at a truly trying time— hope was born in Asturias . That hope lives

on, as our Awards are today admired and respected throughout the world . Today, more than ever, we need them as a stimulus and inspiration in these crucial, intense times of renewal . Society needs moral references to admire and respect; ethical principles to recognize and observe; civic values to preserve and foster .

And this social awareness is the one we must use to bolster our coexistence . It is this necessary, collective, moral drive with which we can —and should— make Spain a nation of hope, full of life and thought; full of ideas worthy of its citizens’ trust; of projects that appeal to the minds and will of one and all and conquer our hearts .

With these convictions, we will dispel the pessimism, distrust and disenchantment of many citizens who so admirably demonstrate a capacity of endeavour and sacrifice worthy of all respect .

We also want a Spain devoid of division and discord . For that reason, on 19th June I pointed out before the Spanish Parliament the duty and need to guarantee and —at the same time— revitalize our coexistence .

For the last 35 years or more, our democracy has not resulted from improvisation, but from the determined will of the Spanish people to establish social and democratic rule of law in Spain, based on the principles of freedom and equality, justice and pluralism; a state in which all of us —citizens and institutions alike— are equally subject to said rule of law .

Respecting and observing this constitutional, democratic framework is the guarantor of our coexistence in freedom . It is the necessary guarantor enabling all Spaniards to exercise their rights, enabling institutions and citizens to fulfil their duties and assume their responsibilities, and allowing our shared existence to function in an orderly fashion .

However, we must take care of and foster this coexistence . Let us look to our history with serenity, objectivity and wisdom . Let us recognize its fortunes

and misfortunes, and let us learn from all of them so as not to commit —not to repeat— the errors of the past . Because Spain has never before attained the surge of progress we have achieved thanks to the efforts of one and all, especially in recent decades . Let us therefore be proud of how much we have done together… and done so well .

“Respecting and observing this constitutional,

democratic framework is the guarantor

of our coexistence in freedom.”

24th OctOber 2014


However, we not only have a common history . We share common interests and values; we have one and the same desire to belong to Europe, to be Europe . Above all, we share sentiments . We Spaniards are no longer each other’s rivals . We journey the same path . What is more, I am convinced that understanding, consideration, affection and mutual respect are sentiments rooted deep in the heart of all Spaniards; sentiments shared from north to south and east to west . And we must never forget —much less forego— these sentiments . Quite the contrary; we must preserve and nurture them .

Also let us value what we are doing —with enormous sacrifice and effort on the part of many Spaniards— to jointly overcome one of the deepest economic crises in our recent history .

And let us be aware that, like any advanced society, we must face the future with the strength required of us by a different world to the one we have known; a world that walks towards greater integration and not the opposite . It is a complex future, of course; but one brimming with new opportunities . That is one of the greatest challenges we face as a country . Let us work together then —as I also pointed out on 19th June—, each with our individual traits, on an inclusive project, owned and shared by one and all, looking always to the future .

In short, let us follow the wise advice of Unamuno . “Create wealth, create a homeland, create art, create science, create ethics .” Sage words that must resonate with the force with which they have withstood time, without aging .

Ladies and Gentlemen, Our Laureates are the Foundation’s greatest assets . Individuals and institutions convinced

that with courage, honour and generosity, the most challenging goals can be achieved . They are, in short, individuals and institutions that dedicate their existence to others, to us all . Today we recognize their merits and the value of their works .

For, as our dear Vicente Ferrer said, doing good serves to fill a lifetime . Doing good to others, ladies and gentlemen, serves to endow life with meaning .

Thank you .

“However, we not only have a common history.

We share common interests and values; we have

one and the same desire to belong to Europe,

to be Europe.”



L.D.: AS 03463–2015

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