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JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
XML + Semantics = DARPA Agent XML + Semantics = DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)Markup Language (DAML)
William Holmes, Dr. Paul Kogut
Management & Data Systems
Valley Forge, PA
June 4, 2001
Page 2 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
RoadmapRoadmap The Semantic Web Agents & Ontologies Object Management Group (OMG) Initiatives The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)
What is it? How does it fit in? / What is its role?
LM M&DS UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT) Ontology Design & Consistency Checking Automated Annotation via AeroTextTM
Page 3 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
RING … RING ...Hello?
Hi Pete, it’s Lucy. I’m at the doctor’s office. Mom needs to see a specialist and then has to have a series of physical therapy sessions.
Biweekly or something. Can you split the chauffeuring with me?
Sure Lucy.
Semantic Web: The VisionSemantic Web: The Vision
Great! I’ll have my agent set up the appointments.
* Berners-Lee, Hendler, Lassila “The Semantic Web” Scientific American, May 2001
Page 4 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
The VisionThe Vision
Semantic Web
Lucy’s agent retrieves informationabout Mom’s prescribed treatment
from the doctor’s agent.
Lucy’s agent looks up several lists of providers and checks for ones
in-plan for Mom’s insurance, within a 20-mile radius of her home, and
with a rating of excellent or very good.
Schedule a treatment plan for Mom using Pete and my schedules. Only use
providers that are in-plan for Mom’sinsurance, are within a 20-mile radius,
and have a rating of excellent or very good.
Lucy’s agent formulates a schedule of appointments for therapists with
appointments available that fit into Pete and Lucy’s schedule.
* Berners-Lee, Hendler, Lassila “The Semantic Web” Scientific American, May 2001
Page 5 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
That’s Great but How?That’s Great but How? Need Agents
Definition (Merriam-Webster): one who is authorized to act for or in the place of another as a
business representative
Provide a means of processing the volumes of information found on the web.
Need Ontologies Definition:
Philosophy - A theory about the nature of existence. A.I. - A formal definition of relations among terms.
Provide a “semantic grounding” for the web.
Page 6 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
What are Agents?What are Agents? In software, “Agent” is used in many different ways:
persistent process/daemon: mobile code autonomous robots “intelligent agent” - what makes it intelligent?
simple definitions that capture the essence of agents:
an Object that decides when to say go and when to say no - OMG
“programs that operate at a high enough semantic level that they can form new connections to other programs in order to get a job done” Burstein, McDermott
Page 7 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Why Agents?Why Agents? Agents are the next generation of middleware
– built on top of existing middleware (e.g., CORBA, EJB, Jini) – run-time integration via dynamic discovery and resource negotiation
– emphasis on broker and facilitator agents (e.g. yellow pages)
Agents are the next generation user interface– more complex applications require personal assistant agents – multi-modal interfaces e.g. speech, handwriting, gestures – user specifies goals and agent handles details according to user
preferencesInternet / Intranet agents
personal assistantagent
I need to go to Fort Worthon Monday for 3 days.
itinerary, tickets & maps
hotels car rental
airlinesmaps
Page 8 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Why Agents? (Cont.)Why Agents? (Cont.) Agents are the next level of component abstraction
agents are components with attitudes beliefs, desires, goals…*
agents interact like humans via speech acts request, inform, promise
agents share a context for efficient communication domain model ontologies are used at run-time ontology agent/services - query, retrieve and translate ontologies
*Labrou, Finin, Peng “Agent Communication Languages:The Current Landscape” IEEE Intelligent Systems March/April 1999
Page 9 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Examples of Agent Applications*Examples of Agent Applications* personal assistant - digital secretary
– travel arrangements– meeting schedule coordination– personalized information filtering– mobile computing
internet/intranet information retrieval/summarization electronic commerce enterprise workflow - e.g., sales, order processing, shipping military command and control synthetic characters (e.g., Extempo Systems, Virtual Personalities) robots - manufacturing, office, domestic design and engineering
*see Hendler “Is There An Intelligent Agent in Your Future?” http://helix.nature.com/webmatters/agents/agents.html
Page 10 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
OntologiesOntologies Machine readable semantic specifications.
Include terms, relations, and inference rules What does “capital” mean?
Seat of government (Tallahassee, Harrisburg, Austin) An upper-case letter monies, securities, investments, etc… the top of a column or pillar.
XML is Not Enough!!! Allows definition of syntax, but not semantics (meaning) Can be considered the “Assembly Language” of the Web.
Page 11 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
OMG InitiativesOMG Initiatives OMG Agent Platform Special Interest Group (SIG)
extend the OMG Object Management Architecture (OMA) to better support agent technology
identify and recommend new OMG specifications in the agent area recommend agent-related extensions to existing and emerging OMG
specifications promote standard agent modeling techniques see http://www.objs.com/agent/index.html
OMG Ontology Working Group Align the domain modeling activities of OMG with the Semantic Web
initiative of the World Wide Web Consortium and with related ontology development projects such as DARPA DAML and IEEE SUO (Standard Upper Ontology).
Page 12 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DDARPA ARPA AAgent gent MMarkup arkup LLanguageanguage Machine-Readable Ontologies & Annotation (markup) Aimed at “Resources”, Not just web-pages
Sensors Services Appliances
Lots of industry Buzz* Scientific American IEEE Distributed Systems New York Times ZDNet …
*See http://www.daml.org/inthenews.html
Page 13 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DAML: Basic IdeaDAML: Basic Idea
webpages
DAMLannotation
DAMLontologies
agentsagents
web crawlersweb crawlers
querie
s
querie
s
queriesqueries
linkslinks
annotateannotatemanually ormanually or
semi-automaticallysemi-automatically
DAMLannotation
RDBMS
data
schema
queriesqueries
queriesqueries
linkslinks
web pages, databases, legacy software, devices, sensors...web pages, databases, legacy software, devices, sensors...have annotations linking their terms to ontologieshave annotations linking their terms to ontologies
Page 14 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DAML Annotation: Extreme MetadataDAML Annotation: Extreme Metadata
documentdocumentparsing infoparsing info
Evolution of MetadataEvolution of Metadata
keywordskeywordsXMLXML
schemaschema
browserbrowser web crawlerweb crawler XMLXMLparsersparsers
Subject verb objectSubject verb objectsemantics forsemantics for
selected sentencesselected sentencesFull semanticsFull semanticsfor all content for all content
agentsagents(near-term)(near-term)
agentsagents(future)(future)
implicit semantic agreements on paper!implicit semantic agreements on paper!
explicit semantic agreements via machine-readable ontologiesexplicit semantic agreements via machine-readable ontologies
Page 15 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DAML ProgramDAML Program Main DAML website = www.daml.org Duration: August 2000 to Fall 2002 Approach:
MIT W3C semantic web activity http://www.w3c.org/2001/sw/ “The semantic Web and its languages” in IEEE Intelligent
Systems, November/December 2000, pages 67-73 available at http://www.ksl.Stanford.EDU/projects/DAML/
Extend XML/RDF represent ontologies annotate web pages and other information with links to ontologies
Page 16 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DAML Program DAML Program (Cont.)(Cont.)
17 research teams and 1 integration team industry, academia and World Wide Web Consortium expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic and web
technologies cooperation with European Union IST Program
www.daml.org/committee/
DAML language definition Ontology Definition Rules Definition
Page 17 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
DAML Program DAML Program (Cont.)(Cont.)
DAML tools ontology development and verification web page annotation dynamic composition of agent services distributed query processing and inference ontology translation
DAML trial applications Government: Intelink, Center for Army Lessons Learned Commercial: e-commerce, information retrieval
Page 18 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
The Origins of DAMLThe Origins of DAML Extensible Markup Language (XML)
provides syntactic interoperability depends on implicit semantic agreements
Resource Description Framework (RDF) designed to represent metadata for web resources in an XML syntax triples:
RDF Schema (RDFS) adds OO concepts: class and subclass
XMLXML
RDFRDF
RDFSRDFS
DAMLDAML
* For more information see www.w3.org
<shoeGen:GovermentOrganization rdf:ID="DARPA”/><shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage rdf:about="http://www.darpa.mil/"> <shoeProj:authorOrg rdf:resource="#DARPA" /></shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage>
Page 19 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Status of DAMLStatus of DAML DAML+Oil (ontology)
released January 2001 - latest revision March 2001 language specifications and documentation:
http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil-index.html
design rationale http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Slides/index.html
DAML-L (logic) rule representation and reasoning development in progress
Page 20 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UML-Based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)UML-Based Ontology Toolset (UBOT) We are applying:
graphical modeling and formal verification techniques from software engineering
text extraction from natural language processing lexical semantic resources from cognitive science
to build a tool-set that supports creation, extension and consistency checking of DAML ontologies DAML annotation of information resources for agents
intended for users who have minimal training in knowledge representation and agent theory see http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/
Page 21 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UBOT TeamUBOT Team Lockheed Martin Management & Data Systems
architecture, development and integration
Versatile Information Systems (Northeastern University) formal verification of UML
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center field test of DAML and UBOT
Kestrel Institute automated formal methods
Page 22 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UBOT Architecture: Ontology EngineeringUBOT Architecture: Ontology Engineering
DAML Ontology Engineer
ExtendedDAMLontologies
XMImodels
UML GUI
UML Formalization
Specware
UBOT
Slangmodels
Consistencycheckingresults
Semanticinconsistencies
UMLDAMLTranslation
XMImodels
BaselineDAMLontologies
Page 23 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UBOT Architecture: AnnotationUBOT Architecture: Annotation
DAML Annotator
DAML annotated text or web pages
UML GUI
Text ExtractionText or
web pages
UMLDAML
Translation
Extractionto DAML
Translation
XMI
DAMLOntologies
automatically generated
uncorrected annotation
correctedannotation
UBOT
Page 24 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UBOT Architecture: COTS ComponentsUBOT Architecture: COTS Components UML GUI
Tau UML Suite (Telelogic)
Specware (Kestrel Institute) supports ontology consistency checking via formal methods SNARK theorem prover (SRI)
Text Extraction AeroText (LM M&DS)
extracts entities (e.g. people, organizations, etc.) from natural language recognizes relationships between entities
(e.g. [organization] hired [person] ) developed for the U.S. Intelligence Community 12 years experience with sophisticated linguistic processing many fielded applications
Page 25 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
UML GUI: Tau UML SuiteUML GUI: Tau UML Suite
Page 26 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Text Extraction: AeroTextText Extraction: AeroText
Document Window
Extraction Display
Page 27 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Automatic Annotation: AeroDAMLAutomatic Annotation: AeroDAML
Page 28 JS01 June 4-6, 2001
Principals, Practice & ExperiencePrincipals, Practice & Experience
Questions?Questions?