Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism (December 2002): by Kenneth L. Becker (Editor), C. Ronald Kahn (Editor), Robert W. Rebar (Editor) By Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers
Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism
CONTENTSEditors
Contributing Authors
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
Part I General Principles of EndocrinologyKenneth L. Becker, Editor
Part II The Endocrine Brain and Pituitary GlandGary L. Robertson, Editor
Part III The Thyroid GlandLeonard Wartofsky, Editor
Part IV Calcium and Bone MetabolismJohn P. Bilezikian, Editor
Part V The Adrenal GlandsD. Lynn Loriaux, Editor
Part VI Sex Determination and DevelopmentRobert W. Rebar and William J. Bremner, Editors
Part VII Endocrinology of the FemaleRobert W. Rebar, Editor
Part VIII Endocrinology of the MaleWilliam J. Bremner, Editor
Part IX Disorders of Fuel MetabolismC. Ronald Kahn, Editor
Part X Diffuse Hormonal SecretionEric S. Nylén, Editor
Part XI Heritable Abnormalities of Endocrinology and MetabolismKenneth L. Becker, Editor
Part XII Immunologic Basis of Endocrine DisordersLeonard Wartofsky, Editor
Part XIII Endocrine and Metabolic Dysfunction in the Growing Child and in the AgedWellington Hung, Editor
Part XIV Interrelationships Between Hormones and the BodyKenneth L. Becker, Editor
Part XV Hormones and CancerKenneth L. Becker, Editor
Part XVI Endocrinology of Critical IllnessEric S. Nylén, Editor
Part XVII Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Toxic AgentsKenneth L. Becker, Editor
Part XVIII Endocrine Drugs and ValuesKenneth L. Becker, Editor
PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 1 Endocrinology and the Endocrine PatientKENNETH L. BECKER, ERIC S. NYLÉN, and RICHARD H. SNIDER, JR.
Chapter 2 Molecular Biology: Present and FutureMEHBOOB A. HUSSAIN and JOEL F. HABENER
Chapter 3 Biosynthesis and Secretion of Peptide HormonesWILLIAM W. CHIN
Chapter 4 Hormonal ActionDARYL K. GRANNER
Chapter 5 Feedback Control in Endocrine SystemsDANIEL N. DARLINGTON and MARY F. DALLMAN
Chapter 6 Endocrine RhythmsEVE VAN CAUTER
Chapter 7 Growth and Development in the Normal Infant and ChildGILBERT P. AUGUST
PART II THE ENDOCRINE BRAIN AND PITUITARY GLAND
Gary L. Robertson, Editor
Chapter 8 Morphology of the Endocrine Brain, Hypothalamus, and NeurohypophysisJOHN R. SLADEK, JR., and CELIA D. SLADEK
Chapter 9 Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Endocrine Brain and HypothalamusPAUL E. COOPER
Chapter 10 Pineal GlandRUSSEL J. REITER
Chapter 11 Morphology of the Pituitary In Health and DiseaseKAMAL THAPAR, KALMAN KOVACS, and EVA HORVATH
SECTION A ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Chapter 12 Growth Hormone and Its DisordersGERHARD BAUMANN
Chapter 13 Prolactin and Its DisordersLAURENCE KATZNELSON and ANNE KLIBANSKI
Chapter 14 Adrenocorticotropin: Physiology and Clinical AspectsDAVID J. TORPY and RICHARD V. JACKSON
Chapter 15 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Its DisordersJOSHUA L. COHEN
Chapter 16 Pituitary Gonadotropins and Their DisordersWILLIAM J. BREMNER, ILPO HUHTANIEMI, and JOHN K. AMORY
Chapter 17 HypopituitarismJOSEPH J. PINZONE
Chapter 18 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Disorders in Infancy and ChildhoodALAN D. ROGOL
Chapter 19 The Optic Chiasm in Endocrinologic DisordersR. MICHAEL SIATKOWSKI and JOEL S. GLASER
Chapter 20 Diagnostic Imaging of the Sellar RegionERIC BOUREKAS, MARY OEHLER, and DONALD CHAKERES
Chapter 21 Medical Treatment of Pituitary Tumors and Hypersecretory StatesDAVID H. SARNE
Chapter 22 Radiotherapy of Pituitary-Hypothalamic TumorsMINESH P. MEHTA
Chapter 23 Neurosurgical Management of Pituitary-Hypothalamic NeoplasmsDAVID S. BASKIN
Chapter 24 Pituitary Tumors: Overview of Therapeutic OptionsPHILIPPE CHANSON
SECTION B NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM
Chapter 25 Physiology of Vasopressin, Oxytocin, and ThirstGARY L. ROBERTSON
Chapter 26 Diabetes Insipidus and Hyperosmolar SyndromesPETER H. BAYLIS and CHRISTOPHER J. THOMPSON
Chapter 27 Inappropriate Antidiuresis and Other Hypoosmolar StatesJOSEPH G. VERBALIS
PART III THE THYROID GLAND
Leonard Wartofsky, Editor
Chapter 28 Approach to the Patient with Thyroid DiseaseLEONARD WARTOFSKY
Chapter 29 Morphology of the Thyroid GlandVIRGINIA A. LIVOLSI
Chapter 30 Thyroid Physiology: Synthesis and Release, Iodine Metabolism, Binding and TransportH. LESTER REED
Chapter 31 Thyroid Physiology: Hormone Action, Receptors, and Postreceptor EventsPAUL M. YEN
Chapter 32 Thyroid Hormone Resistance SyndromesSTEPHEN JON USALA
Chapter 33 Thyroid Function TestsROBERT C. SMALLRIDGE
Chapter 34 Thyroid Uptake and ImagingSALIL D. SARKAR and DAVID V. BECKER
Chapter 35 Thyroid Sonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance ImagingMANFRED BLUM
Chapter 36 Abnormal Thyroid Function Test Results in Euthyroid PersonsHENRY B. BURCH
Chapter 37 Adverse Effects of IodideJENNIFER A. NUOVO and LEONARD WARTOFSKY
Chapter 38 Nontoxic GoiterPAUL J. DAVIS and FAITH B. DAVIS
Chapter 39 The Thyroid NoduleLEONARD WARTOFSKY and ANDREW J. AHMANN
Chapter 40 Thyroid CancerERNEST L. MAZZAFERRI
Chapter 41 Unusual Thyroid CancersMATTHEW D. RINGEL
Chapter 42 HyperthyroidismKENNETH D. BURMAN
Chapter 43 Endocrine OphthalmopathyMELVIN G. ALPER and LEONARD WARTOFSKY
Chapter 44 Surgery of the Thyroid GlandEDWIN L. KAPLAN
Chapter 45 HypothyroidismLAWRENCE E. SHAPIRO and MARTIN I. SURKS
Chapter 46 ThyroiditisIVOR M. D. JACKSON and JAMES V. HENNESSEY
Chapter 47 Thyroid Disorders of Infancy and ChildhoodWELLINGTON HUNG
PART IV CALCIUM AND BONE METABOLISM
John P. Bilezikian, Editor
Chapter 48 Morphology of the Parathyroid GlandsVIRGINIA A. LIVOLSI
Chapter 49 Physiology of Calcium MetabolismEDWARD M. BROWN
Chapter 50 Physiology of BoneLAWRENCE G. RAISZ
Chapter 51 Parathyroid HormoneDAVID GOLTZMAN and GEOFFREY N. HENDY
Chapter 52 Parathyroid Hormone–Related ProteinGORDON J. STREWLER
Chapter 53 Calcitonin Gene Family of PeptidesKENNETH L. BECKER, BEAT MÜLLER, ERIC S. NYLÉN, RÉGIS COHEN, OMEGA L. SILVA, JON C. WHITE, and RICHARD H. SNIDER, JR.
Chapter 54 Vitamin DTHOMAS L. CLEMENS and JEFFREY L. H. O’RIORDAN
Chapter 55 Bone Quantification and Dynamics of TurnoverDAVID W. DEMPSTER and ELIZABETH SHANE
Chapter 56 Markers of Bone MetabolismMARKUS J. SEIBEL, SIMON P. ROBINS, and JOHN P. BILEZIKIAN
Chapter 57 Clinical Application of Bone Mineral Density MeasurementsPAUL D. MILLER, ABBY ERICKSON, and CAROL ZAPALOWSKI
Chapter 58 Primary HyperparathyroidismSHONNI J. SILVERBERG and JOHN P. BILEZIKIAN
Chapter 59 Nonparathyroid HypercalcemiaANDREW F. STEWART
Chapter 60 Hypoparathyroidism and Other Causes of HypocalcemiaSUZANNE M. JAN DE BEUR, ELIZABETH A. STREETEN, and MICHAEL A. LEVINE
Chapter 61 Renal OsteodystrophyKEVIN J. MARTIN, ESTHER A. GONZALEZ, and EDUARDO SLATOPOLSKY
Chapter 62 Surgery of the Parathyroid GlandsGERARD M. DOHERTY and SAMUEL A. WELLS, JR.
Chapter 63 Osteomalacia and RicketsNORMAN H. BELL
Chapter 64 OsteoporosisROBERT LINDSAY and FELICIA COSMAN
Chapter 65 Paget Disease of BoneETHEL S. SIRIS
Chapter 66 Rare Disorders of Skeletal Formation and HomeostasisMICHAEL P. WHYTE
Chapter 67 Diseases of Abnormal Phosphate MetabolismMARC K. DREZNER
Chapter 68 Magnesium MetabolismROBERT K. RUDE
Chapter 69 NephrolithiasisMURRAY J. FAVUS and FREDRIC L. COE
Chapter 70 Disorders of Calcium and Bone Metabolism in Infancy and ChildhoodTHOMAS O. CARPENTER
PART V THE ADRENAL GLANDS
D. Lynn Loriaux, Editor
Chapter 71 Morphology of the Adrenal Cortex and MedullaDONNA M. ARAB O’BRIEN
Chapter 72 Synthesis and Metabolism of CorticosteroidsPERRIN C. WHITE
Chapter 73 Corticosteroid ActionPERRIN C. WHITE
Chapter 74 Tests of Adrenocortical FunctionD. LYNN LORIAUX
Chapter 75 Cushing SyndromeDAVID E. SCHTEINGART
Chapter 76 Adrenocortical InsufficiencyD. LYNN LORIAUX
Chapter 77 Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaPHYLLIS W. SPEISER
Chapter 78 Corticosteroid TherapyLLOYD AXELROD
Chapter 79 Renin-Angiotensin System and AldosteroneDALILA B. CORRY and MICHAEL L. TUCK
Chapter 80 HyperaldosteronismJOHN R. GILL, JR.
Chapter 81 HypoaldosteronismJAMES C. MELBY
Chapter 82 Endocrine Aspects of HypertensionDALILA B. CORRY and MICHAEL L. TUCK
Chapter 83 Adrenocortical Disorders in Infancy and ChildhoodROBERT L. ROSENFIELD and KE-NAN QIN
Chapter 84 The Incidental Adrenal MassD. LYNN LORIAUX
Chapter 85 Physiology of the Adrenal Medulla and the Sympathetic Nervous SystemDAVID S. GOLDSTEIN
Chapter 86 Pheochromocytoma and Other Diseases of the Sympathetic Nervous SystemHARRY R. KEISER
Chapter 87 Adrenomedullary Disorders of Infancy and ChildhoodWELLINGTON HUNG
Chapter 88 Diagnostic Imaging of the Adrenal GlandsDONALD L. MILLER
Chapter 89 Surgery of the Adrenal GlandsGARY R. PEPLINSKI and JEFFREY A. NORTON
PART VI SEX DETERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Robert W. Rebar and William J. Bremner, Editors
Chapter 90 Normal and Abnormal Sexual Differentiation and DevelopmentJOE LEIGH SIMPSON and ROBERT W. REBAR
Chapter 91 Physiology of PubertyPETER A. LEE
Chapter 92 Precocious and Delayed PubertyEMILY C. WALVOORD, STEVEN G. WAGUESPACK, and ORA HIRSCH PESCOVITZ
Chapter 93 Micropenis, Hypospadias, and Cryptorchidism in Infancy and ChildhoodWELLINGTON HUNG
PART VII ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE FEMALE
Robert W. Rebar, Editor
Chapter 94 Morphology and Physiology of the OvaryGREGORY F. ERICKSON and JAMES R. SCHREIBER
Chapter 95 The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of OvulationROBERT W. REBAR, GARY D. HODGEN, and MICHAEL ZINGER
Chapter 96 Disorders of Menstruation, Ovulation, and Sexual ResponseROBERT W. REBAR
Chapter 97 Ovulation InductionMICHAEL A. THOMAS
Chapter 98 EndometriosisROBERT L. BARBIERI
Chapter 99 Premenstrual SyndromeROBERT L. REID and RUTH C. FRETTS
Chapter 100 MenopauseBRIAN WALSH and ISAAC SCHIFF
Chapter 101 Hirsutism, Alopecia, and AcneENRICO CARMINA and ROGERIO A. LOBO
Chapter 102 Functioning Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of the OvaryI-TIEN YEH, CHARLES ZALOUDEK, and ROBERT J. KURMAN
Chapter 103 The Differential Diagnosis of Female InfertilitySTEVEN J. ORY and MARCELO J. BARRIONUEVO
Chapter 104 Female ContraceptionALISA B. GOLDBERG and PHILIP DARNEY
Chapter 105 Complications and Side Effects of Steroidal ContraceptionALISA B. GOLDBERG and PHILIP DARNEY
Chapter 106 Morphology of the Normal Breast, Its Hormonal Control, and PathophysiologyRICHARD E. BLACKWELL
Chapter 107 Conception, Implantation, and Early DevelopmentPHILIP M. IANNACCONE, DAVID O. WALTERHOUSE, and KRISTINA C. PFENDLER
Chapter 108 The Maternal-Fetal-Placental UnitBRUCE R. CARR
Chapter 109 Endocrinology of ParturitionJOHN R. G. CHALLIS
Chapter 110 Endocrine Disease in PregnancyMARK E. MOLITCH
Chapter 111 Trophoblastic Tissue and Its AbnormalitiesCYNTHIA G. KAPLAN
Chapter 112 Endocrinology of Trophoblastic TissueZ. M. LEI and CH. V. RAO
PART VIII ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE MALE
William J. Bremner, Editor
Chapter 113 Morphology and Physiology of the TestisDAVID M. DE KRETSER
Chapter 114 Evaluation of Testicular FunctionSTEPHEN J. WINTERS
Chapter 115 Male HypogonadismSTEPHEN R. PLYMATE
Chapter 116 Testicular Dysfunction in Systemic DiseaseH. W. GORDON BAKER
Chapter 117 Erectile DysfunctionGLENN R. CUNNINGHAM and MAX HIRSHKOWITZ
Chapter 118 Male InfertilityRICHARD V. CLARK
Chapter 119 Clinical Use and Abuse of Androgens and AntiandrogensALVIN M. MATSUMOTO
Chapter 120 GynecomastiaALLAN R. GLASS
Chapter 121 Endocrine Aspects of Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaELIZABETH A. MILLER and WILLIAM J. ELLIS
Chapter 122 Testicular TumorsNIELS E. SKAKKEBAEK and MIKAEL RØRTH
Chapter 123 Male ContraceptionJOHN K. AMORY and WILLIAM J. BREMNER
PART IX DISORDERS OF FUEL METABOLISM
C. Ronald Kahn, Editor
SECTION A FOOD AND ENERGY
Chapter 124 Principles of Nutritional ManagementROBERTA P. DURSCHLAG and ROBERT J. SMITH
Chapter 125 AppetiteANGELICA LINDÉN HIRSCHBERG
Chapter 126 ObesityJULES HIRSCH, LESTER B. SALANS, and LOUIS J. ARONNE
Chapter 127 StarvationRUTH S. MACDONALD and ROBERT J. SMITH
Chapter 128 Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating DisordersMICHELLE P. WARREN and REBECCA J. LOCKE
Chapter 129 Fuel Homeostasis and Intermediary Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Fat, and ProteinNEIL B. RUDERMAN, KEITH TORNHEIM, and MICHAEL N. GOODMAN
Chapter 130 Vitamins: Hormonal and Metabolic InterrelationshipsALAA ABOU-SAIF and TIMOTHY O. LIPMAN
Chapter 131 Trace Minerals: Hormonal and Metabolic InterrelationshipsROBERT D. LINDEMAN
Chapter 132 Exercise: Endocrine and Metabolic EffectsJACQUES LEBLANC
SECTION B DIABETES MELLITUS
Chapter 133 Morphology of the Endocrine PancreasSUSAN BONNER-WEIR
Chapter 134 Islet Cell Hormones: Production and DegradationGORDON C. WEIR and PHILIPPE A. HALBAN
Chapter 135 Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin ActionC. RONALD KAHN
Chapter 136 Classification, Diagnostic Tests, and Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes MellitusGEORGE S. EISENBARTH
Chapter 137 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related DisordersC. RONALD KAHN
Chapter 138 Natural History of Diabetes MellitusANDRZEJ S. KROLEWSKI and JAMES H. WARRAM
Chapter 139 Secondary Forms of Diabetes MellitusVERONICA M. CATANESE and C. RONALD KAHN
Chapter 140 Evaluation of Metabolic Control in DiabetesALLISON B. GOLDFINE
Chapter 141 Diet and Exercise in DiabetesOM P. GANDA
Chapter 142 Oral Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes MellitusALLISON B. GOLDFINE and ELEFTHERIA MARATOS-FLIER
Chapter 143 Insulin Therapy and Its ComplicationsGORDON C. WEIR
Chapter 144 Pancreas and Islet TransplantationGORDON C. WEIR
Chapter 145 Syndrome XGERALD M. REAVEN
Chapter 146 Syndromes of Extreme Insulin ResistanceJEFFREY S. FLIER and CHRISTOS S. MANTZOROS
Chapter 147 Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes MellitusKARIN HEHENBERGER and GEORGE L. KING
Chapter 148 Diabetic NeuropathyEVA L. FELDMAN, MARTIN J. STEVENS, JAMES W. RUSSELL, and DOUGLAS A. GREENE
Chapter 149 Gastrointestinal Complications of DiabetesFREDERIC D. GORDON and KENNETH R. FALCHUK
Chapter 150 Diabetic NephropathyRALPH A. DEFRONZO
Chapter 151 Diabetes and the EyeLAWRENCE I. RAND
Chapter 152 Diabetes and InfectionGEORGE M. ELIOPOULOS
Chapter 153 Diabetes and the SkinROBERT J. TANENBERG and RICHARD C. EASTMAN
Chapter 154 The Diabetic FootGARY W. GIBBONS
Chapter 155 Diabetic Acidosis, Hyperosmolar Coma, and Lactic AcidosisK. GEORGE M. M. ALBERTI
Chapter 156 Diabetes Mellitus and PregnancyLOIS JOVANOVIC
Chapter 157 Diabetes Mellitus in the Infant and ChildDOROTHY J. BECKER and ALLAN L. DRASH
SECTION C HYPOGLYCEMIA
Chapter 158 Hypoglycemic Disorders in the Adult
RICHARD J. COMI and PHILLIP GORDEN
Chapter 159 Localization of Islet Cell TumorsDONALD L. MILLER
Chapter 160 Surgery of the Endocrine PancreasJON C. WHITE
Chapter 161 Hypoglycemia of Infancy and ChildhoodJOSEPH I. WOLFSDORF and MARK KORSON
SECTION D LIPID METABOLISM
Chapter 162 Biochemistry and Physiology of Lipid and Lipoprotein MetabolismROBERT W. MAHLEY
Chapter 163 Lipoprotein DisordersERNST J. SCHAEFER
Chapter 164 Treatment of the HyperlipoproteinemiasJOHN C. LAROSA
Chapter 165 Endocrine Effects on LipidsHENRY N. GINSBERG, IRA J. GOLDBERG, and CATHERINE TUCK
Chapter 166 Lipid Abnormalities in Diabetes MellitusROBERT E. RATNER, BARBARA V. HOWARD, and WILLIAM JAMES HOWARD
PART X DIFFUSE HORMONAL SECRETION
Eric S. Nylén, Editor
Chapter 167 General Characteristics of Diffuse Peptide Hormone SystemsJENS F. REHFELD
Chapter 168 Endogenous Opioid PeptidesBRIAN M. COX and GREGORY P. MUELLER
Chapter 169 SomatostatinYOGESH C. PATEL
Chapter 170 KininsDOMENICO C. REGOLI
Chapter 171 Substance P and the TachykininsNEIL ARONIN
Chapter 172 Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and LeukotrienesR. PAUL ROBERTSON
Chapter 173 Growth Factors and CytokinesDEREK LEROITH and VICKY A. BLAKESLEY
Chapter 174 Compendium of Growth Factors and CytokinesBHARAT B. AGGARWAL
Chapter 175 The Diffuse Neuroendocrine SystemERIC S. NYLÉN and KENNETH L. BECKER
Chapter 176 The Endocrine BrainABBA J. KASTIN, WEIHONG PAN, JAMES E. ZADINA, and WILLIAM A. BANKS
Chapter 177 The Endocrine LungKENNETH L. BECKER
Chapter 178 The Endocrine HeartMIRIAM T. RADEMAKER and ERIC A. ESPINER
Chapter 179 The Endocrine EndotheliumFRANCESCO COSENTINO and THOMAS F. LÜSCHER
Chapter 180 The Endocrine Blood CellsHARISH P. G. DAVE and BEAT MÜLLER
Chapter 181 The Endocrine Mast CellSTEPHEN I. WASSERMAN
Chapter 182 The Endocrine Enteric SystemJENS J. HOLST
Chapter 183 The Endocrine KidneyALAN DUBROW and LUCA DESIMONE
Chapter 184 The Endocrine Genitourinary TractJAN FAHRENKRUG and SØREN GRÄS
Chapter 185 The Endocrine SkinMARK R. PITTELKOW
Chapter 186 The Endocrine AdipocyteREXFORD S. AHIMA and JEFFREY S. FLIER
PART XI HERITABLE ABNORMALITIES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 187 Inheritance Patterns of Endocrinologic and Metabolic DisordersR. NEIL SCHIMKE
Chapter 188 Multiple Endocrine NeoplasiaGLEN W. SIZEMORE
Chapter 189 Heritable Disorders of Collagen and FibrillinPETER H. BYERS
Chapter 190 Heritable Diseases of Lysosomal StorageWARREN E. COHEN
Chapter 191 Heritable Diseases of Amino-Acid MetabolismHARVEY J. STERN and JAMES D. FINKELSTEIN
Chapter 192 Heritable Diseases of Purine MetabolismEDWARD W. HOLMES and DAVID J. NASHEL
PART XII IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Leonard Wartofsky, Editor
Chapter 193 The Endocrine ThymusALLAN L. GOLDSTEIN and NICHOLAS R. S. HALL
Chapter 194 Immunogenetics, the Human Leukocyte Antigen System, and Endocrine DiseaseJAMES R. BAKER, JR.
Chapter 195 T Cells in Endocrine DiseaseANTHONY PETER WEETMAN
Chapter 196 B Cells and Autoantibodies in Endocrine DiseaseALAN M. MCGREGOR
Chapter 197 The Immune System and Its Role in Endocrine FunctionROBERT VOLPÉ
PART XIII ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN THE GROWING CHILD AND IN THE AGED
Wellington Hung, Editor
Chapter 198 Short Stature and Slow Growth in the YoungTHOMAS ACETO, JR.,DAVID P. DEMPSHER, LUIGI GARIBALDI, SUSAN E. MYERS, NANCI BOBROW, and COLLEEN WEBER
Chapter 199 Endocrinology and AgingDAVID A. GRUENEWALD and ALVIN M. MATSUMOTO
PART XIV INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HORMONES AND THE BODY
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 200 Cerebral Effects of Endocrine DiseaseHOYLE LEIGH
Chapter 201 Psychiatric-Hormonal InterrelationshipsMITCHEL A. KLING,MARIANNE HATLE, RAMESH K. THAPAR, and PHILIP W. GOLD
Chapter 202 Respiration and EndocrinologyPRASHANT K. ROHATGI and KENNETH L. BECKER
Chapter 203 The Cardiovascular System and Endocrine DiseaseELLEN W. SEELY and GORDON H. WILLIAMS
Chapter 204 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Endocrine DiseaseALLAN G. HALLINE
Chapter 205 The Liver and Endocrine FunctionNICOLA DE MARIA, ALESSANDRA COLANTONI, and DAVID H. VAN THIEL
Chapter 206 Effects of Nonrenal Hormones on the Normal KidneyPAUL L. KIMMEL ANTONIO RIVERA, and PARVEZ KHATRI
Chapter 207 Renal Metabolism of HormonesRALPH RABKIN and MICHAEL J. HAUSMANN
Chapter 208 Effects of Endocrine Disease on the KidneyELLIE KELEPOURIS and ZALMAN S. AGUS
Chapter 209 Endocrine Dysfunction due to Renal DiseaseARSHAG D. MOORADIAN
Chapter 210 Neuromuscular Manifestations of Endocrine DiseaseROBERT B. LAYZER and GARY M. ABRAMS
Chapter 211 Rheumatic Manifestations of Endocrine DiseaseDAVID J. NASHEL
Chapter 212 Hematologic EndocrinologyHARVEY S. LUKSENBURG, STUART L. GOLDBERG, and CRAIG M. KESSLER
Chapter 213 Infectious Diseases and EndocrinologyCARMELITA U. TUAZON and STEPHEN A. MIGUELES
Chapter 214 Endocrine Disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus InfectionSTEPHEN A. MIGUELES and CARMELITA U. TUAZON
Chapter 215 The Eye in EndocrinologyROBERT A. OPPENHEIM and WILLIAM D. MATHERS
Chapter 216 Otolaryngology and Endocrine DiseaseSTEPHEN G. HARNER
Chapter 217 Dental Aspects of EndocrinologyROBERT S. REDMAN
Chapter 218 The Skin and Endocrine DisordersJO-DAVID FINE, ADNAN NASIR, and KENNETH L. BECKER
PART XV HORMONES AND CANCER
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 219 Paraneoplastic Endocrine SyndromesKENNETH L. BECKER and OMEGA L. SILVA
Chapter 220 Endocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal TractSHAHRAD TAHERI, KARIM MEERAN, and STEPHEN BLOOM
Chapter 221 Carcinoid Tumor and the Carcinoid SyndromePAUL N. MATON
Chapter 222 Hormones and Carcinogenesis: Laboratory StudiesJONATHAN J. LI and SARA ANTONIA LI
Chapter 223 Sex Hormones and Human Carcinogenesis: EpidemiologyROBERT N. HOOVER
Chapter 224 Endocrine Treatment of Breast CancerGABRIEL N. HORTOBAGYI
Chapter 225 Endocrine Aspects of Prostate CancerCHULSO MOON and CHRISTOPHER J. LOGETHETIS
Chapter 226 Endocrine Consequences of Cancer TherapyDAIVA R. BAJORUNAS
PART XVI ENDOCRINOLOGY OF CRITICAL ILLNESS
Eric S. Nylén, Editor
Chapter 227 Critical Illness and Systemic InflammationGARY P. ZALOGA BANKIM BHATT, and PAUL MARIK
Chapter 228 Endocrine Markers and Mediators in Critical IllnessABDULLAH A. ALARIFI, GREET H. VAN DEN BERGHE, RICHARD H. SNIDER, JR., KENNETH L. BECKER, BEAT MÜLLER, and ERIC S. NYLÉN
Chapter 229 The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in Stress and Critical IllnessSTEFAN R. BORNSTEIN and GEORGE P. CHROUSOS
Chapter 230 Neuroendocrine Response to Acute Versus Prolonged Critical IllnessGREET H. VAN DEN BERGHE
Chapter 231 Fuel Metabolism and Nutrient Delivery in Critical IllnessTHOMAS R. ZIEGLER
Chapter 232 Endocrine Therapeutics in Critical IllnessERIC S. NYLÉN, GARY P. ZALOGA, KENNETH L. BECKER, KENNETH D. BURMAN, LEONARD WARTOFSKY, BEAT MÜLLER, JON C. WHITE, and ABDULLAH A. ALARIFI
PART XVII ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TOXIC AGENTS
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 233 Endocrine-Metabolic Effects of AlcoholROBERT H. NOTH and ARTHUR L. M. SWISLOCKI
Chapter 234 Metabolic Effects of Tobacco, Cannabis, and CocaineOMEGA L. SILVA
Chapter 235 Environmental Factors and Toxins and Endocrine FunctionLAURA S. WELCH
PART XVIII ENDOCRINE DRUGS AND VALUES
Kenneth L. Becker, Editor
Chapter 236 Compendium of Endocrine-Related DrugsDOLLY MISRA, MICHELLE FISCHMANN MAGEE, and ERIC S. NYLÉN
Chapter 237 Reference Values in EndocrinologyD. ROBERT DUFOUR
Chapter 238 Techniques of Laboratory TestingD. ROBERT DUFOUR
Chapter 239 Effects of Drugs on Endocrine Function and ValuesMEETA SHARMA
Chapter 240 DNA Diagnosis of Endocrine DiseaseJ. FIELDING HEJTMANCIK and HARRY OSTRER
Chapter 241 Dynamic Procedures in EndocrinologyD. ROBERT DUFOUR and WILLIAM A. JUBIZ
PREFACE
This third edition of Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism has been substantially and systematically revised. All of the chapters have been updated, many have been entirely rewritten, and many deal with completely new topics. Furthermore, additional important information and references have been added up until the very date of printing.
The new chapters covering topics that did not appear in depth in the prior edition include: Molecular Biology: Present and Future; Pituitary Tumors: Overview of Therapeutic Options; The Incidental Adrenal Mass; Appetite; Pancreas and Islet Transplantation; Syndrome X; Endocrine Effects on Lipids; Compendium of Growth Factors and Cytokines; The Endocrine Blood Cells; The Endocrine Adipocyte; and Endocrine Disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
We would like to welcome the authors of these chapters, and also the new authors who have updated, extensively revised, or have entirely rewritten chapters on topics that appeared in the last edition.
A new section has been added to this textbook: Endocrinology of Critical Illness. The six chapters comprising this section address the multiple aspects of this condition in a manner that is unique. Critical illness, which to some extent afflicts the great bulk of humankind at some time in their lives, has enormous hormonal and metabolic dimensions that relate directly to the diagnosis of the illness, influence the response of the host and the consequent evolution of the condition, and play a role in its outcome. The specific chapters include Critical Illness and Systemic Inflammation, Endocrine Markers and Mediators in Critical Illness, The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in Stress and Critical Illness, Neuroendocrine Response to Acute versus Prolonged Critical Illness, Fuel Metabolism and Nutrient Delivery in Critical Illness, and Endocrine Therapeutics in Critical Illness. These subjects are of great importance to every endocrine clinician as well as many who are involved in fundamental endocrine research.
Overall, the goal of this textbook is to continue to provide, in a readable, understandable, and well-illustrated format, the clinical and basic information on endocrinology and metabolism that will be useful to both clinicians and basic scientists. We also wish this book to be a useful source of information for internists, house staff, and medical students. We have attempted to cover the field thoroughly and broadly, to include most of the known endocrine and metabolic disorders and hormonal messenger molecules, to furnish appropriate and current references, and to be of practical benefit to our readers.
A complete CD version of this entire textbook is available. It contains approximately 4000 self-assessment questions that have been assembled and edited by Dr. Meeta Sharma.
I wish to acknowledge the very helpful library assistance of Joanne Bennett. I am very grateful for the indispensable editorial and pharmaceutical aid of my Editorial Assistant, Roberta L. Brown, Pharm. D.
Kenneth L. Becker, MD, PhD
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Although there are several excellent large textbooks of endocrinology, we have felt the need for a book which would aim at encompassing all aspects of the field, a book which would be disease-oriented, would have practical applicability to the care of the adult and pediatric patient, and could be consulted to obtain a broad range of pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic information.
To fulfill this goal we called upon not only eminent specialists in endocrinology but also upon experts in many fields of medicine and science. The first part of the book surveys general aspects of endocrinology. The eight succeeding parts deal with specific fields of endocrinology: The Endocrine Brain and Pituitary Gland, The Thyroid Gland, Calcium and Bone Metabolism, The Adrenal Glands, Sex Determination and Development, Endocrinology of the Female, Endocrinology of the Male, and Disorders of Fuel Metabolism. Each of these parts contains relevant anatomic, physiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic information and, when indicated, pediatric coverage of the topic.
Diffuse Hormonal Secretion expounds upon the fact that endocrine function is not confined to anatomically discrete endocrine glands but is also intrinsic to all tissues and organs. This part is divided in two; it first presents a discussion of hormones which have a diffuse distribution and are not reviewed elsewhere in the book, and subsequently it deals with body constituents which are important sites of hormonal secretion.
Heritable Abnormalities of Endocrinology and Metabolism underlines the importance of genetics in the causation of many endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in the young and in the aged is the subject of a separate part, because in both of these age groups hormonal function as well as endocrine disorders differ profoundly from those of individuals in their middle decades.
Interrelationships Between Hormones and the Body discusses the impact of hormones on the soma and addresses clinical aspects of the disorders they may engender. Hormones and Cancer examines the phenomenon of hormone-induced neoplasms, elaborating on the fact that all neoplasms secrete hormones, that several of these hormones can cause additional clinical disorders, and that some neoplasms respond therapeutically to hormonal manipulation.
The ensuing part, entitled Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Toxic Agents deals with the sometimes subtle, sometimes profound influence of four nearly omnipresent agents: medication, alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis; it also addresses the consequences of environmental toxins on the endocrine system. The last part deals with the therapeutic use of drugs in endocrinology and the proper interpretation of laboratory values. It offers an extensive table on the clinical use of endocrine-related drugs, a table on reference values, and an outline of the dynamic procedures used in endocrinology. The goal of these tabular chapters is to facilitate the day-to-day evaluation and therapy of the endocrine patient.
As a rule, the emphasis of this textbook is on the endocrinology of the human being. Animal data are presented only when contributing to a better understanding of human physiology and pathology. To maximize current relevance, historical information is kept to a minimum. While efforts were made to avoid repetition, the coverage of certain topics may recur when viewed from different standpoints. It is hoped that this will provide a wider dimension of the understanding of endocrine and metabolic function and dysfunction.
In order not to interrupt continuity, bibliographic references are grouped at the end of each part. Finally, with the interest of the reader in mind, particular attention was given to composing an index as detailed as possible.
I wish to thank the associate editors of this text for their skill, their enthusiasm, and their hard work. We all are very grateful for the expertise of our many eminent contributors. During the preparation of the manuscripts, there was considerable inter-communication between these contributors and their respective editors concerning both content and presentation.
I wish to acknowledge the participation of Richard H. Snider, PhD, and Eric S. Nylén, MD, who have provided outstanding editorial assistance throughout the preparation of the textbook.
The field of endocrinology and metabolism is evolving rapidly. New data are being developed continuously, and with this in mind, all contributors were encouraged to add up-to-date information until nearly the date of publication.
There are numerous matters upon which there is no current common agreement, and logical arguments can be marshaled to buttress diametrically different viewpoints. This textbook is written by many authors; though most of the beliefs and conclusions of the contributors tend to reflect those of the editors, no attempt was made to impose a uniformity of pathophysiologic, diagnostic, or therapeutic viewpoints, and the book does not lack for differences of opinion.
We hope that the Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism will be a relevant sourcebook for those interested in the science and the practice of this fascinating discipline, whether they be clinicians, basic scientists, allied health personnel, or students.
Kenneth L. Becker, MD, PhD
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Alaa Abou-Saif, MDGastroenterology FellowDepartment of MedicineDivision of GastroenterologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashington, DC
Gary M. Abrams, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical NeurologyDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Thomas Aceto, Jr., MDProfessor of PediatricsChairman Emeritus of PediatricsSaint Louis University School of MedicineCardinal Glennon Children’s HospitalSt. Louis, Missouri
Bharat B. Aggarwal, PhDProfessor of Medicine and BiochemistryDepartment of BioimmunotherapyChief, Cytokine Research SectionUniversity of Texas–Houston Medical SchoolM. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
Zalman S. Agus, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Rexford S. Ahima, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Andrew J. Ahmann, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDirector of Adult Diabetes ServicesOregon Health Sciences University School of MedicinePortland, Oregon
Abdullah A. Alarifi, MDConsultant EndocrinologistDepartment of MedicineKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreRiyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
K. George M. M. Alberti, MD, DPhil, PRCP, FRCPProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne Faculty of MedicineNewcastle upon Tyne, England
Melvin G. Alper, MDPrivate Practice, OphthalmologyChevy Chase, Maryland
John K. Amory, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington
Neil Aronin, MDProfessor of Medicine and Cell BiologyDirector, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, Massachusetts
Louis J. Aronne, MDClinical Associate Professor of MedicineWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, New York
Gilbert P. August, MDProfessor of PediatricsDepartment of EndocrinologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesChildren’s National Medical CenterWashington, DC
Lloyd Axelrod, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPhysician and Chief of the James Howard Means FirmMassachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Daiva R. Bajorunas, MDSenior Director, Clinical ResearchGlobal Project Team Leader, MetabolismAventis PharmaceuticalsBridgewater, New Jersey
H. W. Gordon Baker, MD, PhD, FRACPAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne School of MedicineRoyal Women’s HospitalVictoria, Australia
James R. Baker, Jr., MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Internal Medicine–Allergy and ImmunologyChief, Division of AllergyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
William A. Banks, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineDivision of GeriatricsSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Robert L. Barbieri, MDKate Macy Ladd Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Marcelo J. Barrionuevo, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMargate, Florida
David S. Baskin, MD, FACSProfessor of Neurosurgery and AnesthesiologyBaylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
Gerhard Baumann, MDProfessor of MedicineNorthwestern University Medical CenterChicago, Illinois
Peter H. Baylis, MD, FRCP, FAMSProfessor of Experimental MedicineDean, Department of MedicineThe Medical SchoolUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne Faculty of MedicineNewcastle upon Tyne, England
David V. Becker, MDProfessor of Radiology and MedicineDivision of Nuclear Medicine and EndocrinologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York Presbyterian HospitalNew York, New York
Dorothy J. Becker, MB, BchProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicineChildren’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Kenneth L. Becker, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineProfessor of Physiology and Experimental MedicineDirector of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Norman H. Bell, MDDistinguished University Professor of MedicineMedical University of South Carolina College of MedicineCharleston, South Carolina
Bankim Bhatt, MDMedical ResidentDepartment of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
John P. Bilezikian, MDProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Richard E. Blackwell, MD, PhD
Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Alabama School of MedicineBirmingham, Alabama
Vicky A. Blakesley, MD, PhDDirector, Department of New Product EvaluationInternational DivisionAbbott LaboratoriesAbbott Park, Illinois
Stephen Bloom, MA, MD, DSc, FRCPath, FRCP, FMedSciProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Metabolic MedicineDivision of Investigative ScienceUniversity of LondonImperial College School of MedicineLondon, England
Manfred Blum, MDProfessor of Clinical Medicine and RadiologyDirector, Nuclear Endocrine LaboratoryNew York University School of MedicineNew York, New York
Nanci Bobrow, PhDAssistant Clinical Professor of PediatricsCardinal Glennon Children’s HospitalSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Susan Bonner-Weir, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolSenior InvestigatorJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Stefan R. Bornstein, MD, PhDAssistant Professor and Research ScholarPediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology BranchNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Eric Bourekas, MDAssistant Professor of RadiologySection of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyOhio State University College of Medicine and Public HealthColumbus, Ohio
William J. Bremner, MD, PhDRobert G. Petersdorf Professor and ChairmanDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, Washington
Edward M. Brown, MDProfessor of MedicineEndocrine–Hypertension DivisionHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Henry B. Burch, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, MarylandDepartment of Endocrine-Metabolic ServiceWalter Reed Army Medical CenterWashington, DC
Kenneth D. Burman, MDProfessor of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, MarylandClinical ProfessorDepartment of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineChief, Endocrine SectionWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
Peter H. Byers, MDProfessor of Pathology and MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, Washington
Enrico Carmina, MDProfessorDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of PalermoPalermo, ItalyVisiting ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York
Thomas O. Carpenter, MDProfessor of PediatricsYale University School of MedicineYale–New Haven HospitalNew Haven, Connecticut
Bruce R. Carr, MDProfessorPaul C. Macdonald Distinguished Chair in Obstetrics and GynecologyDirector, Division of Reproductive EndocrinologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Southwestern Medical SchoolDallas, Texas
Veronica M. Catanese, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Medicine and Cell BiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew York, New York
Donald Chakeres, MDProfessor of RadiologyOhio State University College of Medicine and Public HealthColumbus, Ohio
John R. G. Challis, PhD, Dsc, FIBiol, FRCOG, FRSCDepartment of PhysiologyMedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of Toronto Faculty of MedicineToronto, OntarioCanada
Philippe Chanson, MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity Paris XIBicêtre University HospitalLe Kremlin-BicêtreFrance
William W. Chin, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MassachusettsVice President, Lilly Research LaboratoriesEli Lilly & Co.Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolis, Indiana
George P. Chrousos, MDChief, Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology BranchNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Richard V. Clark, MD, PhDPrincipal Clinical Research PhysicianClinical Pharmacology–Exploratory DepartmentGlaxo Wellcome Research and DevelopmentResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
Thomas L. Clemens, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine/EndocrinologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, Ohio
Fredric L. Coe, MDProfessorDepartments of Medicine and PhysiologyUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Joshua L. Cohen, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of EndocrinologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Régis Cohen, MD, PhDPraticien HospitalierEndocrine Staff PhysicianAvicenne HospitalBobigny, FranceUniversity of Leonardo Da VinciParis, France
Warren E. Cohen, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics and NeurologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DCMedical Director, United Cerebral PalsyNassau County, New York
Alessandra Colantoni, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyLoyola University of Chicago Stritch School of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterMaywood, Illinois
Richard J. Comi, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineSection of Endocrinology and MetabolismDartmouth Medical SchoolDartmouth–Hitchcock Medical CenterHanover, New Hampshire
Paul E. Cooper, MD, FRCPCAssociate Professor of NeurologyDepartments of Clinical Neurological Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Western Ontario Faculty of Medicine and DentistryHealth Sciences AdditionLondon, OntarioCanada
Dalila B. Corry, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CaliforniaChief, NephrologyOlive View Medical CenterSylmar, California
Francesco Cosentino, MD, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Experimental Medicine and PathologyUniversity “La Sapienza”Rome, ItalySenior Research AssociateCardiovascular ResearchDepartment of CardiologyUniversity HospitalZurich, Switzerland
Felicia Cosman, MDAssociate Professor of Clinical MedicineDepartment of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New YorkHelen Hayes HospitalWest Haverstraw, New York
Brian M. Cox, PhDProfessor of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceDepartment of PharmacologyUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, Maryland
Glenn R. Cunningham, MDAssociate Chief of StaffDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Texas–Houston Medical SchoolVeterans Affairs Medical CenterHouston, Texas
Mary F. Dallman, PhDProfessor of PhysiologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Daniel N. Darlington, PhDAssociate Professor of SurgeryDepartments of Surgery and PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
Philip Darney, MD, MScProfessor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco General HospitalSan Francisco, California
Harish P. G. Dave, MB, ChB, MRCP(UK)Associate Professor of MedicineDepartment of HematologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Faith B. Davis, MDProfessor of Medicine and Cell Biology and Cancer ResearchAlbany Medical CollegeStaff PhysicianStratton Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAlbany, New York
Paul J. Davis, MDProfessor of Medicine and Cell Biology and Cancer ResearchSenior Associate Dean for Clinical ResearchAlbany Medical CollegeResearch Physician
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of HealthStaff PhysicianStratton Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAlbany, New York
Suzanne M. Jan De Beur, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
Ralph A. DeFronzo, MDProfessor of MedicineChief, Diabetic DivisionMember, Nephrology DivisionUniversity of Texas Medical School at San AntonioUniversity Health CenterSan Antonio, Texas
David M. De Kretser, MD, MBBS, FRACPProfessor and DirectorMonash Institute of Reproduction and DevelopmentMonash UniversityMonash Medical Centre, ClaytonClayton, VictoriaAustralia
Nicola De Maria, MDResearch AssociateLiver Transplant ProgramLoyola University Medical CenterMaywood, Illinois
David P. Dempsher, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of PediatricsCardinal Glennon Children’s HospitalSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
David W. Dempster, PhDProfessor of Clinical PathologyColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New YorkDirector, Regional Bone CenterHelen Hayes HospitalWest Haverstraw, New York
Luca deSimoneNephrology FellowBeth Israel Medical CenterNew York, New York
Gerard M. Doherty, MDAssociate Professor of SurgerySection of Surgical Oncology and EndocrinologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Allan L. Drash, MDEmeritus Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Marc K. Drezner, MDProfessor of MedicineHead, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and MetabolismUniversity of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, Wisconsin
Alan Dubrow, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of NephrologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterNew York, New York
D. Robert Dufour, MDClinical Professor of PathologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DCUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, MarylandChief, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ServiceVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Roberta P. Durschlag, PhD, RDClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Health SciencesBoston University School of MedicineBoston, Massachusetts
Richard C. Eastman, MDCygnus, Inc.Redwood City, California
George S. Eisenbarth, MD, PhDProfessor of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Medicine
University of Colorado Health Sciences CenterBarbara Davis Center for Childhood DiabetesDenver, Colorado
George M. Eliopoulos, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
William J. Ellis, MDAssociate Professor and Clinic DirectorDepartment of UrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, Washington
Abby Erickson, BAColorado Center for Bone ResearchLakewood, Colorado
Gregory F. Erickson, PhDProfessorDepartment of Reproductive MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, School of MedicineLa Jolla, California
Eric A. Espiner, MD, FRACP, FRS(NZ)ProfessorDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of OtagoChristchurch School of MedicineChristchurch Public HospitalChristchurch, New Zealand
Jan Fahrenkrug, MD, DMSciProfessorDepartment of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Faculty of Health SciencesBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
Kenneth R. Falchuk, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Murray J. Favus, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Eva L. Feldman, MD, PhDProfessor of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
Jo-David Fine, MD, MPHProfessorDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel Hill, North Carolina
James D. Finkelstein, MDSenior ClinicianDepartment of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Jeffrey S. Flier, MDGeorge C. Reisman Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Ruth C. Fretts, MD, MPHAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Om P. Ganda, MDAssociate Clinical ProfessorDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolJoslin Diabetes CenterBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Luigi GaribaldiBeth Israel Medical CenterNewark, New Jersey
Gary W. Gibbons, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical SchoolDirector, Quality ImprovementDepartment of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
John R. Gill, Jr., MDScientist, EmeritusHypertension-Endocrine BranchNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Henry N. Ginsberg, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Joel S. Glaser, MDProfessorDepartments of Ophthalmology and NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineBascom Palmer Eye InstituteMiami, FloridaDepartment of OphthalmologyCleveland Clinic of FloridaCoral Gables, Florida
Allan R. Glass, MDAdjunct Professor of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, Maryland
Philip W. Gold, MDBranch ChiefDepartment of Intramural Research ProgramsNational Institute of Mental HealthNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Alisa B. Goldberg, MDAssistant Adjunct ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco General HospitalSan Francisco, California
Ira J. Goldberg, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Stuart L. Goldberg, MDAssistant Director, Bone Marrow Transplantation ProgramTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Allison B. Goldfine, MDInstructor of MedicineDepartment of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyHarvard UniversityJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Allan L. Goldstein, PhDChair, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
David S. Goldstein, MD, PhDChief, Clinical Neurocardiology SectionNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
David Goltzman, MDProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyMcGill University Faculty of MedicineRoyal Victoria HospitalMontreal, QuebecCanada
Esther A. Gonzalez, MDAssistant ProfessorDivision of NephrologySaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Michael N. Goodman, PhDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineSacramento, California
Phillip Gorden, MDDirector EmeritusNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Frederic D. Gordon, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver TransplantationTufts University School of MedicineLahey Clinic Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Daryl K. Granner, MDJoe C. Davis Professor of Biomedical ScienceProfessor of Molecular Physiology, Biophysics, and Internal MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineDirector, Vanderbilt Diabetes CenterStaff PhysicianVeterans Affairs HospitalNashville, Tennessee
Søren Gräs, MDSenior RegistrarDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyHerlev University HospitalHerlev, Denmark
Douglas A. Greene, MDExecutive Vice PresidentDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Product DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.Rahway, New Jersey
David A. Gruenewald, MD, FACPAssistant Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington
Joel F. Habener, MDProfessor of MedicineLaboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Philippe A. Halban, PhDProfessor of MedicineLouis-Jeantet Research LaboratoriesGeneva University Medical CenterGeneva, Switzerland
Nicholas R. S. Hall, PhDHealth and Human PerformanceOrlando, Florida
Allan G. Halline, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineSection of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Stephen G. Harner, MDProfessor of OtolaryngologyDepartment of OtolaryngologyMayo Medical SchoolRochester, Minnesota
Marianne Hatle, MDResidentUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
Michael J. Hausmann, MDProfessorDepartment of NephrologyFaculty of Health SciencesBen Gurion University of the NegevScroka Medical Center of Kupat HolimBeer Sheva, Israel
Karin Hehenberger, MD, PhDResearch FellowJoslin Diabetes CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
J. Fielding Hejtmancik, MD, PhDMedical OfficerNational Eye InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Geoffrey N. Hendy, PhDProfessor of MedicineMcGill University Faculty of MedicineRoyal Victoria HospitalMontreal, Quebec
Canada
James V. Hennessey, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyBrown University School of MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidence, Rhode Island
Jules Hirsch, MDProfessor Emeritus and Physician-in-Chief EmeritusLaboratory of Human Behavior and MetabolismRockefeller UniversityRockefeller University HospitalNew York, New York
Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyKarolinska InstituteKarolinska HospitalStockholm, Sweden
Max Hirshkowitz, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychiatryBaylor College of MedicineDirector, Sleep CenterHouston Veterans Affairs Medical CenterHouston, Texas
Gary D. Hodgen, PhDProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolChairThe Howard and Georgeanna Jones Institute for Reproductive MedicineNorfolk, Virginia
Edward W. Holmes, MDChairman, Department of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Jens J. Holst, MDDepartment of Medical PhysiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Faculty of Health SciencesThe Panum InstituteCopenhagen, Denmark
Robert N. Hoover, MD, ScDDirector, Epidemiology and Biostatistics ProgramNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MDProfessor of Medicine, ChairmanDepartment of Breast and Gynecologic Medical OncologyUniversity of Texas–Houston Medical SchoolM. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
Eva Horvath, PhDAssociate Professor of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyUniversity of Toronto Faculty of MedicineSt. Michael’s HospitalToronto, OntarioCanada
Barbara V. Howard, PhDPresident, MedStar Clinical Research InstituteWashington, DC
William James Howard, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of MedicineSenior Vice President and Medical DirectorWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
Ilpo Huhtaniemi, MD, PhDProfessor of PhysiologyUniversity of Turku Faculty of MedicineTurku, Finland
Wellington Hung, MD, PhDProfessor Emeritus of PediatricsGeorgetown University School of MedicineProfessorial Lecturer in PediatricsGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Mehboob A. Hussain, MDDepartment of Medicine
New York University School of MedicineNew York, New York
Philip M. Iannaccone, MD, PhDGeorge M. Eisenberg ProfessorDepartment of PediatricsNorthwestern University Medical SchoolChildren’s Memorial Institute of Education and ResearchChicago, Illinois
Ivor M. D. Jackson, MB, ChBProfessor of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyBrown University School of MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidence, Rhode Island
Richard V. Jackson, MBBS, FRACPAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Queensland Faculty of Health SciencesGreenslopes Private HospitalQueensland, Australia
Lois Jovanovic, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineLos Angeles, CaliforniaDirector and Chief Scientific OfficerSansum Medical Research InstituteSanta Barbara, California
William A. Jubiz, MDDirectorEndocrinology CenterCali, Colombia
C. Ronald Kahn, MDMary K. Iacocca Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolPresident and Director, Research DivisionJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Cynthia G. Kaplan, MDAssociate Professor of PathologySUNY at Stony Brook School of Medicine Health Sciences CenterStony Brook, New York
Edwin L. Kaplan, MD, FACSProfessor of SurgeryUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Abba J. Kastin, MDChief of EndocrinologyDepartments of Medicine and NeuroscienceTulane University School of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterNew Orleans, Louisiana
Laurence Katznelson, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Harry R. Keiser, MDScientist EmeritusNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Clinical CenterNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Ellie Kelepouris, MDProfessor of MedicineTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Craig M. Kessler, MDProfessor of Medicine and PathologyChief, Division of Hematology-OncologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineLombardy Cancer CenterWashington, DC
Parvez Khatri, MDFellow, Department of Medicine/NephrologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Paul L. Kimmel, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DCDirector, Diabetic Nephropathy ProgramDivision of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic DiseasesNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
George L. King, MDProfessor of MedicineActing Director of ResearchJoslin Diabetes CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Anne Klibanski, MDProfessor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChief, Neuroendocrine UnitMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Mitchel A. Kling, MDAssociate Professor of Psychiatry and MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineVeterans Affairs Medical CenterBaltimore, Maryland
Mark Korson, MDAssociate Professor of PediatricsDivision of GeneticsTufts University School of MedicineNew England Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Kalman Kovacs, MD, PhDProfessor of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyUniversity of Toronto Faculty of MedicineSaint Michael’s HospitalToronto, OntarioCanada
Andrzej S. Krolewski, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of MedicineChief, Section of Genetics and EpidemiologyHarvard Medical SchoolResearch DivisionJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Robert J. Kurman, MDRichard W. TeLinde Distinguished Professor of Gynecologic PathologyDepartments of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
John C. LaRosa, MD, FACPPresidentSUNY Downstate Medical Center College of MedicineUniversity Hospital of BrooklynBrooklyn, New York
Robert B. Layzer, MDProfessor Emeritus of NeurologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Jacques LeBlanc, MDProfessor Emeritus of PhysiologyUniversité Laval Faculty of MedicineQuebec City, Canada
Peter A. Lee, MD, PhDProfessor of PediatricsPennsylvania State University College of MedicineThe Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHershey, Pennsylvania
Z. M. Lei, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisville, Kentucky
Hoyle Leigh, MDProfessor of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Derek LeRoith, MD, PhDChief, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Michael A. Levine, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Medicine, and PathologyDirector, Pediatric EndocrinologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Jonathan J. Li, PhDDirector, Division of Etiology and Prevention of Hormone-Associated CancersProfessor of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineKansas Cancer InstituteKansas City, Kansas
Sara Antonia Li, MDAssociate DirectorHormonal Carcinogenesis LaboratoryUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineKansas Cancer InstituteKansas City, Kansas
Robert D. Lindeman, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico HospitalAlbuquerque, New Mexico
Robert Lindsay, MBChB, PhD, FRCPProfessor of Clinical MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New YorkChief of Internal MedicineHelen Hayes HospitalWest Haverstraw, New York
Timothy O. Lipman, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineChief, Gastroenterology–HepatologyNutrition SectionVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Virginia A. Livolsi, MDProfessor of PathologyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Rogerio A. Lobo, MDWillard C. Rappleye Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyChairman, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia Presbyterian Medical CenterDirector, Sloane Hospital for WomenNew York, New York
Rebecca J. LockeResearch AssistantColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Christopher J. Logethetis, MDChairman and ProfessorDepartment of Genitourinary Medical OncologyUniversity of Texas–Houston Medical SchoolM. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
D. Lynn Loriaux, MD, PhDProfessor and ChairDepartment of MedicineOregon Health Sciences University School of MedicinePortland, Oregon
Harvey S. Luksenburg, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Thomas F. Lüscher, MDProfessor and Head of CardiologyHospital Universitaire de ZurichZurich, Switzerland
Ruth S. MacDonald, RD, PhDProfessor of NutritionDepartment of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Missouri–Columbia School of MedicineColumbia, Missouri
Michelle Fischmann Magee, MD, MB, BCh, BAOMedical Director, Diabetes TeamMedStar Clinical Research InstituteWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
Robert W. Mahley, MD, PhDProfessor of Pathology and MedicineDirector, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease
University of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Christos S. Mantzoros, MD, DscAssistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineResearch DivisionHarvard Medical SchoolJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Paul Marik, MBBCh, FCP(SA), FRCP(C), FCCM, FCCPDepartment of Critical CareMercy Hospital of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Kevin J. Martin, MB, BCh, FACPProfessor of Internal MedicineDepartment of NephrologyDirector, Division of NephrologySaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
William D. Mathers, MDProfessor of OphthalmologyOregon Health Sciences University School of MedicineCasey Eye InstitutePortland, Oregon
Paul N. Maton, MD, FRCP, FACP, FACGDigestive Disease Specialists IncorporatedDigestive Disease Research InstituteOklahoma City, Oklahoma
Alvin M. Matsumoto, MDProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineChief of GerontologyVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington
Ernest L. Mazzaferri, MD, MACPProfessor Emeritus and ChairmanDepartment of Internal MedicineOhio State University College of Medicine and Public HealthColumbus, Ohio
Alan M. McGregor, MA, MD, FRCPProfessor of MedicineKing’s CollegeGuy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of MedicineLondon, England
Karim Meeran, MD, MRCPSenior LecturerDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of London Imperial College School of MedicineHammersmith HospitalLondon, England
Minesh P. Mehta, MD, MB, ChBAssociate Professor and ChairmanDepartment of Human OncologyUniversity of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, Wisconsin
James C. Melby, MDProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyBoston University School of MedicineBoston Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Stephen A. Migueles, MDFellow, Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of ImmunoregulationNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland
Donald L. Miller, MDProfessor of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, Maryland
Elizabeth A. MillerUrology ResidentUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, Washington
Paul D. Miller, MDClinical ProfessorDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDenver, Colorado
Dolly Misra, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DCDiabetes and Endocrine ConsultantsWaldorf, Maryland
Mark E. Molitch, MDProfessor of MedicineCenter for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular MedicineNorthwestern University Medical SchoolChicago, Illinois
Chulso Moon, MD, PhDClinical FellowDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Texas–Houston Medical SchoolM. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
Arshag D. Mooradian, MDProfessor of MedicineDirector of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Gregory P. Mueller, PhDProfessor of PhysiologyUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, Maryland
Beat Müller, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyUniversity HospitalsBasel, Switzerland
Susan E. Myers, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsSaint Louis University School of MedicineCardinal Glenn Children’s HospitalSt. Louis, Missouri
David J. Nashel, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineChief of Medical ServiceVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Adnan Nasir, MD, PhDDepartment of DermatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel Hill, North Carolina
Jeffrey A. Norton, MDProfessor of SurgeryVice Chairman, Department of SurgeryUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSan Francisco, California
Robert H. Noth, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineDavis, CaliforniaVeterans Affairs Outpatient ClinicMartinez, California
Jennifer A. NuovoEndocrinologistMedClinic of SacramentoSacramento, California
Eric S. Nylén, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of EndocrinologyGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Donna M. Arab O’Brien, MDDepartment of MedicineDivision of EndocrinologySt. Joseph’s Health CentreToronto, Ontario
Canada
Mary Oehler, MDStaff RadiologistMount Carmel East HospitalNew Albany, Ohio
Robert A. Oppenheim, MDNaperville Eye AssociatesNaperville, Illinois
Jeffrey L. H. O’RiordanEmeritus Professor of Metabolic MedicineUniversity CollegeLondon, United Kingdom
Steven J. Ory, MDClinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiami, Florida
Harry Ostrer, MDAssociate Professor of Pediatrics and PathologyHuman Genetics ProgramNew York University School of MedicineNew York, New York
Weihong Pan, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of MedicineTulane University School of MedicineNew Orleans, Louisiana
Yogesh C. Patel, MD, PhD, FACP, FRCP(C), FRACP, FRSCProfessor of MedicineDirector, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismMcGill University Faculty of MedicineRoyal Victoria HospitalMontreal, QuebecCanada
Gary R. Peplinski, MDSurgical ServiceSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSan Francisco, California
Ora Hirsch Pescovitz, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Physiology, and BiophysicsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyIndiana University School of MedicineJames Whitcomb Riley Hospital for ChildrenIndianapolis, Indiana
Kristina C. Pfendler, MDPostdoctoral ScholarDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, School of MedicineSan Francisco, California
Joseph J. Pinzone, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Mark R. Pittelkow, MDProfessor of Dermatology, Biochemistry, and Molecular BiologyMayo Medical SchoolConsultant, Department of DermatologyMayo ClinicRochester, Minnesota
Stephen R. Plymate, MDResearch Professor of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington
Ke-Nan Qin, MDFellow of Pediatric EndocrinologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Children’s HospitalChicago, Illinois
Ralph Rabkin, MB, Bch, MDProfessor of Medicine and NephrologyDepartment of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo Alto, California
Miriam T. Rademaker, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of OtagoChristchurch School of Medicine
Christchurch, New Zealand
Lawrence G. Raisz, MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of EndocrinologyUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut
Lawrence I. Rand, MDClinical Assistant Professor of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
Ch. V. Rao, PhDProfessor and DirectorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisville, Kentucky
Robert E. Ratner, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesDirector, MedStar Clinical Research InstituteWashington, DC
Gerald M. Reaven, MDProfessor of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanford, California
Robert W. Rebar, MDProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineChief, Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity HospitalCincinnati, OhioAssociate Executive DirectorAmerican Society for Reproductive MedicineBirmingham, Alabama
Robert S. Redman, DDS, MSD, PhDChief, Oral Diagnosis Section, Dental ServiceVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DCClinical Associate ProfessorDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial PathologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore College of Dental SurgeryBaltimore, Maryland
H. Lester Reed, MDClinical Professor of MedicineUniversity of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesMiddlemore HospitalAuckland, New Zealand
Domenico C. Regoli, MDProfessor EmeritusDepartment of PharmacologyUniversite de SherbrookeFaculte de MedecineSherbrooke, QuebecCanada
Jens F. Rehfeld, MD, DScProfessor of Clinical BiochemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Faculty of Health SciencesCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
Robert L. Reid, MD, FRCS(C)ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen’s University School of MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesKingston General HospitalKingston, OntarioCanada
Russel J. Reiter, PhDProfessor of NeuroendocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Medical School at San AntonioUniversity Health CenterSan Antonio, Texas
Matthew D. Ringel, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, MarylandAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesSection of EndocrinologyWashington Hospital Center
Washington, DC
Antonio Rivera, MDFellow, Department of MedicineSection of Renal Diseases and HypertensionGeorge Washington University Medical CenterWashington, DC
Gary L. Robertson, MDProfessor of Medicine and NeurologyDepartment of EndocrinologyNorthwestern University Medical SchoolChicago, Illinois
R. Paul Robertson, MDProfessor of Medicine and PharmacologyScientific Director, Pacific Northwest Research InstituteSeattle, Washington
Simon P. Robins, PhD, DscHead, Skeletal Research UnitRowett Research InstituteAberdeen, Scotland
Alan D. Rogol, MD, PhDProfessor of Clinical PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineUniversity of Virginia Medical CenterCharlottesville, VirginiaClinical Professor of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmond, Virginia
Prashant K. Rohatgi, MB, MDProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Mikael Rørth, MDProfessor of Clinical OncologyUniversity of Copenhagen Faculty of Health SciencesRigshospitaletCopenhagen, Denmark
Robert L. Rosenfield, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Robert K. Rude, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Southern California School of MedicineLos Angeles, California
Neil B. Ruderman, MD, DPhilProfessorDepartment of Medicine and PhysiologyBoston University School of MedicineBoston, Massachusetts
James W. Russell, MDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor GRECCAnn Arbor, Michigan
Lester B. Salans, MDAdjunct ProfessorThe Rockefeller UniversityClinical Professor of MedicineMt. Sinai School of MedicineNew York, New York
Salil D. SarkarDepartment of RadiologySUNY Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn College of MedicineBrooklyn, New York
David H. Sarne, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Ernst J. Schaefer, MDProfessor of MedicineLipid DivisionTufts University School of MedicineNew England Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Isaac Schiff, MD
Joe Vincent Meigs Professor of GynecologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
R. Neil Schimke, MDProfessor of Medicine and PediatricsChief, Division of Endocrinology and GeneticsUniversity of Kansas School of MedicineKansas City, Kansas
James R. Schreiber, MDElaine and Mitchell Yanow Professor and HeadDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
David E. Schteingart, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
Ellen W. Seely, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDirector of Clinical ResearchEndocrine-Hypertension DivisionHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
Markus J. Seibel, MD, PDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of Heidelberg Medical SchoolHeidelberg, Germany
Elizabeth Shane, MDProfessor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Lawrence E. Shapiro, MDClinical Professor of MedicineSUNY at Stony Brook School of Medicine Health Sciences CenterStony Brook, New YorkDirector, Division of EndocrinologyWinthrop University HospitalMineola, New York
Meeta Sharma, MBBS, MDAssistant Director, Diabetes TeamDivision of EndocrinologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineMedStar Diabetes InstituteWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
R. Michael Siatkowski, MDAssociate Professor of OphthalmologyDean A. McGee Eye InstituteOklahoma City, Oklahoma
Omega L. Silva, MDProfessor Emeritus of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Shonni J. Silverberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Joe Leigh Simpson, MDErnst W. Bertner Chairman and ProfessorDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyBaylor College of MedicineHouston, Texas
Ethel S. Siris, MDMadeline C. Stabile Professor of Clinical MedicineDepartment of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Glen W. Sizemore, MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismLoyola University of Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywood, Illinois
Niels E. Skakkebaek, MDProfessor of Growth and ReproductionUniversity of Copenhagen Faculty of Health SciencesRigshospitalet
Copenhagen, Denmark
Celia D. Sladek, PhDProfessor and Acting ChairDepartment of Physiology and BiophysicsFinch University of Health Sciences Chicago Medical SchoolNorth Chicago, Illinois
John R. Sladek, Jr., PhDProfessor and ChairmanDepartment of NeuroscienceFinch University of Health Sciences Chicago Medical SchoolNorth Chicago, Illinois
Eduardo Slatopolsky, MDRenal DivisionWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
Robert C. Smallridge, MDProfessor of MedicineMayo Medical SchoolChair, Endocrine DivisionMayo ClinicJacksonville, Florida
Robert J. Smith, MDProfessor of MedicineChief of EndocrinologyBrown University School of MedicineDirector, Hallett Diabetes CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidence, Rhode Island
Richard H. Snider, Jr., PhDChief ChemistEndocrinology Research LaboratoryVeterans Affairs Medical CenterWashington, DC
Phyllis W. Speiser, MDProfessor of Clinical PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsNew York University School of MedicineNew York, New YorkNorth Shore University HospitalManhasset, New York
Harvey J. Stern, MD, PhDGenetics and IVF InstituteFairfax, Virginia
Martin J. Stevens, MDAssociate Professor of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
Andrew F. Stewart, MDProfessor of MedicineChief, Division of EndocrinologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Elizabeth A. Streeten, MDClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and ObesityUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
Gordon J. Strewler, MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of Medical ServiceHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MassachusettsVeterans Affairs Boston Healthcare SystemWest Roxbury, Massachusetts
Martin I. Surks, MDProfessor of Medicine and PathologyDepartment of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva UniversityMontefiore Medical CenterBronx, New York
Arthur L. M. Swislocki, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of California, Davis, School of MedicineDavis, CaliforniaVeterans Affairs Outpatient ClinicMartinez, California
Shahrad Taheri, MSc, MB, MRCPWellcome Trust Research FellowDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of London Imperial College School of Medicine
Hammersmith HospitalLondon, England
Robert J. Tanenberg, MD, FACPProfessor of MedicineSection of Endocrinology and MetabolismBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina University School of MedicineGreenville, North Carolina
Kamal Thapar, MDAssistant Professor of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Toronto Faculty of MedicineToronto Western Hospital, University HealthToronto, OntarioCanada
Ramesh K. Thapar, MDSenior ResidentDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
Michael A. Thomas, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Clinical Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, Ohio
Christopher J. Thompson, MB, ChB, MD, FRCPIConsultant Physician and EndocrinologistDepartment of EndocrinologyRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandBeaumont HospitalDublin, Ireland
Keith Tornheim, PhDAssociate Professor of BiochemistryBoston University School of MedicineBoston, Massachusetts
David J. Torpy, MBBS, PhD, FRACPSenior LecturerDepartment of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandFaculty of Health SciencesBrisbane, Australia
Carmelita U. Tuazon, MD, MPHProfessor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashington, DC
Catherine Tuck, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Michael L. Tuck, MDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CaliforniaVeterans Affairs Medical Center, SepulvedaSepulveda, California
Stephen Jon Usala, MD, PhDClinical Associate ProfessorDepartment of MedicineTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of MedicineAmarillo, Texas
Eve Van Cauter, PhDProfessor of MedicineUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of MedicineChicago, Illinois
Greet H. Van Den Berghe, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Intensive Care MedicineCatholic University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
David H. Van Thiel, MDDirector of TransplantationLoyola University of Chicago Stritch School of MedicineLoyola University Medical CenterLiver Transplant OfficeMaywood, Illinois
Joseph G. Verbalis, MDProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashington, DC
Robert Volpé, MD, FRCP(C), MACP, FRCP (Edin & Lord)Professor EmeritusDepartment of Medicine
University of Toronto Faculty of MedicineToronto, OntarioCanada
Steven G. Waguespack, MDFellow, Adult and Pediatric EndocrinologyDepartments of Medicine and PediatricsDivision of EndocrinologyIndiana University School of MedicineRiley Children’s HospitalIndianapolis, Indiana
Brian Walsh, MDDirector, Menopause CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts
David O. Walterhouse, MDAssistant Professor of PediatricsNorthwestern University Medical SchoolChildren’s Memorial HospitalChicago, Illinois
Emily C. Walvoord, MDSenior FellowDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetologyIndiana University School of MedicineRiley Hospital for ChildrenIndianapolis, Indiana
James H. Warram, MD, ScDSenior InvestigatorSection on Genetics and EpidemiologyResearch DivisionHarvard Medical SchoolJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Michelle P. Warren, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and MedicineWyeth Ayerst Professor of Women’s HealthColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, New York
Leonard Wartofsky, MD, MPH, MACPClinical Professor of MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineClinical Professor of MedicineGeorge Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesChair, Department of MedicineWashington Hospital CenterClinical Professor of MedicineHoward University College of MedicineWashington, DCProfessor of Medicine and PhysiologyUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hébert School of MedicineBethesda, Maryland
Stephen I. Wasserman, MDHelen M. Ranney Professor of MedicineChair, Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego, School of MedicineLa Jolla, California
Colleen Weber, RNPediatric Endocrine NurseCardinal Glennon Children’s HospitalSt. Louis, Missouri
Anthony Peter Weetman, MD, FRCP, DScProfessor of MedicineUniversity Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Sheffield School of MedicineNorthern General HospitalSheffield, England
Gordon C. Weir, MDProfessor of MedicineResearch DivisionHarvard Medical SchoolJoslin Diabetes CenterBoston, Massachusetts
Laura S. Welch, MDDirector, Occupational and Environmental MedicineGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC
Samuel A. Wells, Jr., MDProfessor of SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, Missouri
