Principles Modules

IBAAN, Jocelyn C. Principles and Processes of Development ManagementEETEAP -MDM PSU- Urdaneta Campus

The Nature and Meaning of Development Management ( Part 1)

MODULE 1

Exercise 1: Give the correct answer by writing the terms or phrases required in the space provided for before each of the item found below.

Publicness 1.A concept by which communal activities subject to political direction is carried out by government institution.

Totalitarian Regime 2.A form of government by which public administration is concerned with virtually all social activities that is conducted within families, tribes, and self-sufficient communities, and where political direction is severely handicapped by language barriers and cultural diversity.

Public Administration 3. It is governed by the political principles, promises and expediencies, rather than academic theory, scientific principles or business economics.

Personal Interpretations 4.They are likely to be clouded by emotional issues and by the general prejudice against public administration.

Officiousness 5.It seems to be a spreading disease in newly independent states, where the public sector appears chaotic, replete with frenzied action without apparent results, and craze bungling of new program.

Superintending public authority 6. It nominally carries out the activity and assumes

the responsibility for all programs conducted in its name.

Public administration 7.It is different or if it is not, it ought to be, because of its public quality, concern for social goals, compulsory powers, and relative openness.

Government 8. It achieves continuity by conforming to the customs, traditions and temperament of the people.

Public Morality 9.It should be above reproach, to be a good example to younger generation.

1

All societies 10.They do certain activities communally – namely: the traditional functions of government, such as the conduct of external relations, defense, internal order, public order, social welfare and taxation.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss the various approaches at defining the discipline of public administration.

There are four approaches in defining public administration. These are:

a. The first approach deals with the identification of communal activities subject to political direction. These communal activities are the traditional functions of government such as the conduct of external relations, defense, internal order, public works, social welfare and taxation. These served as the bases of public administration; however, these activities are not enough to identify the nature of public administration.

b. The second approach is the identification of public institutions, grounded in public law, financed by public money and staffed by career public servants. These are public authorities under political control and only some factors that affect public administration. However, public administration is not synonymous with political or governmental institutions.

c. The third approach would be the study of administrative attitudes, particularly those decision makers and policy planners who take a public minded, forward –looking view. Public administration would be distinguished by its outward-looking attitude- its concern for social repercussions, its awareness of political values, its reflection of community feelings, its expression of societal goals, its evidence of humanness, its regard for truth. Its abhorrence of social ills etc. Excluded would be inward-looking attitudes, concerned only with the private profit of the activity, institutions or process, irrespective of its external repercussion, which would be epitomized by the socialists’ portrayal of capitalists robber barons.

d. The fourth approach would be to define public administration according to the unique of the processes employed in activating public policy. The unique processes of public administration as differentiated from non-governmental institutions include the nature of political controls and public accountability, the machinery of government, distribution of powers among the levels of government, the merit system and open enterprise, national planning, and local government administration.

2.

2. What are the prejudices against public administration?The roots of prejudices against public administration go deeper than

ignorance. Even if everyone became conversant with the problems of public administration and the difficulties of operating within a political environment, there would still be grounds for antagonism, the public remains on the outside, looking in.

This is the reason why there are unavoidable resentment and

prejudices against public administration such as: Corruption which became a way of life in low income countries, where public employment is dependent on the premise of “whom you know’ instead of “what you know”; Nepotism and political dynasty; Nefariousness in totalitarian regime and officiousness which seemed to be the spreading disease in newly independent states. Public administration is debased because of these prejudices. Thus, a few appear to favor public administration and many are doubtful or critical, even if one balance, they have no real cause for complaints.

3.


The Nature and Meaning of Development Management (Part2)

MODULE 2


Development Public Administration 1. It is similar to the new PA in its emphasis on the goals of social justice, equality and the centrality of the human person, and is akin to DA in

its focus on the problems of the Third World rather than in the United States.

Public Administration 2.According to Prof. Romy Ocampo, it concerns with the optimistic study and improvement of government capacity and practice in forming policies, taking decisions, implementing them and securing the desired results.

Administration 3. It is thought of as the major investigation and device by which civilized man in complex societies try to control their culture.

Management 4.It is a part of cooperative human behavior, whose administrative aspects focus on the pursuit of rational goals in an organizational bureaucratic authority structure.

Public Administration 5.In common usage, it is meant as the activities of the executive branches of national, state and local government, independent boards and commissions; and certain other agencies of a specialized character.

Organization 6. It is the structure of authoritative and habitual interrelationship in an administrative system.

Political Estate 7. An estate which used the skills of other estates but made decisions on the basis of value judgment, hunch or compromise.

4.

Administrative situations 8.There are so unique, so inherently disorderly, so unlike the highly conventionalized discipline of law; public administration is a field in which everyman is his own

codifier and categorizer, and the categories adopted must be looked on as relatively evanescent.

Administration of Development 9. It refers to the method use of large organization usually governance to implement policies and plan to meet development objectives.

Development Administration 10.It is the variety that gained currency when colonies got political independence and set their sights on the development of the economy following the example of the west.

Exercise 2: Answer the following questions below.

1. Discuss the technical distinction between traditional public administration (PA), new public administration (NPA), development administration (DA),

development public administration (DPA) and development management (DM).

The Traditional PA was the prevailing school until the early post World War II period. Under it, the role of public servants was how to implement decisions made elsewhere by policy makers who were not in the bureaucracy. It has a set of prescription laid by engineers and managers obsessed with the search for the one best way. Attention focused on the internal organization, society was a neglected variable. The economy and efficiency or operations appear to be the most important goals. The hypothesis was that satisfactory performance of the staff functions would lead to better public administration. Little or no attention was given to the implementation of programs and the delivery of services.

The New Public Administration (NPA) on the other hand, was born in the seventies in the United States of scholars led by Dwight Waldo with other academicians who found TPA as irrelevant to a turbulent technological society. The NPA advocated project management and the modular organization in lieu of bureaucracy. It blended economics and philosophy. Its basic values are: representativeness, political neutrality, competence and executive leadership, value of social security. Its basic characteristics are: decentralization, devolution, project management, contact, sensitivity training, organizational development and client participation.

5.

Development Public administration (DPA) was introduced in 1980. DPA is similar to NPA in its emphasis on the goals of social justice, equity and the centrality of the human person, and is akin to DA in its focus on the problems of the Third world rather than the U.S. DPA advocates do not choose upon between equity and growth but view continued productivity as the base upon which basic needs would be provided for everyone in the society and benefits would be distributed in more equitable way. In contrast to both DA and NPA, DPA locates its bureaucracy not only within its own society but also in the context of global system.

Lastly Development Management (DM) was conceptualized in 1987 and focuses on the management aspect and development oriented.

2. Discuss the various attempts at defining public administration as well as its various shift base.

Many attempts were made in defining public administration. People seek a sharper focus and a more precise definition of the central core of discipline without imposing a rigid definition.

In common usage, public administration refers to the activities of the executive branches of national, state and local governments; independent boards and commissions set up by Congress and state legislature; government corporations; and certain other agencies of a specialized character (Simon:1950, p.7). A system of public administration in totality of all laws, regulations, practices, relationships, codes and customs that prevail at any time in any jurisdiction for the fulfillment or execution of public policy (White, 1955,p.2). In its general aspect, public administration centers its concern in those matters common to all or nearly all administrative agencies (Marx:1959, p.6). Public administration is also defined as the action part of government, the means by which the purposes and gals of government are realized. (Corson:1963,p.12)

In continuing controversy over the meaning of public administration reflects its hanging subject matter. The field is being continually transformed, thus the shifting base of public administration continues as time passes by:

a. shift from work processes to societal functionsb. shift from staff to activitiesc. shift from government bureaucracy to the forms of communal activityd. shift from professional administrators at the apex of public bureaucratic to

the whole administratione. shift from scientism to normative public policy makingf. shift from internal relationship of the public administration system to

external relationshipsg. shift from the national to the transnationalh. shift from intra-disciplinary to inter-disciplinary approaches

These shifts in emphasis indicate that a change in the aims of the discipline of public administration in taking place.

6.


Classical Organization Theory

MODULE 3


Bureaucracy 1.It is an administrative tool with which the achievement of an organizational goal is facilitated.

Administration Management Theory 2. It is a body of knowledge developed during the first half of the 20th century with primary emphasis on establishing broad administrative principles applicable to higher management levels.

Management Process School 3. A school which considers management as a universal process, regardless of the type and level of enterprise, although recognizing that obviously the environment of managing differs widely between enterprise and levels.

Scientific Management 4. A system which has a major impact particularly in factory and industrial operations, not only in the United States but also in Europe.

Organizing 5. It is bringing together the basic resources in an orderly manner and groups people in an accepted pattern so that they can perform activities to accomplish stated goals.

Division of Work 6.This principle states the specification of labor in order to concentrate for more efficiency.

Controlling 7. It is the collect in of information on accomplishment, comparing this to planned targets, and taking corrective actions whenever necessary.

The Staff Principle 8.This recognizes the role of line management in the exercise of authority but provided a staff the opportunity to give advice and information.

7.

Max Weber 9.He interprets bureaucracy as an administrative in which the achievement or organizational goal is facilitated.

Centralization 10. It refers to the mechanism of control emanating from a single authority or as Fayol puts it, it refers to the extent to which authority is concentrated or dispersed.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Discuss the technical convergence and harmonize the various classical organization theories in terms of each of their unit analysis.

The Unit of Analysis of Scientific Management TheoryAuthor: Frederick M. TaylorAnalysis of His Work: it involves the worker/work itselfThe Structure: Highly centralized and no people participationThe Values Pursued: Efficiency and productivity in managementPrinciples and Characteristics:

Division of Labor Principle of homogeneity Research Standardization Planning Cooperation

Strengths of the Theory Maximizes resources Efficient ways of doing a particular work More incentives to industrious

Weakness of His Work Mechanics and disregarding emotion, feelings and interests

The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of administrative ManagementAuthor: Henry FayolAnalysis of His Work: it involves the entire organizationThe Structure: Highly centralized and hierarchicalThe Values Pursued: Economy and efficiency in general perspective in managementPrinciples and Characteristics:

Division of labor Authority and responsibility Discipline Unity of command Subordination of individual interest

Remuneration of personnel Centralization Scalar chain

8.

Order Equity Stability of tenure Initiative Espirit de corps

Strength of the Theory Highly structured and efficiency

Weaknesses of His Work Too elitist Principles are very simplistic Needs of employees neglected Contributions of behavioral sciences neglected

B. Authors: Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick Analysis of Their Work: it involves the entire organizationThe Structure: Hierarchical and centralizationThe Values Pursued: Economy, efficiency and effectivenessPrinciples and Characteristics:

Advocated the application of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and budgeting

Strength of the Theory It provides for specialization

Weaknesses of Their Work Highly concentrated on work materials and place of work

The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Theory of BureaucracyAuthor: Max WeberAnalysis of His Work: It concerns with the workerThe Structure: It emphasizes hierarchicalThe Values Pursued: It emphasizes efficiency in managementPrinciples and Characteristics:

Division of labor Centralization of authority Rules of carrying out work, to be applied uniformly to individual cases Impersonality Officials are selected on the basis of competence Rationality Hierarchical structure

Strength of the Theory Efficiency in a system of work procedure and placement based on

technical competence

9.

Weaknesses of His Work

No room for creativity, highly rigid

2. Why are these called classical organization theories?

These models or theories are called classical organization because they served as the bases or models of past and present administrations. These theories and principles passed the test of time and serve as guidelines in the aspect of administration at present.

10.


The Neo-Classical Theories

MODULE 4


Decision-Making School 1. It considers management as a series of decisions and the analysis of decisions as the central function of management.

Sociologists 2. They have contributed much to understanding the anatomy of organizations though their work on groups, cultural patterns, groups’ cohesiveness, and cooperation.

The Behavioral School 3. It analyzes management from the standpoint of interpersonal relations represented by human relations, leadership and behavioral sciences.

Rationality 4. It is concerned with the selection of preferred behavior alternatives in terms of some systems of values whereby the consequence of behavior can be evaluated.

The Human Relations School 5. It is frequently used as a general term the ways in which managers interact with their employees.

Satisficing 6. According to Herbert Simon, the picking of course action that is satisfactory or good enough under certain circumstances.

Organization 7. It is loosely used and may mean a host of things including systems, groups, patterned relationships, or set of behavior.

Decision 8. It is basically a resolution of alternatives.

Decision Styles 9. It is the logical, objective-subjective, tough-minded-soft headed, analytical-synthetic, scientific-artistic, and reasoning-intuiting processes.

11.

Rational Behavior 10.A process of making decisions that after a review of all alternatives there’s a promise to maximize the satisfaction or utility of decision -maker.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions below.

1. Discuss the technical convergence and harmonize the various neo-classical theories in terms of each of their unit analysis.

The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Theory of Human RelationsAuthor: Elton MayoAnalysis of His Work: The WorkerThe Structure: Decentralized and flexibleThe Values Pursued: Worker’s satisfactionPrinciples and Characteristics:

Economic-non-economic rewards and incentives Informal groups motivated by one common interest and one acting as a

leader Participative management Consider the needs of the lower workers Democratic supervision Subscribe to the norm of the group

Strength of the Theory Belongingness isd pursued Incentives to workers are given priority

Weaknesses of His Work Increase importance to the informal group Very simplistic Highly theoretical Difficult to apply

The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Decision- Making theoryAuthor: Herbert SimonAnalysis of His Work: It is concern with the processesThe Structure: it emphasizes hierarchicalThe Values Pursued: rationalityPrinciples and Characteristics:

Department rational decision-makingStrength of the Theory

Utilization of scientific approaches for the solution of management problems and emphasize a normative approach to provide manager with optional decisions

Perfect rationality Closed system Maximum behavior

12.

Weaknesses of His Work It is impossible to attain full maximization of ends Limited to just one aspect: the worker Value of environment is considered external Requirement of rational behavior in its implication on the complexity of

the problem being solved.

2. Why are these called neo-classical theories?

The Decision-making and human relations theories are new theories in administration. The following theories are called neo-classical because they provide new guidelines in the aspect of administration.

13.


Modern Theories

MODULE 5


Open system 1.In complex organization this is a set of interdependent parts which together make-up a whole because each contributes something and receives something from the whole, which in turn is interdependent with some larger environment.

Theory Z 2. A theory in which the concept of egalitarianism applies, that is, each one can apply discretion in work autonomously without close supervision from his supervisor.

Theory X 3.A theory in which the typical man has natural dislike of work and will avoid if he can, therefore people are basically lazy and irresponsible.

Japanese Style of Management 4. A style of management in which the employment concept is “ from womb to tomb” that embraces the needs of officials and workers including wife and children.

Systems 5. A term which is being used more and more to refer to the methods of scientific analysis that are particularity adapted to the unraveling of complexity.

Organizing 6. It is viewed as system of mutually dependent variables which is similar in approach to the systems school of management.

Company 7. It is a system, but is a part of an industrial system, as social system, a system of government, and ultimately, of a systematized universe.

Chester Barnard 8. He is perhaps the spiritual father of the system school of theorists.

14.

Modern Organization 9. It attempts to generalize about organizations in terms of sufficiency which is broadly applicable to many different kinds of enterprises.

Closed system 10.They are essentially simple systems-having very few internal variable and relationships among them, and little or no vulnerability to forces in the external environment.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Discuss the comparative application of the various modern theories in management.

Traditional organization theory used a highly structured, closed system approach while the modern theory has moved toward the open-system approached.

The System Approach was introduced by Chester Barnard. The area of application of the system approached or organization theory can be intensive, applying to a specific or definite group. The system includes both man-machine and interpersonal relationships. The focus of this theory is man or the worker. Efficiency of the worker, satisfaction, flexibility are the values pursued.

Douglas McGregor made an important contribution in understanding man’s behavior in an organization. His studies, Theory X and Y, described two types of managers holding opposite assumptions, Theory X describes man as basically lazy; who avoids work if possible, is selfish and dishonest; cannot be trusted and relied upon to carry on responsibilities. Theory Y, on the other hand, is the reverse of Theory X. It believes that man basically is possessing self-direction and self-control; can be trusted and relied upon; and is seeking responsibility and self-fulfillment. Theory X uses threat while theory Y uses encouragement; the purpose of both is to make the subject, the manpower or workforce, move towards a desired direction.

The characteristics of managers/workers under theory X are the following: man is lazy; most people need to be coerced and threatened with punishment to get to work; the average person prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility; dependence, control and domination, authoritarian control to manipulate employees. In theory Y on the other hand, the manager/worker has the following characteristics: work is considered natural; control and punishment are not the only way to bring about the company’s goal; people are by nature lazy; people exercise self-direction; the average person’s learns given the right conditions; independence, freedom and permissiveness are needed to release the employee’s potential.

15.

In Theory Z indicates that managing requires astute selection of performance criteria and appropriate balancing of emphasis among them. Considerations should be given to control both output (results) and behavior (processes). Control systems are often complicated by the fact that key results may be difficult to measure. The manager/worker has the following characteristics:

freedom of workers is preserved, worker’s are involved in consensual decision-making, the concept of egalitarianism applies; broad concern for the welfare of subordinates.

The Japanese Style of Management are observed and applied in the following situations: the employment concept is “ from womb to tomb”; there is a slow promotion in the company; non-specialized career path for workers; there is an implicit control mechanism in the organization; the concept of decision-making pervades; the concept of collective responsibility is also observed.

The American Style of Management is apparently observed under the following situations: employment concept is short; there is a rapid evaluation; there is a specialized career path for managers; individual decision-making.

2. Why are they called modern theories?

The above-discussed theories or styles of management are considered modern trends in management. They are adapted to the needs and demands of the managers, workers, time and circumstances in the model world.

16.


Nature and Meaning of Development

MODULE 6


Capacity for governance 1. It refers to the ability of the State to make and enforce its decisions on all citizens and groups.

Social Development 2. It is the process of growth and development of the capacities of people and improvement of society in which they live in order to obtain a better life for all.

Civil Society 3. It may be defined to include all sectors and institutions in the political community outside of the state and its government, not directly under their control.

Political Development 4. It is the process of increasing rationality, equality, participation and secularization in the political system.

Development 5. It is a multi-dimensional process involving changes in structures, attitudes and institutions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, reduction of inequality and eradication of absolute poverty.

Self-reliance 6. It is the expression of man’s faith in his abilities.

Land Reform 7.President Marcos referred to it as the “cornerstone of the New Society” and the centerpiece of the Aquino Administration.

Extractive capacity 8. This refers to the ability of the State to raise revenues and generate public support in order to perform its functions and render public service.

Democratic governance 9. It is an open, participatory, transparent and accountable process of making and carrying out government policies and decisions, programs and projects.

17.

Economic development 10. It is discussed in terms of economic growth although economists were generally aware of the importance of “non-economic” factors of development.


1. Discuss the changing concept of development including its various aspects.

2. Enumerate and discuss the five core concepts of development.

The United Nations Development Institute identified the Five Core Concepts of Development as follows:

a. Man as the end of development which is therefore to be judged by what it does to him. The ultimate goal of development is the promotion and preservation of man’s well-being. It is then measured by the utility man gets as a result of development. Thus, development plans, programs and strategies should center on the welfare of man as the primordial concern.

b. Dealienation of man in the sense that he feels at home with the process of development in which he becomes the subject and not an object. It means man being a subject is considered as the end or goal of development. Man should not be used as an object or means of development.

c. Development of collective personality of man in which he finds his richest expression. Development must gear towards the well-rounded enhancement of the person not only on the economic aspect but also emotional, behavioral, ethical, social and political.

d. Participation as the true form of democracy. Man should be given the opportunity to participate in all matters concerning his interest and welfare. He must be free to decide and make intelligent choices and decisions through active participation.

e. Self-reliance as the expression of man’s faith in his abilities. Man must be given the opportunity to enhance and develop his capabilities and potentials for personal and professional growth.

18.


Internal and External factors of Development and the Philippine Development Plan, Goals and Objectives

MODULE 7


Millennium Development Goals 1. It is asset of development goals that should\d be achieved within 2015 which affirms and reinforces the agreement on the goals and targets towards eliminating extreme poverty worldwide.

Tenurial Improvement 2. It aimed to establish a cooperative cultivator-ship among those who live and work on the land as tillers, with owner-cultivator-ship and economic family size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture.

Physical Development 3. This refers to the infrastructure support program to improve mobility of the population specifically enhancing their capacity for moving goods and services to the nerve center of business and trade.

Philippine Development Plan 4. It is prepared by every administration which becomes the blueprint of all government programs for a period of four years.

Human Resource Development 5. It refers to the improvement of the administrative and technical capability of the public servants in bringing about the effective and efficient public service to the population.

Angat Pinoy 6. It is an economic direction which was articulated by “Makamasa” concept of service of delivery during the Estrada Administration.

Philippines 2000/Vision 2000 7. It was used interchangeably by various sectors in every forum, and was perhaps the most popular and widely publicized Plan the country ever had.

Compact Farms 8. This consists of individually-owned contiguous farm with approximately equal productive capabilities.

19.

Development 9. It has been described as an unstoppable, unidirectional force that will inevitably transform economies and societies.

Human Resource Development 10. It refers to the improvement of the administrative and technical capability of the public servants in bringing about the effective and efficient public service to the population.

Note: In the module given, questions no.5. and 10 are the same.

+Exercise2. Answer the following questions below.

1. Discuss the various MTPDP’s of the post EDSA government.

There was no prominent MTPDP during the period except for the objectives to deMarcosify the bureaucracy to put in place the presidential democratic system back in the country. Under the constitution mandated not only development but also transformation, no less than the building of a free, peaceful, prosperous, egalitarian, just, and human society through a dynamic political, economic, social and cultural democracy.

2. Enumerate and discuss the external and internal factors affecting development of the 3rd World countries.

The external factors are the following:

1. Difficulty of enticing and attracting foreign investments. With the accession of the country to the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade, specifically on the concept of free trading among nations, this has already solved the problem.

2. Control of the economy in general. It has been said over and over that 90 percent of the country’s economy is being controlled by the 10 percent wealthy family.

3. Complication in tax administration and structure. Taxpayers and the taxpaying publics blame this factor as a fertile ground for the commission of graft and corrupt practices among the revenue collection agencies of government.

20.

4. Heavy reliance of external debt. This was triggered by the Decontrol Program of 1962, when President Diosdado Macapagal embraced the interference of the World Bank and IMF into the country’s economic affairs. The country was accidentally dragged into the debt trap in the gruise of pursuing development for its people.

5. Huge amount of external debt. The heavy reliance on external debt brought to fore the huge amount of external debt which until now has become an economic woes not only to the country’s economic managers but the entire nation as well.

6. Globalization. Globalization, fostered by free flow of information and rapid progress in technology, is a driving force that no country can turn back. Yet to many countries like the Philippines, globalization is increasingly becoming a nightmare among the population, specially the underprivileged or marginalized group of the concerned society.

7. Political instability. The contending political parties always struggle to change the landscape of democratic governance.The internal factors are as follows:

1. Political instability. The unstable condition of political situation undoubtedly affects all the aspects of development in a given country. The presence of rightists, centrists and leftists in the government structure also alarmed the investors of the political conditions of the country.

2. Rampant graft and corrupt practices in government. Current developments showed that the ranking of the country for graft and corrupt practices had not improved but instead worsened in recent years.

3. High incidence of poverty. According to the book written by Alejandro Lichauco entitled Towards a New Economic Order and the Conquest of Mass Poverty that the incidence of poverty has grown high, hand in hand with our quest for economic development.

4. High social overhead capital due to the increased social demands and bloated bureaucracy. Strategies and approaches in the reduction of personnel of public agencies such as streamlining, reorganization, re-engineering are forwarded for adoption but had remained just an elusive dream for every administration.

5. Scarcity of capital resources-not much savings is generated and foreign investments are allocated. Criticisms forwarded by the Freedom from Debt Coalition blame it to the inability of government to

effectively manage its resources which has been aggravated by the automatic debt servicing allocation for the payment of our foreign debts.

6. Peace and order situation. This is being seen and interpreted on the basis of the secessionist movement represented by the MNLF and MILF in the Southern Philippines, the CLPA in the Cordilleras and the Communists insurgents all over the country which aggravated as the country recognizes the threats of terrorism.

21.


Programs and Projects: Social, Economic, Infrastructural Development Administration

MODULE 8


Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services/CIDSS 1. It was formed with the aimed to address the basic needs of the poorest families in the community.

Social Development 2. It is described in terms of equity, social justice, cultural promotion and peace of mind and enhancement of people’s capacity to develop their own potential.

Development Administration 3. It plays a vital role in the promotion of socio-political, economic as well as infrastructure development.

Project 4. It is a component of a purpose covering a homogenous group of activities leading to the accomplishment of an identifiable output under a program.

Economic Development 5. It is concern with economic measure to gauge development, although some were telling that it already lost its ground.

Project 6.It is a component of a purpose covering a homogenous of activities leading to the accomplishment of identifiable output under a program.

Development Administration 7. It plays a vital role in the promotion of socio-political, economic as well as infrastructure development.

Philippines 8. It is the protector of the people and that the State and its goal are to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.

Program 9. It refers to the function and activities necessary for the performance of a major purpose for which a government or organization is established.

22.

Infrastructural Development 10. Basically, it entails the provision for the construction of basic needed facilities for the settler population.

Exercise 2. Answer the following question below.

1. Discuss comprehensively the social, economic and infrastructure perspectives in terms of the programs and projects implemented by government.Social Development

The Congress shall give priority to the enactment of measure that protect and enhance the right of all people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.

Government agencies endeavored to implement programs and projects, when the Department of Health assumed an aggressive posture, in 1981 when it officially adopted the primary health care (PHC) program and capitalized on the participation of non-government organization (NGOs) and community volunteers in the implementation of health programs.Economic Development

The country’s concern for economic development is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution which provides among others for a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth, a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people, and expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.

The fisheries and agriculture modernization act also declared the policy of the State to alleviate poverty and promote vigorous growth in the countryside through the access to credit by small farmers, fisherfolk, particularly the women involved in the production, processing and trading of agriculture and fisheries products and the small and medium enterprises (SMESs) and industries in agriculture and fisheries.

The Commission on ICT was created as a regular agency to focus on the development of the ICT industry and bring together all the agencies of government which will be responsible for ensuring our competitiveness in global markets and the implementation of e-government.Infrastructural Development

It gives more emphasis to the needed physical components of development in a certain area. On a Medium Term, the MTPDP of the Ramos Administration concentrated on meeting the primary needs of the population such as reliable and adequate water and energy/power supplies and providing the infrastructure requirements of the productive sector. In the pursuit of such, there was a partnership and cooperation between public and private sectors towards infrastructure development

such as on transportation, on water resources, on social infrastructure, and on communication.23.

2. Identify and discuss the priority programs and projects of the current administration.

Benigno Simeon Aquino’s Administration focuses primarily on strengthening the national economy by eradicating corruption in all forms. It is in this reason that he passed Executive Order No.1 which is supposed to establish or create the Truth Commission. This commission intends to investigate the corruption during Arroyo;s administration. However, the Supreme Court ruled the unconstitutionality of the said commission because it violates the due process clause of the constitution by pinpointing a specific administration. The current administration also reorganized the different departments and agencies in the government to ensure efficiency in public service and avoid nepotism. Pres. Noynoy’s political and campaign slogan is “ walang mahirap kung walang corrupt, di ako magnanakaw”. This only shows his sincerity and serious advocacy to eradicate corruption as the root of massive poverty in the country.

24.


The Philippine Bureaucracy and Administrative System: A Structural and Behavioral Overview

MODULE 9


Integrated Reorganization Plan 1. It provides a pattern of organization for the departments that integrates and strengthens staff services in the central office, while decentralizing operational functions to the region.

Presidential Commission on Good Governance 2. An agency created after the EDSA revolution which was tasked to recover the alleged ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses and his cronies.

Marcos Regime Reorganization efforts 3. It was a unique quality which distinguishes it from the past efforts because it went beyond the dimensions of “ simplicity, economy and efficiency” to embrace the more meaningful objective of reorganizing for development.

1986 Freedom Constitution 4. It became the basis of her presidential powers to issue decrees, executive and administrative orders, presidential proclamations and the like after her assumption to office just after the EDSA revolution.

Ramos Administration 5. It was during this administration that agencies of government specifically the “Big seven” among the GOCC’s were successful in their bid for exemption from R.A. 6758 or the Salary Standardization Law.

Estrada Administration 6. It continued the entertainment of potshot or sporadic streamlining in the bureaucracy.

Decentralization 7. It has been done in two ways: dispersal of presidential power and authority to appropriate departments and agencies, and administrative decentralization through the adoption of a standard pattern of administrative field organization.

25.

R.A.5435 8. It was enacted in September, 1968 which served as the legal basis for the only government-wide reorganization since 1956.

Reorganization efforts 9.It shall take into account socio-cultural and environmental factors in determining realistic solutions to the problems of achieving efficient economical and responsive management of public affairs.

Proclamation No.3. 10. It became the basis of implementing a sweeping reorganization among agencies of government.


1. Discuss comprehensively the various administrative reorganizations which were implemented in the country since 1898.

The basic orientation of past administrative reorganization had been conditioned by the various stages of our political evolution. During the Spanish and American regimes, agitation for administrative reform reflected the strong public sentiment for self-rule. Most of the reorganization measures, therefore, were geared towards satisfying the desire for greater Filipino participation in the administration of public affairs.

From 1898-1915, the legislative, executive and administrative powers were exercised by only one body: the Philippine Commission. A colonial government was set up by the Americans to administer the Philippine Islands. Government reorganization during this time was undertaken solely by the Philippine Commission and clearly reflected the desires of the American Commissioners, who were at the same time occupying positions as heads of executive departments. The formulating agencies charged with the task of drawing up recommendations for government administrative reforms were composed of American Representatives from the Philippine Commission or more generally from executive branch of the colonial government.

2. How come that the administrative reorganization of the Marcos regime remained to have left a significant impact on the history of democratic governance in the country.

The Marcos regime’s organization has s unique quality which distinguishes it from the past efforts. It went beyond the dimensions of simplicity, economy and efficiency to embrace the more meaningful objective of reorganizing for development. The effort during the period places emphasis upon development programs and actions and provides shifts of program orientation in areas where concerns for development are lacking.

26.


Public Personnel Administration, Public Fiscal Administration and Project Development and Management

MODULE 10


Project Prioritization 1. It is the process of determining which projects will be scheduled for implementation ahead of others.

Auditing 2. It refers to the independent examination of the original business documents to establish their authenticity and accuracy as well as the independent review of accounting systems and procedures required to pass judgment on fairness of the records and statements.

Fiscal Administration 3. It embraces the organization and processes in fiscal administration and management in such areas as revenue generation and administration, budgeting, accounting, auditing and debt management, and intergovernmental fiscal relations.

Accounting 4. It encompasses the process of analyzing, recording, classifying, summarizing, communicating all transactions involving the receipts and disposition of government funds and property and interpreting the results thereof.

Personnel Administration 5. It refers to the utilization of the best scientific knowledge of all kinds to the end that an organization as a whole and the individuals composing it shall find that corporate and individual purposes are being reconciled to the fullest possible extent, while working together for these purpose realizes also a genuine social benefit.

Project Integration 6. This is the unification of various sets of programs, projects, and activities in the institution to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, unity,

27.

cohesiveness and complementary.Budget preparation 7. This involves the formulation of a national

budget based on budgetary priorities and activities within the constraints of available revenues and borrowing limits.

Emergency Employment 8. This approach is to provide temporary jobs for those who otherwise would be unemployed due to some economic reasons.

Regular Accounts 9. These are the debts directly and actually contracted by the government both from the international lenders and domestic sources.

Department of Budget Coordinating Committee 10. It is created to serve as a coordinating committee in the preparation of budget of a given fiscal year.


1. Discuss comprehensively the concept of personnel administration and public fiscal administration.

The Personnel Administration refers to the utilization of the best scientific knowledge of all kind to the end that an organization as a whole and the individuals composing it shall find that corporate and individual purposes are being reconciled to the fullest possible extent, while working together for these purpose realizes also a genuine benefit.

While the fiscal administration embraces the organization and processes in fiscal administration and management in such areas as

revenue generation and administration, budgeting, accounting, auditing and debt management, and intergovernmental fiscal relations.

2. Discuss the interrelationship of project management and project development.

Clearly, projects which a nation chooses to implement should be a high priority in the national development program. Project Development should be selected only after thorough consideration of alternatives in the economy as a whole and within the framework of its development goals. While Project management is aligning to huge activities like exploration, building of dams, and construction of extensive highways and airports are under the category of projects. Likewise, similar activities like training, writing a textbook, or installation of a new accounting system make up as a project. It is the most concrete means of translating plans and policies into specific courses of action. It is a temporary management activity that breaks upon completion of the defined outputs. The interrelationship between the two concept lies on their dependency. The success of a project depends on how well it was developed and managed.

28.


Local Governance and Regional Administration

MODULE 11


Regionalization 1. It involves the development from major organizational units, such as ministries or departments, of smaller field units with district and standard geographical coverage, primarily for administrative and planning purposes.

City/Municapality 2. It serves primarily as a general-purpose government for coordination and delivery of basic, regular and direct services and effective governance of the inhabitants within its territorial jurisdiction.

Barangay 3. It is the basic political unit which serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community.

Local Government Code of 1991 4. A law enacted which is by far the most radical and far-reaching policy decades-old problem of an over-centralized politico-administrate system.

Administration Decentralization 5. It involves the organization of regional fed units for the national ministries or

departments that are, by nature, sector oriented.

Appointive officials 6. These are the department heads authorized under Title V of the Local government Code.

Sanggunian Barangay 7. It serves as the legislative beady of the barangays which shall be composed of the punong barangay as the presiding officer and the seven sanggunian barangay members elected at large and the sanggunian kabataan chairman as members.

29.

R.A. No. 6734 8. It was enacted on August 1, 1989 authorizing the establishment of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao pursuant to the provision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution for regional autonomy.

Province 9. It is composed of a cluster municipalities and cities, and as a political and corporate unit of government, serves as a dynamic mechanism for developmental processes and effective governance of local government units within its territorial jurisdiction.

Local governments 10. They have been defined as political subdivisions of the state which are constituted by law, and which have substantial control over local affairs as well as the power to tax.


1. Discuss local governance vis-à-vis the Local government Code of 1991.

Local governance pertains to the administration of the local government units. Local governments are political subdivisions of the state which are constituted by law, and which have substantial control over local affairs as well as the power to tax. It also pertains to the lower level political units or instrumentalities, the peculiar or unique characteristic of which is their subordinate status to the central government. The administration of the local government is governed by the Local government Code of 1991. This code afforded local government units more independence in the management of their internal affairs in governance. It transferred the responsibility of the delivery of the basic services to the local government units. It also provides the legal and institutional infrastructure for the participation of civil society in local governance. It increases the financial resources available to local government units and it laid the foundation for the development and evolution of more entrepreneurial oriented local governments.

2. What are the legal bases of regional administration in the country? Regionalization is the administrative decentralization of the national planning and administrative functions to the regional level. It includes the division of the country into several regions.

Regionalization in the Philippines has the following legal bases:

30.

1. The 1935, 1973, and 1987 Philippine Constitutions of the Philippines being the fundamental law of the land served as the general law for all government units in operation.

2. Republic Act No. 997 creating the Government Survey on Reorganization Commission paved way for the establishment of 11 administrative regions of the country.

3. Republic Act No. 5185 was popularly known as the decentralization act of 1967 which increased the financial resources of the local governments.

4. Presidential Decree No.1 authorizing the adoption in toto of the provisions of RA 5435.

5. Republic Act No. 6734 enacted on August 1, 1989 as the enabling law authorizing the establishment of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao.

6. Executive Order 200 which established the Cordillera Administrative Region.

7. Administrative Order No.36. It established the SOCCSKSARGEN with Cotabato City as the Regional Center.

8. An Administrative Order was issued in May 2005, splitting Region IV into two regions: the MIMAROPA and CALABARZON regional offices.

31.


The Nature and Traits of Philippine Bureaucracy

MODULE 12


Public office 1. It is both a duty and position of great importance in government bureaucracy where the right, authority, and duty created as confirmed by law or fixed by law for a certain period of time or enduring at the pleasure of the appointing power.

Technical norm 2. It implies an understanding and proficiency in a specific kind of activity, particularly those involving methods, approaches, processes or techniques in dealing with education as an external constraint.

The culture of mediocrity in the bureaucracy 3. It revolves around the principle and system of merit and competence required by law for civil service personnel.

Universalistic norm 4. It is a behavior wherein a bureaucrat deals with all levels of people in the same way.

Bureaucracy 5. It is a type of organization designed to accomplish large-scale administration tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals.

Public office 6. It is secure as long as there is no gross misconduct in the performance of one’s role in the office.

Filipinos 7. They have used the Spanish political bureaucracy as the scapegoat for all weaknesses of the Philippine political bureaucracy.

Personnel 8. They are chosen on the basis of competence through competitive examinations and are expected to perform accordingly.

32.

Priority norm 9. This refers to the “first come, first serve” basis of service.

Confidentiality norm 10. It is the premature disclosure of any information by persons not authorized to do the announcement which may constitute an injustice committed against the organization.


1. Discuss the significant characteristics or traits of Philippine bureaucracy as well as the bureaucratic norms pervading in every public or private organization.

Bureaucracy is defined as a type of organization designed to accomplish large-scale administration tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals.

The characteristics of the Philippine bureaucracy was a p[product of a study made by Onofre D. Corpuz which was summarized by Jose P. Leveriza as follows:

a. Vulnerability to nepotism. This is because of the kinship groups by consanguinity and affinity and gives top priority to family loyalty because of close family ties.

b. Perpetuation of the spoils system. The passage of the Civil service law has classified and unclassified the temporary positions which have become convenient instruments for the practice of nepotism.

c. Apathetic public reaction to bureaucratic misconduct. Official misconducts become a part of “normalcy” in the affairs of the government.

d. Availability of external peaceful means of correcting bureaucratic weaknesses. Constitutional rights and privileges have been used for rectifying the defects and misdeeds of bureaucracy.

e. Survival of historical experience. Filipinos have used the Spanish political bureaucracy as the scapegoat for all weaknesses of the Philippine political bureaucracy.

f. Non special typing of bureaucrats. Filipino bureaucrats do not comprise a clear-cut social class. Filipino bureaucrat is organization consists of persons with varied family backgrounds, aspirations, educational attainment, training and work experience.

g. Lack of independence from politics. Philippine bureaucracy’s merit system was easily subject to attack and tampering by politicians.

h. Essential instruments of social change. Philippine bureaucracy’s function in nation-building will be as big as complicated, and as demanding as the function of the whole society itself.

33.

The five bureaucratic norms exemplify the traits and behavior of the public with its encounter to any bureaucratic organizations.

a. Universalistic norm. It means dealing with all levels of people in the same way.

b. Priority norm. It refers to the “first come, first serve” basis in the delivery of service.

c. Efficiency norm. This exemplifies the delivery of service which is done in a very little cost to the public.

d. Technical norm. It has something to do with the person’s skills and professional training in serving a client.

e. Jurisdictional norm. It is where the employees work within the confines of their area of responsibility.

2. How does administrative culture affect the bureaucratic system in the Philippines?

Administrative culture affects the Philippine bureaucracy in a lot of ways such as:

Culture of patronage. The system of merit as an embodiment of the culture of competence and commitment to public service is highly desired and esteemed by public officials and employees. Patronage can be explained by familism or strong family ties as well as debt of gratitude and pakikisama.

Culture of bureaucratic mediocracy. It revolves around the principle and system of merit and competence required by law for civil service personnel. Most government employees exhibit no motivation to work harder and they pose an uncaring attitude.

Culture of bureaucratic ambiguity. This is rooted in the multiplicity of conflicting laws, executive orders, judicial decisions, civil service and labor regulations. This mass of conflicting laws results to ambiguity and confusion.

Culture of Dualism. The social stratification of the people in the society, whether they belong to the upper class or lower class, underscores the difference in treatment that each class receives.

34.


The Bureaucrat and the Philippine Bureaucratic Behavior

MODULE 13


Bahala Na 1.It is a thief quality, the mother of indolence, the twin sister of idleness, the natural partner of vice, the roadblock to initiative and productivity and the producer of sluggards.

Authority 2.Its figures determine to a large extent, the satisfaction or frustration of the Filipino’s aspiration for social acceptance, economic security, and social mobility.

Public official 3. A worker in government which is torn between his need to belong and by the necessity of justifying his action.

Familism 4. It emphasizes the welfare and interest of the family over the welfare and interest of the community.

Red tape 5. It is an excessive formality and routine required before official action can be taken on a certain

transaction which is perceived to be counter- productive.

Traditional values 6. These have not been quite displaced by the new norms, and they continue to influence to a great extent the behavior of government officials/employees and the general public.

Tardiness 7. It is perhaps one common weakness of many government employees in relation to their work is their inability to report for work on time.

Philippine bureaucratic behavior 8. It is influenced by its socio-economic structure, as well as by the traditions and cultures of the Filipinos.

Filipino bureaucrats 9. They tend to submerge themselves into a collective mode of decision-making and responsibility that defines bureaucratic structure.

Overlapping of functions 10. It is ta situation of appointing too many personnel giving rise to the concept of a bloated bureaucracy.


1.Discuss the various types of behavior in the Philippine bureaucracy vis-à-vis the dysfunction of Philippine bureaucracy.35.

Many social scientists considered the following as some of the types of behavior of the Philippine bureaucracy as follows;a. Conformity to policies. Bureaucracy stresses unquestioning

compliance to organizational policies, rules and regulations. This results from the displacement of the original goals, develops into rigidities and inability to adopt readily.

b. Preference toward continuity and routinization. Bureaucratic puts much emphasis on specialization. Hence, there is a general preference for the bureaucrats to maintain the status quo in the organization. it has led to the Filipino’s negative attitude toward change.

c. Loss of self-direction or self-assertion. The Filipino bureaucrats tend to submerge themselves into a collective mode of decision-making and responsibility that define bureaucratic structure. Because of this, they tend to loss self-direction and self-assertion.

d. Political supportive. The bureaucratic system in the Philippines tends to support the political party in power.

These behaviors in the Philippine bureaucracy are highly affected by dysfunctions in the Philippine bureaucracy like:a. Red tape. The excessive formality and routine before official action

can be taken on a certain transaction which is perceived to be counter-0ptroductive. Thus, oftentimes, people also transact with the government have to bribe their way to get prompt results or to get away with lengthy procedures.

b. Incompetent Government Personnel. A lot of government personnel do not know how to cope with the job for which they are chosen, thus they become ineffective and inefficient.

c. Tardiness. This is the most common sickness of most government employees. This greatly affects their work efficiency and this reflects their lack of self-discipline and poor work ethics.

d. Overlapping of functions. Overlapping of functions is a situation of appointing too many personnel giving rise to the concept of bloated bureaucracy.

e. Other negative traits such as lack of initiative, unwillingness to delegate, rigidity and inflexibility and buck-passing are few of the numerous dysfunctions in the Philippine bureaucracy.

36.

2. Discuss the perspectives of Filipino values and culture in the Philippine bureaucracy.

Culture as it relates to public organization may be seen to be of three types such as social, political and administrative. The Filipino culture, despite Spanish and American influences, has basically retained its distinct flavor. The Filipino cultural norms and values, imbibed from childhood, are carried by them into the organization and reflect those of the culture of the society. These are personalism, familism and particularism or popularism. Personalism refers to the degree of emphasis on interpersonal relations or face-to-face encounter. Familism emphasizes the welfare and interest of the family or individual and group behavior, as reinforced by personalistic orientation, give rise to particularism/popularism. To be popular is the highest compliment one can receive from kinships, neighbors and friends.

37.IBAAN, Jocelyn C. Principles and Processes of Development ManagementEETEAP –MDM PSU- Urdaneta Campus

The Nature of Public Policy and Public Policy Making Process

MODULE 14


Public policy 1. Another version for it is that it is the domain of government institutions or officials who are accountable to the public.

Participative 2. A description of policy making wherein the government works out policies and the private sector- the experts and technocrats – is invited to attend hearings and meetings on national issues or become members of special committees created to study a particular problem and develop important policies.

Standing committee 3. In Congress, this group undertakes the preliminary investigations to determine the public importance and political significance of a bill.

Nature of P=public policy 4. It tends to address usually the general welfare of the inhabitants and the interest of the country itself.

Technocrats 5. This group took the pivotal role in policy formation in both domestic affairs and international negotiations so much that Martial Law administration has been described as a military-technocratic alliance.

Policy making 6. It is the prerogative of the political or elected actors in government.

NEDA 7. Its creation is said to have consolidated into a single unit the once disparate economic bodies in the country and consolidated as well as broadened the participants in and recipients of development policies and programs.

Grinding poverty 8. It has been exacerbated by the lack of employment opportunities, rising prices, high population growth and even inadequate education.

Cabinet Coordinating Committee 9. It was composed of all the cabinet secretaries who held regular breakfast meetings which is often began at seven o’clock and adjourned at ten in the morning.

38.Case study 10. It was conducted to show the intricacies of

formulating a public policy on reorganization which is a very controversial issue of policy decision makers.


1. Discuss the policy making process during the martial law period.The Philippine policy making under Martial law is described as being proactive, reactive and participative,. It is said to be proactive because it formulates projections about the nation, twenty years, through comprehensive and careful analyses of facts, figures and trends. It is also reactive because policies are formulated to conform to events that need resolution. Socio-economic difficulties that are perennial are taken into prime consideration.It is participative because government works out policies and the private sector- experts and technocrats are invited to attend hearings and meetings on national issues and to participate in the decision and policy-making.

2. Discuss and harmonize the policy making process between the executive and legislative branches of government.

The role of designing a public policy lies in the legislative branch of the government. They formulate policies and set guidelines to its implementation. Carrying out this policy on the other hand is the responsibility of public administration particularly the executive branch of the government.

39.


The Philippine Public Policies –Past, Present and Future

MODULE 15


Economic development1. An aspect of development which is associated with the people’s higher levels of employment and income, the steady reduction of poverty, wider economic choices, economic security, and less inequity and economic inequality.

Presidency 2. An office represented by the President as head of government as chief executive and chief of State who is visionary, progressive, politically skillful, and transforming national leader.

New Society 3. It became the battle cry of his administration in the promulgation of his public policies during the martial law period.

Social and cultural development 4. An aspect of development which is associated with the Filipino people’s growing ability to meet their basic needs for food, health, housing, transport, and a mutually sustaining environment.

Policy 5. It is a purposive course of action which is commonly and generally set and perceived to be generally and socially desirable to a great number of people.

Politics 6. It was rejected as a crippling factor, dissipating resources on projects and activities with low economic returns.

1987 Phil. Constitution7. It became the blueprint of all public policies of every administration which came under it, yet there are public policies that made each administration unique as they pursued their plans and programs.

MTPDP (Medium Term Philippine Development Plan) 8. It sets within 2015, which affirms and reinforces the agreements on the goals and targets towards eliminating extreme poverty worldwide.

Pres. Diosdado Macapagal 9. He dismantled the Filipino First and adopted the public policy of embracing the interference of the World Bank (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to the economic life of the nation.

40.

Policy process 10. It is the formulation and application of identifications, demands, and expectations concerning the future interpersonal relations to self.


1.Discuss the future Philippine public policies in relation to the three aspects of development.

The future Philippine public policy is centered on the social, cultural, economic and political development.

The book entitled “The Philippines Into the 21st century”, associated social and cultural development with the Filipino people’s growing ability to meet their basic needs for food, health, housing, transport and mutually sustaining environment. While the economic development is associated with the people’s higher levels of employment and income, the steady reduction of poverty, wider

economic choices, economic securities, and less inequity and economic inequality. Political development can be achieved with peace, constitutional democracy, democratization, decentralization, devolution and good governance. These visions will be realized through effective policy –making and implementation by the government and support and cooperation of the citizenry.

2.Why is it that government public polices over the years seemed to be inadequate of relieving the greater mass of the country’s population from absolute poverty?

Public policies over the years seemed to be inadequate of relieving the greater mass of the country’s population from absolute poverty because of inefficient if not ineffective implementation of poverty alleviation programs and policies. Resources intended to the implementation of these policies and programs are often mismanaged or misappropriated. Most of these policies are sound so plausible and idealistic however, they became so lame and inutile to answer the growing problem on poverty because of their poor implementation. Thus the problem lies to the administration and the people entrusted with the responsibility to put into action these policies. This is the reflection of how worst corruption is in the country. Most public officials and employees protect and prioritize their personal gain over common welfare and public service. They fail to give what is due to the people specially the poor and underprivileged sector in the society. We can also minimize if we cannot possibly eradicate poverty, if the government will take serious steps in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs and policies setting aside their personal gains and biases.

41.


External Constraints to Development

MODULE 16


Underdevelopment 1. It has been taken to mean “the flip-side of the coin of development” using the standards or milieu of developed, and generally industrialized countries as frame of reference.

Dependency Theory 2. A theory which explains that developed societies, exercising capitalist domination and hegemony on the political economies of 3rd World nations through inequitable economic arrangements, promote and perpetuate their development at the expense of underdeveloped economies.

Gunmar Myrdal 3. A writer who stresses the totality of the development process and explained the underdevelopment is a process of cumulative circular causation among such factors as levels of living, income, and productivity.

Mass poverty 4. It is another by-product of the country’s neocolonial status in addition to the country’s distorted development.

Analysis of underdevelopment 5. It has been the subject of much interest and concern in recent years, and conceivably it has become increasingly abundant and overflowing.

Mindanao 6. It can further serve as the gateway for trading with ASEAN nations such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei, and with Australia and New Zealand as well.

Poverty 7. It is seen from this pint that it is neither a synonym for underdeveloped nor a cause, but rather as a symptom of a more general problem.

Technological development 8. It was oriented to the factor proportions prevailing there, while the adoption of such technologies by the Third World distorts its factor proportion.

Development 9. It should ensure the continued protection as the country undergoes stabilization and reform to sustain international competitiveness.

Luzon Development Framework 10. This framework proposed spatial strategy shall follow a bi-directional development approach considering the geographical constraints of Luzon.

42.


1. Discuss the contrasting concept of development of 3rd World countries as applied in the 3rd World nations.

The concept of development of the 3rd world countries focused primarily on the transformation of their environments from traditional agrarian subsistence economies to agro-industrial or modernized societies as conceived in elaborate and well-defined development plans. While development as perceived by the 3 rd

world nations pertains to the engagement in systematic, macro, multi-year planning of their economies to improve level output and correct income inequalities pervasive in their societies.

2. How come that the constraints to development of 3rd World countries have remained deterrent for them to gain their socio-cultural, political, and economic development?

The reasons why the constraints to development of 3 rd world countries have remained deterrent for them to gain their socio-cultural, political and economic development are summarized as follows:

a. Many third world countries are confronted with problems on national consolidation and questions of legitimacy still interfere with effective formulation and implementation of national policies.

b. Most third worlds countries are less endowed with natural resources.c. The tropical/subtropical climate of the most of the third world countries

creates handicaps leading to the deterioration of the solid and many kinds of material gods.

d. These third world countries are generally overpopulated.e. There is focused on capital intensive development instead of labor

intensive development.f. International trading favors the developing countries at the expense of the

third world countries.g. Misallocation of resources in the third world countries.h. Foreign borrowingi. The adoption of technologies by the Third world distorts its proportion.

43.


Benefits and Evils of Multi-National Corporations and the Nationalist Alternative

MODULE 17


Mass nationalism 1. It requires the involvement and support of the greater portion of the country’s population.

Principle of solidarity 2. It teaches that it is the duty of every individual in the pursuit of common good, to make himself productive and avoid indolence and mediocrity in his work.

Multinational corporations 3. It is referred to any corporation based in one of the industrial nations of the First World that carries on a significant portion of its productive activities in facilities located in one or more foreign nations.

Industrialization 4. It entails and involves the striving towards an industrial system that could and would stand on its own, with minimum dependence on external resources.

Ideology of nationalism 5. It was put into the shape by Bonifacio, Jacinto, which was later harnessed out by Mabini in the inspired new government and the subsequent resistance against the Americans.

Subcontracting 6. It is another phenomenon detrimental to the workers, thus decreasing their net pay and other benefits that normally accrue to regular workers.

Poverty 7. It continues among its people because of the country’s inability to industrialize as shown by the failure of the Philippine capitalism to generate an industrial revolution traceable directly to the colonial nature of Philippine-American relations.

Industrialization 8. A concept in which the war against mass poverty, cannot proceed as long as colonialist power and colonialist policies rule.

Multinational Corporations 9. It is a term which will be used to refer to any corporation based in one of the industrial nations of the First World that carries on a significant portion of its productive activities in facilities located in one or more foreign nations.

44.

Anti-imperialism 10. It denotes the strong resistance and sentiments of the nationalist sector of the population not to accept foreign intervention to the affairs of the nation.


1. Discuss the benefits and evils of multi-national corporation (MNC’s) in general and be able to suggest measures to abate its evil effects on the host country, like the Philippines.

Multinational corporations is a term which will be used to refer to any corporation based in one of the industrial nations of the First World that carries on a significant proportion of its productive activities in facilities located in one or more foreign nations. They are also referred to as transnational corporations.

Below is the summary of benefits and evils of MNC’s:Benefits Evils

1. MNC’s fill the resource gap between targeted or desired investment and locally mobilized savings.

1.Although MNC’s provide capitals they may lower domestic savings and investment rates by stifling the competition, inhibiting expansion of indigenous firms and imposing high interest costs on capital barrowed by host governments.

1. MNC’s fill the gap between targeted foreign exchange requirements derived from the export earnings plus net public foreign aid.

2. They reduce foreign exchange earnings on both current and capital accounts by substantial importation of intermediate products and capital goods, overseas repatriation of profits, interest, royalties, management and fees.

2. The MNC’s fill the gap between the targeted governmental tax revenues and locally raised taxes.

3.While they contribute to public revenues in the form of corporate taxes, they can also diminish that revenue as a result of liberal tax concessions, investment allowances, disguised public subsidi9es and tariff protection provided by the host government.

3. The gap in management entrepreneurship, technology and skills which is presumed to be partially or wholly filed by the

4.The management entrepreneurial skills, technology and overseas contacts provided by MNC’s may have little impact on developing local

local operations of MNC’s can educate local managers about how to establish contacts with overseas banks, locate alternative sources of supply etc.

resources and may in fact inhibit their development by stifling the growth of indigenous entrepreneurship as a result of the MNC’s dominance of local markets.

45.

Some of the measures to abate the evil effects of MNC’s on host country like the Philippines is to pass laws or legal measures to protect the local industries by providing regulations on the operation of the MNC’s, levying high corporate taxes, tariffs on imported goods and lessening government subsidies on MNC’s instead granting these subsidies to local industries.

2. How can the nationalist alternatives be implemented in the country’s development aspirations?

The nationalist alternatives can be implemented in the country’s development aspirations if the Filipinos can regain their honor and achieve prosperity as a people only if they collectively embrace the national alternative, their salvation from the scourge of poverty and distorted development tendencies. The goal of the national alternative is to have an economy controlled by Filipinos – a self-reliant economy run by the Filipinos free from foreign control, interference and dependency.

46.

Date post:	17-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	boniglai5
View:	215 times
Download:	1 times

Principles Modules

Documents