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ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL STUDY
Biosphere: part of the Earth that supports life.
Environment: non living and living surroundings.
Abiotic factors: non living factors, light, soil.
Biotic factors: living organisms interactions.
Look at the picture. How do other living organisms affect the gold fish?
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POPULATION -A group of one species of organisms that live together in the same place at the same time -Interbreed. -Share and compete for resources.-Adaptations may reduce competition.
COMMUNITY -A group of interbreeding populations in the same area at the same time. -Changes in one population affects another.
ECOSYSTEM -Composed of the interactions between organisms, and their surrounding abiotic factors. -Types: terrestrial, freshwater and saltwater.
ORGANISMS IN ECOSYSTEMS
-HABITAT: Where the organism lives.
-NICHE: The role and position the species has in the environment.
LIVING RELATIONSHIPS
PARASITISM + -
Tomato hornworn caterpillar and braconid wasp eggs
MUTUALISM + +
Ant and acacia tree
COMMENSALISM + 0
Spanish moss and a tree
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
◦ Autotroph:
◦ Heterotroph:
HERBIVORE
CARNIVORE
OMNIVORE
SCAVENGER
DECOMPOSER
PLANTS
CYCLES IN NATURE
-Energy in an ecosystem is replenished by the sun. -Matter in an ecosystem has to be recycled. -Atoms making up organisms today are the same as those present when life on Earth began.
Nitrification – oxidation of ammonia with O2 to make nitrates
-Nitrates are absorbed by plants and are used for protein absorption
Denitrification – nitrate reduction to produce nitrogen
Nitrogen Fixing Nodules
-The bacteria converts the nitrogen that can’t be used by the plants into a useable form. What kind of symbiotic relationship would this be?
Lightning -Lightning breaks nitrogen molecules and letting nitrogen combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxides. These dissolve in rain, forming nitrates, that are carried to the earth.
HOW ORGANISMS OBTAIN ENERGY
-Producers: AUTOTROPHS make their own food
-Consumers: HETEROTROPHS take their food in ready made
◦ Carnivores: meat, hawk◦ Herbivores: plants, rabbit◦ Omnivores: meat and plants, bear◦ Scavengers: carrion and refuse, buzzard
-Decomposers: breakdown and release nutrients from dead organisms, bacteria and fungi.
MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
-Food chain: Model used to show how matter and energy flows through an ecosystem.-Autotrophs Heterotrophs Decomposers-Usually 3-5 links.-10% of available energy reaches next link. Because energy is used/lost as heat at each link. Grass rabbit fox
Practice building food chains
Click on the link below (or access build food chain activity from the wiki ecology page) and build all the food chains.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/games/foodchaingame.htm
FEEDING LEVELS-Trophic level: A feeding step in a food chain.
(Animal may occupy more than one trophic level in an ecosystem.)
1st trophic level = green plant = producer 2nd trophic level = herbivore = primary consumer/1st order 3rd trophic level = carnivore = secondary consumer/2nd order 4th trophic level = carnivore = tertiary consumer/3rd order 5th trophic level = carnivore = quaternary consumer/4th order
Food Web -Model showing all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community. -Network of interlinked food chains.
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS -Shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. -Initial energy source is the sun. -Autotrophs/1st trophic level at base of all pyramids. -Three types
Pyramid of numbers -Based on population size at each trophic
level. -Populations decrease at each successive
trophic level but inversion is possible.
Pyramid of Energy-Based on the amount of energy available at each trophic level. -Only 10% of the energy is past to the next level.Decreases at each level by 90% , this energy is used or lost as heat.
Pyramid of Biomass
-Shows mass of living material at each trophic level. -Decreases at each trophic level