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Page 1: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 2: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in

Kelowna, British Columbia

John JanmaatDepartment of Economics

University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus

Page 3: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Outline

• The Okanagan Valley• Principles• Prices• Places• Conclusion

Page 4: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

The Okanagan Valley

• In the Southern Interior of British Columbia.• Semi-arid climate

– Dry (280 – 450mm precipitation per year)– Short, relatively mild winter.– Hot summer.

• “Napa Valley North”– Tourist destination– Retirement destination

Page 6: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Climate

• The Okanagan is a North – South valley in the interior plateau of BC.– Coast and Cascade

mountains createrain shadow.

– Lack of relief on plateau makes waterstorage expensiveto build.

Page 7: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 8: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Yarmouth

GreenwoodTru

ro

New Glasgo

w

Sydney

Halifax

0

400

800

1200

1600

Total Precipitation

Vanco

uver

Prince

Rupert

Prince

George

Kamloops

Dawso

n Creek

Kelowna

GoldenTofino

0500

100015002000250030003500

Total Precipitation

Page 9: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 10: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Unique Habitat

• Many species found nowhere else in Canada– 172 red listed species.

• Among highest concentration in Canada.

• Extreme development pressures.– Immigration into Valley– Demand for single family homes near lake

• Most desirable development properties also harbor unique habitat.

Page 11: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles

• Moral Suasion– Persuade people to ‘do the right thing’

• Examples– Okanagan Waterwise

• Supported by Okanagan Basin Water Board

– Mail, newspaper, television, radio, internet, etc. programs to inform / convert residents.

– Education material provided for schools• OBWB and NRCan, Waterscapes Poster

Page 12: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Education

• Combine information with an appeal to ‘do the right thing.’

Page 13: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 14: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 15: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Kelowna Residential Survey

• Telephone, internet and mail survey.– Initially telephone, with internet alternative.– Finally, mail, with internet alternative

• Stratified random sample.– Coverage of different water providers.

• 741 numbers called 1532 letters sent– No answer, etc. from phone part of mailing.– 516 returns, 490 complete.

Page 16: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Conservation Behaviors

• Indoor Investments– Low flow shower heads, etc.

• Outdoor investments– Timed irrigation, arid climate plantings, etc.

• Behaviors– Turn off tap when brushing teeth, etc.

Page 17: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Indoor Investments

Don't know

Greywater reuse

Water cons. DW

Water cons. WM

Flow flow toilets

Low flow shower

Tap aerators

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Page 18: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Outdoor Investments

Don't know

Other

Soil additive

Greywater yard

Pool cover

Rain capture

Timed irrig.

Moisture probe irrig.

Drought grass

Reduce water

Xeriscape

Paver/gravel

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Page 19: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Behaviors

Laundry when full

DW when full

Flush when necc.

Turn of shower

Turn off tap

Use basin

Scrape dishes

0 100 200 300 400

Page 20: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Total Conservation Actions

Conservation Actions

Conservation Actions

Fre

qu

en

cy

0 5 10 15 20

02

04

06

08

01

00

12

0

Page 21: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles

• Use of moral suasion common• Does it work?• Measurement

– Assorted ad-hoc measurement instruments– ‘Standard’, New Ecological Paradigm

Page 22: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

New Ecological Paradigm

1. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.

2. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.

3. When humans interfere with nature, it often produces disastrous consequences.

4. Human ingenuity will insure that we do not make the earth unlivable.

5. Humans are severely abusing the earth.6. The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how

to develop them.7. Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist.

Page 23: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

New Ecological Paradigm

8. The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations.

9. Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature.

10. The so-called "ecological crisis" facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated.

11. The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources.12. Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature.13. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.14. Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to

be able to control it.15. If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience

a major environmental catastrophe.

Page 24: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

New Ecological ParadigmNew Ecological Paradigm

sem3fac

Fre

qu

en

cy

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

02

04

06

08

01

00

12

01

40

Page 25: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

NEP and Conservation

20 40 60 80

05

10

15

Conservation Actions by NEP

New Ecological Paradigm

To

tal C

on

serv

atio

n A

ctio

ns

C = 9.85 – 0.016NEP, R2 = 0.003

Page 26: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Knowledge

Knowledge

Grade

Fre

qu

en

cy

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

05

01

00

15

0

Page 27: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Knowledge and Conservation

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

05

10

15

Conservation Actions by NEP

Grade

To

tal C

on

serv

atio

n A

ctio

ns

C = 8.87 + 1.45KNOW, R2 = 0.007

Page 28: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles - Summary

• Almost no relationship between knowledge about Okanagan and water conservation.

• Almost no relationship between environmental values and water conservation.– Sign even wrong!

• What is causing water conservation?– Price?

Page 29: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Price

• Basic Economic Theory– Marginal willingness to pay for a good decreasing

in price.– Downward sloping demand curves.

• Measurement– Cross sectional data, no variation in price.

• Surveys at about same time.• Need price variation across space.

Page 30: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Kelowna Water Suppliers

• Five water providers– Three irrigation district

that supply residential.• Charge by connection.• MC zero for users.

– Two urban water systems.

• Charge increasing block

• Spatial price diff.

Page 31: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Differences Between Providers

• 1-6, Conservation counts. 7, Information sources

– NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE!!!

Var N Mean Test Pr(>crit) BMID CITY GEID OTHER RWW SEKID1 516 2.554 2.670 0.751 2.754 2.624 2.440 2.250 2.429 2.6582 516 6.783 0.760 0.579 7.508 6.924 6.533 6.125 6.200 7.0003 516 2.552 1.670 0.893 2.523 2.591 2.507 2.688 2.486 2.7954 516 5.380 0.470 0.798 5.308 5.401 5.293 5.938 5.171 6.0555 516 4.043 3.080 0.687 4.292 4.021 4.013 3.875 3.714 4.2886 516 4.667 1.160 0.329 4.985 4.620 4.693 4.562 4.200 4.9457 516 3.938 0.160 0.978 4.092 3.979 3.800 3.812 4.029 4.068

Page 32: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Price - Summary

• No variation in reported conservation behavior between water providers.– Inconsistent with expected price impact.

Page 33: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles vs Price

• Neither Knowledge, Environmental Attitude, or Price seem to explain variation in reported conservation.

• Does anything explain behavior?

Page 34: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Information Sources

Information Sources

Count of Information Sources

Fre

qu

en

cy

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

02

04

06

08

01

00

Page 35: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Information Sources

C = 7.19 + 0.50MSG, R2 = 0.114

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

05

10

15

Conservation Actions by Messages

Reported Information Sources

To

tal C

on

serv

atio

n A

ctio

ns

Page 36: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Multiple Regression Results

• Combined and interaction effects.– Outdoor investments explained best (>10%)– Indoor investment: messages, pro-environmental

values and income.– Outdoor investment: messages and income.– Actions: messages, water conservation values,

weakly education.– Knowledge about Okanagan and belief Okanagan

facing crisis never important!

Page 37: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Principles vs Price

• Environmental attitudes have at best a minor influence.

• No evidence for a price influence.– But income does help explain investments.– Price too low?

• Main effect from repetition of messages.– Household water use habitual, save water by

changing habituation?

Page 38: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Place

• In real estate, Location, Location, Location.• In water use?

– Many aspects of residential property likely to affect water use.

• Lot size – more yard to irrigate• House size – more people using water• Age – older, more water using fixtures• Assessed value (income proxy) – earn more, use more

– Anything left over?

Page 39: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Water Use Data

• City of Kelowna monthly water data– Bit of gymnastics to acquire.

• BC Assessment property information– Augment with housing characteristics

• City of Kelowna GIS property boundary and elevation data– Lot area, elevation, aspect, etc.

Page 40: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Monthly Water Use

Page 41: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Spatial Water Use

Page 42: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Spatial Analysis

• Why is there a spatial pattern?• An artifact?

– Large lots close together?– Older homes close together?– Larger homes close together?– Higher income people living close together?

• Can these effects be eliminated, to isolate any remaining effect of proximity?

Page 43: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Spatial Regression

• Value at A impacted by value at B, D, E.

• Value at E impacted by value at A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I.

• Spatial Lag, Value at E directly related to value at other locs.

• Spatial Error, Unexplained value at E related to unexplained value at other locs.

A B CD E FG H I

Page 44: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Spatial Regression

• Math gets a bit complicated.• Much computer power required.• Following slides from conference

presentation.– One economist showing off to others.

Page 45: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 46: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 47: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 48: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 49: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 50: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 51: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 52: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 53: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 54: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 55: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.
Page 56: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Spatial Analysis

• Strong support for spatial patterns for summer water use in Kelowna.

• Spatial effect not explained.– Behavioral – people do what their neighbours do?– Artificial – building regulations, soil types, etc.

actually responsible.• SR vs LR choices.

• If spatial effect ‘real’, can be used.

Page 57: Principles, Prices and Places: Residential Water Use in Kelowna, British Columbia John Janmaat Department of Economics University of British Columbia.

Conclusion

• For Kelowna:– Environmental values not closely related to water

use.– Price differences have little impact.– Multiple messages seem to influence behavior.– People seem to do what their neighbours do.


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