Abraham Maslow1908-1970 was a humanist,
believed in hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate
an individual's motivations
Abraham Maslow
1908-1970 was a humanist, believed in hierarchy ofneeds-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's
motivations
Albert Bandura
1925-present sociocultural,pioneered in observational learning,stated that people profit from themistakes/successes of othersinvented the Bobo Doll
Alfred Adler1870-1937 neo-Freudian, believed
in inferiority/superioritycomplexes, childhood influences
personality formation.
Anal Stage2nd stage. Child's
development during whichbowel control is the primary
conflict ages 1-2
Applied Psychologist
Psychologists who use theknowledge in an attempt tosolve human problemsEx: Pavlov's ideas used to helppeople with addictions/helps
Archetypes Universal belief that we modelafter patterns
Autonomy vs Shame andDoubt
Independence and self-sufficiency
Behavioral Approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior isdetermined mainly by what a person has learned
Ex: Positive/ negative reinforcement or punishment
BehaviorismA theory based on that
scientific psychology shouldstudy only observable
behavior
B.F. Skinner
A leading behaviorist, who rejected introspectionand studied how consequences shape behavior
The Big FiveConscientiousness,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism,Openness, and Extraversion.
Biopsychological Approach
an approach that views behavior as stronglyinfluenced by nervous system functions
Blank Slateidea that there were no fears
at birth, all comes fromenvironment
Cardinal TraitAllport's term to describe
personality traits thatdominate an individual's life
Carl Jung
1875-1961 was a Neo-Freudianhe believed people hadconscious and unconsciousawareness, archetypes,collective unconscious.
Carl Rogers
1902-1987 humanistic, he foundedperson-centered therapy, theorythat emphasizes the quality ofhumans especially their potentialfor personal growth
Central TraitAllport's idea of personalitycharacteristics that have a
widespread influence on theindividual
Charles Darwin1809-1882 English scientist whosecame up with the theory of evolutionthrough natural selection.Ex: Inspired the study of psychology
Classical ConditioningA type of learning where they
learn to link two or morestimuli and anticipate events
to another event
Clinical/CounselingPsychology
research on the causes of mentaldisorders and offer services to helptroubled people overcome thosedisordersEx: in private clinics, mental hospitals,homeless shelters
Cognitive Approach
behavior is a result of information processing, such asperception, memory, thought, judgment, and decision
making
collective unconciousCarl Jung's concept of a
shared, inherited reservoir ofmemories.
Conscious The person's awareness to theworld around them
Defense MechanismsIn psychoanalytic theory, theego's protective methods of
reducing anxiety. such asdenial
Developmental/ChildPsychologist
study child development, help disturbedchildren and their parents who are tryingto understand problems they faceEx: Works in Clinics, or private practicesor Universities
Eclectic Approach
An approach to psychotherapy that,depending on the client's problems, usestechniques from various forms of therapyEx: using the Cognitive approach,Behavioral approach as treatment for apatient
EgoThe rationalist self, the
mediator between id andsuperego
Ego-Identity vs. Roleconfusion
achieve knowing who you areand how you fit into the rest of
society and avoid confusion
Emotional Stableable to handle stress (mental
health) Social - need tosocialize calm at stressful
stituations
Engineering/Human FactorsPsychologist
do research on how people function best withmachines, and to design effective layouts of stores
Extraversion A personality indicating theyare "outgoing" in nature
Free Association Technique used to reveal theunconscious
Generativity vs. Stagnation30-60 years: To achieve the
life goals established foroneself, while considering
welfare of others
Genital StageConflicts from childhood
reappear. focus onrelationships
ages: Adolences onward
Gordon Allport1897-1967 trait theory of
personality, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and
secondary
Hans Eysenck1916-1997 stated thatpersonality is largely
determined by genes, usedintroversion/extroversion
Humanistic PsychologyIdea of the growth potential of
healthy people and theindividual's potential for
personal growth
Humanistic Psychology
A theoretical view of human nature whichstresses a positive view of human nature
The Iceburg MetaphorThe Conscious was the layer
on top and the Unconscious isall that is hidden underneath
Id Contains basic needs anddrives, devil-like
Industrial/OrganizationalPsychologist
deal with relationships between peopleand their work environment to helpemployees who have problemsEx: works usually in large companies orindustries
Industry vs Inferiority
6-12 years. Children need to copewith new academics success leadsto a sense of competence, whilefailure results in feelings ofincompetence
Inferiority ComplexAdler's conception of a basicfeeling of inadequacy due to
childhood experiences
Initiative vs Guilt3-6 yrs. Initiates new activitiesand considers new ideas and is
interest in exploring.
Integrity vs. DespairMaturity 64-Death sense lifesatisfaction and to face death
without despair
Intimacy vs. Isolation(Young Adulthood) The stage
at which meaningful andintimate relationships are
developed.
Ivan Pavlov
1891-1951 he was the first toresearch into learned behavior
(conditioning)Ex: Developed Classical
Conditioning
John B. Watson
1878-1958 American psychologist whofounded behaviorism. He believed in thestudy of observable behavior andrejecting the mental process theory.Ex: Little Albert experiment/ Published abook about child rearing
Karen Horney
1885-1952 A neo-Freudian whofocused on more equalrepresentation of men and womenand also the role of basic anxiety asa motivating force
Latency Stageages 6-preadolences. Conflicts
from earlier stages remainsubdued. No conflicts
Libido Freud's term for sexual urge ordesire/ energy force
Nature-Nurture Issue
The debate between which affects us more our parents orthe environment around us
Ex: parents or others that affect our behavior more
Oedipus Complexa boy's sexual desires towardhis mother and feelings hate
for the father
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in whichbehavior is strengthened iffollowed by a reinforcer or
lessened if followed by apunisher
Oral Stage 1st stage. First year of life,primary conflict is teething
Personality A person's characteristics orpatterns of thinking.
Phallic Stage3rd Stage. Freud's concept ofages 2-6 tension begins to bean attraction to the parent of
the opposite sex.
Preconscious
Freud's idea of a level ofawareness that containsmaterial just beneath theconscious awareness that caneasily be retrieved.
Projective TestA personality test, such as theRorschach or TAT, that helps
lead into possible therapy
Psychiatry
A medical specialty dealing with thediagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
PsychoanalysisA therapeutic approach thatfocuses on analyzing their
thoughtsEx: Free association
PsychoanalysisA therapeutic approach thatfocuses on analyzing their
thoughts
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's theory to explainpersonality, motivation, andmental disorders using the
unconscious determinants ofbehavior
Psychology
The scientific study of human or animalbehavior and mental processes
Psychosexual StagesDevelopmental periods that
effect and model yourpersonality
Punishment An event that decreases thebehavior that it follows.
Raymond Cattell
1905-1998 3 domains ofpersonality sphere (personality,ability, & motivation), 16Personality Factors (personalitytest)
ReinforcementAn event following a responsethat increases the tendency to
make that response.
ReliabilityA test to yield very similar
scores for the same individualover repeated testings
Research Psychologist
Psychologists who study thecause of certain behaviors or
the origin of the behaviorEx: Pavlov's Operant
Conditioning
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective personality testwhere individual interprets themeaning of a set ofunstructured inkblots and areanalyzed.
School/EducationalPsychologist
involved with teachers andstudents, help those with learning
disabilitiesEx: Works primarily in K-12
education
Secondary TraitAllport's idea of specific traitsthat influence behavior in few
situations
Self-Actualization
Maslow idea of psychologicalneeds that arises after basicphysical and psychologicalneeds are met and self-esteemis achieved
Sigmund FreudKnown as the founder ofpsychoanalysis, focused
animal-like behaviors
Sigmund Frued
Founder of Psychoanalysis, proposedthat dream images are disguised in theunconscious, and the internal energyforceEx: Believed in libido, Free association,Defense mechanisms
Sociocultural Approach
An approach to psychology that examines the ways inwhich social and cultural environments influence
behavior
Superego "Moral mind" theperfectionist/ Angel
The Talking CureBy talking through a bad
experience it will help makethe pain go away.
Thematic Apperception TestA projective test where people
express their inner feelingsthrough stories they make up
about scenes.
TheoriesBroad explanations based on
observation, andexperimenting.
Theory
A idea backed up by research and datagathered
Trait TheoryA theory of personality thatfocuses on identifying and
measuring individualdifferences in behavior
Trust vs MistrustA conflict in early life that
deals with trusting others andthe world
Unconditional Positive RegardRogers idea of an attitude of
total acceptance towardanother person
UnconsciousAccording to Freud, a
reservoir of mostlyunacceptable thoughts,feelings, and memories.
Validity A test that measures exactlywhat you intend to measure
Wilhelm Wundt
He was a physiologist who founded psychology as aformal science he also opened the first psychology
research laboratory
William James
1842-1910 believed in functionalism, hestudied how humans use perception tofunction in our environmentEx: Published a widely used 1400 pgtextbook of pysch, DevelopedFunctionism