Private Pilot Ground SchoolPrivate Pilot Ground SchoolAVF 112AVF 112

Fall Quarter 2009Fall Quarter 2009 Mr. Joseph MacDougall, InstructorMr. Joseph MacDougall, Instructor

Leonardo da Vinci, on Flight of Leonardo da Vinci, on Flight of birdsbirds

For once you have tasted flight, For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward;eyes turned skyward;

For there you have been,For there you have been,And there you long to return.And there you long to return.

SYLLABUSSYLLABUS

REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS?REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS?

BOOKSBOOKS

PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL BY JEPPESENPRIVATE PILOT MANUAL BY JEPPESEN FLIGHT COMPUTER (E6B)FLIGHT COMPUTER (E6B) PLOTTER, AND CHART (SEATTLE SECTIONAL)PLOTTER, AND CHART (SEATTLE SECTIONAL) PRACTICLE TEST STANDARDS FAAPRACTICLE TEST STANDARDS FAA GLIEM PRIVATE PILOTGLIEM PRIVATE PILOT B -19 PILOT INFO MANUALB -19 PILOT INFO MANUAL AVIATION DICTIONARYAVIATION DICTIONARY Airplane Flying HandbookAirplane Flying Handbook Pilots handbook of Aeronautical KnowledgePilots handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Aircraft Weight & Balance HandbookAircraft Weight & Balance Handbook Private Oral Exam GuidePrivate Oral Exam Guide FAR/AIM FAR/AIM 20102010

Lesson 1: Aircraft General Lesson 1: Aircraft General (Systems)(Systems)

1. Airplane Structure.1. Airplane Structure.2. Flight Controls.2. Flight Controls.3. Fuel System.3. Fuel System.4. Electrical Systems.4. Electrical Systems.5. Vacuum Systems.5. Vacuum Systems.6. Brakes and Landing Gear.6. Brakes and Landing Gear.

READING ASSIGNMENTREADING ASSIGNMENT

JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL READ READ

CHAPTER #1 SECTION A&BCHAPTER #1 SECTION A&B CHAPTER #2 SECTION ACHAPTER #2 SECTION A

CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31 CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42

Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68 Gleim chapter 1 1.1Gleim chapter 1 1.1 Gleim chapter 2 2.8Gleim chapter 2 2.8

READING ASSIGNMENTREADING ASSIGNMENT

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) Read(PHAK) Read

Chapter 2 (2-3 through 2-11)Chapter 2 (2-3 through 2-11) Chapter 5Chapter 5

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 (6-25 through 6-27, 6-30 through 6-32)(6-25 through 6-27, 6-30 through 6-32)

5 MAJOR PARTS OF AN 5 MAJOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFTAIRCRAFT

Be able to label on Wednesday Be able to label on Wednesday figure 2-1 in chapter 2 figure 2-1 in chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 page 1 PHAK.page 1 PHAK.

Parts of an AirplaneParts of an Airplane

The entire structure of the airplane is The entire structure of the airplane is referred to as the airframe.referred to as the airframe.

The components of the airframe are:The components of the airframe are: 1. Wing,1. Wing, 2. Fuselage,2. Fuselage, 3. And the tail assembly, or 3. And the tail assembly, or

empennageempennage

Airplane StructureAirplane Structure

Airplane StructureAirplane Structure

WingsWings

Cantilever, (no external bracing) Cantilever, (no external bracing) Like BeechcraftLike Beechcraft

Semi-Cantilever (use external Semi-Cantilever (use external bracing such as struts and wires), bracing such as struts and wires), Like CessnaLike Cessna

Wings ContinuedWings Continued

Most wings today are monoplanes Most wings today are monoplanes (one pair of wings) two wings are (one pair of wings) two wings are called biplanes, three triplanes.called biplanes, three triplanes.

The most common used wing The most common used wing construction consists of airfoil-construction consists of airfoil-shaped ribs attached to spars.shaped ribs attached to spars.

Ribs, spars, stringer of wingRibs, spars, stringer of wing

Ribs, spars, stringer of wingRibs, spars, stringer of wing

Skin of WingSkin of Wing

The ribs and spares are then The ribs and spares are then covered by a thin skin which covered by a thin skin which forms the outer surface.forms the outer surface.

Metal, fabric or plywood are the Metal, fabric or plywood are the common wing coveringscommon wing coverings

Wing leading and trailing Wing leading and trailing edge shapes.edge shapes.

Common Wing FormsCommon Wing Forms

Low wingLow wing High WingHigh Wing Gull WingGull Wing

Dihedral (B-19)Dihedral (B-19) Mid wingMid wing Inverted gullInverted gull

FuselageFuselage

3 types:3 types:Truss typeTruss type Monocoque (French for single Monocoque (French for single

shell)shell)Semi-MonocoqueSemi-Monocoque

Truss typeTruss type

Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.

Truss typeTruss type

Monocoque StructureMonocoque Structure

Relies on the strength of the skinRelies on the strength of the skin or or covering to carry the primary stresses.covering to carry the primary stresses.

Good example is a soda can.Good example is a soda can.

Semi-MonocoqueSemi-Monocoque

Additional strength is provided in a semi-Additional strength is provided in a semi-monocoque structure by a sub-structure monocoque structure by a sub-structure that reinforces the skinthat reinforces the skin

Empennage/Tail AssemblyEmpennage/Tail Assembly

Two surfaces the Horizontal Two surfaces the Horizontal Surface Surface

Vertical SurfaceVertical Surface

Tail Assembly includesTail Assembly includes

Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer (stabilator) and rudder(stabilator) and rudder

ruddervator/V-tailruddervator/V-tail

RudderRudder

Rudder Rudder (controls (controls yaw, movement yaw, movement of airplane of airplane around the around the

vertical axis)vertical axis) Rudder peddles Rudder peddles

control the control the rudder and rudder and brakes.brakes.

Horizontal stabilizerHorizontal stabilizer

Elevator and stabilatorElevator and stabilatorcontrols pitch about the lateral controls pitch about the lateral

axisaxis

Elevator controlElevator control

Different Tail ConfigurationsDifferent Tail Configurations

V-TailV-Tail DihedralDihedral Mounted on twin Mounted on twin

boomsbooms

Ailerons and FlapsAilerons and Flaps

On the trailing (rearmost) edge On the trailing (rearmost) edge of the wing are two sets of of the wing are two sets of moveable surfaces. Farthest moveable surfaces. Farthest from the center of the airplane from the center of the airplane you find the you find the ailerons ailerons inboard inboard you find the you find the flapsflaps

AileronsAilerons

Ailerons, controls bank about the longitudinal axis. Ailerons, controls bank about the longitudinal axis. Conventional cable system terminating in Conventional cable system terminating in bellcranks.bellcranks.

AileronsAilerons

B-19 has B-19 has Frise-Frise-Differential-type Differential-type ailerons.ailerons.

Differential aileronDifferential aileron raises one aileron a raises one aileron a greater distance than greater distance than the other aileron is the other aileron is lowered. Both reduce lowered. Both reduce adverse yaw.adverse yaw.

Function of Flaps Function of Flaps (GLEIM)(GLEIM)

High lift/drag devices which, in High lift/drag devices which, in effect, increase the camber of the effect, increase the camber of the wing and in some cases, as with wing and in some cases, as with Fowler flaps increase the wing Fowler flaps increase the wing area.area.

Gives better T.O. performance and Gives better T.O. performance and permits steeper approach angles permits steeper approach angles and lower approach speeds.and lower approach speeds.

B-19 has four position slotted flaps B-19 has four position slotted flaps 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.

FlapsFlaps

Main function of Main function of the flapsthe flaps increase the increase the angle of descent angle of descent without increasing without increasing the airspeed.the airspeed.

Trim Devices (Secondary Trim Devices (Secondary flight Control)flight Control)

Used for trimming and balancing Used for trimming and balancing the airplane in flight and to reduce the airplane in flight and to reduce the force required of the pilot in the force required of the pilot in actuating the primary flight controls.actuating the primary flight controls.

Anti-Servo TabAnti-Servo Tab

Moves in the same direction Moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the as the trailing edge of the stabilator and helps make stabilator and helps make the stabilator less sensitive. the stabilator less sensitive. The antiservo tab also The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressure.relieve control pressure.

FUEL SYSTEM (PG. 2-26 FUEL SYSTEM (PG. 2-26 TO 2-31TO 2-31

DON’T FORGET TO READ DON’T FORGET TO READ THE ABOVE PAGES & the THE ABOVE PAGES & the entire reading assignment entire reading assignment given at the beginning of given at the beginning of

class BEFORE class BEFORE Wednesday!!!!!!!Wednesday!!!!!!!

You can take a breakYou can take a break

Fuel tanksFuel tanks

Hard cell (welded or riveted)Hard cell (welded or riveted) BladderBladder Integral fuel tank (Seal off a Integral fuel tank (Seal off a

portion of the wing for a fuel portion of the wing for a fuel tank)tank)

Fuel system diagram for B-Fuel system diagram for B-1919

Cessna fuel system Cessna fuel system diagramdiagram

Usable vs Unusable fuel Usable vs Unusable fuel

59.8 gal, 7.8 unusable (52 59.8 gal, 7.8 unusable (52 usable) 2,4,5,59 usable) 2,4,5,59

2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest 2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest of the C-23’s and B-19’sof the C-23’s and B-19’s

AIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUTAIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUT

Mixture Control Mixture Control

Mixture control prevent mixture Mixture control prevent mixture from becoming too rich at high from becoming too rich at high altitudesaltitudes

conserve fuelconserve fuel provide optimum powerprovide optimum power

Fuel: Air RatioFuel: Air Ratio

The mixture ratio of fifteen The mixture ratio of fifteen pounds of air to one pound of pounds of air to one pound of gasoline is known as a gasoline is known as a stoichiometric mixture, which is a stoichiometric mixture, which is a chemically correct mixture in chemically correct mixture in which all of the chemical which all of the chemical elements are used and none are elements are used and none are left over.left over.

Combustion will occurCombustion will occur

With as rich as 8:1With as rich as 8:1Or as lean as 18:1 Or as lean as 18:1 But the maximum amount of But the maximum amount of

heat energy is released with the heat energy is released with the stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or 0.0670.067

Fuel injectionFuel injection

Fuel injected into the intake valveFuel injected into the intake valve More even fuel distribution to the More even fuel distribution to the

cylinderscylinders No chance of carburetor ice No chance of carburetor ice

(sometimes intake ice)(sometimes intake ice) Usually more horsepower (better Usually more horsepower (better

efficiency)efficiency)

Fuel grades 2-30 Fuel grades 2-30 (memorize)(memorize)

80/8780/87 (.5 ml of (.5 ml of lead) lead)

100/130 (4 ml of 100/130 (4 ml of lead)lead)

100LL (2 ml of lead)100LL (2 ml of lead) 115/145 (better anti-115/145 (better anti-

detonation large detonation large high powered high powered engines)engines)

Jet AJet A

RedRed

GreenGreen

BlueBlue PurplePurple

Clear or Straw Clear or Straw coloredcolored

Octane grade and Octane grade and substitutionsubstitution

next Higher gradenext Higher grade Using a fuel grade lower than Using a fuel grade lower than

specified can cause cylinder head specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperature to exceed and engine temperature to exceed normal operating limitsnormal operating limits

Detonation & preignition pg 2-25,2-Detonation & preignition pg 2-25,2-2626

Fuel weights approx. Fuel weights approx. 6lbs 6lbs per galper gal Water 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbsWater 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbs

Fuel and oil weights change Fuel and oil weights change with temperaturewith temperature

Fuel and oil weights change Fuel and oil weights change with temperaturewith temperature

Electrical SystemElectrical System

Includes everything that operates Includes everything that operates electrically electrically with the exception of the with the exception of the magnetos which are driven by the magnetos which are driven by the engineengine for the sole purpose of for the sole purpose of producing current to the spark producing current to the spark plugs.plugs.

Things that the electrical Things that the electrical system can controlsystem can control

StarterStarter FlapsFlaps GearGear RadiosRadios LightsLights Windshield Windshield

wiperswipers

HeaterHeater FanFan Anti-IcingAnti-Icing De-Icing De-Icing

equipmentequipment Etc.Etc.

Electrical System 2-40Electrical System 2-40

Battery 12 or 24 VBattery 12 or 24 V Master Switch Master Switch

and Battery and Battery SolenoidSolenoid

Starter Motor and Starter Motor and solenoid solenoid

Generator or Generator or Alternator 14V 60 Alternator 14V 60 AmpAmp

Voltage Regulator Voltage Regulator Buss barBuss bar Circuit breakersCircuit breakers fusesfuses overvoltage overvoltage

relayrelay

Storage BatteryStorage Battery

Electrical system is usually 12 Electrical system is usually 12 or 24 V DC (direct current)or 24 V DC (direct current)

Pg 2-41Pg 2-41

Starter MotorStarter Motor

The purpose is to turn the engine over The purpose is to turn the engine over so that it will continue to operate. so that it will continue to operate.

The starter switch activates the starter The starter switch activates the starter solenoid which, in turn, permits current solenoid which, in turn, permits current to enter and drive the starter motor to enter and drive the starter motor (provided you have battery power)(provided you have battery power)

Generator or AlternatorGenerator or Alternator

Purpose is to supply current to the Purpose is to supply current to the electrical system and to recharge the electrical system and to recharge the battery.battery.

Alternators are typically found on low Alternators are typically found on low speed engines and generators in faster speed engines and generators in faster speed engines.speed engines.

Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator

Prevents the generator or Prevents the generator or alternator from over-loading the alternator from over-loading the system and prevents the battery system and prevents the battery from becoming overcharged.from becoming overcharged.

Bus BarBus Bar

Receives the current produced by Receives the current produced by the generator, alternator and the generator, alternator and battery. From the bus bar current battery. From the bus bar current passes through the various circuit passes through the various circuit breakers which are connected to breakers which are connected to the components that require the components that require electrical current to operate.electrical current to operate.

Buss itemsBuss items

Pitot heatPitot heat landing lightlanding light beaconbeacon nav lightsnav lights cockpit lightingcockpit lighting boost pumpboost pump stall hornstall horn

hobbs meterhobbs meter intercomintercom ammeterammeter fuel gaugesfuel gauges nav/commnav/comm clockclock Turn coordinatorTurn coordinator

Circuit Breakers or FusesCircuit Breakers or Fuses

All electrical circuits are protected All electrical circuits are protected by circuit breakers or fuses. by circuit breakers or fuses.

Used to protect various Used to protect various components from damage caused components from damage caused by excess voltage or current, short-by excess voltage or current, short-circuits etc.circuits etc.

Most are push in reset type.Most are push in reset type.

StartingStarting

Keep the Avionics master off some Keep the Avionics master off some type of radio equipment can be type of radio equipment can be damaged by the voltage drop in the damaged by the voltage drop in the electrical system during starting electrical system during starting when all power comes directly from when all power comes directly from the battery before the alternator are the battery before the alternator are working to regulate voltage.working to regulate voltage.

Ammeter 2-41Ammeter 2-41

Gives indication in cockpit that the Gives indication in cockpit that the electrical power source is functioning electrical power source is functioning normally.normally.

The ammeter measures in amperes the The ammeter measures in amperes the rate of flow of the electrical current being rate of flow of the electrical current being produced. produced. It also indicates when power is It also indicates when power is being used from the battery.being used from the battery. It registers a It registers a discharge when turned on with the engine discharge when turned on with the engine not running.not running.

Ammeter ContinuedAmmeter Continued

(+) should always indicate or 0. (+) should always indicate or 0. If the ammeter If the ammeter indicates a (-) indicates a (-) this indicates a discharge and this indicates a discharge and that electrical energy is coming that electrical energy is coming from the batteryfrom the battery rather than the rather than the generator.generator.

Ignition system (Magneto’s)Ignition system (Magneto’s)

Magneto is an engine driven generator Magneto is an engine driven generator that produces an AC current. Its source that produces an AC current. Its source of energy is a permanent magnet.of energy is a permanent magnet.

Dual ignition system 2 MagsDual ignition system 2 Mags Increased safety two spark plugs per Increased safety two spark plugs per

cylinder.cylinder. More complete and even combustionMore complete and even combustion Totally independent of the electricalTotally independent of the electrical

system run off the engine.system run off the engine.

Ignition System 2-24 to 2-Ignition System 2-24 to 2-2525

Vacuum System (2-63 to 2-Vacuum System (2-63 to 2-68)68)

Instruments used in the Instruments used in the Vacuum systemVacuum system

Attitude indicatorAttitude indicator Heading indicator (need to reset Heading indicator (need to reset

periodically with the compass as periodically with the compass as the gyro experiences precession.the gyro experiences precession.

instrument air gauge (inches of instrument air gauge (inches of Mercury)Mercury)

Vacuum SystemVacuum System

Backup vacuum systemsBackup vacuum systems Venturi type vacuum systemsVenturi type vacuum systems Pressure systemsPressure systems Aircraft instruments will be discussed Aircraft instruments will be discussed

in further detail in a latter lessonin further detail in a latter lesson Turn coordinator is electric and Turn coordinator is electric and notnot a a

part of the vacuum systempart of the vacuum system

Landing Gear/ UndercarriageLanding Gear/ Undercarriagepage 2-7 to 2-9page 2-7 to 2-9

Purpose is to take the shock of Purpose is to take the shock of landing and support the weight of landing and support the weight of the aircraft on the ground while the aircraft on the ground while still allowing the aircraft to still allowing the aircraft to maneuver on the groundmaneuver on the ground

Two types Fixed gear or Two types Fixed gear or Retractable.Retractable.

Fixed undercarriageFixed undercarriage

Tripod Tripod Landing Landing GearGear

Single Leaf Single Leaf CantileverCantilever

Split Split Axle Axle

Single Single Strut Strut Gear Gear B-19B-19

Conventional/Tricycle GearConventional/Tricycle Gear

Conventional gear Requires an endorsementConventional gear Requires an endorsement

Tricycle gear advantagesTricycle gear advantages Better visibilityBetter visibility Better braking without nosing overBetter braking without nosing over Better control ie no ground loopBetter control ie no ground loop

B-19 landing gear 7-13B-19 landing gear 7-13

Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from magnesium castings and aluminum magnesium castings and aluminum forgings, uses rubber disks for forgings, uses rubber disks for shock absorption.shock absorption.

Nose wheel steerable through a Nose wheel steerable through a spring loaded linkage connected to spring loaded linkage connected to the rudder pedals.the rudder pedals.

Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 degreesdegrees

Shock absorptionShock absorption

Low Pressure TiresLow Pressure TiresOleoOleoRubber discs or Rubber discs or

doughnuts B-19doughnuts B-19Steel SpringSteel Spring

BrakesBrakes

Hydraulically operated disk Hydraulically operated disk brakesbrakes

toe brakes, parking braketoe brakes, parking brakeBrake Fluid is RedBrake Fluid is Red