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PRM-8000/9000 Nuclear Radiation Monitor Users Guide
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Page 1: PRM-8000/9000 Nuclear Radiation Monitorkulknet.no-ip.biz/Steffen/Softwareprojekte/Geigerzaehler/GeigerzaehlerDateien/PRM-8000...8 | PRM-8000/9000 Users Guide 3. Using The PRM-8000/9000

PRM-8000/9000Nuclear Radiation Monitor

Users Guide

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Mazur Instruments 200 South Wilcox Street #448 Castle Rock, CO 80104 USA

© 2012 Mazur Instruments

All Rights Reserved

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Contents1. SafetyInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Controls,IndicatorsandConnections. . . . . . . . . . 6

3. UsingThePRM-8000/9000ForTheFirstTime. . . . . . 83.1 PoweringOnthePRM-8000/9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 MutingTheBeeper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 SettingDesiredMeasurementUnits. . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 SettingTimeandDate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. HomeScreen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.1 CurrentMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 AverageMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3 MaximumMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.4 MinimumMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.5 TotalCountMeasured. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.6 Time/DateofMaximumMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . 124.7 CurrentTimeandDate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.8 ElapsedTime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5. NavigatingtheMenuSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . .14

6. PerformingaTimedMeasurement(TimedMeasure). . . .156.1 PerpetualTimedMeasurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7. ChangingtheUnitsofMeasurements(SetUnits) . . . . .16

8. SelectingUserPreferences(Settings) . . . . . . . . .168.1 BeeperOn/Off .................... 168.2 LEDOn/Off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.3 AlarmOn/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.4 SettingAlarmThresholdinmR/hr(mR/hrAlarm) . . . . . . 178.5 SettingAlarmThresholdinuSv/hr(uSv/hrAlarm). . . . . . 178.6 SettingtheTimeandDate(SetTime/Date). . . . . . . . . 178.7 InternalBatteryPowerManagementSetting(Bt-Pwr:) . . . . 188.8 ExternalPowerManagementSetting(Ex-Pwr:). . . . . . . 188.9 LowAvWin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

9. Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.1 ResettingCounterValues(ResetCounters) . . . . . . . . 209.2 PerformingaHardwareReset(HardwareReset) . . . . . . 20

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9.3 PoweringDowntheUnit(PowerDown) .......... 209.4 RestoringFactoryCalibration(LoadDefaults) . . . . . . . 209.5 DisplayingBatteryandExternalVoltages(DisplayBat/DC). . 209.6 CalibrationProcedure(Calibrate). . . . . . . . . . . . 21

10.ConfiguringtheAudio/DataConnector(ExtAudio/Data). . 22

11. DataLogging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2311.1 SettingtheIntervalandStartingDataLogging. . . . . . . 2311.2 CheckingLogStatusWhileLogging . . . . . . . . . . . 2311.3 StoppingtheLog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2411.4 Sending(Uploading)DatatoaPCorMac. . . . . . . . . 24

12.SelectingtheUserInterfaceLanguage(Language). . . . .

13.ReplacingtheInternalBattery . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

14.FundamentalMeasurementProcedures . . . . . . . . 2814.1 DeterminingBackgroundRadiation............ 2814.1.1AboutBackgroundRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2814.1.2MeasuringBackgroundRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

14.2 AreaMeasurementandMonitoring ............ 3014.3 MeasuringObjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3014.4 ScanningforSurfaceContamination. . . . . . . . . . . 3114.5 MeasuringFood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3114.6 MeasuringLiquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3214.7 MeasuringAir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

15. InterpretingMeasurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3415.1 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3415.2 WhatisaSafeLevelofRadiation? ............ 35

16.AdditionalResources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3616.1 WebResources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3616.2 AdditionalReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

17.PRM-8000Specifications¹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

18.PRM-9000Specifications¹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

19.Warranty .....................41

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1. SafetyInformation

Thissymbolindicatesimportantinformationthatrequiresadditionalattentionbytheuser.

HighVoltageispresentinthePRM-8000/9000.Thissymbolindicatesthatadditionalcautionshouldbeexercisedbytheuser.

Notifyyourlocalenvironmentaland/orhazardousmaterialauthoritiesifyouhaveconcernsthatyourenvironmentconsistsofnuclearradiationlevelsthatexceedtheacceptedlimitsestablishedbytheenvi-ronmentalorhazardousmaterialsagenciesinyourlocale.

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PRM-8000RadiationMonitor

A 2Lineby14CharacterBacklitLCD

B RadioactiveEventLEDIndicator

C BackKey

D ExternalAudioandDataJack

E ExternalDCPowerInputJack

F UpKey

G DownKey

H SoundPort

I Select/PowerOnKey

J Geiger-MüllerTubeWindow

2. Controls,IndicatorsandConnections

PRM-8000

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PRM-9000RadiationMonitor

A 2Lineby14CharacterBacklitLCD

B RadioactiveEventLEDIndicator

C BackKey

D ExternalAudioandDataJack

E ExternalDCPowerInputJack

F UpKey

G DownKey

H SoundPort

I Select/PowerOnKey

J Geiger-MüllerTubeWindow

PRM-9000

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3. UsingThePRM-8000/9000ForTheFirstTimeThissectionprovidessomebasicoperationsmostnewuserswillwanttoperformbeforeusingthePRM-8000/9000.

3.1 PoweringOnthePRM-8000/9000Pressandholddown untilthestartupmessageandserialnumberisdisplayedontheLCD.AfterapproximatelythreesecondstheunitwilldefaulttotheHomeScreenandbegindisplayingtheCurrentMeasurement.Theunitwillbeepeverytimeitdetectsanionizedradiationparticle.

Thisdetectionisnormaleverywhereasbackgroundradiationexistseverywhere.Yourparticularbackgroundradiationlevelisdependentonmanyfactorsincludingaltitude.ForexampleinCastleRock,Coloradoanormalbackgroundradiationmeasurementis0.022mR/hrwhileinMiami,Floridaanormalbackgroundradiationmeasurementwouldbeinthe0.012mR/hrrange.Forcomparison,onanairplane,atcruisingaltitudeof40,000feet,atypicalreadingwouldbeinthevicinityof0.400mR/hr,orapproximately400beepsperminute.AdditionalinformationonbackgroundradiationanditsmeasurementusingthePRM-8000/9000canbefoundin“14.1DeterminingBackgroundRadiation”

Formoreinformationonradiationunits(See“15.1Units”)

3.2 MutingTheBeeperThebeeperisavitalindicatoronthePRM-8000/9000Geigercounter.Changesintherateofbeepswillbethefirstindicationofaradioactiveobjectorarea.However,itisoftentimesdesirabletomutethebeeper.Tomutethebeeper:

1. IftheDisplayisoff(powersavingmode),pressanykeytowakeupthePRM-8000/9000

2. Press todisplaythe“MainMenu”

3. Press twotimestodisplaythe“Settings”menu

4. Press toselectthe“Settings”menu

5. Thefirstsettingdisplayedisthebeeperandthefactorydefaultis“Beeper:Medium”

6. Press torotatethroughthebeepersettingsuntilyoureach“OFF”

7. Press tomovebacktothe“MainMenu”andpressagaintoreturntotheHomeScreen

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3.3 SettingDesiredMeasurementUnitsThePRM-8000/9000candisplaymeasurementsinmicroremsperhour(µR/hr),milliremsperhour(mR/hr),microSievertsperhour(µSv/hr),CountsperSecond(CPS)orCountsperMinute(CPM).

1. IftheDisplayisoff(powersavingmode),pressanykeytowakeupthePRM-8000/9000

2. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

3. Press oncetomoveto“SetUnits”

4. Press keytoselecttheSetUnitsmenu

5. Thecurrentunitswillbedisplayedandpressingthe keywillchangethesetting

6. Press whencompletetoreturntotheMainMenu

3.4 SettingTimeandDate1. IftheDisplayisoff(powersavingmode),pressanykeytowakeupthe

PRM-8000/9000

2. Press todisplaythe“MainMenu”

3. Press twotimestodisplaythe“Settings”menu

4. Press toselectthe“Settings”menu

5. Press or toscrollthroughthesettings.Stopat“SetTime/Date”

6. Press toselectandtheTime/Datesettingscreenwillbedisplayed

7. Press tomovethecursortothedesireddigitand toadvancethedigit

8. Oncethedesiredtimeanddateareentered,press tosavethesetting

Note:TheClockdefaultTimeis00:00:00andthedefaultdateis01/01/11.TheclockwillberesettothedefaulttimewhentheuserinitiatesaHardwareResetorwhenthebatteryhasbeenreplaced.Theclockwillcontinuetofunctionwhentheuserpowersdownthedevice.

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4. HomeScreenTheHomeScreenprovidestheuserwiththeabilitytoquicklyaccessmeasurementinformationwithasinglekeypress.The and keysallowtheusertoscrollthroughvariousdisplaysasindicatedinthetablebelow.Pressingthe keyturnstheLCDbacklightonandoff.

HomeScreenOperation

ToggleBacklightOnandOff

or Moveupanddownthroughthesevenscreens:1. CurrentMeasurement(Section4.1)2. AverageMeasurement(Section4.2)3. MaximumMeasurement(Section4.3)4. MinimumMeasurement(Section4.4)5. TotalCountMeasured(Section4.5)6. Time/DateofMaximumMeasurement(Section4.6)7. CurrentTimeandDate(Section4.7)8. ElapsedTimeSincePowerUp,orReset(Section4.8)

SelectMainMenu

ThisHomeScreenandtherecordingofthemeasurementsindicatedabovehasbeenimplementedinthePRM-8000/9000specificallytoprovidetheuserwithacompleteas-sessmentoftheradiationleveloftheenvironmentwherethemonitorislocated.

Whilepoweredonandeveninsleepmode,thePRM-8000/9000isconstantlyrecord-ingthisinformationanddoingsowhilepreservingbatterypower.Thefollowingsectionsprovideadditionaldetailonthescreens.

4.1 CurrentMeasurementThisdisplayindicatesthecurrentradiationmeasurementinthechosenmeasurementunits.Theusercanselectmicroremsperhour(µR/hr),milliremsperhour(mR/hr),microSievertsperhour(µSv/hr),CountsperSecond(CPS)orCountsperMinute(CPM).ThedefaultunitofmeasurementismR/hr.

Whilepoweredon,thePRM-8000/9000takesmeasurementseverysecond.Atlowlevelsofradiation(lessthan6.00mR/hr)thesemeasurementsareaveragedacrossthenumberofsecondsasdeterminedbytheLowAvWinsetting.

Thedefaultsettingis20seconds.Inthissettingthedisplaywillupdatewiththeaverageofthelast20secondsofmeasurements.Thesettingcanbechangedtoenableaquicker(shorteraveragingperiod)responsetimeatlowlevels.

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Quickerresponsetimesareusefulforlocatingobjectsand/orareaswhicharethesourceofradiationlevelsthatareabovethenormalbackgroundlevelsSeeSection“8.9LowAvWin”onpage19formoreinformationontheLowAvWinsetting.

Note:Becauseoftherandomnatureofbackgroundandlow-levelradiation,itisnor-malfortheCurrentmeasurementtovarywhileobservingthedisplay.AlsonotethatthemaximumvalueviewedontheCurrentdisplayisaveragedovertheLowAvWinsettingof5,10or20seconds.Atlowlevelsoflessthan6.00mR/hr,TheMaximumscreen(discussedbelow)istheMaximumvaluemeasuredandaveragedacrossoneminute.ItisnormalthatmaximumvaluesobservedintheCurrentMeasurementdisplaywilllikelydifferfromthoserecordedintheMaximumMeasurementdisplay.

4.2 AverageMeasurementThisdisplayindicatestheAveragedoseratelevelthathasbeenmeasuredsincethede-vicewasturnedon,orsincetheAverage,Maximum,Minimum,TotalandElapsedTimecounterswerereset.

ThiscapabilityisveryusefulfordeterminingthenormalbackgroundradiationandtogetherwithMaximumandMinimumMeasurementdisplays(discussedbelow),forlongtermmonitoringofanareaoranobject.

ThePRM-8000/9000isconstantlycountingallpulsesfromtheGeigertubeandcalculat-ingtheaveragebydividingthetotalcountbytheelapsedtimeandthencompensatingthroughthecalibrationsolvertoaccuratelyrepresenttheaverageintheselecteddoserateunits.

Note:TheAverage,Maximum,MinimumandTotalcounters,aswellastheTime/DateofMaximumandElapsedTimeregisters,areresetbyanyofthefollowing: 1. Theunitispoweredon 2. AHardwareResetisperformed 3. TheuserresetsthecountersfromtheUtilitymenu 4. AftertheuserperformsaTimedMeasurement

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4.3 MaximumMeasurementThisdisplayindicatestheMaximumdoseratelevelthathasbeenmeasuredsincethedevicewasturnedon,orsincetheAverage,Maximum,Minimum,TotalandElapsedTimecountershavebeenreset.Thiscapabilityprovidesvaluableinsightintoone-timeeventsorconditionsthatoccurwhiletheuserisawayfromthedevice.

Whenanewmaximumisrecorded,thePRM-8000/9000notesthetimeanddateandstoresthisinformationforlaterviewingbytheuser.

4.4 MinimumMeasurementThisdisplayindicatestheMinimumdoseratelevelthathasbeenmeasuredsincethede-vicewasturnedon,orsincetheAverage,Maximum,Minimum,TotalandElapsedTimecountershavebeenreset.Thisprovidesusefulinformationastotheminimumvaluethedevicehasmeasured.

Note:Atlowlevelsoflessthan6.00mR/hr,TheMaximumandMinimumareaver-agedoveroneminute.Athigherlevels,theMaximumandMinimumaredeterminedbymeasurementsrecordedeverysecond.

4.5 TotalCountMeasuredThisdisplayindicatesthetotalnumberofpulsesfromtheGeigertuberecordedbythePRM-8000/9000sincethedevicewasturnedon,orsincetheAverage,Maximum,Mini-mum,TotalandElapsedTimecountershavebeenreset.Thevalueisuncompensatedandindicatesonlythenumberofpulsesdetectedbythedevicewhichcorrespondstothenumberoftimestheaudibleclicksounds,ortheLEDblinks.

4.6 Time/DateofMaximumMeasurementWhenanewMaximumdoseratelevelisrecorded,thePRM-8000/9000capturesthetimeanddatethattheMaximumoccurred.Thisallowstheinstrumenttocaptureandreporttransientmaximumsinradiationlevelthatmayoccurwithinanotherwisenormalbackgroundradiationenvironment.Timeformatonthisscreenis24hourhh:mm:ssandthedateformatis:MM:DD:YY.

4.7 CurrentTimeandDateThisscreendisplaysthetimeanddateoftherealtimeclock/calendarwithinthePRM-8000/9000.Timeformatis24-hourhh:mm:ssandthedateformatis:MM/DD/YY.

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4.8 ElapsedTimeThisscreendisplaystheelapsedtimeindays,hours,minutesandsecondssincethelastresetoftheElapsedTimeregisters.TheElapsedTimeshowsthetimeframeduring

whichtheAverage,MinimumandMaximumvalueshavebeenestablished.

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5. NavigatingtheMenuSystemPressingthe keyfromtheHomeScreenactivatestheMainMenu.FromtheMainMenu,userscannavigatethroughthemenusasindicatedinthetablebelow.Eachsub-menuwillbediscussedinthesectionsthatfollow.

SelectMainMenu

or Moveupordownthroughthesub-menus:1. TimedMeasure

This function allowsusers to takemeasurements over a de-finedamountoftime.Thisisusefulfordetectingsmallamountsofcontamination.

2. SetUnits

UserscanselecteitherµR/hr,mR/hr,µSv/hr,CPSorCPMmeasurementunits.

3. Settings

This sub-menu allows the user to customize the behavior ofthePRM-8000/9000. Settings include thoseassociatedwiththebeeper,LED,dose-ratealarm,time/date,powersettingsaswellasthecontrolovertheaveragingperformedat lowdoserates.

4. UtilitiesThissub-menuincludesfunctionstoresetthemeasurementcounters(Average,Minimum,Maximum,TotalandElapsedTime),performahardwarereset,powerdownthedevice,loadthefactorycalibrationvalues,displaythevoltageofthebatteryandperformthecalibrationprocedure.

5. ExtAudio/DataThissub-menuisusedtocontrolthebehavioroftheaudio/datajack.Thejackcanoutputaudioatthreeselectablevolumelevels,provideapulseoutputcompatiblewiththirdpartysoftwareoroutputaserialdatastream(optionalcablerequired)ontheminutefordatacollectionusingaPC.

6. DataLoggingThissub-menuprovidesfunctionstocontroldataloggingtotheinternalloggingmemoryinthePRM-8000/9000.

7. LanguageThisallowstheusertosetthelanguagetoEnglishorJapa-nese

Selectthedesiredsub-menu.Repeattheprocessfornavigatingthroughthesub-menus

Returntopreviousmenu

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6. PerformingaTimedMeasurement(TimedMeasure)Timedmeasurementsprovideameasurementoverafixedperiodoftime.Timedmea-surementsextendthesensitivityofthedetectorbyextendingthemeasurementoverlongerperiodsoftime.

Thiscapabilityisusefulfordetectinglow-levelradiationabovetheestablishedback-groundcount.Considertheopeningofaflowerblossom.Fromhourtohourthediffer-encesarehardlynoticeable,butwhenstillimagesarerecordedoveralongperiodoftimeandplayedback,thechangesareclearlynoticeable.

Similarly,timedmeasurementsthatdetectoneortwoadditionalparticleseveryminutewillresultinanoticeabledifferencewhena90-minutetimedmeasurementistaken.Theresultantaveragewouldindicateavaluenoticeablyabovethenormalbackgroundcount.

ThePRM-8000/9000cantaketimedmeasurementsin1,5,10,20,30,60or90minutes.Totakeatimedmeasurement,setthedesiredlengthandstartthemeasurementasfollows:

1. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

2. Press againtoselectthe“TimedMeasure”menu

3. Press oncetodisplaythe“Length:##”setting

4. Thecurrentlengthwillbedisplayedandpressingthe keywillrotatethroughthesettings.Selectthedesiredlength

5. Press oncetodisplaythe“Start”commandandpress tostartthetimedmeasurement

6. Asthemeasurementprogresses,thetimeremaininginminuteswillbedisplayedalongwiththecurrentaveragevalue

7. Ifaudioisenabled,aseriesoftoneswillsoundindicatingthatthetimedmeasurementiscomplete

8. Duringthemeasurement,pressing willtoggletheLCDbacklight

9. Aftercompletion,ortoendthetimedmeasurementearly,pressanyotherkey.Theprompt“CancelTimedMeasure?”willbedisplayed

10. Press (toanswerYES)toendthetimedmeasurementandreturntotheHomeScreen

Note:OncethelengthischoseninStep4above,itwillbesaved.Tostartfuturetimedmeasurementsofthesamelength,simplypressthe keythreetimes.

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6.1 PerpetualTimedMeasurementsByresettingthein-linestatisticalcounters-see“9.1ResettingCounterValues(ResetCounters)”-thecombinationoftheElapsedTimeDisplayandtheAverageScreensformsthebasisforaperpetual,any-length,timedmeasurement.

Thetrueaverageofactualcountsovertheelapsedtimeenablestimedmeasurementsofhours,daysorevenmonths.Thisisveryusefulforlongtermmonitoring.

Note:AftercompletionorcancellationofaTimedMeasurement,thePRM-8000/9000willresettheAverage,Minimum,MaximumandTotalCountRegisters,aswellasElapsedTimeRegister.

7. ChangingtheUnitsofMeasurements(SetUnits)ThePRM-8000/9000candisplaymeasurementsinmicroremsperhour(µR/hr),milliremsperhour(mR/hr)andmicroSievertsperhour(µSv/hr),CountsperSecond(CPS)andCountsperMinute(CPM).

1. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

2. Press oncetomoveto“SetUnits”

3. Press keytoselecttheSetUnitsmenu

4. Thecurrentunitswillbedisplayedandpressingthe keywillchangethesetting

5. Press whencompletetoreturntotheMainMenu

8. SelectingUserPreferences(Settings)VarioussettingscanbeselectedtoenabletheusertocustomizethebehaviorofthePRM-8000/9000asdesired.Settingsremaininplaceuntilthebatteryisexhausted.If,atanytime,theuserdesirestoreplacethecurrentsettingswiththefactorydefaultset-tings,performaHardwareResetofthedevicefromtheUtilitiesmenu.

ToentertheSettingsMenu,pressthe toentertheMainMenuandusethearrowkeystoadvanceuntil“Settings”isdisplayedinthelowerline.Press toentertheSettingsMenu.Thespecificsettingswillbediscussedinthesectionsthatfollow.

8.1 BeeperOn/OffThecurrentstateoftheBeeperwillbedisplayed.Press tochange.TheBeepertonesoundswhenanuclearparticleisdetectedandprovidesaudiblefeedbackastothecurrentmeasurementlevel.

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8.2 LEDOn/OffThecurrentstateofLEDwillbedisplayed.Press tochange.TheLEDblinkswhenanuclearparticleisdetectedandprovidesvisualfeedbackastothecurrentmeasure-mentlevel.

Note:WhentheunitentersthesleepstateandtheLCDdisplayisoff,thesettingsoftheBeeperandLEDwillremainineffect.Whiletheseindicatorshavebeende-signedtoenableprolongedbatterylife,boththeBeeperandLEDshouldbedisabledtoprovidethelongestbatterylife.

8.3 AlarmOn/OffThissettingisusedtoenableordisablethedoseratealarm.ThecurrentOn/OffstateofAlarmwillbedisplayed.Press tochange.AnAlarmconditionwilloccurwhentheAlarmisOnandwhentheAlarmdose-ratelevelisexceeded.

Note:Onceanalarmconditionispresent,thealarmwillcontinuetosounduntilthemeasurementisnolongergreaterthanthethresholdlevel.

8.4 SettingAlarmThresholdinmR/hr(mR/hrAlarm)ThissettingallowstheusertoselectthedesiredalarmlevelthresholdinmR/hrunits.Onceselectedthedisplaywillindicatethecurrentsetting.Thetablebelowoutlineshowtousethekeystoenterthedesiredvalue.

8.5 SettingAlarmThresholdinuSv/hr(uSv/hrAlarm)ThissettingallowstheusertoselectthedesiredalarmlevelthresholdinuSv/hrunits.Onceselectedthedisplaywillindicatethecurrentsetting.Thetablebelowoutlineshowtousethekeystoenterthedesiredvalue.

8.6 SettingtheTimeandDate(SetTime/Date)Usethekeysasindicatedbelowtosetthetimeanddate.Theclockisrepresentedin24-hourformat.See“3.4SettingTimeandDate”forstep-by-stepinstructions.

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SettingtheAlarm,TimeandDate

SetmRhAlarm

SetuSvAlarm

SetTime/Date

Setsthedoseratemeasure-mentinmR/hrthatwillresultinaudiblealarm

Setsthedoseratemeasure-mentinuSv/hrthatwillresultinaudiblealarm

Settimeanddatein24-hourformathh:mm:ss,MM/DD/YY

toselectdigit

tosetdigitvalue

savesettingandexit

exitwithoutchange

8.7 InternalBatteryPowerManagementSetting(Bt-Pwr:)Thissettingallowstheusertospecifywhatbatterypowermanagementprofiletousewhenoperatingsolelyfromthe9-VoltbatteryinsidethePRM-8000/9000.ThecurrentPowerSettingwillbedisplayed.Press tochange.

Thepowersettingsareoutlinedinthetablebelow.Thefactorydefaultforbatteryopera-tionisLowest.InthissettingtheLCDwillbeturnedoffafter60secondsofinactivity.Whilecontinuingtomeasurenuclearradiation,theunitwillenterasleepmodeinordertoconservebatterypower.OnceanykeyispressedtheLCDwillresumenormalopera-tion.IntheLowestsettingthebacklightwillbeturnedoffafter15seconds.

8.8 ExternalPowerManagementSetting(Ex-Pwr:)ThissettingallowstheusertospecifywhatbatterypowermanagementprofiletousewhenoperatingfromanexternalpowersourceconnectedtothepowerconnectorofthePRM-8000/9000.ThecurrentPowerSettingwillbedisplayed.Press tochange.

Thepowersettingsareoutlinedinthetablebelow.ThefactorydefaultforexternalpoweroperationisHigh.InthissettingtheLCDandbacklightwillremainon.Theunitdetectswhenexternalpoweratthepropervoltageispresentandwillactivatetheexternalpowermanagementsetting.Similarly,theunitsensestheremovaloftheexternalsourceandwillresumethebatterypowersetting.

Externalpowermanagementisveryusefulforremote,long-termapplicationofthePRM-8000/9000wherethedeviceispoweredbylargeexternalbatteriesoralternativesourcessuchassolarcells.

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PowerManagementSettings

PowerSetting TimeofInactivityUntil:(SetinSettings) LCDOff BacklightOff

Lowest 60Seconds 15Seconds

Medium 10Minutes 45Seconds

High AlwaysOn AlwaysOn

LowBatteryCondition

30Seconds 2Seconds

NOTE:IfLCDisturnedoff,thePRM-8000/9000willcontinuetomonitorandmeasureradiationincludingcurrent,average,maxi-mum,minimumandtotal-countvaluesPressinganykeywill“wake-up”thedisplayandoperationscontinuenormallyuntiltheinactivitythresholdoftheselectedPowerSettingisexceeded.

8.9 LowAvWinThissettingallowstheusertospecifythetimeinseconds(orwindow)overwhichlow-levelmeasurementsareaveragedintheCurrentMeasurementdisplayedoftheHomeScreen.Thiscapabilityallowstheusertoshortenthewindowsothatmeasurementresponsetimecanbeincreased.Increasedresponsetimeisusefulforefficientlylocatingspecificsourcesofradioactiveactivity.

Onceatthissetting,thecurrentaveragingwindowwillbedisplayedinseconds.Presstochange.Choicesare5,10and20seconds.Thefactorydefaultis20seconds.

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9. UtilitiesThePRM-8000/9000providesanumberofcommandsintheUtilitiesmenuthatwillbeoutlinedinthesectionsbelow.

9.1 ResettingCounterValues(ResetCounters)Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwillresetonlytheAverage,Maximum,MinimumandTotalcounterstozeroandwillresumemeasurement.Thisisveryusefulincaseswheretheinstrumentisexposedtoanewlevelofradiationanditisdesiredtoknowtheaverage,maximumandminimumvaluesofthatparticularsourceorlocation.

9.2 PerformingaHardwareReset(HardwareReset)Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwillresetthecounterinthesamewayasremovingallpowersourcesfromthedevicewould.TimeandDatewillbereset.Allsettingswillreturntothefactorydefault.However,ifacalibrationrecordexistsinthedevice,thatcalibrationwillbeusedwhenthePRM-8000/9000isreset.TorestorethefactorydefaultcalibrationseetheLoadDefaultscommandbelow.

9.3 PoweringDowntheUnit(PowerDown)ThePRM-8000/9000isdesignedtobe“Always-On”andtheinternalbatterylifeinsleepmodecanbeupto60,000hours(undernormalbackgroundconditionsandusingalith-ium9-Voltbattery).However,forlongtermstorage,theusermaydesiretopowerdowntheunit.Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwillpowerdown.Whilepowereddowntheunitwillnottakeanymeasurements,however,theinternalclockcalendarwillcontinuetofunction.

9.4 RestoringFactoryCalibration(LoadDefaults)Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwillrestorethefactorydefaultcalibrationanderaseanycalibrationdatapresentinthedevice.Usethiscommandwithcare.

9.5 DisplayingBatteryandExternalVoltages(DisplayBat/DC)Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwilldisplayascreenthatshowsthevoltageoftheinternalbatteryandanyexternalpowersourceconnectedtothepowerconnector.Adecimalpointtotheleft-mostsideofthedisplaylineindicatesthattherespectivevolt-ageisatanacceptablelevel.

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9.6 CalibrationProcedure(Calibrate)Pressingthe keywhileatthiscommandwillinitiatethecalibrationprocedure.TheCalibrationProcedureShouldOnlyBeUsedByACertifiedCalibrationLab.Thecalibra-tionprocessisasfollows:

1. SetupCs137sourcefor20mR/hr

2. Pressthe keytostart

3. Theunitcountsdown10seconds,beepingateachsecond,thentakesa60-secondmeasurement

4. After60seconds,theunitbeepsanddisplaystherawCPM

5. MakearecordoftheCPMreadingdisplayedfor20mR/hr

6. Pressanykeytogotothe200mR/hr(125mR/hrforPRM-9000)measurementscreen

7. Repeatsteps2through5forCs137at200mR/hr(125mR/hrforPRM-9000)

8. MakearecordoftheCPMreadingdisplayedfor200mR/hr(125mR/hrforPRM-9000)

9. Pressanykeytocontinueandtheunitwillcompletecalibrationandrestart

10. Adecimalpointtotherightoftheserialnumberwillbedisplayedatrestart.Thisindicatestheunitisoperatingfromcalibratedvaluesandnotthefactorysettings.

Note:CalibrationShouldOnlyBePerformedByCertifiedCalibrationLabs.Visitwww.MazurInstruments.comforalistofrecommendedcalibrationlabs.

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10. ConfiguringtheAudio/DataConnector (ExtAudio/Data)Thestandard3.5mmaudiojackontheleftsideofthePRM-8000/9000canservemul-tiplepurposes,includingbeingconnectedtoexternal,amplifiedspeakersandusedwithportablemediaplayerheadphonesfordiscreetmonitoringofradioactiveactivity.ThejackalsoenablesconnectiontoaPCorMacwithUSB(withanoptionalcable)fordatalogging.

FromtheHomeScreenpressthe keytoactivatetheMainMenu.Usethearrowkeystomovetotheentry:ExtAudio/Data.Thecurrentsettingfortheconnectorwillbedisplayed.Pressthe keytomovethroughalloftheavailablesettingsfortheport.Adescriptionofthesettingsfollows.

Audio/DataConnectorSettings

Off Allfunctionsoftheconnectorareoff

Data Usingtheoptional3.5mmtoUSBcable,thePRM-8000/9000willoutputacommaseparatedvalue(CSV)textstringeveryminute.Thestringincludesthetime,date,sixdigitCPMvalueaswellasthetext“CPM”toindicatetheunits.

ForExample:“10:30:00”,”04/08/2011”,“000025”,”CPM”<CR>

Baudrateisfixedat:57.6Kbaud,8bits,noparity,2stopbits

UsingaterminalemulatorsuchasTerraTerm(downloadableatnocost)theoutputofthePRM-8000/9000canbecapturedintoalogfile.TheresultisaCSVfilethatcanbeloadedintoavarietyofstandardsoftwaretoolsusedforanalysisincludingExcel,Ac-cess,MATLABandothers.

Note:1,000CPM=1mR/hr=10uSv/hr(PRM-8000)and3,500CPM=1mR/hr=10uSv/hr(PRM-9000)

Audio:Low Connectoroutputsaudiobeepsatalowvolumelevelforhead-phoneuseorconnectiontoexternalspeakers

Audio:Medium Connectoroutputsaudiobeepsatamediumvolumelevelforheadphoneuseorconnectiontoexternalspeakers

Audio:High Connectoroutputsaudiobeepsathighvolumelevelforhead-phoneuseorconnectiontoexternalspeakers

PulseOut Connectoroutputsapulseeachtimearadiationparticleisde-tected.ThisoutputiscompatiblewithmonitoringsoftwaresuchasGeigerGraphfromMineralab

Exercisecaution.Excessiveaudiovolumelevelthroughheadphonescanseriouslydamagehearing.

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11. DataLogging

11.1 SettingtheIntervalandStartingDataLoggingThecountsperminute(CPM)measurementcanbeloggedeveryminuteoreveryhour.Thedefaultloggingintervalissettooneminute,andtheintervalcanbechangedasfollows:

1. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

2. Press or until“DataLogging”isdisplayed

3. Press toselecttheDataLoggingsubmenu

4. Theloggingintervalwillbedisplayedas“Every:Minute”or“Every:Hour”.Press tochangethelogginginterval

5. Press oncetodisplaythe“Start”commandandpress tostartdatalogging

6. Apromptwillbedisplayedtolettheuserknowthatanydatacurrentlyinloggingmemorywillbeerased.Press tocontinueandstartlog-gingoranyotherkeytocancelloggingandreturntotheHomeScreen.

NOTE:TurningthePRM-8000/9000offorperformingaresetfromtheUtilitymenuwillstoplogging.Allloggingdatawillbepreserved,however,thisdatashouldbesenttoaPCorMacforstoragebecauserestartingthelogwillerasethepreviouslystoreddata.

11.2 CheckingLogStatusWhileLoggingOnceloggingisstarted,thedataloggingsub-menuwillhaveonlytwocommands(“Stop”and“Status”)availabletotheuser.Thestatusoftheloggingactivitycanbecheckedatanytime.Tocheckthestatus:

1. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

2. Press or until“DataLogging”isdisplayed

3. Press toselecttheDataLoggingsub-menu

4. Press until“Status”isdisplayedandpress todisplaythestatusscreen

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Thenumberfollowing“Record:”indicatesthenumberofmeasurements(minutesorhours,dependingontheintervalset)storedinthelog.Asloggingprogressesthisnum-berwillincrease.

Thenumberfollowing“Memory:”indicatesthenumberofbytesofloggingmemoryremaining.Asloggingprogresses,thisnumberwilldecrease.

11.3 StoppingtheLogLoggingmustbestoppedbeforethedatacanbesenttoaPCorMac.Tostopthelog:

1. FromtheHomeScreen,press toactivatetheMainMenu

2. Press or until“DataLogging”isdisplayed

3. Press toselecttheDataLoggingsubmenu

4. Press until“Stop”isdisplayedandpress tostoplogging

5. Apromptwillbedisplayedtomakesuretheuserintendedtostopthelog.Press tostopthelog

11.4 Sending(Uploading)DatatoaPCorMacThefollowingstepscanbeusedforuploadinglogdatatoaPC.Moredetailedinstruc-tionsfortheMacwillbeforthcoming.

1. InserttheUSBcableintoyourcomputer.ThedrivershouldinstallautomaticallyandinstallanewCOM(Serial)portonyoursystem.

2. WindowsUsers:TodeterminetheCOMPortoftheinstalledDataCableopenDeviceManageronyourcomputer,navigatingthereviaControlPanel/System,andthenHardware/DeviceManagerorsimilarmenus.TheDataCableshouldbeinstalledasa“USBSerialPort”underthePortscategory.MakenoteandwritedowntheCOMPortas-signment,forexampleCOM4.NowgotoStep5below.

3. IfyoursystemdoesnotinstalltheUSBdriver,youcanfindthedriversforyouroperatingsystemhere:http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm

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4. WindowsUsers:DownloadtheVCPdriverZIPfolderforyourWin-dowsversiontoyourWindowsDesktop.Extractthezippedfilestoafolderonyourdesktop.a)OpenDeviceManageronyourcomputer,navigatingthereviaControlPanel/System,andthenHardware/DeviceManagerorsimilarmenus.YoushouldseetheUSBDataCableinstalledunder“OtherDevices”,indicatedas“USBSerialPort”orTTL-232R-5V-AJ.b)Doubleclickonthatdevicefiletoopenit,thenfromtheensuingscreen,clickontheUpdateDriverbutton.c)Chooseto“BrowseyourcomputerfortheDriverSoftware”,andbrowsetothefolderonyourDesktopcontainingtheextractedzippedfiles.Selectthefolder,butdonotopenthefolder-justselecttheentirefolderbyleftclickingonitonce.d)ChooseOKand/orNext,andthecomputershouldinstalltheDriversoftware.GotoStep2above.

5. OnceyouhaveyourCOMport,useaterminalemulator,suchasTeraTerm.UserscandownloadTeraTermatnocostfrom:http://logmett.com

6. BesuretohavetheotherendoftheUSBadaptercablepluggedintothePRM-8000/9000.LaunchTeraTermandfromthemainmenuselect“Setup”then“SerialPort”anda)selecttheCOMportthatwasinstalledwiththedriverb)selectBaudRate57600,8bits,2stopbits,noparity,noflowcontrol.ThisisthebaudratethatthePRM-8000/9000usesAtthispointyoushouldseethelogdatawhenyoupress“Send”fromtheLogmenuonthePRM-8000/9000

7. TosenddatafromthePRM-8000/9000,fromtheHomeScreen,presstoactivatetheMainMenu

8. Press or until“DataLogging”isdisplayed

9. Press toselecttheDataLoggingsub-menu

10. Press until“Send”isdisplayedandpress tosendthecon-tentsofthelog

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11. TheDate,TimeandCPMwillbesentincommaseparatedvalue(CSV)format

12. Usetheterminalemulatorsoftwaretocapturethetext.TerraTermoffersavarietyofflexibilitysothatuserscansavethedatareceivedtoalogfile.Alternately,userscansimplycutthedatafromtheterminalwindowandpasteitintoatextfileusingWindowsNotepadtocreateafileonthePC.

13. TheresultantdatafilecanthenbeopenedusingExcel,OpenOfficeorotherapplicationprogramtoanalyzeandplotthedata.

14. Note:TheCPMdatastoredinthelogcanbeconvertedintomR/hroruSv/hrusingthefollowingPRM-8000/9000calibrationrelationship:1,000CPM=1mR/hr-10uSv/hr(PRM-8000)3,500CPM=1mR/hr-10uSv/hr(PRM-9000)

12. SelectingtheUserInterfaceLanguage(Language)FromtheHomeScreenpressthe keytoactivatetheMainMenu.Usethearrowkeystomovetotheentry:Language.Thecurrentlanguagesettingwillbedisplayed.Pressthe keytoselectEnglishorJapanese.Pressingthe keywillreturntheusertotheMainMenuwithtextdisplayedintheselectedlanguage.

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13. ReplacingtheInternalBatteryToreplacethebatteryperformthestepslistedbelow:

1. DisconnectanyexternalconnectionstothepowerconnectorandAudio/DataconnectorofthePRM-8000/9000

2. UsingaPhillipsHeadscrewdrivercarefullyremovethefourscrewslocatedaroundthekeypadwhilebeingcarefulnottoscratchthecaseorkeypad.

HighVoltageispresentinsidethePRM-8000/9000.AvoidanycontactwithareasunderneathorpasttheLCDtowardsthefrontofthedevice

3. Removethetoppartofthecaseandgentlyplaceitonit’sfacebeingcarefulnottooverextendtheribboncableconnectingthekeypadtothemainboardofthePRM-8000/9000.

4. Usingafingerfromeachhanddisconnectthe9-Voltbatterybypushingthetoppartofthe9-Voltbatteryawayfromthebatterycontacts.

5. Wait30secondsforthesystemtocompletelyde-energize.

6. Fromtheterminalsideofthebattery,liftthebatteryoutoverthebracketthatissecuringthebatteryinplace.

7. Properlydiscardtheusedbattery.

8. Orientthenewbatterysothatitispositionedtomateproperlywiththepositiveandnegativeterminals,andusethesideofthenewbatterytospreadapartthebracketsothatthebatteryissecuredinplace.

9. Pushthebatteryupandbecertainthatbothterminalssnapintoplace.

10. ThePRM-8000/9000shoulddisplaythestartupmessageandserialnumber.

11. Besuretofoldtheshieldintoplaceandgentlysecurethecoverbackintoposition.

12. ReinstallthefourPhillipsHeadscrewstocompletetheprocedurebe-ingcarefulnottoovertightenthescrews.

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14. FundamentalMeasurementProcedures

14.1DeterminingBackgroundRadiation

14.1.1 AboutBackgroundRadiation

BackgroundRadiationisradioactivityfromtheenvironmentwheretheinstrumentispresent.Therearethreesourcescontributingtobackgroundradiation;terrestrial,man-madeandcosmic.Althoughbackgroundradiationispresenteverywhere,theconcentra-tionsanddistributionsarenotconstant.Certainmaterialshavehigherconcentrationsofbackgroundradiation,andvaryingenvironmentalandphysicalconditionscanresultinaccumulationsofbackgroundradiation.

TerrestrialRadioactivity

ThenaturallyoccurringformsofradioactiveelementsincorporatedintotheEarthduringitsformationthatisstillpresentarereferredtoas“terrestrialradionuclides.”Themostsignificantterrestrialradionuclidesincludetheuraniumandthoriumdecayseries,potas-sium-40andrubidium-87.Virtuallyallmaterialsfoundinnaturecontainsomeconcentra-tionofterrestrialradionuclides.

Man-MadeRadioactiveMaterials

Nuclearweaponstestingandnuclearpowerreactorshaveproducedlargequantitiesofradionuclidesthroughthefissioningofuraniumandotherheavyelementsandtheactivationofvariouselements.Examplesofman-maderadionuclidesthatcouldbeintheenvironmentareCesium137(137Cs),Strontium90(90Sr),andvariousisotopesofPlutonium.

Priortothe1963LimitedTestBanTreaty,falloutfromatmosphericnucleartestsdistrib-utedlargequantitiesofman-maderadionuclidesaroundtheglobe.Followingthe1963treaty,mostnuclearweaponstestswereconductedunderground,althoughChinaandFrancecontinuedatmospherictestingofnuclearweaponsintothelate1970s.In1996,aComprehensiveTestBanTreatywasnegotiatedwiththehelpoftheUnitedNations.AsofthiswritingtheComprehensiveTestBanTreatyhasnotbeenratifiedbyChinaortheUnitedStatesandwasbrokenbyPakistanandIndiain1998.However,worldwidefalloutconcentrationshavebeendecliningsincethemid1960s.

In1964aDepartmentofDefenseweathersatellitecontainingaradiationsourcefailedtoachieveorbit.TheSpaceNuclearAuxiliaryPower(SNAP)9-ARadioisotopicTher-moelectricGenerator(RTG)burneduponre-entryanddispersedthenuclearinventory(primarilyplutonium-238)intotheatmosphere.IncidentsinvolvingSovietsatelliteswithradioisotopesornuclearreactorsoccurredin1969,1973,1978,and1983.InAprilof1986,therewasanon-nuclearsteamexplosionandfireatthenumberfourreactoratthenuclearpowerplantinChernobylinnorth-centralUkraine.Largequantitiesofradioactivematerialwerereleasedintotheenvironmentasaresultofthecatastrophe.Theradionu-

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clidesfromtheseincidentshavebeendepositedinanon-uniformlyaroundtheworld.

Isolatedpocketswithelevatedconcentrationsofman-maderadionuclidescanstillbefound.Forexample,ventilationsystemsthatwereinstalledpriorto1963collectedfalloutradionuclides.Ifthesesystemsarestillinuseandtheductshavenotbeenthoroughlycleaned,thereisapotentialforelevatedbackgroundradiation.Anotherpotentialsourceofelevatedbackgroundradiationfromman-maderadionuclidesiswoodash.Treesfilterandstoresomeairbornepollutants,including137Csfromfallout.Whenthewoodisburnedthe137Csisconcentratedinthewoodash.Materialsorequipmentassociatedwiththeashcouldhaveelevatedlevelsofbackgroundradiation.

CosmicRadiation

Cosmicradiationconsistsofhighlyenergeticparticlesthatarebelievedtooriginatefromphenomenasuchassolarflaresandsupernovaexplosions.TheEarth’satmosphereservesasashieldfortheseparticles,althoughonrareoccasionsasolarflareisstrongenoughtoproduceasignificantradiationdoseinthelowerreachesoftheatmosphere.

Cosmicradiationisalsoresponsiblefortheproductionofradioactiveelementscalledcosmogenicradionuclides.Theseradionuclidesareproducedfromcollisionsbetweenthehighlyenergeticcosmicradiationwithstableelementsintheatmosphere.Cosmo-genicradionuclidesinclude3H,7Be,14C,and22Na.

14.1.2 MeasuringBackgroundRadiation

OncethePRM-8000/9000ismovedtoanewarea,anewbackgroundmeasurementshouldbeestablishedasfollows:

1. PlacethePRM-8000/9000awayfromitemsthatcouldberadioactive,suchasmetals,pottery,granitecountertops,etc.Ideally,locatetheinstrumentinthecenteroftheareathatyouwanttomonitorandlocateittableheightabovethefloor.

2. ResettheAverageCounterValues-see“9.1ResettingCounterValues(ResetCounters)”-orpower-cycletheunitoffandontoresetthecounters.

3. Simplyallowtheunittorunovernightandthenextmorning,lookattheAveragemeasurementandnotethereading.Thiswillbethenormalbackgroundcount.

4. Whilemeasuring,feelfreetolookattheAveragevaluetoseethevalueitismovingtowards,butdonotmovetheunitfromthecurrentlocationuntilthebackgroundmeasurementiscomplete.

5. Alternately,aTimedMeasurementcanbeused.See“6.PerformingaTimedMeasurement(TimedMeasure)”.A10-minutetimedmeasure-mentwillbereasonablyaccurate,butanhourwillbemoreaccurate.

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14.2AreaMeasurementandMonitoringThePRM-8000/9000isdesignedtobealways-onmonitoringtheareawhereitislocated.Toassessanarea,simplymovethroughthescreens(See“4.HomeScreen”)oftheunitandviewtheAverage,MinimumandMaximumvalues.NotetheMaximumvaluemea-suredaswellasthetimeanddatethattheMaximumwasrecorded.

NOTE:Duetotherandomnatureofradioactivity,itisnormaltodetectamaximumthatis2Xto3Xthenormalbackgroundradiation.SustainedincreasesinradiationwillgenerallybereflectedinanincreasedAverage.

Thedoseratealarmcanalsobesettoprovideanalarmwhenthethresholdsetbytheuserisexceeded,Seesections“8.3AlarmOn/Off”and“8.4SettingAlarmThresholdinmR/hr(mR/hrAlarm)”or“8.5SettingAlarmThresholdinuSv/hr(uSv/hrAlarm)”.

Ifanincreaseintheradiationoftheareaissuspected,re-establishthebackgroundcounttakingkeeninteresttotheresultingAverageandMaximumvaluesascomparedtothepreviouslyestablishednormsforthearea.

Ifincreasedradiation(indicatingpriorcontamination)issuspectedinaparticularregionwithinthearea,taketimedmeasurementsofthesameduration.Compareresultswiththenormalbackgroundandpreviousmeasurementstohoneinonthesourceorlocationofthehighestmeasurement.

14.3MeasuringObjectsRefertothefollowingguidelineswhenmeasuringanobject:

1. Withthesensorwindowpointingtowardsandlocatedclosetotheobject,slowlyscantheobjectwiththePRM-8000/9000notingobviousincreasesinthebeeporLED-blinkrate.

2. Thinkofthesensorwindowasacameralensthatis“looking”attheobject.LocatingthewindowfartherfromtheobjectincreasestheareathatthePRM-8000/9000can“see,”butdoessoatagreaterdistancefromthepotentialsourceofradiation.

NOTE:Theusershouldbalancethedistanceofthesensorwindowfromtheobjectkeepinginmindthatthestrengthofaradiationemissiondecreasesasthesquareofthedistancefromthesource.Forexample,ifthedistancefromthesourceisdoubled,theemissionwilldecreasebyafactoroffour.Ifthedistanceistripled,theemissionwilldecreasebyafactorofnine.Thisisknownastheinverse square law.

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3. Ifasuspectedobject,orpartofanobjectisdetected,locatethemeterincloseproximityandtakeatimed-measurementtodeterminethespe-cificmeasurementandtheextenttowhichthemeasurementexceedsthenormalbackgroundcountofthearea.

4. Ifwhileperformingguideline1above,noobviousincreasesareno-ticed,thisdoesnotmeanthattheobjectiscompletelyfreeofradiation.Usersshouldtaketimedmeasurement(s)ofsuspectedobjectsandcomparetheresultwiththenormalbackgroundradiation.

14.4ScanningforSurfaceContaminationTocheckforradioactivecontaminationofasurface,pleaseusthefollowingguidelines:

1. Usingtwocoinsofequalsize,orothershims,orientthePRM-8000/9000verticalwiththesensorwindowpointedtowardsthesurface.

2. UseatimedmeasurementorsimplyresetthecountersofthePRM-8000andallowthedevicetomeasureovernight.

NOTE:DonotallowasurfacethatmaybecontaminatedtocomeindirectcontactwiththePRM-8000/9000.UsespacersorshimstoisolatethePRM-8000/9000fromthesurfaceandifanycontaminationisfound,disposeofthespacersappropriately.

14.5MeasuringFoodMeasuringfoodforradiationtypicallyrequiresadvancedequipmentandprocedures.Becausemanyfoodsarelargelycomposedofwater(itselfaradiationshield),thoroughdetectionoftenrequiresaspecialovenfor“ashing”thefoods.Ashingremovesthewaterandconcentratesanyradioactivitypresent.Measuringradiationinfoodisalsocomplicat-edbythefactthatmanyfoods,suchasdriedbananasandBrazilnuts,containnaturallyoccurringradiation.Individualshaveseveraloptionsfordeterminingwhetherthefoodthattheyconsumecontainsradiation:

• Makenoassumptionandtakenoactionandbe100%blindtothepresenceofradiationinfood.

• Assumethatthefoodhasbeenscannedtothestandardssetforthbyvariousgov-ernmentagenciesanddepartmentsandissafeforconsumption.

• Purchaseandusethesameadvancedequipmentandrelatedproceduresthatsuchagenciesusetoconducttheirtests

• UseapersonalradiationmonitorsuchasthePRM-8000/9000thatmaynotbeassensitive,accurateandthoroughasadvancedmethodsbutdoesprovidesusers

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withsomelevelofassurance.

ThefollowingistheprocedurethatMazurInstrumentsfollowswhenscanningfoodforradiation.Thisprocedureisnotrepresentedasthebest,mostthoroughorleasterrorproneapproach.

1. Prepareatestareatoplacethefood.Donotplacethefoodonanystone,granite,metalorothersurfacethatcoulditselfbepartiallyradio-active.Plasticorglasswilllikelybethebestchoice.

2. EstablishanaccuratebackgroundmeasurementbaselineforthetestareabyplacingthePRM-8000/9000intheareaandreconfirmingthebackgroundradiationmeasurement.(See“14.1.2MeasuringBack-groundRadiation”)0”)

3. Removethefoodfromanypackagingandplacethefoodinthetestarea.

4. Alwayspointthesensorwindowtowardsthefoodandatadistancethatisascloseaspracticalwithouttouchingthefood.Useappropriateshimsasrequired,andavoidplacingtheinstrumentinaplasticbag.

5. Performaninitialscanoftheentirefooditembyslowlymovingthede-tectoracrosstheiteminanevenandsteadymannerwhilemaintainingthesamesensordistancefromtheitem.NoteanyobviousincreasesinthebeeporLED-blinkrateofthePRM-8000/9000.

6. Ifdesired,useatimed-measurementofatleast10minutesasasec-ondarywaytodetectradiationthatmayhavebeenmissedusingtheinitialscan.Noteanyamountofradiationmeasuredabovethatoftheestablishedbackgroundbaselineofstep2above.

14.6MeasuringLiquidsWhenmeasuringliquidswiththePRM-8000/9000,usethefollowingguidelines:

1. OrientthePRM-8000/9000acrossasuitabledrinkingglassorbeakerwiththesensorwindowovertheliquid.ThePRM-8000/9000shouldrestinastablemanneracrosstheedgesoftheglass.

2. EstablishanaccuratebackgroundmeasurementbaselineforthetestcontainerbyplacingthePRM-8000/9000overthecontainerandrecon-firmingthebackgroundradiationmeasurement.(See“14.1.2Measur-ingBackgroundRadiation”)0”)

3. Fillthesampleliquidasclosetothetopofthecontaineraspos-sibleexercisingcarenottobringtheliquidincontactwiththePRM-8000/9000.Ifonlyasmallamountoftheliquidisavailable,locateanappropriatelysizedcontainerasrequired.

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4. Performatimedmeasurementofatleast60minutesandnoteanyamountofradiationmeasuredabovethatoftheestablishedback-groundbaselineofstep2above.

5. Asecondalternativeistoevaporateorboilthesubstance.Theremain-ingconcentratecanthenbemeasured.

6. Whenmeasuringwaterandsimilarliquidsthatareavailableinrelativeabundance,suchaspondorrainwater,itisrecommendedtoaugmentthisprocedurebyfilteringalargeamountoftheliquidusingacoffeefilterorotherfilter.Afterfiltration,measurethefilterusing“14.3Mea-suringObjects”

NOTE:Forthoseinterestedintestingforradioactivityofwell-water,aconvenientlocationfortestingisanywaterfilterthatmaybeinlinewiththewatersupply.Whenchangingfilters,simplymeasurethefilterusingtheprocedure(See“14.3MeasuringObjects”)

14.7MeasuringAirTomeasurecontaminationinairusingthePRM-8000/9000,itisgenerallynecessarytomeasurethecontentsofafilterthathasbeeninuseforareasonableamountoftimetofiltertheairofinterest.Examplesincludewhole-househeatingandcoolingfilters,HEPAFiltersandautomobilecabinfilters.Particlesconcentrateinthefilterelementsandifanyradioactivesubstanceswilllikelybeintheconcentrateaswell.Itisagoodpracticetomeasurethesefiltersperiodicallyifthereareanyconcernsaboutradiation.

Tomeasurethefilter,followtheprocedure“14.3MeasuringObjects”withtheadditionofthefollowingguidelines:

1. BecarefulnottoallowanyofthedustfromthefiltertoenterthePRM-8000/9000.Thiscouldcontaminatetheinstrument.

2. OrientthefilterwiththesurfaceareaofthefilterintheverticalpositionandrestthePRM-8000/9000onastackofbooks,orotherappropriateshimthatprovidesastablesurfaceformovingthePRM-8000/9000asclosetothefilteraspossible,withouttouchingthefilter.

NOTE:PlacingapieceofthinplasticinbetweenthefilterandthePRM-8000/9000willblockthedetectionofalphaparticles,butthisarrangementwillcontinuetoenablethedetectionofothertypesofionizingradiation.

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15. InterpretingMeasurements

15.1UnitsTherearefourdifferentbutinterrelatedquantitiesrelatedtothemeasurementofradia-tion.EachquantityhasassociatedunitsofmeasurementthatarerepresentedinboththeEnglishSystemofMeasurementsaswellastheInternationalSystemofUnits,alsoknownasSI.

Thefourquantitiesareradioactivity,exposure,absorbeddose,anddoseequivalent.Intheorderpresented,thesequantitiesstartbyindicatingcharacteristicsoftheradiationsourceandendbyindicatingbiologicalimpactonhumanbeings.

Radioactivityreferstotheamountofionizingradiationreleasedbyamaterial.Whetheritemitsalphaorbetaparticles,gammarays,x-rays,orneutrons,aquantityofradioactivematerialisexpressedintermsofitsradioactivity(orsimplyitsactivity),whichrepresentshowmanyatomsinthematerialdecayinagiventimeperiod.Theunitsofmeasureforradioactivityarethecurie(Ci)andinSIbecquerel(Bq).

Exposuredescribestheamountofradiationtravelingthroughtheair.Theunitsforexpo-surearetheroentgen(R)andinSIcoulomb/kilogram(C/kg).

Absorbeddosedescribestheamountofradiationabsorbedbyanobjectorperson.Thatis,theamountofenergythatradioactivesourcesdepositinmaterialsthroughwhichtheypass.Theunitsforabsorbeddosearetheradiationabsorbeddose(rad)andinSIthegray(Gy).

Doseequivalent(oreffectivedose)combinestheamountofradiationabsorbedandthemedicaleffectsofthattypeofradiationonahumanbeing.Forbetaandgammaradiation,thedoseequivalentisthesameastheabsorbeddose.Bycontrast,thedoseequivalentislargerthantheabsorbeddoseforalphaandneutronradiation,becausethesetypesofradiationaremoredamagingtothehumanbody.

Note:Thedetectionandmeasurementofneutronsrequiresspecializedinstrumenta-tion,Geigercountersdonotdetectneutrons.

Theunitsfordoseequivalentaretheroentgenequivalentman(rem)andinSISievert(Sv).Thesebiologicaldoseequivalentsarecommonlymeasuredinonethousandthsofaremandisknownasamillirem(mrem)or1millionthofaSievertknownasmicroSievert(uSv).

Forfurtherclarification,notethatameasuregiveninBqindicatestheradioactivityofasubstance,whileameasureinmremoruSvindicatestheamountofenergythataradio-activesourcedepositsinlivingtissue.

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ThePRM-8000/9000iscalibratedinunitsofdoseequivalentrate(alsoknownaseffec-tivedoserate),referencedtoCesium137,inmilli-Roentgenperhour(mR/hr)ormicro-Sievertsperhour(uSv/hr).Micro-Roentgenperhour(uR/hr)isalsoprovided.Foractivitylevels,countsperminute(CPM)andcountspersecond(CPS)arealsomadeavailabletotheuser.Toconvertthedoseratetotheaccumulateddose,multiplythenumberofhoursbythedoserate.

Example1:OnthePRM-8000/9000theAverageScreenindicates0.025mR/hr.TheElapsedtimeis3Daysand6hours.

Whatistheaccumulatedeffectivedose?

1. 3Daysand6hours=(24x3)+6or78hours

2. 78hoursX.025mR/hr=1.95milli-Roentgens

Ifasafetyorotherexposurelimitisprovidedinayearlyaccumulateddoseofmillirem,ormicroSievertsthendividetheyearlydosebythenumberofhoursinayear.

Example2:Thepaperentitled“Environmental Radiation” publishedbytheHealthPhysicsSociety(http://hps.org/documents/environmental_radiation_fact_sheet.pdf)states:”Eachyear,aresidentoftheUnitedStatesreceivesanaveragetotaldosefrombackgroundradiationofabout3.1mSv.”

ConvertthisvaluetoanaveragedoserateofuSv/hr.

1. 3.1mSv(milliSeivert)peryearisthesameas3100uSv(micro-Sieverts)peryear.

2. Thenumberofhoursinayearis365daysX24Hours/dayor8,760hours.

3. Therefore,theaveragehourlydoseratewouldbe3100uSv/8760or.353uSv/hr

4. Recallthat1mR/hr=10uSv/hr.Therefore.353uSv/hr=.035mR/hr

15.2WhatisaSafeLevelofRadiation?Therecontinuestobemuchdebateastothesafelevelofradiationexposure.Opinionsrangefromthepositionthatthereisnosafelevelofradiationexposuretocompleteac-ceptanceofthelimitsestablishedbytheglobalcollectionsofgovernmentsandagencies.

ThematterremainslargelyapersonalchoiceandMazurInstrumentsoffersnospecificadviceonwhatconstitutesasafelevel.Thecompanywillleavethesediscussionstotheglobalcollectionofexpertsinthedomain.

Alistofweblinksisincludedbelowasaresourceforthereader.

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16. AdditionalResources

16.1WebResourcesAmericanNuclearSocietyRadiationDoseCharthttp://www.new.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/

CanadianNuclearSafetyCommissionhttp://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/

ENENews.com-EnergyNewshttp://enenews.com/

FairewindsEnergyEducationhttp://fairewinds.com/

HealthPhysicsSocietyhttp://www.hps.org/

NationalInstitutesofHealthhttp://www.nih.gov/

Nick’sWorldCollectionofRadiationLinkshttp://www.calytrix.biz/radlinks/

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency-RadiationProtectionDivisionhttp://www.epa.gov/radiation/

UnitedStatesNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)http://www.nrc.gov/

16.2AdditionalReadingCember,H.Introduction to Health Physics.4thed.,McGraw-HillMedical,2008.

“Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc.” 2011.ConferenceofRadiationControlProgramDirectors.www.crcpd.org

“Health Physics Society.”2011.HealthPhysicsSociety.www.hps.org

Martin,A.andHarbison,S.A.,An Introduction to Radiation Protection.3rded.,Lon-don:ChapmanandHall,1987.

“Radiation Protection.”2011.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.www.epa.gov/radiation

Shapiro,J.Radiation Protection. 4th ed.,HarvardUniversityPress,2002.

Turner,J.F.Atoms,Radiation, and Radiation Protection 3rd ed.Wiley,2007.

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17. PRM-8000Specifications¹

BatteryLife²Standard9VLithium 60,000Hours/6.85Years

Standard9VAlkaline 28,250Hours/3.22Years

MeasurementFrontEndDetector LND712Geiger-Müllertube,Halogen-quenchedwithmica

endwindow

RadiationDetected alpha,beta,gammaandx-rays

EnergySensitivity alpha:minimum2.5MeV;efficiencyat3.6MeV>80%beta:minimum50keVwith35%efficiencyat150keV75%gamma/Xrays:min10keV(window),min40keV(case)

1,000CPM/mR/hrCalibratedtoCesium-137(Cs137)

Accuracy ±10%Typical,±15%Maximum

MeasurementRanges 0.001to200mR/hr0.01to2000uSv/hr0to3,333CPS(16.66CPS/mR/hr)0to200,000CPM(1,000CPM/mR/hr)TotalCount:0to4,294,967,295(32BitInteger)

MeasurementStatistics ContinuousavailabilityofAverage,MinimumandMaximumdoseratemeasurementsineitheruR/hr,mR/hr,uSv/hr,CPSorCPMTimestamponnewmaximum

DoseRateAlarm AlarmcanbesetinmR/hroruSv/hrtoanyvaluewithinthemeasurementrange.

InternalDataLoggingStorage 100,000Bytesnon-volatilememory

LoggingIntervals EveryMinuteorEveryHour

MaximumCapacity 91,466MinutesorHours(90%NormalBackground,10%Full-Scale)

MinimumCapacity 32,656MinutesorHours(100%Full-ScaleMeasurementLevels)

LoggingOutputFormat StandardCommaSeparatedValue(CSV)withtimestampandCPMData(1,000CPM/mR/hr)

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UserInterfaceLanguagesSupported EnglishandJapanese

Display Two-Line,14-charactertransflectiveLCDwithbacklightforlow-lightconditions

Keypad Weatherresistantcommercial-grademembranekeypad

VisualIndicator LEDpulsesonandoffwhenaradiationdetectioneventoc-curs.LEDcanbedisabled.

AudioIndicator Tonebeepswhenaradiationdetectioneventoccurs.Audiocanbemuted.

Input/OutputAudioOutput/DigitalInterface

Standard3.5mmjackwiththreeselectablevolumelevelsforoutputtoaudiosystems,computerspeakersormediaplayerheadphonesJackcanalsobeprovisionedbytheuserforpulseoutputorasaUSBInterfaceforloggingdatabyPCortransferringinternaldataloggingmemory(requiresoptionalcable)

ExternalPower 9VDCataminimumcurrentratingof100mA

Environmental/PhysicalTemperatureRange -20°to60°C(-4°to140°F)

Size 143x83x35mm(5.63”x3.25”x1.37”)

Weight 198grams(7oz.)includingbattery

Compliance CE,Lead-FreeIndependentlytestedandfoundtobesubstantiallycompli-antwithFCCrequirementsforhomeuse.ApprovaltodisplayFCClogopending.

Notes:

1.Allspecificationsaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.

2.Assumingthatbackgroundradiationislessthan25CPM,thedeviceisusingthelow-powersettingandtemperatureofoperationis25°C(77°F).

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18. PRM-9000Specifications¹

BatteryLife²Standard9VLithium 42,850Hours/4.89Years

Standard9VAlkaline 20,150Hours/2.30Years

MeasurementFrontEndDetector LND7317PancakeGeiger-Mullertube,Halogen-quenched

withmicawindowand45mm(1.75inch)effectivediameter

RadiationDetected alpha,beta,gammaandx-rays

EnergySensitivity alpha:minimum2.0MeVbeta:minimum0.16MeVwith25%efficiencyat1MeVgamma/Xrays:min10keV(window)

gammasensitivity:3,500CPM/mR/hrcalibratedtoCesium-137(Cs137)

Accuracy ±10%Typical,±15%Maximum

MeasurementRanges 0.001to125mR/hr0.01to1,250uSv/hr1to125,000uR/hr1to437,500CPM(3,500CPM/mR/hr)0to7,291CPS(58.33CPS/mR/hr)TotalCount:0to4,294,967,295(32BitInteger)

MeasurementStatistics ContinuousavailabilityofAverage,MinimumandMaximumdoseratemeasurementsineitheruR/hr,mR/hr,uSv/hr,CPSorCPMTimestamponnewmaximum

DoseRateAlarm AlarmcanbesetinmR/hroruSv/hrtoanyvaluewithinthemeasurementrange.

InternalDataLoggingStorage 100,000Bytesnon-volatilememory

LoggingIntervals EveryMinuteorEveryHour

MaximumCapacity 91,466MinutesorHours(90%NormalBackground,10%Full-Scale)

MinimumCapacity 32,656MinutesorHours(100%Full-ScaleMeasurementLevels)

LoggingOutputFormat StandardCommaSeparatedValue(CSV)withtimestampandCPMData(3,500CPM/mR/hr)

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UserInterfaceLanguagesSupported EnglishandJapanese

Display Two-Line,14-charactertransflectiveLCDwithbacklightforlow-lightconditions

Keypad Weatherresistantcommercial-grademembranekeypad

VisualIndicator LEDpulsesonandoffwhenaradiationdetectioneventoc-curs.LEDcanbedisabled.

AudioIndicator Tonebeepswhenaradiationdetectioneventoccurs.Audiocanbemuted.

Input/OutputAudioOutput/DigitalInterface

Standard3.5mmjackwiththreeselectablevolumelevelsforoutputtoaudiosystems,computerspeakersormediaplayerheadphonesJackcanalsobeprovisionedbytheuserforpulseoutputorasaUSBInterfaceforloggingdatabyPCortransferringinternaldataloggingmemory(requiresoptionalcable)

ExternalPower 9VDCataminimumcurrentratingof100mA

Environmental/PhysicalTemperatureRange -20°to60°C(-4°to140°F)

Size 143x83x35mm(5.63”x3.25”x1.37”)

Weight 368grams(13oz.)includingbattery

Compliance CE,Lead-FreeIndependentlytestedandfoundtobesubstantiallycompli-antwithFCCrequirementsforhomeuse.ApprovaltodisplayFCClogopending.

Notes:

1.Allspecificationsaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.

2.Assumingthatbackgroundradiationislessthan85CPM,thedeviceisusingthelow-powersettingandtemperatureofoperationis25°C(77°F).

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19.WarrantyLIMITEDWARRANTY

WARRANTOR:

MazurInstruments200SouthWilcoxStreet#448CastleRock,Colorado,80104,USA

ELEMENTSOFWARRANTY:MazurInstrumentswarrantsfor60daystheGeiger-MüllertubeandforoneyearallmaterialsandcraftsmanshipinthePRM-8000andPRM-9000tobefreefromalldefectswithonlythelimitationssetforthbelow.

WARRANTYDURATION:Thewarrantyshallterminateandbeofnofurthereffectoneyear(60daysontheGeiger-Muellertube)aftertheoriginaldateofpurchaseoftheprod-uctoratthetimetheproductis:

a)Damagedornotmaintainedasisreasonableornecessary,b)modified,c)repairedbysomeoneotherthanthewarrantorforadefectormalfunctioncoveredbythisWar-ranty,d)contaminatedwithradioactivematerials,ore)usedinamannerorpurposeforwhichtheinstrumentwasnotintendedorcontrarytoMazurInstrumentsinstructions.ThiswarrantydoesnotapplytoanyPRM-8000and/orPRM-9000thathasbeensub-jectedtocorrosiveelements,misuse,abuse,orneglect.

STATEMENTOFREMEDY:Intheeventthattheproductdoesnotconformtothewar-rantyatanytimewhilethiswarrantyiseffective,MazurInstrumentswillrepairthedefectandreturntheinstrumenttocustomerwithoutchargeforpartsorlabor.IfcustomerislocatedwithinthecontinentalUnitedStates,MazurInstrumentswillreturntheinstru-mentwithpre-paidshipping.CustomersoutsideofthecontinentalUnitedStateswillberesponsiblefortheshippingchargesandanyotherrelatedfeesassociatedwithMazurInstrumentsreturningtheinstrumenttothecustomerafterwarrantyservice.

NOTE:Whiletheproductwillberemediedunderthiswarrantywithoutcharge,thiswarrantydoesnotcoverorprovideforthereimbursementorpaymentofincidentalorconsequentialdamagesarisingfromtheuseofortheinabilitytousethePRM-8000and/orPRM-9000.

Theliabilityofthecompanyarisingoutofthesupplyingofthisinstrument,oritsuse,whetheronwarrantiesorotherwise,shallnotinanycaseexceedthecostofcorrectingdefectsintheinstrument,andafterthesaidoneyear(60daysontheGeiger-Muellertube)periodallsuchliabilityshallterminate.Anyimpliedwarrantyislimitedtothedura-tionofthewrittenwarranty.

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PROCEDUREFOROBTAININGPERFORMANCEOFWARRANTY:Intheeventthattheproductdoesnotconformtothiswarranty,pleaseEmail,callorwritetotheaddressabove.MazurInstrumentswillnotacceptcontaminatedinstrumentsforrepairunderwarrantyorotherwise.

NOTE:BeforeusingthePRM-8000and/orPRM-9000forthedetection,measure-mentandmonitoringofnuclearradiation,theusermustdeterminethesuitabilityoftheproductfortheirintendeduse.Theuserassumesallriskandliabilityconnectedwithsuchuse.

Thetermsofthiswarrantyaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.


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