Probing sound and meaning with corpus data in Czech: A ... · PDF fileProbing sound and...

Probingsoundandmeaning

withcorpusdatainCzech:Apilotstudy

NINJALInterna>onalSymposium2016Mime>csinJapaneseandOtherLanguagesoftheWorld(Dec17-18,2016)

MasakoU.FidlerBrownUniversity

[email protected]

Outline1.  AshortoverviewofCzech2.  Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3.  SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4.  Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”

ofthelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5.  Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6.  OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzech

texts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7.  Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in

Czech8.  Interimobserva>ons9.  Anoffshoot:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:

fromOpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingSaussure’sview

Outline1.  AshortoverviewofCzech2.  Defini>onofCzechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)3.  SomesamplesofCzechOpEs4.  Onomatopoeia/Ideophones/mime>csandthe“rest”of

thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5.  Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6.  OpEsvs.gramma>calizedformsofOpEsinCzechtexts

(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7.  Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in

Czech8.  Interimobserva>ons9.  Offshoots:selec>onprocessexistsoneverylevel:from

OpEtoOpE-basedgramma>calforms,OpEsanddiscoursefunc>on!RethinkingdeSaussure’sview

AshortoverviewofCzech

hbps://www.online.muni.cz/tema/2972-nareci-nenavratne-mizi

Bohemiandialects

Moraviandialects

Czechphonologicalinventory:vowels

Czechphonologicalinventory:consonants

Orthography•  Orthographylargelyreflectssound.•  Short:i/y,u,e,o,a•  Long:í/ý,ú/ů,é,ó,á•  Bi-labialandlabio-dental:p,b,f,v,m•  Apico-dental:t,d,n•  Apico-alveolar:s,z,c,ř,r,l•  Apico-alveo-palatal:š,ž,č,•  Lamino-palatal:ť,ď,ň,j•  Dorso-velar:k,g,ch•  Global:h

Morphologicalproper>es(aroughoutline)Nominalinflec>on

•  7gramma>calcases(sg.andpl.)(standardgramma>calpresenta>on)

•  Modifiersagreewiththeheadnouningramma>calgender(masc,fem,neut),animacy(inmasc),andgramma>calnumber

JandaandTownsend(22)hbp://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_czech.pdf

Morphologicalproper>es(aroughoutline):Verbs

•  Verbalaspect:perfec>vevs.imperfec>ve•  Tense:non-pastvs.past

–  Agreementwith1-3person&numberinthenon-past–  Agreementwithnumber,&gender/animacy(syntac>callywith1-

person)inthepasttense•  Mood:indica>ve,condi>onal(present&(past))&impera>ve•  (Verbaladverbs,verbaladjec>ves)

Být‘tobe’(JandaandTownsend33)






Defini>on:Czechonomatopoeicexpressions(OpEs)

•  Closesttothedescrip>onoftheimita>vesoundsymbolismandsynesthe>csoundsymbolisminHintonetal.(1994:2-3)

•  Non-idiosyncra>c(=conven>onalized)expressions

•  Coversound,mo>on,andemo>on(butnotexple>vesbasedonnon-sound/mo>onrelatedexpressions,e.g.ježíšimarijá,hergot)

•  Uninflected•  Understudied






CzechOpEsindica>ngsound:samples•  Source

–  madebyaphysicalapparatusofananimateen>ty•  e.g.bé‘sheep’sblur>ng,aloudcryofachild’

–  madebyananimateen>tythatmanipulatesaninanimateen>ty•  e.g.brnk‘asoundmadewhenafingerplucksastring’

–  madedirectlybyaninanimateen>ty•  e.g.cvak‘ashortclickingsoundofahardobjectincontactwithanotherhardobject’.

•  Size•  bum(hi}ngwith/fallingofalargeen>ty,e.g.ahumanbody)vs.pum(hi}ngwithabullet)

CzechOpEsindica>ngmo>on•  typeofmovingen>ty(e.g.liquidkáp,smallsoliden>tycup)•  Pathandspeed(e.g.roundabouti>nerary,houp(y)(vs.hop),

fastšup)•  typeofcontact(e.g.movingobjectshaberedoncontact

křách,bouncingobjectoncontactpink)•  landingsite(e.g.anen>tyhi}ngaliquidsurfacežbluňk,

steppingonahardsurfacedup).•  OpEsindica>ngmo>oncansimultaneouslyrepresentsound:

–  e.g.hrk‘asuddenmovementorinterrup>onandthesoundposs.accompanyingthemo>on,’kec‘liquiddroppingonaplace(whereitisnotsupposedto)orafastandclumsyfall.’

CzechOpEsexpressingemo>on

Thespeaker’semo>onalstate,e.g.•  reac>ontopain(e.g.jau),astonishment(e.g.jé),joy(e.g.juch).

•  canalsosimultaneouslyrepresentsound:e.g.che‘expressionofcontemptandthesoundofcondescendingjeer.’






Adividebetweenideophones/mime>c/onomatopoeicexpressionsand“therest”ofthelanguage

•  Ideophones:“atotallydifferentkindoflinguis>canimal”(Diffloth1976)

•  Ideophones:“anen>relydifferentrealmfromthefamiliarnouns,verbs,andpar>cles,andfromboundmorphemes"(Alpher1994).

•  Primi>ve/naïve(Kořínek1934andimplicitlyinFónagy1999).

•  ThecontrastbetweenOpEsandtherestofthelanguage:absenceofinflec>on






Ques>onWhatistheposi>onofOpEsinCzech?IfOpEsareuninflected,–  DoesitmeanthatOpEsarenotpartofthe“system”,

adisorganizedgroupofwordforms?–  WhatarethedifferencesbetweenOpEsandOpE-basedpartsofspeech(OpE-basedverbs)?

–  Whatarethefunc>onsofOpEsindiscourse?CzechOpEsasanintegralpartoflanguageWouldstudyingOpEshelpusrethinkthearbitrarinessprinciplebySaussure?


thelanguageandthesitua>oninCzech5.  Researchques>on(andwheretheymightleadto)6.  DivisionoflaborbetweenOpEsvs.gramma>calizedforms

ofOpEsinCzechtexts(colliga>on,colloca>onpaberns)7.  Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs(collocates,keywords)in



ApilotstudyOpEsvs.OpE-basedverbs(sample:cvakvs.cvaknout)

colliga>onInstrumentalranked2outof7casesforOpE-basedcvaknoutvs.6outof7forOpEcvak! How(bymeansofwhat)somethingisdone,whathappens‘Richiefelloutof[her]bedandcvak-edontheswitchinst[lit.clickedwiththeswitch]onherstereo.’=turnedontheswitchvs.whatthesoundislike‘ThenIleanedforwardandhitit[thebubon]withaheadinstr.Cvak!Thedoorlocksunlocked.

CollocatesforOpEsvs.OpE-basedverbsNounsreferringtosoundsourceamong20topcollocates*

OpEcvak

4collocates•  trigger/(camera)shuber

(ranked6)•  heel(8)•  lock(12)•  door(15)

Verbcvaknout15collocates•  switch(ranked1)•  ratchet(2)•  firingpin(3)•  trigger,(camera)shuber(4)•  cigarebelighter(5)•  pen(6)•  ball-pointpen(9)•  doorhandle(10)•  lock(12)•  beak(13)•  lightswitch(15)•  heel(16)•  scissors(17)•  camera(18)•  tooth(20)

*withinthecontextof(-3,+3)Cvrček2013

Collocatescvak(OpE)vs.cvaknout(con>nued)

cvak cvaknout

Verbs-Adverbsinvain(8),drily(11),quietly(19)Punctua>on-

Verbsclickpf(cvaknout)(3)hanguppf(7)do/makepf(17)(cf.Hamano1998,-suru)Adverbssuddenly(14)Punctua>on!(16)

Qualita>veexamplesCVAK•  Markerforasurprisalmomentin

discourse(!,suddenly)•  Typeofsounditselfa)  Hereachedoutforthedoor.Cvak!Thevoicesdisappeared.Asthoughhecutoffthemusic.b)  Withoutraisinghishead,he

observeshowapoliceofficerlightsupacigarebewithaDupontlighter,cvak,andreturnsitto[his]pocket.

c)  [I]threwit[apieceoftar]on

thechimney.Itfellonthemetalroof,didcvakandflewawayintothedark.

CVAKNOUT•  Whathappens,howithappensd)  Afewhourslaterthedoor

opened,theswitchcvak-ed[turnedon],andtherewaslightinthebathroom.

e)  Theycvak-ed[validated]the

>cketsandsatonthelastemptyseats.

f)  Hefinallyunderstoodit.[lit.Itfinallycvak-edfor/onhim]






Discoursefunc>onsofOpEs

1.  Discourseboundarymarking(surprisalmomentindiscourse–“cli�angermoment”)

2.  Repor>ngthatthesitua>onhasimpact(“dummyobjects”)(Fidler2014)

3.  Contribu>ngtoamul>-layereddiscoursestructure(Fidler2014)

Keywords(KWs)Wordformsobtainedsta>s>callybycontras>ngwordfrequenciesofatextwithwordfrequenciesofaReferenceCorpus–  Significancemeasuredbychi-square,log-likelihoodtests–  RankingofKWsbyeffectsize-DifferenceIndex(DIN,FidlerandCvrček2015)=measuresprominenceofKWs

–  hbps://kwords.korpus.cz/•  wordformsthatoccurinatextmorefrequentlythanexpectedby

chancealone•  o�encloselyconnectedtotheoverarchingthemesandgenreofa

textorsetoftexts.(ScobandTribble2006,BakerandEllece2011).•  HighlyrankedKWsareexpectedtobelongtothemoststriking

partsofthediscourse

Prominence:AsamplefromKarelČapek’sWaterSprite’sTale

Croakingsoundsoffrogs:kvak,kva,kvá•  KWranking•  Co-occurrencewithkeyedfiniteverbforms(presumablypartof“complica>ngac>ons”(Labov1972))

TheWaterSprite’sTale(KarelČapek)OpEsrepresen>ngcroakingsounds

(outof99KWs)

ranking keywords Significance(LL) DIN(prominence)

6kvak 111.804 99.99537kvá 36.519 99.99412kva 98.456 99.9819

LL,min.2,siglevel.5allsignificantKWs,RefCorpusSYN2015

--OpEsareveryprominentinthetext

Placeofac>onintextandOpEs(WaterSprite’sTale)

OpEs Finiteac>onverbforms(excluding“tobe”andverbs)ofspeechandasking)

StorylineBeginning end

Themostcri>calmomentinthelastsegmentofthetext

kvakkvákvalamentedimpf

(into)air(mo>on)

(he)didpf

Inmoredetail:discoursefunc>on

“Itwaslikethis.Kvakvakvokoaxfellinlove.HesawPrincessKuakuakunka,andhisheartwasaflame,kvak.Kuakuakunkawasbeau>ful.[…]suchabeauty.”“[….]Kuakuakunkawasbeau>fulandproud.Shejustpuffedupandsaidkvak.Kvakvakvokoaxwasmad[withdesire].Ifyoumarryme,hesaidtoher,Iwillbringandgiveyouwhatyouwishfor.Andsoshesaid:Thenbringmetheblueofthesky,kvak.””Whatdidhedothen??"askedZelinka.”Well,whatcouldhehavedone?Hesatunderthewaterandlamented:Kvakvakvakvá,kvakvakvakvá.Andthenhewantedtotakehisownlife.Thereforehejumpedfromthewaterintotheair,sohewoulddrowninit,kvak.”

Anothersample:TheSHngyBárka(JanWerich)

andOpEbác(aloudhi}ngsound)

Bác–(loudhi}ngsound):ranked1(DIN=100)Hecaughtthethiefwithashovelinhand,how[dare]hetriestorobtheneedy!youbugger!Youvillain!AndKubáttookthefrailandBÁC,BÁC,BÁC!Thethieffell.“Don’tevenmove!”Ofcourse,hedidn’tmove.Thatis,shedidn’tmove.Kubátrecognized,onlywhenhestruckamatchthatitwasnota(male)thief,butafemalethief,anditwasBárkafromtheParish.

OpE,usedasadiscourseboundarymarker

•  Theywereinagoodmood,itwasjusthahahaandallofasuddenbácandtheywereroaring:“Nowyouwillspeak!”

•  Onceshewasonherwayhomeandprásk,hewasthere.






Interimobserva>ons•  Asopposedtogramma>calized(inflected)OpE-basedforms:–  OpEsrepresentwhatthesound-mo>on-emo>onislike(vs.whathappens,bymeansofwhatithappens)

•  OpEshavediscoursefunc>ons:– Markingprominentpartsoftext– Markingdiscoursechunks(canalsoindicateimpact,createlayersintext)

•  OpEsinCzechhavetheirownfunc>onsinlanguage(notrandom,disorganizedformsthatdonotbelongtothelanguagebecausetheydon’tseemtobelongtotheinflec>onalsystem)

Returningto:Cvakvs.cvaknoutOpEsusedasdiscoursemarkers

•  Clickingsoundofalock,acamerashuber,clickingheels,turningonaswitch

•  Thesearedifferentnaturallyoccurringsounds

--OpEcvakischosentorepresentdifferentsoundsbywayofsharedselectedproper>es;OpEsresembledirectquota>on,which“demonstrates”ratherthandescribes(ClarkandGerrig1990)byhighligh>ngsomespecific(andlimited)aspectsoftheoriginaluberance.

•  Turningonalight,photographing,valida>nga>cket,comingtounderstandingsomething

•  Differentac>ons,withsoundorwithoutsound

•  --alsoalevelofselec>on:cvaknoutischosentorepresentdifferentac>ons(looselyconnectedwiththeclickingsound)






Itispossiblethataselec>onprocessismadeateverystep

•  MatchingoftheselectedaspectsofsoundsegmentsofanOpEandnaturallyoccurringsounds-mo>ons-emo>ons

•  MatchingofOpE-basedformsandevents•  Theseprocessesallseemtoinvolveaselec>onprocess(pickingsharedfeaturesandmatchingwithoneform)

•  Suchrepeatedselec>onprocessesarecommensuratewiththe“termite’snest”conceptoftheevolu>onoflanguage–  Apabernoflanguageevolu>onakinto“atermite'snest”withouta“masterplan”aslinguis>cformsarerepeatedlyusedincontexts.(Bybee2001)

Soundandmeaningmaybedeeplyembedded

•  Saussure’sarbitrarinessofsound-meaningmaybeseenasasnapshot.Itmaysimplyreflectaresultofmul>plyrepeatedselec>onprocesses

Instead,therela>onshipbetweensoundandmeaningmightbeinfactdeeplyembeddedinlanguagebutwedon’tseeitifwetakeasta>csnapshotofthemajorityoflinguis>cforms.•  Basicrela>onshipsbetweensoundandmeaning-cf.RecentfindingsbyBlasi,DE.etal.2016poin>nginthisdirec>on:“Sound–meaningassocia>onbiasesevidencedacrossthousandsoflanguages”

ReferencesAlpher,B.1994.Yir-Yorontideophones.Soundsymbolism,ed.LeanneHinton;JohannaNichols;andJohnOhala,161-77.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP.Baker,P.andEllece,S.2011.KeyTermsindiscourseanalysis.London:Con>nuum.Blasi,DE.etal.2016.Sound–meaningassocia>onbiasesevidencedacrossthousandsoflanguages.ProceedingsoftheNa>onalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.hbp://www.pnas.org/content/113/39/10818.full.pdfBybee,J.2001.PhonologyandLanguageUse.Cambridge.Clark,H.H.andR.J.Gerrig.1990.Quota>onasdemonstra>on.Language66(4):764–805.Cvrček,V.2013.KvanHtaHvníanalýzakontextu.Prague:Lidovénoviny.Diffloth,G.1976.ExpressivesinSemai.Austroasia>cstudies,ed.byPhilipN.Jenner;Laurence.C.Thompson;andStanleyStarosta.Part1,Oceaniclinguis>cs,Specialpublica>on13,249–264.Honolulu.Fidler,M.2014.OnomatopoeiainCzech:Aconceptualiza>onofsoundanditsconnec>onstogrammaranddiscourse.Bloomigton,IN:Slavica.Fidler,M.andCvrček.2015.Afata-drivenanalysisofreaderviewpoints:Reconstruc>ngthehistoricalreaderusingkeywordanalysis”.JournalofSlavicLinguisHcs23(2):197–239.Fónagy,I.1999.Whyiconicity?Formmimingmeaning,ed.MaxNännyandOlgaFischer,3–35.Amsterdam.Hinton,Leanne;Nichols,Johanna;andOhala,JohnJ.Eds.1994.Soundsymbolism.Cambridge,UK:CambridgetUP.________.1994.Introduc>on:Soundsymbolicprocesses.Hintonetal.1-14.Hopper,Paul.1991.Onsomeprinciplesofgramma>ciza>on”.ApproachestoGramma>caliza>on,Vol.I.,eds.ElizabethClossTraugobandBerndHeine,17–36.Amsterdam.Janda,L.A.andCh.Townsend.Czech.hbp://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_czech.pdfKořínek,JosefMiroslav.1934.Studiezoblas>onomatopoje.Prague.Labov,W.1972.LanguageintheInnerCity.Philadelphia:Univ.ofPennsylvaniaPress.Kučera,H.1961.PhonologyofCzech.Scob,M.andC.Tribble.2006.TextualpaRerns:KeywordandcorpusanalysisinlanguageeducaHon.Amsterdam:Benjamins.SourcesČapek,K.1991.Devateropohádek.Prague:Albatros.Werich,J.1960.Finfárum.Prague:Československyspisovatel.Kwords(availableathbps://kwords.korpus.cz/)SYN2015:Křen,MichalandVáclavCvrčeketal.(2015)SYN2015:RepresentaHveCorpusofContemporaryWriRenCzech.CzechNa>onalCorpus,FacultyofArts,CharlesUniversity,Prague.Availableat:hbp://www.korpus.cz.

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