RADAR & LIDAR

Systems and

Applications

26 November, 2015

MMEA Final Seminar

Ari-Matti Harri (FMI)

Juha Toivonen (TUT)

Jarmo Koistinen (FMI)

Heikki Turtiainen (Vaisala)

Dmitri Moisseev (UH)

Juha Salmivaara (Vaisala)

Development of new remote sensing technologies and applications.

Integration in the MMEA Platform.

2 / 9

Eigenor

Harp Technologies

Lentokuva Oy

Space Systems Finland

Vaisala

(Aerial Oy)

Aalto University

Helsinki University

Finnish Meteorological Institute

Finnish Geodetic Institute

Partners

Trends in Remote Sensing

Lidar for wind energy

Site assessmentmeasurements

+Lowered costs

+Data from several heights

Operational wind data for turbine control

+ Longer lifespan of turbines

+ Increased output

+ Reduced turbine materialcosts

Heterodyne lidar wind speed

demo at in-door conditions

• Novel DFB laser with narrow 100 kHz linewidth was built

• High-power version with semiconductor amplifier was constructed

• Linewidth and wavelength stability the lasers have been characterized

DFB laser

structure

Cost effective lasers for lidar

J. Telkkälä, J. Viheriälä, A. Aho, P. Melanen, J. Karinen, M. Dumitrescu, and

M. Guina, Electronics Letters 47, pp. 400-401 (2011).

< 400 mW

Wind lidar measurements

• Optical fiber based wind lidar

demonstration has been constructed

and tested in laboratory conditions

• Focus on developing cost effective

wind lidar technology

• Evaluation of the commercial HALO

Doppler wind lidar in Nordic winter

conditions

• Wind lidar measurements compared

against traditional wind measurements

juha.toivonen@tut.fi

LIDAR

&

DIAL

For

Env.

Monit.

11/25/201

5[Name]9

Conventional Lidar with one

wavelength

(for example a ceilometer)

DIAL = Differential Absorption

LIDAR with two wavelengths

atmospheric

backscatter

λ1

λ1

"offline"

λ2

"online"

atmospheric

backscatter

2015-09

Retrieving Vertical Humidity:

MMEA DIAL - Differential Absorption LIDAR

Vaisala’s Water Vapor DIAL prototype

2015-0910

2nd generation 3rd generation1st generation

An example of comparison with

Vaisala DIAL and a sounding – the results

(blue dots sounding, black dots Vaisala

DIAL) indicate good agreement up to the

top of the boundary layer

Vaisala DIAL

Reference DIAL

Rotational Raman

LIDAR

Performing a sonde launch at a test

site in Germany during a test campaign

Comparison with Vaisala DIAL and a sounding – the results

(blue dots sounding, black dots Vaisala DIAL) indicate good

agreement up to the BL top

WV DIAL –Continuously useable& Low cost device

MMEA / VAISALA WV DIAL:

More compact, low cost & field capable

instrument than current research DIALs.

Vaisala WV DIAL humidity profile (black) compared with a radiosonde profile (blue) –

good agreement up to the atmospheric boundary layer top.

Ku/Ka/W – mobile radar

13

Ku-band

Tx/Rx module

25.11.2015 14

Ka-band

Tx/Rx module• Design packet license from RSS

25.11.2015 15

Ku-band tests

•Extensive laboratory tests in Aalto (together with

Harp)

•Tx/Rx module meets the specifications

•Transmitter total output power up to 60 W

(adjustable with attenuators), no spurious signals

observed with spectrum analyser

•Receiver gain close to 25 dB,

25.11.2015 16

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

13,925 13,935 13,945 13,955 13,965 13,975 13,985 13,995

Gain

[dB

]

Frequency [GHz]

Transmitter - Gain at driver output

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

125 135 145 155 165 175

Gain

[dB

]Frequency [MHz]

Receiver gain (channel V)

First Ku-band roof tests

25.11.2015 17

MMEA Radar Applications

• Triple-PRT processing of polarimetric radar signals

developed for implementations (Eigenor, FMI, UH,

Vaisala)

• Multi-source algorithms for object-oriented meso-scale

nowcasting of thunderstorms developed (FMI, CSU)

• Operational assimilation of radar and lightning data

into the Local Analysis and Prediction System done

(FMI, Vaisala)

• New statistical method (OPT) developed for automatic

classification of radar echoes (FMI)

• Procedures for simultaneous optimal multi-radar

scanning developed (UH, Vaisala, CSU)

• Micro-physically based QPE in wet and dry snowfall

developed (UH, Vaisala, FMI)

Highlight:Triple-PRT available for weather radars

Unambiguous velocity comparisons up to 54 m/s performed

Effects of the new adaptive clutter filtering studied and validated

Utilization of multi-modal Doppler spectra information studied

Triple-PRT book ready

International application tests done and a joint tender submitted

Highlight:Automatic Classification

of Radar Observations (OPT) Manually chosen representative cases for fine-grained classes

Pattern recognition filters

New probability density model providing metric and group operators for data

analysis applying Legendre and Chebychev polynomials

Optimal subspace determination for a given classification task in 60-

dimensional data space

Bird collision demonstration

dBT O(dBT)

G(SQI) P(Birds.arctic)

Affordable innovative systems and applications

New remote sensing instrumentation and obs data

Innovative monitoring and analysis algorithms for

environmental decision-making

Establishment of cooperation

SMLEs & Ops/Res & Univs Triple Helix

Establishment of international cooperation (incl SMEs)

Scientific results documented by peer revieded

publications (~40), tens of scientific conference

presentations and 7 doctoral dissertations.

MMEA RADARS, LIDARS

& Remote Sensing

”What you cannot measure, you cannot properly understand,

manage or improve"

ADDITIONAL

SLIDES

Technical specifications

25.11.2015 24

Center Frequencies:

Ku-band: 13.96 GHz ± 25 MHz

Ka-band: 33.5 GHz ± 25 MHz

Range resolution: 80 m

Pulse length: variable from 1 µs to 60 µs

Pulse repetition time: 0.3 ms to 1 ms

Minimum operational range: 150 m

Maximum operational range: 30 km

Sensitivity: in clean air -10dBZ at 15km

Doppler velocity resolution: 10m/s

Beam width: 1 degree

Pointing accuracy: 0.2 degree

Peak Power:

Ku-band: 60 W

Ka-band: 20 W

Objectives

•Development and demonstration of high frequency radar system

•Advanced and novel characteristics:•Solid state transmitters

•Transportable

•Three high frequency bands (Ku, Ka and W)

•Platform for research and for application development•Microwave interaction with precipitation and cloud droplets

•Air traffic safety

•Aircraft wake vortices

•Now-casting for wind farms – combined use with lidars

25.11.2015 25

Ku-band roof test

25.11.2015 26

•Transmitted signal:

•Linear FM, one 50 s pulse

•Clear sky, but one condense mark from a high-

flying plane

• Oscilloscope is showing the switch control

pulse (yellow) and received calibration signal

through internal connection (blue)

Ridgeline eDAQ

Digital receiver & Arbitrary waveform generator

•Software development made by SSF

•AWG waveforms selectable:•Linear FM

•Non-Linear FM

•PSK (5, 7, 11 or 13 bits)

•Fixed Frequency-Fixed Amplitude

•Pulse length selectable

•One or two pulses

25.11.2015 27

Ku-band roof test

25.11.2015 28

•Saved data was analysed with

Eigenor software tool•Eigenor SW compatible with the data format

•received complex echoes shown: real part (blue), imaginary (red)

•Pulse lenght 50 s => first 500

range gates: transmitted pulse via

internal ”calibration” path

•eDAQ software related issues

was identified (mainly related to

switching times) => software

updating on-going

Conclusions

WP3 Task 2 (Ku/Ka/W radar) development results:

•Complete modular radar infrastructure for mobile (W-Tx/Rx missing), solid state -based multi-band radar allowing for inclusion of W-band Tx/Rx and additional bands•First field tests performed•Technology level leap in Ku/Ka/W radar field for Finnish SMEs•Establishment of international co-operation (Finnish SMEs)•Cooperation scheme established for SMEs, larger companies and scientific organizations•Applications for a mobile Ku/Ka/W -radar surveyed (scientific & operational)

•Ka-band radar development work continues, HARP is using their own resources in order to integrate the Tx/Rx module.

25.11.2015 29

WV DIAL: Comparison to

research grade Raman lidar at Kuopio

WV DIAL target applications

Target applications and motivations

Data assimilation • Improving weather forecast accuracy in general

• Prediction of convection => early warning for thunderstorm &

tornado

Verification,

calibration

• Verifying, comparing and monitoring forecast systems

Monitoring • Understanding of Earth’s water cycle and long-term climate

change

Process studies • Understanding of cloud and precipitation systems, water vapor

transport and exchange processes

Summary of WP3.3 LIDAR

•Techniques demonstrated for wind lidar: heterodyne &

enhanced self-mixing

•Laser source development on fiber amplifiers and

semiconductor lasers and amplifiers

•Humidity lidar performance developed further and

compared against a Raman LIDAR

25.11.2015 juha.toivonen@tut.fi32