Problem and Goal Analysis

Name: Rajab El NabihID :120070074

Supervisor : Miss Yasmine El bubo

Problem Analysis

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Purpose of the Problem Analysis

Understand how different problems affect different stakeholders and their priorities in addressing them

Analyse the situation in which the agency will be working

Identify a suitable area or sector to work in Understand the complexities of a problem, its

causes and how it is already being handled Analyse the constraints and opportunities for

development work

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Formulate the Problem

Brainstorm suggestions to identify a focal problem i.e. the central point of the overall problem

Record suggestions and present to group e.g. on butchers paper or post-it notes

Discuss each suggestion and agree on a single focal problem to be addressed

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Identify Cause & Effect: The Problem Tree

Focal Problem

Effects of the Focal Problem

Causes of the Focal Problem

Direct Effects

Higher-level Effects

Immediate and Direct

Causes

Root Causes

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Develop the Problem Tree

1. Identify immediate and direct causes of the focal problem

2. Identify immediate and direct effects of the focal problem

3. Construct a problem tree showing the cause and effect relationships for the problem

4. Review the problem tree and verify that it is complete and valid.

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Case Study Part 1: Samoa ImmigrationProblem Tree Analysis

Difficulty in processing travel documentation

Poor communication of requirements

Manual record systems

Poor priority setting

Poor supervision practices

Poor customer service

Staff shortages

Direct Effects

Higher-level Effects

Immediate and Direct

Causes

Root Causes

Focal Problem

Lack of respect for GoS travel documents

Preferential treatment of clients

Slow operating procedures

Delayed or inaccurate GoS travel documents

Inappropriate role of immigration staff (e.g. policing exit permits)

Transit of illegal immigrants/emigrants

Backlog of applications for

permits

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Develop the Objective Tree

1. Reformulate the elements in the problem tree into positive desirable conditions

2. Review the resulting means-ends relationships to assure the validity and completeness of the Objective Tree

3. If necessary: Revise statements Delete unrealistic or unnecessary objectives Add new objectives if required

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Introduce efficient processing of travel

documentation

Timely & accurate GoS travel documents

Introduce clear communication of

requirements

Introduce electronic processing of applications

Improved operating procedures

Appropriate use of Immigration staff

Improved respect for GoS travel

documents

Reduced transit of illegal immigrants/

emigrants

Establish clear principles for priority setting

Introduce clear guidelines for

treatment of clients

Reduced backlog of applications for

permits

Improved supervision practices

Improved customer service

practices

Review organisation

structure & staffing

Direct Effects

Higher-level Effects

Focal Objective

Case Study Part 2: Samoa ImmigrationObjective Tree Analysis

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Alternative Analysis

1. Identify alternative cause & effect ladders or 2. diagrams, as possible alternative options or

activity components3. Eliminate objectives that are obviously not

desirable or achievable (the “sore thumb”)4. Eliminate objectives being pursued by other

projects or agencies5. Discuss the implications for affected groups

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Develop a Conceptual ModelDevelop a Conceptual Model

A conceptual model explains how:A conceptual model explains how:• The project will achieve the desired results The project will achieve the desired results in in

theorytheory• The strategy will make the desired changeThe strategy will make the desired change• Clarify the relationship between the strategy, Clarify the relationship between the strategy,

thethe• expected results and the goal (or outcome) of expected results and the goal (or outcome) of

the the • projectproject

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Example of a Conceptual Example of a Conceptual ModelModel

For example:For example:

Strategies /Interventions

IntermediateResults

Goal /Outcome

Increased Knowledge

Change in Attitudes

Change in practices

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Evaluating the project feasibility

A Project can be evaluated on: Technical feasibility- appropriateness, use of

resources, market suitability, etc. Financial (cost/benefit) feasibility- set-up/

recurrent costs, financial sustainability Social implications- distribution of benefits, gender

issues, socio-cultural constraints. Environmental issues- environmental costs vs.

benefits.

Goal Analysis

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What is goal analysis

Goal analysis: is a procedure for defining goals and refining their meaning.

This procedure will help you describe the meaning of your goals. It will prepare you to understand your own goals better

Concepts

An instructional analysis is a set of procedures that, when applied to an instruction goal, results in the identification of the relevant steps for performing a goal.

The overall process will be referred to as instructional analysis a goal analysis : to classify the goal statement

according to the kinds of learning that will occur

subordinate skills analysis: to identify and sequence the major steps required to perform the goal.

Concepts

Each goal should be classified into one of the domains because of the implications for the goal analysis and the selection of the appropriate sub skills analysis techniques.

Verbal Information Basically there is only one answer for each

question and only one basic way to ask each question

Concepts

Intellectual skills Rules that concepts ware combined

Problem solving that involves applying a number of concepts and rules to solve a problem. Well-structured : the learner is given a lot of

details about a situation, a suggestion of what rules and concepts might apply, and an indication of what the characteristics of solution will be.

Ill-structured: all the data required for a solution are readily available to the learner, and even the nature of the goal is not clear

Goal Analysis Procedures

The best technique for the designer to use in analyzing a goal is to describe, in step-by-step, exactly what a person would be doing when a performing the goal

You may find that one of the steps requires a decision followed by several alternate paths that can be followed.

Goal analysis is the visual display of the specific steps the learner would do when performing the instructional goal

Goal Analysis Procedures

The statement of each step must include a verb that describes an observable behavior Each step should have an observable

outcome.

Goal Analysis Procedures

Analysis of substeps The goal analysis process has one more step,

which is to examine each of the key steps in the goal and imagine performing the step or explaining it to a learner.

There is not need to identify substeps separately unless there are at least two substeps.

How do you know if you should break down a step into substeps. There is no exact answer to this question, but should think about the complexity of the step for the learners.