PROBLEMS OF THE NORTH-EAST STATES OF INDIA
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OP
Masittt of
Hihtuvp mh infotmatton Science 1993 94
•v HABIBURRAHMAN KHAN
RPN No. 83 LSM-13 Emolmtnt No; U*2404
Und«r th« Supervision of
Mr. S. HASAN ZAMARRUD (READER)
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIOARH (INDL^)
1994
C O N T E N T S
Pcge No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 - i l
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 1 1 1 — V l l
LIST OF PERIODICAL DOCUMENTED V l i L - i X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X
PART -ONE
INTRODUCTION l " M 1
PART- T;\^0
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 Z - 1 ^ 9
PART-THREE
INDEXES
AUTHOR INDEX 150-155
TITLE INDEX 156-16^
* * * * * *
a)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all let me thanks to the Almighty Allah
whose mercy bestowed on me the opportunity and privilege of
the completion of this dissertation. The work took its
present shape solely and exclusively due His kindness.
I express my most sincere and profound gratitude to
my teacher and supervisor Mr- S.Hasan Zamarrud, Reader in the
Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U.,
Aligarh for suggesting the topic, extending his guidance,
encouragement and perceptive advice, during the entire period
of this dissertation work.
I am also grateful to Prof. Mohd. Sabir Husain,
Chairman, Department of Library and Information Science, AMU.
Aligarh, for the way he helped me by words and deeds.
I pay my heartiest thanks to my respected teachers
Mr.Al Muzaffar A.G.Khan, Mr.Shabahat Husain, Mr.S.Mustafa K.Q
Zaidi, all Readers, Department of Library and Information
Science, A.M.U., Aligarh, for their kind attitude, affection
ate encouragement through my stay in the Department.
I take delight in expressing my thanks to all my
class mates, friends, well wishers, room partners and my
younger brothers Arshad and Rashid, who have helped in so
many different ways.
tii)
My special thanks goes to Mr.Tariq Mahmood Usmani,
Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Mr.Javed Akhtar
Khan, Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information
Science, A.M.U,, Aligarh and Miss. Bushra Maqbool, for their
valuable co-operation during the accomplishment of the
present work.
I am also thankful to the services of Seminar
Librarian, Department of Geography, Incharge Coaching &
Guidance Centre, Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., Aligarh, ICWA
Library, Nehru Museum and Library, New Delhi to reach and
collect the relevant sources for this work.
Lastly, sincere thanks are due to my inspiring
parents for their collective and cultivative support, moral
backing to continue my studies and getting the pleasure of
completion of this dissertation.
( HABIBUR RAHMAN KHAN )
Ciii)
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
SCOPE X The Nor th -Eas t r eg ion covers t h e seven s t a t e s
namely Arunachal P r a d e s h , Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya#
Mizoram, Nagaland, T r i p u r a and t h e s e s t a t e s f a c i n g
v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s . The b a s i c aim of t h e Study i s t o
b r i n g t o g e t h e r a t one p l a c e t h e documents and p e r i o d i -
o d i c a l s , a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d in Ind ian and f o r e i g n
J o u r n a l s on t h e s u b j e c t . S ince t h e t o p i c i s so v a s t ,
I have t r i e d t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e r e l e v a n t sx ib toplcs and
i n each a few r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r t i c l e s have been docian-
e n t e d . Keeping i n view t h e t o p l c a l t y of t h e s tudy
I n s t e a d of p l a i n a n n o t a t i o n s , i n f o r m a t i v e a b s t r a c t s
have been p r e p a r e d f o r t h e a r t i c l e s .
I t was g i v e n t h e t a s k of p r e p a r i n g an a n n o t a t e d
b i b l i o g r a p h y of 205 a r t i c l e s on "Problems of t h e North-
Eas t s t a t e s of I n d i a ^ a s i t was thought t h a t i t might
be of g r e a t use t o r e s e a r c h s c h o l a r s i n t h i s f i e l d .
Pa r t one d e a l s w i th i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e t o p i c
and problems of t h e t o p i c . P a r t two which i s t h e main
p a r t of t h e p r e s e n t s tudy c o n s i s t s o t an a n n o t a t e d
b ib l iog t -aphy of 205 a r t i c l e s on t h e t o p i c . P a r t t h r e e
however d e a l s w i t h i n d i c e s .
(IV)
2, METHODOLOGY i The primary sources were consulted in the
following libraries.
(a) Maulana Azad library, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh.
(b) Nehru Musetim and Library, Teen Moorti,New Delhi
(c) Central Library, Jawahar Lai "ehru. University,
New Delhi.
(d) Indian Council of World Affairs Library, Sapru
House, New Delhi.
(e) Indian Council of Socxal Science Research,NASSDOC
Mandi House, New Delhi.
2-A. STANDAFO) FOLLOWED t
The Indian standard recommehdations for bibli
ographical references (13:2381-1963), Indian statdard
recommended for abbreviation for titles of periodicals
(15:18-1949) and classified catalogue code (CCC) of
Dr. S.R. Ranganathan have been followed. . ., '
2-B. SUBJECT HEADING :
Attempts nas been made to give co-existensive
subject headings as much possible. And allowed by
natural language if more than one entry comes under
the same subject headings, there are arranged alphabet
ically by the authors name.
CV)
2-C. ARRANGEMENT t
The entries in this bibliography are arranged
strictly alphabetically among the subject heading.
The entry element ot the author (s) is in
capitals, (i.e. surname) followed by the secondary
element in parenthesis using capital and small letters
(i.e. forename) and then the title of the article,
subtitle (it any), then name of the periodical in
abbreviated form (if needed) being underlined follo
wed by the volume number, issue nxanber, date of
publication, giving by using inclusive notation of the
pages of the articles. Then each entry is followed
by an indicative abstract of the article.
The items ot the bibliographical references
for each entry of a periodical article are arranged as
follows;
(a) S e r i a l number
(b) Name of the author/authore
(c) A f u l l s t o p ( . )
(d) Title of articxe including subtitle and
alternative title if any.
(e) A full stop (.)
(f) Title of the periodical being underlined.
wi
(g) A full stop (.)
(h) Volume number
(i) A comma (»)
(J) I s s u e ntimber
(k) Semi colon (;)
(1) Year
(m) A comma (#)
(n) Month
(o) Semi colon (;)
(p) I n c l u s i v e pages of the a r t i c l e s .
(q) A f u l l s t o p ( . )
SAMPLE ENTRY :
NORTH-EAST STATES, PROBLEMS, ELECTION, ASSAM
7 0 . SETHI ( S u n l l ) . North-East: Vio lence s t o p s e l e c t i o n s .
India Today. 5 , 1; 1980, Jan, 1-15; 5 3 .
EXPLANATION
This a r t i c l e i s taken from t n e p e r i o d i c a l "India
Today* which I s e n t i t l e d as "North-East* Violence s tops
e l e c t i o n s . " w r i t t e n by "Sunil S e t h i " , in the in t*»e 1st
number of t h e 5th volume of the January, 1980 year , on
the pages 53 , aga ins t t h i s e n t r y .
2-D. ABSTRACT:
The entries in the bibliography contain abstracts
giving the essential information about the articles
(vi
doctunented, I have given Indicative abstracts as well
as information abs t r ac t s . After searching the l i t e r a t u r e ,
en t r i e s were recorded on 7* x 5** cards .
2-E. INDICES;
The part three of the bibliography contain
Author, and title indexes in alphabetical sequence.
Each index guides to the specific entry or entries in
the bibliography.
A list of £>eriodical8 has been given with their
place of publication and frequency. Another list of the
abbreviations with their full form is also provided.
^viiii
LIST OP PERIODICALS DOCUMENTED
NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
OP PERIODICALS
Commerce
Democratic World
Economic and Political weekly
Economic Times
Far Eastern Economic Review
Prentier
Frontline
Hindu
Hindustan Times
Illustrated Weekly of India
Indian Express
India Today
ISDA Journal
Krukshetra
Link
Mainstream
Man and Development
Nation
New . Age
New Wave
FREQUENCY
V/eekly
Fortnightly
Weekly
Daily
Weekly
Weekly
Fortnightly
Daily
Daily
Weekly
Daily
Fortnightly
Quarterly
Monthly
Weekly
Weekly
Quarterly
Fortnightly
Weekly
Weekly
PLACE OF PUBLICATIOtI
Bombay
New Delhi
Bombay
New Delhi
Hongkong
Calcutta
Madras
Madras
New Delhi
Bombay
New Delhi
New Delhi
Thiruvanthapuram
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
Chandigarh
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
MX '
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Onlooker
Political Review
Prout
RadJUxmce
Rashtriya
Sentinel
Socialist tive
Statesman
Sunday
Telegraph
Times of '.
Science
Sahara
Perspec-
[ndia
USI Journal
Yojana
Fortnightly
Quarterly
Weekly
Weekly
Monthly
Daily
Quarterly
Daily
Weekly
Daily
Daily
Monthly
Fortnightly
Bombay
Jaipur
New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi
Guwahat i
Calcutta
New Delhi
Calcutta
Calcutta
New Delhi
Delhi
New Delhi
(X)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
AASU Al l Assam S tuden t Union.
AGP AEOtn Gana P e r i s h e d
APHLC Al l p a r t y H i l l L e a d e r s , Conference
BAG Bodoland Autonomous Counci l
BSF Bodo S e c u r i t y Force
CHT C h i t t a g o n g H i l l T r a c t s
DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazgham
GTAC Guwahati Tea Auc t ion C e n t r e .
HVC Hynniewtrep V o l u n t e e r c o u n c i l
ISG I n t e r n a l S e c u r i t y Group
I S I I n t e r n a l S e r v i c e s I n t e l l i g e n c e
NSCN N a t i o n a l S o c i a l i s t c o u n c i l of Nagaland
Pim P e o p l e s Mi l i t i f e of Nagaland
TNV T r i b a l N a t i o n a l V o l u n t e e r s
ULFA Uni ted l i b e r a t i o n Frorttof Assam
JAN
FEB
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
January
February
August
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
'^aH o^rve
(^^ril^y<>da^ytw^
1 1NTR0DUCT3DN
The North-Eastern region of India comprises the
seven s tates o£ Assam« Manipur# Meghalaya* Nagaland*
Tripura# Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. The whole
region i s s i tuated between la t i tude 29° and 20° North
and longitude about 90° and 97° East and covers an
area of about 2«50«000 sq« km. I t contributed 8% of
Ind ia ' s to ta l geographical area and about 4*7% of the
country's t o ta l population* This region has a long
international boundary with Bangladesh on the south
west« Burma in the east* China on the North and north
eas t and i s connected with the mainland by the * S i l l i g u r i
neck' in West Bengal*
The seven States in the north eastern part of
India* fondly ca l led as the seven s i s t e r s * had been a
v ict im of the century-long neglect and callousness on
the part of the B r i t i s h co lonia l rulers* It was only
a f t e r independence that careful attent ion was given to
these States by the leaders of our national Government
with a view to bringing about a rapid socio-economic
change in t h i s proverbial ly baclcward region of the
country.
Nature bestowed her abundant b less ings on the
land of the seven s i s t e r s In the shqpe of breathtakingly
z
beaut i fu l forest land and blue h l l l s t mighty r ivers
•nd gorgeous water* green f i e l d s and a vast reservoir
of natural resources beneath the earth. But then a l l
these resources* both human and natural have remained
mostly untapped awaiting the ir proper harnessing for
the benef i t af the country as a whole*
P R O B L E M S
The North East Is not a homogenous region. Each
of the seven s t a t e s In the region has a d i s t i n c t i v e
character and personall 'y* shaped by the composition
of I t s population. I t s culture and tradit ions* and the
h i s tory of I t s p o l i t i c a l evolut ion . I t may be added
that pract ica l ly a l l the s t a t e s have had disputes with
t h e i r neighbours* sometimes leading t o v io lent c o n f l i c t s .
The c r i s i s has been building up In Assam since
October 1979. The movement started by the dif ferent
organisations IDce Assam Jatlyabadl Dal* Purbandial
Lok Parishad* Assam Sahltya Sabha* and Assam Students
Union have certa inly gone astray* Bengali speaking
Hindus and Muslims and Hindi speaking Marwarls* Bihar I s
and Oriya speaking Hindus from Orlssa have been subject
to assult* intimidation and brutal treatment* Exodus
from Assam might encourage adventurist organisations in
4
West Bengftl to whip up the f e e l i n g s «g«lnst minority
groups. 'Aliens* and ' fore igners ' have been applied to
non-Assamese Indians- The ag i tat ion has been spear
headed against a l l s e t t l e r s^ be they Bengalis* Hindus*
Bangall Muslims* Marwarl* Slndhl or Panjabl business
community* Blharls* Nepal ls . The AAGSP have raised
voch alogans as 'Assam for Assamls" and even demanded
that non-Assam Government employees* business men and
studdnts leave the s tate* Assam Is troubled by e th ln lo
quest ion long back from 1848* wher* there was an a n t l -
Bengall r io t at Gauhatl and In some other p laces . In
1950 tfaere was an antl-Musllm r i o t when about Five
lalch Muslims were a l l egedly k i l l e d In pol ice f i r ing In
Goalpara d i s t r i c t . In 1< 5* there was an antl-Bengall
r i o t throuigh out the s t a t e of Assam. In 1960* a s t a t e
wide agitat ion began on the Issue of o f f i c i a l language
and continued for several months, 'families were
destoryed or demaged or burnt. Looting* arson was at
the peak. In 1965* an ag i ta t ion s tarted against Marwarls
In upper Assam.
One of the demands of student leaders Is cons
t i t u t i o n a l safeguard for Assain on the l ines of Jamnu
and Kashmiff. This has serious Ipipllcations I . e . every
5
Other s tate w i l l demand so» result ing In dis integrat ion
of India* The Student leaders should rea l i s e whether
we are Bengalis* Assamese* or Bihar Is* we are a l l sons
of the same s o i l and have the same right to l ive* more
about and earn out of l i v i n g free ly in any part of the
country* The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that
outs iders res iding in Assam can not be removed by
stroke of pen. she made i t clear that the proposed 1971
base l ine should be the bas i s for determining the fore
igners issue and the Government of India could not
accept the demands for taking the decision* Propaganda
by a communal organisation *Amra Bengali* to include
Assam in a plan for greater Bengal has stained the
re la t ions between the Bengalis and the Assamese. English
and Assamese l i t e r a t u r e i s reported to be in c ircu lat ion
in Assam ins t igat ing secesslonism. Some of the foreign
countries and c h r i s t i a n missionaries are working to whip
up communal fee l ings* Allegations have been made that
R.S.S. i s involved in inc i t ing the Assamese fbr the
expulsion of the Muslin population from Assam. The
principal p o l i t i c a l part ies have become irrelevant and
are v ir tua l ly l i v i n g under house arrest largely because
they are bot sure of t h e i r personal safety . The d i s tur
bances were not confined to Assamese and non-Assamese in
Assam in recent years* There were Tlolent Incidents
f i r s t in Assam-Magaland border on January 5, 1^79« followed
by border conf l i c t s between Assan and Hag^alaya an«
Assam Government had served 'Quit India* not ices on a
large ntaaber of i»n-Assaraese people in Assam in the
month of February and March, 1980 and Bengali speaking
people who were bom and brough up in Assam. Many of
those people migrated to West Bengal with fami l ies and
took shelter in refugee camps.
Since August« 1979» Assam has been blockading
the rest of the country # other s t a t e s have been deprived
of diesel# Kerosine and other petroleum products.
History* Geography, and Culture have made a l l Indians
proud without pointing a t each other as foreigners
within our own country. The people of Assam must r e a l i s e
that their problems w i l l not be solved by.the expulsion
of non-Assamese res idents who have contributed to the
economic development of Assam and enri<iied of i t s
cul tural l i f e . Assamese leaders have not paid adequate
a t tent ion to the r e a l i t i e s of s i tuat ion . If the foreigner
theme i s overplayed* i t w i l l create a serious problem.
I t ra i ses a question as to who i s a foreigner in any
s t a t e of India whose very const i tut ion provides him or
her to choose to stay and work in any part of the country.
India i s common homeland of a l l Indiansi Muslims* Benga
l i s * Keralites or Kashmiris.
The Centre has taken a fixm decis ion and has
declared that Al l Assam Students Union should withdraw
the agitation* The ent i re Assam has been declared a
disturbed area. On April 6, 1980, the President o£
India promulgated the Essent ia l Service Maintenance
(Assam) Ordinance* which enables the Central or the
S ta te Governments to declare any service as e s s e n t i a l
In the s tate and to prohibit s t r ikes in any e s s e n t i a l
s erv ice . The Government of Assam proinulgated the Assam
Alienation of Land (Regulation) Ordinance* 1980* which
prevents aofulring of land by transfer* g i f t or w i l l
foreign nationals without prior permission of the
State Government* The ag i tat ion in Assam not only
eer lous ly a f fec ts the national economy but also under
mines national unity and Integration* Adverse react ions
have started In the neighbouring s t a t e s . The Assam
ag i ta t ion had not only already jeoparadlsed the unity
of the cotintry but the '*ountry has already suffered a
l o s s of about Rs* 60^ carores* the l o s s to the country
mul t ip l i e s at the rate of about Rs* 3 carores per day*
Assam Governments n o t i f i c a t i o n dated April 2, 1980
reserving a l l posts In the schools of the State*
nundderlng 353 for the res idents of the s ta te Is extremely
unfortunate* as I t supports the 'Sons of the Soil* theory.
If the theory takes a firm grip on Assam It can not be
excluded from operations in otner s tates*
8
Recently» Prently« Morch«« m local organisation
In Darjeellng Is demanding the creat ion of a separate
s t a t e names 'Gurkha Land* • Kukl National Assenbly i s
demanding a separate Identity tor Kukl Tribes l i v i n g
m the Northern Mizoraa and bouthern Manipur.
MOVEMENT AGAIMST FOREIGNERS
The question of foreign In f i l t ra t ion In Assan
dates back to the par t i t ion days* The Whole purpose of
the present ag i ta t ion In Assam seems to pressurlee the
E lec t ion Commission t h r o u ^ the State administration to
bring about a qua l i ta t ive change In the S ta te ' s popular
t l o n structure to favour a p o l i t i c a l segment as against
those who had to lerated the Infltix of outs iders In the
S ta te because It su i ted them p o l i t i c a l l y * A par l ia
mentary by e l e c t i o n In Mungaldal in March» 1978 led to
publ ic furore that the voterd l i s t should be revised
and foreign elements weeded out* Out of 70«000 objec
t i o n s raised* 45»000 were sutalned by courts af ter
p o l i c e ver i f icat ion*
Shrl S*L* Shakdhar* the Chief Elect ion Commi
ss ioner « at a press conference In September* 1978
s t res sed the Immediate need for the administrative
s e t up at the lowest poss ible l eve l for tne purpose
of Identifying each foreign national In the country
9
and for expeditious grant o£ c e r t i f i c a t e s of c i t i z e n
sh ip under the c i t i zenship Act t o a l l e l i g i b l e persons
by adopting an e f f ec t ive and uniform procedure. Resent
ment against immigrants was f i r s t not iced in 1978. The
National f lag was burnt at public p laces in the several
towns of the state* On January 26» 1980 Assam's c i t i z e n s
bycotted a l l o f f i c i a l ce lebrat ions . The agi tators d i s
rupted road and road transport. Postal# telegraph,
bank services and in ter - s ta te trade and Commerce came
t o a grinding h a l t . Uninterrupted pickett ing of o i l
i n s t a l l a t i o n s over several weeks at Dula Jan, Narang
and other places l ed to the closoure of re f iner ies at
Digboi and Baraimi. The demonstrators did not allow
movement of e s sen t ia l goods to Cachar# a predominently
Bengali populated d i s t r i c t . The term 'Foreigner* i s
used for Bangladesh (both Hindus and Muslims) and
Nepali Immigrants who have been comming Into the s tate
over HxB decades but in pract ical terms the agi tat ion
bo i led do%m to a d iauvin is t ic b a t t l e against a l l
Bengalis* The movement is also against a l l non-Assamese
including the business community from different parts
o f the country and Hindi and Oriya speaking labout
working in tea gardens* The bas ic i s sue involved i s
Bengali dominant over a l l aspects of s o c i a l l i f e and
Marwari domination over economy of the s t a t e .
10
The early Immigrants* mostly poor cultivators#
had mixed freely with the local population and even
speak Assamese language. The more sophisticated Bengalis*
tended to a separate cast* not willing to speak Assamese
language nor Interested In Assamese culture.
Broadly speaking* there are three types o£
foreign nationals. First* Muslims who Infiltrated from
former East Pakistan Into Assam after partition. Second*
refugees of displace persons who have not acquired
Indian citizenship either through l ^ rance or oversight
or both. Third Nepali Immigrants and infiltrators must
be deported according to the law. The second category
of non-citizens la the core of the problen since Bangla
Desh will not accept any one who came to India before
March 25* 1971. These non-citizens* run the risk of
becoming stateless. Political parties found It expedient
to keep a low profile on the issue* and oollected the
block votes of the Immigrants. The Assamese are appre
hensive that they may be swamped by foreign nationals*
mostly Muslims from Bangla Desh. The Assamese recall
that in 197'* when there was a move to delete the names
of foreigners at the Instance of the Government of
India* the Assam Oovernment did not comply with this
directive as Muslim members of the State Assembly
threatened enblock to withdraw their support to the
ruling party.
11
BODOLAM) ACCORDt
The signing of an agreement between Assam Govern
ment and the All-Bodo Students* Union (ABSU) on February
20# 1993# for the creation of Bodoland Autonomous Council
i s designed t o end the s ix year o ld bloody^ ethnic oonfl lct i
I t has come as a r e l i e f to lakhs of people« but there
are doubts whether the accord w i l l l a s t and prove e f f e c t i v e .
Backoronndi Assam* lllce the *'orth-Bast region of
which lb i s a part and which can boast of being the hone
of well over two hundred t r ibes and a myriad sub-tr ibal
formations i s a veri table ethnic kaleidosoope!» L i t t l e
wonder# therefore* that Assam has been a f e r t i l e ground
for strong* and prolonged s e c e s s i o n i s t and separatist
movement* Four of the 'Seven S i s ters* of MOrth-Castern
India have been carved out of Assam* Not that the new
s t a t e s are distinguished by ethnic homogeneity, tfagaland
i s inhabited by no fewer than th i r ty -n ine tr ibes* the
Nagas being the most nximerous of then* In turn* the
Nagas themselves are a c o l l e c t i v i t y made up of eight
t r i b e s ead) of which comprises of several sub-tribes*
MizOram has seven major tribes(Lushais* Hamars* Pakis*
Fanais* Tlanglans* Pangs and Lakhers) aprt from the
non-Mizo Reangs and Chakmas* Naga and Mlso are* in
fact* ho ld -a l l terms each enfolding a p lural i ty of t r i b
a l groups Meghalaya Is the home land of three ancient
trlbes-Khasls* Ja ln t la s and Oaros - besides having a
12
sprinkling of other t r i b a l e n t i t l e s * Arunachal Pradesh
w«s the l a s t to achieve s ta td i l eve statehood* £.ven under
the Bri t i sh rule i t was« in effect^ segregated from
the rest of Assam and was administered d irec t ly by the
centra l government* I t was then known as the Itorth Sast
Frontier Area (HBFA) • Arunachal Pradesh h«s as many as
110 tribes* the better known among them being the Monpas*
Apatanis* Adis, Kaiq?tis# Sinfphos» Nish is and Wan^os.
Even in what remains of Assam* after a l l the cho
pping and carving i t has undergone* there are twenty
di f ferent t r i b a l communities eleven in the h i l l s and
nine in the plains* The l a t t e r category (Plains t r iba l s )
includes besides the Bodos whom the Bodoland movement
brought into prominence* Kacharis* Karbis* Mishings*
Dimasas and others* The two major non.tr ibal commani-
t i e s in Assam are Assamese and Bengalis* Assamese them>
se lves being a composite of upper caste Assamese and back
ward c lass groups l i k e the Ahoms* The ethnic s i tua t ion
In Assam i s further complicated by large In f i l t ra t ions
from the erst%rtille Bast Bengal or present-day Bangla
desh as also from Nepal*
Thus*despite the successive amputations to which
the s t a t e has been subjectea* Assam i s far trom having
oeoome etnnical ly Homogeneous* I t s sociO'-ethnlc melange
has continiJed to be ta i lorfoede for inter-ethnic tensions*
separat is t demands for regional autonomy or bids for
outr ight secession from India* The Bodoland movement
13
provides the archetype for the f i x s t category while
UU'A (United Liberation Front of Assail) i s an example
of the second*
The Causest The Bodos# a plains t r iba l oomnmnity*
who claim to be one of the o ldest ethnic groups In the
Brahmapura va l ley and are concentrated on the upper bank
of the river and t%«o d i s t r i c t s on i t s lower bank#
presented a tough, challenge to the s tate government
and New Delhi* The Bodos are highly art iculate and resen-
fu l of being neglected by the Assamese e l i t e * Their
ar t icu lat idn of d i s t i n c t Bodo ident i ty took a clear shape
In 1960 when Assamese was adopted as the o f f i c i a l Ian*
guage for the ent ire state* I t was during the ag i tat ion
against the in^xssition of Assamese on Bodo area that the
Plains Tribals Council of Assam(FTCA) came into existence*
The agitat ion resulted* In 1968* in a compromise - the
Assam govemmet conceding the right of Bodos to use
the i r own languaf« as medium of instruct ion up to the
secondary leve l and the Bodos* on thexr part, accepting
t h e Devanagari instead of the Assamese script for t h e i r
language*
In addition to language* i s sues l ike the al ienation
of the i r lands t o innigrants* r i s ing unemployment* econo
mic backwardness of the ir region and* above a l l* the
14
f e e l i n g that they were treated as second c lass c i t i z e n s
provlde4 the amnunition for escalat ing resentment whidi*
i n 1983* burst in to one of the %forst and bloodiest co
mmunal clashes in the country's his tory resul t ing in the
infamous N e l l i e k i l l i n g s * The sane year, the FTCA urged
Frlme Minister Indira Gandhi t o se t u ^ a Union Terri
tory for the plains t r i b a l population of Assam* Events
moved rapidly during the next few years* By. 198$« the
A l l Bodo Students* Union (ABSU) came to replace the
PTACA as the spearhead of the Bodo movement for re
g ional autonomy.
The Bodo Movement! The movement was formally
launched on March 2, 1987 with d i s t r i c t l e v e l mass r a l l i e s
followed, in quick succession* by sub-divis i3nal level#
bloc level and anchal l e v e l mass r a l l i e s * Memozi nda spe l
l ing out the main p o l i t i c a l goals of the movement were
stilsnltted to the President and the Prime Minister of
India and the Governor and the Chiet Minister of Assam*
In addition* two re la ted demands* (a) extension of the
provisions of the S ixth Schedule to the Constitution
of India# to *the t r i b a l compact areas* on the southern
bank of the Brahmaputra* and (b) the "Creation of a
regional council for Bodo* Rengma and other non-Karbi
tribes'* in the Karbi Angiong Autonomous D i s t r i c t
Countoil,
15
Assuming an Increasingly virulent form in 1986«
Bodo militancy peaXed in 1989« the r i s e and declne in
mil itancy being l inked with changei in i t s object ives
and actidn plants*
The Twentieth Annual ABSU Conferences In i t s
twentieth annual conference held at Bashari (Dhubri
d i s t r i c t ) , the ABSU raised i t s ear l i er demand for a
Union Territory to one for 'Bodotand* which would be a
fiull-fledged s t a t e . Unt i l then they had been speaking
vaguely of a "plains t r i b a l homeland'** The conference-
a lso ca l led for the "inclusion of Bodos of Karbi-Anglong
in the Scheduled Tribes (Hil ls) list** although the demand
h i therto has been for a regional council for non-Karbis
in the Karbi - Angolong Autonomous D i s t r i c t Council*
Further# "creation of Nilandial and Lal\ing autonomous
districts '* replaced the ear l i er demand for extension
of the Sixth Schedule provisions to "tr ibal compact
areas on the southei-n bazdc of the Brahmaputra"* F ina l ly ,
and most s ignif icant ly« the conference established
the Bodo Peoples* Action Committee(BPAC) to launch and
lead a movement for Bodo land hand-in-hand with ABSU*
I t was evident that the structxxre of the Bodo movement
was modelled on that of Assam ant i - foreigners compalgn
and that the relat idnship between the two (ABSU AND
BPAC) broadly would repl icate the e^n^ation between the
A l l Assam Students' Union (AASU) and Al l Assam Gana
16
S«ngr«iB Farishad (AAGSP) — both o£ vfalch were later
merged into t h e Assam Gana Parlshad (AGP) which came
to power In Assam a£ter the 1985 s t a t e assembly e l e c t i o n .
The process of settlementt During the seven odd
years of the Bodo ag i tat ion there were several rounds
of ta lks to arrive at a settlement* However* successive
Chief Ministers of Assam and the leaders of varioms
p o l i t i c a l part ies were jus t i f i ab ly opposed to further
d iv i s ion of the S ta te .
The repeated rounds of negot iat ions fa i l ed because
of (a) the Centre's refusal to b4dge from i t s stand that
there must not be any further fragmentation of the
country* and lb) that the acceptable solut ion would
be formation uf an autonomous council within the
State of Assam*
In October* 1989 the Centre arranged t r i p a r t i t e
t a lks on the i ssue in Delhi among i t s spokesmen* the
Assam Chief Minister and the ABSU President. After pro
longed negotiations a provisional agreement was reached*
The mam features of the agreement were (a) The Centre* while expressing sympathy for the tr iba l s* cause* made
i t clear that there was no questi lon of creating a new
State of Bodoland by bifurcating Assam terr i tory or
otherwise; (b) the ABSU promised to g ive up vio lence;
17
and (c) the Assam Government promised to release the
detained Bodo agltators« except those guilty of major
crimes* ^he Assam Government vas also directed to evolve
a solution of the problem on the lines of the Darjeellng
Hill Council* But the agitation leaders, made It clear
nothing short of separate political entity would meet
the Bodos* political aspirations*
Unfortunately* the provisional accord soon broke
down* During 1990 there was prolonged violence and acts
of terrorism by Bodo students' Union workers* Their
secessionist activities posed complex p'^oblems* It was
tlnally at the eleventh round of tripartite talks held
at New Delhi on 23rd May# 1992« that some progress was
made*
Dropping their demand for a Bodoland state* the
Bodos now demanded that 4493 villages (falling within
nine districts In 37 assembly constituencies) besides
109 tea gardens of this area be brought under the juris
diction of the proposed Bodoland Autonomous Council* The
state government was* however* able to show that
more than a thousand of these villages simply did not
exist* that in 776 of th^n between 10 and 50 percent
Inhabitants were Bodos* that 470 had a Bodo population
of between 1 and 9 per cent and that 978 had no tribal
18
population at a l l * After prolonged and hard bargaining
the ABSU-BPAC agreed to tlie Inclusion of 2296 v i l l a g e s
(In which the t r i b a l population Is 50 per cent or abovfe)
and 25 tea gardens within the t err i tory to be administered
by the Bodo Autonomous Council Agreement was a lso achieved
on the composition and powers of the new set-up and
a Menoradum of Settlement was signed at Guwahatl on
20 February^ 19^3«
Bodo Accord! On February 20, the accord signed
between the president of the All Bodo students* Union
VABSU) # Mr* S«K« Bwismutlary and the Union Minister of
S ta te for Home# Mr* Rajesh P i l o t , appears t o have ended
the s i x year Bodo ethnic Issue which had disruptCKS peace
and normal l i f e In many parts of the north-east region*
The following are h ighl ights of the agreement*
1* The agreement envisages creat ion of a Bodoland
Autonomous Council (BAC)• This f a l l s wel l short
of the demand of the movement leaders for a
f u l l fledged s tate of Bodoland*
2* Leg i s la t ive power Is to ves t In 40 member conncll
(equivalent to the l e g i s l a t i v e assembly of a
s t a t e ) , 35 of whom are to be e l ec ted on the basis
of adult franchise, the remaining f ive being nomi
nated by the Oovernor of Assam*
19
3* Executive power i s t o vest in a smaller Bodoland
Executive Council IBSC)•
4* The autonoroous terri tory* which w i l l cover at
l e a s t 2^00w v i l l a g e inhabited by t r iba l s w i l l
s tretch from SanJcosh river m Dhui^ri d i s t r i c t to
Panchnoi river in Darrang d i s t r i c t . Some v i l l a g e s
where t r iba l s are l e s s than half the population
have also been brough under the t e r r i t o r y ' s Jtiris-
dict ion for the sake of contiguty and compact
ness*
5« The new body w i l l have control over 38 subjects
including education and socio->economic develop
ment.
Hurdles t o tha KncorAt Though the Bodo t r i b a l s '
spokesmen appear to be s a t i s f i e d with the accord, the
fact i s that there are many doubts about i t s successful
implement at Hn.
* Experience in recent years has shown that com
promises of t h i s type often break down and the
d i s s a t i s f i e d elements resume the ir v io lent a c t i
v i ty after a short respite* In t h i s case the
mi l l i tant "Bodo Security Force"« stated to be
responsible for many vio lent Incidents« i t s t i l l
active and may again resort to lawless act ions .
20
The demands of the t r l b a l s have been conceded
only, par t ia l ly and the ir outspoken leaders
have already stated that the accord i s only "the
f i r s t step" towards the achievement of their
real goal which i s t h e creation of a separate
fu l l - f l edged State* What and whesi w i l l the
sxibsequent steps be taken 7 This remains a
^ o t point and imparts tincertainty to the arrange
ment*
The t r l b a l s have« for the present* agreed t o accept
2000 v i l l a g e s instead of the 4t30 v i l l a g e s ( lat«r
reduced by over 50 percent) they had o r i g i n a l l y
demanded* Moreover, they have agreed, for the
present, to accept only 25 tea gardens instead of
the 109 they had demanded in the beginning of
of the negotiations*
There are some apprehensions about bthe r ights
of non-tribal people* In many v i l l a g e s the t r l b a l s
comprise l e s s than 50 per cent of the population.
The accord i s a l so vague on the issue of the
sotithern border of the proposed Council* At places
i t Impinges on non-tribal area that can be a bone
of contention at one time or another*
The accord envisages the laying down of weapons
21
by a l l Bodo a c t i v i s t s * But t h i s again i s a doubt
ful proposit ion. Tn several accords of such types
(the Sri Lanka agreement for instance) # only a
part of the weapons possessed by the mi l i tants
were la id downy a good proportion remained with
a c t i v i s t s . On March 7« 1993 an abandoned World W r
II a i r f i e l d in Kokrajhar d i s t r i c t was the scene
of surrender of weapons by 11 proinineut Bodo
mil i tants before a manmoth gathering In c e l e
bration of the Bodo accord* Soon thereafter Assam
Chief Minister announced an amnesty for those
who had surrendered and also offered a general
amnesty to a l l mi l i tants who l a i d down arms*
These are factors for potential trouble in the
months to come* A renewal of violence would nu l l i fy the
accord and bely the ^opes of the peace makers* Already
there are signs of growing militancy from the Bodo Se
cur i ty Force which was not a party to the accord and
has been str idently staking i t s claim for a separate
s t a t e for the Bodos*
I t s main complaint seems to be that the i n i t i a
t i v e had passed into the hands of the ABSU as a resu l t
of which i t has been relegated to the background*
Long after the ABSU and the Bodo People* s Action Commi
t t e e (BPAC)had given up violence as a means to achieve
22
the i r p o l i t i c a l ob^ectives# the BSF was s t i l l Induldging
In t e r r o r i s t a c t i v i t i e s *
Not only have Bodo Security Force m i l l i t a n t s
been on a k i l l i n g spree in the d i s t r i c t s of Darrang and
Sonitpur on the north bank, they have a lso struck terrot
in Assan* s tea industry by the ir extortidm demands*
preliminary Invest igat ions show that t h i s out f i t i s re s
ponsible for the sensatidnal kidnapping of the Tata Tea
executive* The abductors are reported to have demanded
a ransom of Rs. 15 crore in US dollar for the re lease
of Mr* Bordoloi, son of Assam*s f i r s t Chief Minister, '^r.
Goplnath Bordoloi* The o u t f i t has a l so slapped a
Rs*5 crore-extortldn demand on the W i l l iamson Magor
group* Zt was responsible also for the kidnappings of
two senior executives of a tea e s ta te In the Barpeta
d i s t r i c t of Assam, recently*
The Bodo Security Force, be l ieved to be armed
with a wide range of sophist icated weapons l i k e the
AK-47, AK-56 and l i g h t madiine-guns, has already been
involved in over 40 v io l ent Incidents in the l a s t
one year and k i l l e d several security personnel in
ainbushes* S o powerful i s t h i s o u t f i t that I t s very
mention sends shivers down the spines of many a tea
industry o f f i c i a l *
23
Whorse i s the fact that the BSF has forged
l inks with a few other mil i tant o u t f i t s l i k e the ULFA
and the NSCM and has become a big securi ty r i sk . The BSF
leaders sees to have enough funds to carry on with
t h e i r disrupting a c t i v i t y . However, tne State Govern
ment cannot adopt a complacement a t t i tude and w i l l
have to tackle the menace in right earnest . I t i s a lso
poss ib le that the delay in coming to an agreement with
the ULFA by the Chief Minister has contfibted to the
BSF's menacing posture. Mr. Saikia should lo se no
time in removing the main i rr i tants in the larger
i n t e r e s t s of peace in the State by breaking the formi
dable HSCH-UU^A-BSF combine.
The in t ere s t s of BODO areas development and of
the economy of the s ta te as a whole demand that the
mi l i tants should be i so la ted and dealt with sternly
and the new insurgency problem nipped in the bud. The
p o l i t i c a l groundwork for maintenance of law and order
have to be strengthened for the smooth Implementation
of the Bodo Accord.
ASSAMt MORE DEMANDS FOR AUTONOMY t
Following the signing of the Bodo accord, demands
for autonomy in various forms are coming up from different
other plains and t r i b a l oormunities in Assam Representative
24
organIsatior. of tr lbals« including the Mlslngs* Rabhans*
Deurls« Tlwas and Amrl Karbls« have come together and
formed an "Autonomy Demand Coordination committee"
VADCC) to press these demanls* The demands range from
const i tut ion of autonomous s ta tes within Assam to
formatiikn of autonomous d i s t r i c t s *
The Misings# a plains t r iba l connunity inhabiting
the north-eastern part of Assam and contiguous area in
Arunachal Pradesh* are organised under the Takeaa Rising
Porin Kabang (All Misings Studoi t ' s Union) and Mising
Mlmag Kebang (Mising National Action Committee) Their
demand i s for the c o n s t i t i t u t i o n of the areas claimed
to be predominantly inhabited by the Missing^ including
areas in Arunachal Pradesh* into an "autonomous s ta te
within Assam" under a provision of A r t i c l e 244-A of the
Constitution* That t h i s provision was applicable or.ly
to the h i l l tr ibes of Assam \inder certain special
circumstances# i s ignored by those seeking i t s appl i
cat ion for the creation of an autonomous state for the
Misings.
The Rabhast another plains t r i b a l community
inhabiting the southern parts of erstwhi le united d i s t
r i c t s of Goalpara and Karmrup, are organised under the
All-Rabha Students*• They too are demanding the cons t i -
tuion of areas claimed to be predominantly Inhabited
by the Rabha people into an autonomous state within Assam.
25
The Tlwas# formerly knovn as Lalungs« organised
under the All Tiwas Studedt s Union* aredemandlng the
constitutlion o£ areas claimed to be predominantly
Inhabited by the Tlwas* The proposed autonomous area
Includes the present Morlgaon district* parts of Marup
district and blocks 1 to 2 o£ the Karbi Anglong district*
The Amri Karbi, a Karbi tribe inhabiting the
plalos of Assam and organised under the Autonomous
Amri Karbi District Demand Committee and the Amri Karbi
Student's Union* are also demanding an autonomous district
comprising the present lago Raod area* parts of Meghalaya
south of Hongpoh and western part of Rani block In
Kamrup district* and contiguous areas claimed to be
inhabited by the Amri Karbi people*
The Deuris* organised under the Deun Autonomy
Demand Committee* are yet to formally formulate their
demands*
The ULTA Menacet The Assam Chief Minister* Mr*
Hiteshwar Salkla* can esqpect. 1993 to be another year of
tuk-bulence* with the United Liberation Front of Asom
(ULPA) taking a stridently millitant stance and threatening
to intensify its violent campaign. The ULPA has rejected
Mr* Salkla*s threat that unless its hardliners and exiled
26
l eaders surrendered by January 3l« they would be dec
lared proclaimed of fender s# and the ir properties con
f i s c a t e d . The cabinet has meanwhile decided to allow t he
army to renew I t s "vigorous operation" against the
reca lc i trant ULFA a c t i v i s t s with Immediate e f f e c t . The
ULFA In a sharp rejoinder has re i terated that for the
sake of achieving the ir goal of an "Independent Assam"*
I t Is ready to face the ent i re s t a t e ' s armed might* I t
a l so turned down the offer of negot iat ions as a means
t o resolve the c o n f l i c t .
The ULFA s t i l l i n s t i l s terror In the minds of
the people#lf not sympathy* And the pro-talk factldtn has
c r i t i c i s e d the Union Home Minis try 's decision to extend
the ban on the ULFA for two more years and said New De lh i ' s
"undemocratic actions" may force them to go xinderground.
Inte l l igence source say t h a t ULFA i s considering
launching a "Kashmir-type movement" with the help of
Pakistan next year* Through the Dhaka based High Corrani-
s s i o n of Pakistan^ ULFA leaders holed in Bangladesh» are
working out tnexr strategy* Some, sort of nexus already
e x i s t s between ULFA m l l l l t a n t s and the ISI, Documerfcs
se ized from ULFA mi l i tants l a s t year Indicated that
Pakistan had devised a strategy t o destabl ise north
east in tandem with Kashmir and Punjab*
27
Roye of AASUt Foreigners* Issue* The Assamese are
coming back to the ir or ig ina l grievance; the presence o£
foreigners* that ia, the Bangladeshis* in their midst*
I t la an Issue on vhlch they have hung a l l their
fa l l ings* Since the 1985 accord of Rajiv Gandhi with the
then All Assam Students Unlnn (AASU) , the government
has not detected much l e s s deported* non-Indians l iv ing
In the state* The Issue Is building up* In the forefront
Is the AASU again* But since the erstwhile AASU did
l i t t l e to Implenent the accord even when In power« the
present AASU Is having a hard time in regaining cre
d i b i l i t y .
The point the AASU has In I t s favour Is the
general ingressInn that the people are s t i l l coming frcm
across the border* The border i s open« the diecking
half-hearted* and the Border Security Force (BSF) i s
corruptible* These are the charges made by AASU*
However* the 1991 Census f igures b e l i e f the
impression* The growth rate In the l a s t 10 years has
been 28*4 per cent* which t a l l i e s with the population
Increase In other parts of India* The Assamese object
to the projections made between 1971 and 1981 because
there was no census in 1981* They a l so point out to
the observation in the north-estern Congress Committee's
report of July* 1992 that "between 1971 and 1981* Bangladesh
28
census records showed reduction of a 39 lakhs in the
minority population."
The Assam Chief Minister« Mr* Hiteshwar Saikia«
does not deny the i l l e g a l migration but puts the flow
at a t r l ck l e t His bibl:^ i s the 1990 e lec tora l r o l l s ,
AASU challenges the r o l l s and f e e l s grat i f i ed over
the Chief Election Commissioner's d irec t ive to the
State Election Officer to de le te the names of f ore ig
ners from the e l ec tora l r o l l s * Mr* SaiXia i s not unnece
s s a r i l y worried* He be l i eves that the 1^90 e lec tora l r o l l s
w i l l have to be accepted and he claims to have s a t i s f i e d .
the Chief Election Commissioner on the score* AASU ana
other organisation in the State want to scxcip even the
I l l e g a l Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act« 1983,
seen to be favouring non-Indians* They want the whole
«[uesti<lB of Bangladeshis to be considered de novo*
From where the thread i s to be picked up i s
a matter of controversy within Assam i t se l f* Most
accept the cut-off date to be 1971 when Bangladesh was
constituted* But some want to go further back
questioning the credential of those who have seen born
and brought up in India* This type of att i tude angers
even a l ibera l In Bangladesh* After the Bangladesh Prime-
Minister* Begum Khaleda zia« accepted in a jo int
statement with Mr* Narasimha Rao the presence of
29
Bangladeshis In India, the principle o£ Dhaka taking
back Bangladeshis has been establ ished. Al l that i s
now required i s that the two countries should se t
up Joint tribunals t o determine whether the people
sought to be sent back are the Bangladeshis or those
who once came from that area but have earned India* s
c i t i zensh ip s ince . There has to be a proper scrutiny.
The AASU i s bent upon pursuing the issue* It f ee l s
that the Assamese speaking population has become a mino^
r i t y in Assam i t s e l f . Although Mr. Saikia says he w i l l
never allow that to happen* AASU*s fears may be genuine.
But i s e f forts to oust non-Indians from Assam w i l l have
support only i f i t s b a t t l e i s legal and non-violent.
What Assam can leg i t imate ly be proud of i s the
absence of Hindu-Muslim tension. The BJP has t r i ed
to create a communal divide by equating the Bangladeshis
with Muslim and describing Hindus from across the
border as refugees. But the presence of Muslims in
the AA5U sustains the hope that Bangladeshi problems
w i l l not end up in oommanalism. AASU* s e f forts for a
federal structure in India w i l l also repair regional
and t r iba l animosity in the north-east , which appears
more se t t l ed after the introductida of a sub-state concept
in the s tr i fe -r idden Bodoland in Assam. I t i s expected
30
t h a t a reg ional oohes ivenes s may a l s o throw up a
s o l u t i o n t o the problem o£ fore igners*
MANlPUR 1 MILITANT RULE AND MASS ALIENATIgHt
Slowly but s t e a d i l y ^ Manlpur« once the most
p e a c e f u l s t a t e In the n o r t h - e a s t i s w i t n e s s i n g a wide
spread disenchantment wi th the r e s t of the country. A
s o r t of mass a l i e n a t i o n has se t in« breeding cyncism in
t h e process* According t o developmental exp«rts« Manipxir's
main problem i s massive unemployment and economic back'
wardness of the s t a t e * While t h e unemployed youth c o n s t i
t u t e the backbone o f the insurgents# i t i s the perce ived
sense of n e g l e c t by t h e Centre that has g iven a cause
for insurgent groups operat ing in t h e s t a t e *
The populat ion break-up of Manipur i s 62 per
cent M e i t e i s or Hindus^ 28 per cent t r i b a l s # who are
most ly Christ ians« 9 per cent Muslims* and I per cent
o t h e r s who have s e t t l e d in the s t a t e * This 1 per c e n t
o f t h e t o t a l populat ion* mostly comprising businessmen
and o t h e r s / c o n t r o l 62 percent of trading a c t i v i t i e s
In the s ta te* and lead a f a i r l y comfortable e x i s t e n c e .
T h i s i s resented by Manipuris* and they c a l l * i n a d e
rogatory manner* a l l non-Manipuris '• as "Mayangs" or
o u t s i d e r s .
31
Histor ica l Backgrounds T i l l Independence*
the Meite is were the ruling comnunity cind the King
of Hanipur was a Neite i« I t was dtiring the rule
of Maharaja Garib Nawaz# who was on the throne
from 1709 to 1748« that the Meite is were converted
t o Hinduism and adopted the conrnon "Singh" t i t l e * The
Meite is also adopted the Bengali scr ipt and many Ben
g a l i customs and tradit ions* In 1891,with the defeat of
the Manipxiri forces in the Angfto Manipuri was# Manipur*
t i l l then an independent state# became part of B r i t i s h -
India and was given the status of a nat ive state* In
1947, Manipur merged with India* though i t was offered
the choice by the Bri t i sh rulers to be merged with
Burma*
Causes of Alienations The real al ienatidn began
immediately after independence* The reasons were non-
recognit ion of Manipuri language, and the status given
t o i t as a C-Class state* In 1957, i t was upgraded to
a Union Territory s t a t u s , and i t was only in 1972 that
Manipur was given statehood* Regarding the demand for re
cognit ion of the Manipuri language, even neutral obser
vers f e l t that i t was once again a case of lack of
understanding of the people's mood. The demand was
conceded on;ly l a s t year*
32
Slowly the r i s ing t ide or unemployment« poverty
and enotlonal Issues turned the s t a t e into a cauldron
of discontent.
KUKI NAGA TANGLE Manipur in the North Eastern State of India has
become the scene of serious e thnic c o n f l i c t between the
Nagas and the Xukis# part icularly s ince themiddle of
1993 and continues in i t s worst form of k i l l i n g inno
cent c iv i l ians* exhorting the so - ca l l ed "loyalty tax"
from the common people* business people and the govern
ment o f f i c i a l s . I n i t i a l l y the Government of India was a
l i t t l e soft towards the ent ire scene but from September
1993 onwards* i t has given a serious thought to the
e n t i r e scenat io . I n i t i a l l y i t appointed Lt* Gen. V.K.
Nayar as the Governor of the State of Manipur and l a t e r
imposed Presidents Rule* but s t i l l t h e f ighting i s on
desp i te massive combing operations by the army and para
mi l i tary troops*
I t i s true that the Kuki-Naga tangle has a long
history* The erstwhile Naga h i l l d i s t r i c t of Assam
when i t became a State of the Union of India in 1963«
some of the Kukl leaders a lso aspired for a Kukiland.
The demand for the creation of the Kukl homeland com
pris ing of the d i s t r i c t s of Churachandpur. Chandel*
Sonapati, Tamenglong and some parts of Ukhrul in
Manipur and parts of Nagaland and Assam and a portion
33
Of Myaomar^ has been presented to the Government
of India In various forums such as the "KuXl Refugee
Settlement"« "Creation of New D i s t r i c t s - Sadar H i l l s " .
e t c . I t i s worth noting that the Kukl mil i tant orga-
nlsatlon8# namely«the Kukl National Army (KNA)« Kukl
National Organisation (KMO) and Kukl National Front
(KNF) have often la id the ir emphatic claim on these
areas . But t h i s contention has been opposed by the
Nagas both in Nagaland and Manlpur in general!^ more par
t i c u l a r l y by the National S o c i a l i s t Council of Nagaland
(NSCN-lM) • The present c r i s i s i s between the NSCNilM)
group and the Kukis.
The current esca lat ion of v io lence in Manlpux
had i t s roots in what had happened in Moreh in May 1992,
when some of the Kukl mi l i tants asked the Nagas to vacate
Moreh town forthwith. I t should be noted that the Kukis are
in the majority in Moreh# a small town near the Burmese
border. Moreh thr ives mainly on smuggling a c t i v i t i e s . It
i s disheartening to note that about s ix kilogrammes
of heroin i s smuggled out of Moreh and into Manlpur every
day 1 Nearly half of i t i s consumed a l l over Manlpur and
the balance i s smuggled into the rest of India and
even to other countries* Our securi ty forces and para
mi l i tary forces instead of having the ir watdiful eyes
on such dreaded a c t i v i t i e s , merely turn a blind eye to
tHis business and are s a t i s f i e d by f i l l i n g their pockets.
I t IS a sad thing to note that on certain occasions^ army
34
v e h i c l e s and Manlpur batta l ion veh ic l e s were used in
transporting ganja and drugs* Mi l i tants were rather haPPy
in gett ing the usual . tax and commission from smugglers
i n order to procuretheir arms and amrotinition from Cox Bazar.
The Kukis say that the v io lence in Moreh started after
the KiaJcls refusard to pay "loyalty tax" to t h e NSCN; the
l a t t e r started harassing the former^ etc* But whatever
may be the reason* the fact i s clear that both of than
wanted to maintain the ir de facto rule in Horeh for three
bas i c reasons; to get control over monetary support from
smugglers* to get their arms and ammunition and to have
easy access of crossing over to Myanmar and South East
Asia*
A grievous point to note i s that the entire
scene i s po l i t i c i sed* The State Government l e g i s l a t o r s -
both ruling and Opposition - overt ly or covertly* are
supporting the mi l i tants for their survival* Some of the
documents issued by the Al l Naga Students* Association*
Imphal* c learly reveals that two prominent l e g i s l a t o r s
o f the previous government had paid one lakh and two
lakhs respect ively to the s e l f - s t y l e d "Conanander-in-Chief"
of the Kuki Federal Council* though the previous govern
ment vehemently denied and described them as "concocted and
without even the s l i g h t e s t trace of truth"• However the
35
Important thing that our p o l i t i c a l leaders fa i l ed to
note i s the warning from history^ Support ing one insur
gent group In order to neutra l i se another w i l l not
pave the way £or restoring peace and normalcy.
The problem in Manipur i s not a mere insurgency
problenu i t has deep-rooted h i s t o r i c a l * p o l i t i c a l * econo
mic and soc ia l problems* which need top priority on the
government agenda* Xt Is time for t h e State Government
and the Central Government to comeforward witii a £re«h
package of economic proposals to a l l e v i a t e poverty* Unem
ployment and other related maladies* Even If the Centre
Is going to send a score additional battal ions of paramilitary
forces / and create a separate force for North East* i t
I s not going to y ie ld any immediate solution to the ongoing
c r i s i s ; rather* i t w i l l create absolute anardiy and chaos*
Counter-insurgency operations* Presidents Rule and Army
rule may bring only a "temporary respite" but not permanent
so lut ion.
Generally scholars on North-East fee l that the cause
of insurgency movement In Manipur and Magaland i s the direct
r e s u l t of unemployment and underemployment of educated youths
and the economic backwardness of the region* The National
Committee on the Developtaent of Backward Area in i t s Report
on Development on North-East region sayst
36
Though the North Eaatern region i s exceptional ly
rich in natural resources yet as £ar a s Industrial
badcwardness goes« the whole of the North-East has
been categorised as Industrial ly backward as per
the National Committee's Report on Industrial
Dispersal*
The Committee fxirther r ight ly mentioned that the
problems of development (In North East) l i e not In
the lack of natural resources but In the large
Investments required for Infrastructure develop-
ment« the Inadequacy of labour^and neoessea:y s k i l l
needing an extensive programme of man power deve
lopment. . . • • the principal prbblems in the region
the inadequacy of communlcatlcbn f a c i l i t i e s .
ThJL cas% Is very much true 4s far as Manlpur i s
concerned. The Government of India should follow the
recommendation of the above said Committee In preparing
a comprehensive and Integrated area transport plan for the
region by the Planning Commission and the NEC. The progress
of the Implement at Inn of the area transport plan should be
monitored by some Independent expert committee under the
Planning Commission at l e a s t annually. So i t Is not
the economic backwardness but the industrial backwardness
which i s the result of inadequacy of communication. People
are not motivated and# as a resul t in many cases they are
37
not aware of the various schemes of the government in pro
moting industrial units .
I t Is time for the Centre to expedite an Integrated
plan of action against insurgency alongwlth an integrated
socio-economic plan for t h e u p l i f t of t h i s regldin* An
e th ica l solut ion to the present socio economic and soc io
p o l i t i c a l malady appears to be the only permanent a l t e r
nat ive and the ansver to the present Kukl-Naga tangle in
Manipur.
Mi l i tant ' s Rule» The National S o c i a l i s t Council
of Nagaland (NSCM) , whldi Is by far the strongest m i l i
tant group In the region* has been extracting "taxes" trom
Kukls* I t also recently served a quite notice on the
Kukls and imposed an economic blockade on the roads
leading to Moreh. The Kukl National Array (KNA) vhlch
has demanded a separate "Kuklland" within India and the
upgradatlon of the Kukl-domlnated Sadar H i l l sub-division
of Senapatl d i s t r i c t to a fu l l tledged d i s t r i c t , has to ld
the people of Moreh not tp pay taxes to the NSCN. This
has led to vident conf l i c t between the two ethnic groups*
The feud between the two underground groups* the NSCN
and t h e KNA# threatens to assume a dangerous txurn. While
the Kukl Students Federation had demanded resignation
of a l l Kukl ministers from the government* theNNagaland-
baseu Naga Students Federation has a l leged that t h e
38
s e c u r i t y forces a r e vising t h e KNA t o t a c k l e t h e
NSCN.
Despi te deployment of army and parami l i tary forces*
the task of r e s t o r i n g peace i s u n l i k e l y t o be easy# c o n s i
der ing that there are 17 armed o u t f i t s operat ing in Mani-
pur . Apart form the powerful Nat ional S o c i a l i s t Council
o f Nagaland (NSCN)« the PLA, the UNLF and many other
e q u a l l y powerful m i l i t a n t o u t f i t s ^ a whole range ofnnew
o r g a n i s a t i o n s have sprung up of l a t e *
Indo-Burroa L i b e r a t i o n Front i With the Indo-Burma
Revolut ionary Frohg (IBRF) v i r t u a l l y ceas ing t o e x i s t ,
e x e r c i s e s are on t o form y e t another J o i n t f ront o f
insurgent groups in t h e North-East . The i n i t i a t i v e t h i s
tlmelihas been taken up, q u i t e e x p e c t e d l y , by t h e Mulvah
f a c t i o n of the Nat ional S o c i a l i s t Council of Nagaland
(NSCN) which was l e f t out o f the e a r l i e r conglomeration,
According to sources In t h e Home M i n i s t r y , a t a meeting
i n Bangladesh the s e t t i n g up of t h e Indo-Burma L i b e r a t i o n
Front (ZBLF) was endorsed by a number of s e c e s s i d n l s t
groups operat ing i n t h e North E a s t , These Include NSCNm),
t h e prime mover, ULFA, which f o m e d part of the now
defunct IBRF and tne Bodo S e c u r i t y Force , a comparative
new-comer in t h e Insurgency s c e n a r i o .
The Indo Burma Revolut ionary Frontt The IBRF
39
was formed on May 22 , 1990 by t h e NSCN(K), ULFA and
t h e United Nat ional L ibera t ion Front iManlpur) t o "bullfl
up a u n i t e d s t r u g g l e on t h e land between India and Burma
and u n i t e the t r l b a l s t o achieve an Independent country",
The IBRF d e c l a r a t i o n was s igned by S .S . Khaplang, Arbindo
Rajkhowa lULFA) and Yalma (UNU) . The p e o p l e ' s L i b e r a t i o n
Army (PLA) # i n a l a s t minute b i d , had dec ide4 aga ins t
j o i n i n g the IBRP, although ev idence Indicated i t s pro
longed I n t e r a c t i o n wi th t h e conglomerat ion. The PLA
has l a t e l y sponsored an a l l i a n c e e x c l u s i v e l y of M e i t e i
insurgent bonds.
The ZBRF has become a dead o r g a n i s a t i o n long
before i t could be en l ivened t o act a s a c o l l e c t i v e body.
The IBRF* Chairman, Khaplang, i s now accused by h i s
d e t r a c t o r s of hobnobbing with the government of mdlA.
Another t o p funct ionary of the IBRF, Ka lpajyo t i Neo (ULFA^
has surrendered t o the a u t h o r i t i e s w i t h h i s f o l l o w e r s .
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EOONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Some of the social s c i e n t i s t s are covinced that
socio logical factors Influence direct ly or indirectly in the
development preaess to a great extent. Others are of the opinion
that the pace of change israrely conditioned by sciologlcal and
cultural d i f f c u l t i e * . there areexaples ofresistance to Imposed
changes. In some soc ie t i e s the technical innovations adversely
40 affect the normal social l i f e of the people. On the other hand
there are numerous exan»ples to demonstrate that an average
person would not hes i ta te to accept what Iseconomic interest
dictates* even though i t may ccmflict with so cal led social
i n t e r e s t . There are people In many social groins who xcpress
t h e i r d issat i s fact ion with the traditional b e l i e f s and customs
and feel that economic development may be induced only after
the removal of these s\:^erstitiona.
The studies carried out by the Agro Economic Research
Centre for North-East India clearly point out that the rural
people l i v ing either in the h i l l s or the pla ins are* today
aware ofgrowing need for rapid progress. We have evidencesto
demonstrate that when people have an opportunity that seems
to them to be l i g l c a l and economically beneficial they readily
accept i t . People in the rural areas of North-East India are
observed to be guite wi l l ing to adopt technical Innovations and
in most cases economic obtaclesare found to be dominant th«n
the social and cultural obstacles in the process of change and
development. Given the opportunity and necessary resource*.
rural people react favourably to the forces of change.
ecu CLU Slow
The North-East has assumed for larger and grave
dimensions* the entire region has become d e ^ l y involved in
the trouble. I t has affected every area of country's economy*
i t s agrrlculture* Industry and transport* are suffering from
shortage offuel and e l e c t r i c i t y . The leaders of the agitagion in
41 in Aasam over 'Foreign national issue* have be«i given a
chance to resolve the ir d l f feraices in the Ceitre in a
s p i r i t of'Give andtake*. Tension i s bull ing \xp dangerously
and i f i t goes on much longer i t wi l l defeat the very cause
which A.A.S.U, and A.A.G.S.P. seek to promote the integrity
ofthe State in the security as well of i t s people. The Central
Po l ice forces and the Army arefinding i f d i f f i c u l t to operate
because of the fa l se al legations brought against them from
time to time.
North-East problem i s a complex one and wil l not
y i e l d an easy solution* Numerous attempts have heen made to
solve the oitangled i ssue . Ihere have been a nximber of negotl«t
tion-between the agitation leaders* Government and the national
apposition partes .
The Central Govexnemtn must take \3p i t s mind and also
decide what i t wants* to allow the situation to dr i f t \«>uld
prove to be dangerous. Army and State pol ice should not be
involved in arson* looting* and r ^ e and should be provided
protection so that they can function e f f ec t ive ly .
We may also conclude that sociological problems may
not be a great hindrance to economic developrooit i f Adequate
measures to su i t the socio-economic structure of the people
are taken into account.
two
&^^[^rimA)^£d€a' iyOiouoofmiJiAm
42
MORTH-EJ ST STATES, PROBLEMS, ABDUCTION, BORDOLOI (Bolin Chandra)
PRABHAKARA (MS). Tea and terrorj An abduction and its aftermath.
frontline. 10,12; 1993, June, 5-18; 37-40.
Bolin Chandra Bordoloi, branch manager in Guwahati of
Tata Tea Limited and the youngest son of Lokapriya Gopinath
Bordoloi, the Prime Minister (in pre-independence days) and
the first Chief Minister (Post-indenpendence days) of Assam,
was abducted, while on his way home from office. His car was
obstructed by another car on a narrow road off the main Belt-
ola Road where the company's offices are situated; and in a
Jiffy he was forced out of his car at gun point and driven
away.
, ADJUSTMEMT, CIVIL SOCIETY, MNF, MIZORAM
RAY (Tapas). Mizoram Portents: Towards violence again
Frontline. 8,21; 1991, Oct, 12-25; 34- 9.
State Governor Swaraj Kaushal feels former MNF insur
gents have been facing adjustment problems with civil society
and a little responsiveness from the Governments at the state
and the centre would heal their sense of hurt. Kaushal is
confident there will be no return to insurgency if the former
(under grounds) are shown a little sympathy and are helped to
adjust to the present society in Mizoram, with when they came
face to face only five years ago.
43
— ^ — , ADMINISTRATION effecton GOVERNMENT,RIFT, MANIPUR
3. SERAM (Kishore) . Rift in Manipur ^vernment, as armed rebell
ion escalates. Link. 31,43;1989, June,4; 10-11.
Deals with the insurgency issue will be a prominent
rallejing point in the coming December polls. In fact, the
issue has driven a wedge between the Home Minister and the
Chief Minister. But the on going tussle for power and growing
dissidence is hampering the administrative functions ot the
dout and only weakens the efforts to end insursabotage of the
Chief Minister's peace initiative.
AGITATION, AASU, ASSAM
4. ASSAM NARROWING Identities. EPW. 25,20;1990, May,19;1060-61-
The one time AASU agitatinists spearheading the Assam
movement have in their reincarnation as ministers of the Assam
Gana Parishad government proued themselves unequal to the
consequences of the agitation on which they rode to power.
Undeniovoly the ethric exclusivism that is today splin tering
Assamese society is largely the outcome of the Assam frovement
5. DANGEROUS DEMAND. Indian Express. 58,142;1990, May, 14;8.
The ruling AGP demand tbat the next chairman of the
Duliajan based public sector oil India limited, must be an
4 1
Assamese, is perhaps the results of its regional political
corrpulsions. New Delhi, however, will create a dangerous pre
cedent if, for whatever reason, it concedes it, particularly
since it had at the height of the Assam agitation, buckled to
pressure from the AASU and had arbitrarily removed the then
incumbent, ma j-Gen. S.C.N. Jatar, in favour of a local itian.
ANTI-LIQUOR, FANIPUR
6. SWAMINATHAN (T.P.). Manipuri Women's crusade c ainst husband':^
boozing. Democratic world. 21,16;1992, Oct,15;42.
Anyman caught drinking by militant iManipuri women on
their nightly temperance patrols across Manipur is likely to
find himself stripped; tied atop a donkey and paraded through
the streets. iManipuri women have threatend hundreds of recidi-
uist liquor dealers with death if they did not cease trading in
alcohol and in some cases even advanced them some money to
start new ventures. They were sucessful even in stopping senior
politicians from serving liquor at parties, long before prohi
bition,
LANGUAGE, RECOGNITION, MANIFUR
7. PRAMAR (Suresh K). Manipurdemands linguistic identity.
Onlooker. 53,11;1992,June,15;52-< 3 .
Discusses the demand of Manipuri language should be
included in the 8th Schedule. Over the years the control leader
ship and successive Prime Ministers from Indta Gandhi to the
age w i l l be accorded r e c o g n i t i o n a t t h e " r i g h t t i m e " . i«hat has
annoyed t h e l e a d e r s of t h e a g i t a t i o n i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
c e n t r a l l e a d e r s h i p has been d ragg ing i t s f e e t on t h e demand.
POLICE, TRIPURA
8 . MAHAPATRA (Meera) , I m p l i c a t i o n s of P o l i c e Unres t in T r i p u r a .
L i n k . 35 ,15 ;1992 , Nov, 22; 1 8 - 9 .
Amidst p o l i t i c a l u n c e r t a i n t i e s , r i s i n g m i l i t a n c y and
growing soc id-economic problems t h e n o n - g a z e t t e d policemen and
homeguards of T r i p u r a launched a month long a g i t a t i o n w i t h a
1 3 - p o i n t c h a r t e r of demands. U l t i m a t e l y t h e a g i t a t i o n was
withdrawn under t remendous government p r e s s u r e . The disgrxinted
cops have j o i n e d d u t y . But in t h e absence of a mu tua l l y s a t i s
f a c t o r y r e s o l u t i o n of t h e problem, t h e f u t u r e s t a b i l i t y of t h e
s t a t e looks b l e a k .
— , — , — / VIOLENCE, ASSAM
9 , VIOLENCE IN Asaam. Ind ian E x p r e s s , 57 ,240 ;1989 , J u n e , 3 0 ; 8 .
There i s a bomb b l a s t , which k i l l e d 10 p o l i c e pe r sonne l
in Assams Kokra d i s t r i c t a s w e l l a s t h e u i o l e n c e dur ing t h e
ongoing 360-hour "Assam" band th once aga in u n d e r l i n e t h e a l a r
ming r o u t e the a g i t a t i o n by t h e Upen Brahma Wing oi t h e A l l -
Bodo S t u d e n t s Union f o r a s e p a r a t e s t a t e fo r Assam's p l a i n s
t r i b a l s i a t a k i n g ,
46
ARMED FORCES, OPERATION RHINO, ASSAM
10. PRABHAKARA (MS). Unending in Assam: Operation Rhino into a
groove. Frontline. 8,22;1991,Cct,26-Nov,8; 30-31.
Indeed, apart from the killings when have legitimately
provoked universal ccmdemnation, even routine searches by the
armed forces in connection with operation Rhino are now couered
with odium insofar as reports in the local press go.the armed
forces are invariably referred to as the * Indian Army'; every
action is described as an atrocity, indeed as 'inhuman atrocity ;
No interrogation is conducted without the suspect being subjec
ted to inhuman torture, without being given electric shocks
without the suspect being suspended upside down, without being
beaten.
OPERATION, BAJRANG, ASSAM
11. PRABHAKARA (MS), Entrenched in Assam on the impact of Operation
Rhino. Frontline. 8,26;1991; Dec, 21--1992, Jan, 3; 44-^7.
The author expresses the view that three months of
operation Rhino have apparently caused more damage to the ULFA
than the five months of operation Bajrong. Indeed, the Gout
readily released most of those arrested during operation Baj
rong as part of 'general amnesty' in partiol fulfilment of the
Governments own estimation most of those arrrested during oper
ation Bajrong were relatinely low-level activists.
47
ASSAM ACCORD
1 2 . S o - c a l l e d Assam a c c o r d . Ind ian E x p r e s s . 5 3 , 2 9 9 ; 1 9 8 5 , S e p t , 2 .
The Assam acco rd i s a c r u e l Joke on a l l t h r e e p a r t i e s
t h e immigrants t h e m s e l v e s , t h e govfemment of West Bengal and
and t h e Assamese p e o p l e . Leade r s of AASU and AAGSP can be
excused fo r a c c e p t i n g t h e a c c o r d . They have been f i g h t i n g wi th
t h e i r backs t o t h e wa l l f o r s i x long yea*.-s and have made e n o r
mous s a c r i f i c e s and have morever been under p r e s s u r e t o g ive
up t h e a g i t a t i o n . They a r e t h e u i c t i m s of t h e Government of
I n d i a ' s d i l a t o r y t a c t i c s . They have been f r a n k l y worn dov/n t o
t h e p o i n t of a c c e p t i n g any t e r m » , p rov ided t h e y he lped save
f a c e .
ANTI-MINORITY
13 . VASFI (Ausaf Sa ied) . Assam Occord l ike ly t o i n j e c t Un-certainty
fcesides conso l ida t ing anti-Muslim Atmosphere. Radiance. 21,18;
1985, Sept, 8-14; 1 ,11.
Analyses t h a t Assam Accord has in j ec ted a fresh a n t i -
Muslim element which might r e s u l t not only i n t o massive s t a t e
lessness and uncer ta in ty but a l s o help consol ida te on a n t i -
minority atmosphere in the s t a t e . "The operat ion Detect ion",
as the A-I Muslim Majlis -e - Mushwarat r e so lu t ion points out
might expose the e n t i r e Muslim minority t o the p o s s i b i l i t y of
persecution and harassment.
48
ASSAUfirS, TRIPURA
1 4 . ASSAULTS IN T r i p u r a I n d i a n E x p r e s s . 5 7 , 1 8 5 ; 1 9 8 9 , M a y , 6 ; 8 .
The R e c e n t a t t a c k on f ' r . S , Subramanium, T r i p u r a ' s
A d d i t i o n a l C h i e f S e c r e t a r y / who i s now i n a C a l c u t t a , H o s p i t a l
w i t h s e r i o u s h e a d i n j u r i e s , h a s come i n t h e wave of s e v e r a l
s i m i l a r a s s a u l t s on s e n i o r g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c i a l s of t h e s t a t e
by " U n i d e n t i f i e d y o u t h s " . The v i c t i m s i n c l u d e a n o t h e r IAS
o f f i c e r , t h e S e c r e t a ? 7 of t h e s t a t e p u b l i c w o r k s d e p a r t m e n t ,
an IPS o f f i c e r and two e x e c u t i v e e n g i n e e r s , one or whom i s
s t i l l i n h o s p i t a l .
ASSEf«LY ELECriONiS, ASSAM, 1990
1 5 . NCTQUITE THE remedy . S t a t e s m a n . 1 1 9 , 9 1 0 9 ; 1 9 9 0 ; S e p t , 1 3 ; 6 .
Muft i Mohammad S a y e e d ' s somewhat u n e x p e c t e d pronoxoncement
on t h e i n a d v i s a b i l i t y of h o l d i n g Assembly e l e c t i o n s i n Assam
i n Decernber must h a v e promped M r . P r a f u l l a Kumar: Mahanta a t l a t t
t o t a l k o f b a n n i n g t h e v a r i o u s e x t r e m i s t o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n h i s
s t a t e . But b o t h s t e p s migh t p r o v e t o b e c o u n t e r p r o d u c t i v e i f
t h e p u r p o s e i s t o s h e l v e p r o b l e m s f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g and n o t
f i r m l y t o d e a l w i t h a d a n g e r o u s l y l a w l e s s s i t u a t i o n .
AUTCHOMCUS DISTRICT COUNCIL, DEMAND, HMAR, MIZORAM
1 6 . PRAMAR ( S u r e s h K ) . Hmar «lemand feejected. O n 1 c o d e r . 5 2 , 1 2 ; 1990 ,
J u l y , 1 5 ; 3 3 - f 4 .
L e a d i n g members o t t h e Mizoram g o v e r n m e n t , I n c l u d i n g t h e
Chie f M i n i s t e r , h a v e c a t e g o r i c a l l y r e j e c t e d t h e demand f o r an
au tonomous d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l f o r t h e Pixar t r i b a l s . So r e l a t i o n s
49
between t h e hianipur and Mizoram governments a r e l i k e l y t o
come under spa in because of t h e open suppor t be ing ex tended
t o t h e r e b e l s by members of t h e Manipur c a b n e t . Mizo l e a d e r s
a r e unhappy over t h e f a c t t h a t Manipur l e a d e r s a r e adding
fue l t o t h e f i r e only t o c r e a t e l a w l e s s n e s s and p o l i t i c a l
u n c e r t a i n t y in Mizoram.
BANKING
1 7 . SARMA(Bibekananda). Banking in t h e Nor th rEas t«Yo lana . 35 ,
22; 1991 , D e c , 1 5 ; 2 4 - 5 .
In some of t h e s t a t e s of t h e r e g i o n i n c r e a s e in bank
couerage and c r e d i t d e p o s i t r a t i o have only l i m i t e d impact
because of t h e f a c t t h a t d e p o s i t ba se of t h e banks a r e s i g
n i f i c a n t l y low. I t w i l l be p e r t i n e n t t o mention he re t h a t
few bank b r a n c h e s l o c a t e d in t h e r u r a l and unbanked c e r t r e s
of t h i s r eg ion have not been a b l e t o m o b i l i s e t h e minimum
amount d e p o s i t s b u t t hey have l e n t money t o t h e customers
under v a r i o u s government schemes . Th i s i n d i r e c t l y means t h a t
some of t h e bank o f f i c e s have d ivermaking b r a n c h e s .
BODOLAND ACCORD, ASSAM
1 8 . KAKATI ( S a t i s ch ) c l o s e look ^ ;ttieBodoland accord . Illti-^I'V'Jb-L
•^-e^l^l^ c4 > ^ c U - t ^ ^ A l ) 1^93. 3 u > ^ 3 - 9 ; ^ 8 - 9 .
Author examines t h a t t h e Eodo problem i s seen as t h e
b e g i n l n g f o r meet ing t h e a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e e t h n i c e lements of
Assam and, a t t h e some t i m e , in keeping t h e Assamese s o c i e t y
50
w i l l approach the new experiment with a proper and r e a l i s t i c
understanding, not al lowing emotion t o cloud a r ight d e c i s
ion on the s e n s l t u r e i ssue on the t r i b a l s of Assam.
19, KAKATKSatis Ch ) . c lose look at the Bodoland accord,
Times of I n d i a . 156, 154;1993, June, 30; 8-9.
The concept of autonomy t o e thn ic group of Assam i s
considered by many observers of Assam's p o l i t i c a l scenar io
as unavoidable consider ing the pecu l i a r population complex
of t h e s t a t e and the imperat ive of a federal type machanism
of gouemornce for Assam. However, t o have found out a
scheme towards so lu t ion of the Bodo problem i s seen as the
begining for meeting the a s p i r a t i o n ' s of the e thn ic elements
ot Assam and, a t the same t ime, in keeping the Assamese
society in peace, but i t a l l depends on whether the d i f f e ren t
segments ot the socifet^y w i l l approach the new experiment
with a proper and r e a l i s t i c understanding, not a l loulng
emotion t o cloud a r i gh t decis ion on the s e n s i t i v e i ssue on
the t r i b a l s ot Assam.
20, SAVING THE accord. Times of Ind i a . 157,174;1994, J u l y , 2 5 ; 10,
The l a t e s t Inc id lden t s or seat ion violence In Borpeta
in Assam once again underscore the of hoping tha t the Bodo
accord in i ts 'preseht""form can bring peace t o the troi±)led
s t a t e . In f ac t , events have taken a dangerous turn with the
s e t t l e r s usual ly the t a r g e t of a t t acks by Bodo ex t remis t s
51
and who h a v e d i s p l a y e d c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s f r a i n t u n t i l l now-
o r g a n i s i n g t h e m s e l v e s afnd s t r i k i n g b a c k . Whi le t h e p r e s e n t
BODOLAMD, AGITATJON, ASSAM
2 1 . ASSAM : Understanding Bodonationalism. EFW.19,35;1994, Aug,27;
2253.
Many fac tors have con t r ibu ted t o Eodona t iona l i s t i c
a s s e r t i o n . To see the violence as merely a ca lcu la ted move t o
d r ive out non-Bodos and ensure t h a t the Bodos would form a
major i ty"in the BAG area would be not meraly a mechanical
reading of a complex s i t u a t i o n but would a l so be ignoring the
hard demagraphic r e a l i t i e s . A most d i s tu rb ing f a l l out of the
r i o t s i s the near complete communal d iv ide . Almost every Bodo
leader has t raced the o r ig ions of the r i o t s t o the corrtoing
opera t ions 13 in which, i t i s a l l eged , the pol ice i nc i t ed
minority youth t o a t t ack Eodo s e t t l e m e n t s .
22. BODO AGITATION. Economic Times. 15, 334; 1989, i-larch,2;5.
Discusses the two-decade long Bodo ag i t a t i on claimed
na t i ona l a t t e n t i o n wherf, a t the annual conference of ABBSU in
December l a s t , a decision was taken t h a t hence forward the
movement would work fof r e a l i s i n g i t s th ree major p o l i t i c a l
demands. The AGP'-government has a l leged tha t :;ew Delhi has
encouragf^d the ABSU leafdership t o drop the economic, c u l t u r a l
and soc ia l demands and 'mount p ressure for the creat ion of a
52
new s t a t e ,
2 3 . FRABHAKARA(MS). What d i d t h e Bodos a c h i e v e . H i n d u . 116 , 5 9 ; 1 9 9 3 ,
M a r c h , 1 1 ; 8 .
I t a p p e a r s l i k e a d e a l h a s t i l y e n t e r e d i n t o by t h e
a g i t a t i o n l e a d e r s , who r e a l i s e d t h a t t h e t i m e was r u n n i n g o u t
f o r t h e m and t h e a g i t a t i o n t o o v/as r u n n i n g o u t of s t e a m .
BCDCLANT), ASSAM
24. BHATTA (Suren) . Assam has yet t o go a long way. New wave. 22,
31, 1993, March,28; 5 ,11 .
Ultimately in the wake of the Assam ag i t a t i on and
encanraged by the suceers of AASU, the b i r t h of ABSU had been
f a c i t i t a t e d , which launched the a g i t a t i o n for a separa te Bodo-
i t n e . The scrupulus and s incere implementation of the agrement
in i t s l e t t e r and s p i r i t i s t he re fo re of c ruc ia l and dec i s ive
importance, because f a i l u r e t o y ie ld the desired r e s u l t s t o
the expecta t ion of the Borop«ople w i l l only furnish the favour
able condi t ions for BSP t o carry on i t s compaigra of violence
and depreda t ions ,
25. DAS ( I n d i r a ) . Why the Bodos are angry. Link. 31,31; 1989, M«rch;
12; 15—6.
Perhaps one of the gravest problems the Bodos have had
t o f.Tce over the years r e l a t e s t o land. Despite r e s t r i c t i o n s
on land t r a n s f e r s between tribal. ' - and n o n - t r i b a l s , immigrant
53
Bengali Muslims and Hindus have gradual ly taken over l a rge
areas of a g r i c u l t u r a l l ands . Laws p ro t i c t i r ig t r i b a l s land
here mis in te rp re ted and misused t o depr ive the t r i b a l s of
t h e i r land with unfor tunate r e s u l t s almost 60 percent of
t h e i r land was taken over by n o n - t r i b a l s .
26. GUPTA (Barxin Das), T r i p a r t i t e t a l k s on Bodo i s s u e . Link. 31
47; 1989, J u l y , 2 ; 10-11 .
Discusses amidst unabated violence the AB'SU has spons
ored a 340-hour bandh f rom Jione, 26. Mean while t r i p a r t i t e
ta lkson the problem are l i k e l y t o be held in the f i r s t week
of t h i s month. While the congress i s undoubtedly t r i n g t o ex
p l o i t the Bodo ag i t a t ion t o ent jarrags ' the AGP Government, the
l a t t e r can not be absolued of i t s snare of the blame.
27. MANDA(Mira Rani) . Bodoland: A nes t of problems. Link. 34,45;
1992, June, 21; 13—4.
Experience shews t h a t as and when the moderate l eade r
ship in any kind of movement i s d e l i b e r a t e l y or otherwise
weakond, the h a r l i n e r s takeup the governments. Bodoland a g i t
a t ion seems t o be going the same way. Unfortunately, the Bodos
do not even get the c o n s t i t u a t l o n a l p ro tec t ion of any kind
because of the fact t h a t the s ix th schedule of the Indian
cons t l t l on provides for the s e t t i ngup of the d i s t r i c t t r i b a l
54
councils only In the hilly regions of the country.
— , , BODOLAND, DEMAND, ASSAM
28, BEY (Hanvdi) . Everybody is poaching on Bodo preserve.Times of
India Magazine. 152,178;1989, june^28;3.
Discusses the Bodos are a much fragmented family, who in
the past, oceupied larger area in the countty then they do today
Even now they inhabit a territory extending from Haridwar to
Dibrugarh, narrow in the west but broadening eastward. A river's
name which begins or ends with a 't^) or'di* was originally a
Bodo name. There are more than 50 such names in north India.
The scene or the presBBt Bodo agitation is what used to be called
the eastern Duars, a strip ot territory ceded by Bhutan after
the 1865 war. The Eodos in Assam are the lone tribal community
in the plain and must be preeerued.
29. DA TGER OF BODOLAND. Democratic world. 18,37; 1989, Sept, 10;
1-2.
After the first round of tripartite taks, the ABSU pre
sident upendra Nath Brahma declared that there would be armed
revolt it the centre did not concede Bodoland, a separate state
in Assam, by next year. The student leader is eeholng tn? senti-
rnehts. Hundred of tham have died in various classes. Brahma
warred that the entire Assam would burn if Dodoland was not
conceded. The AGP Government in Assam is showing signs of
55
weakness and if the cent re pushes the Dode card^ the Assam
Government rray co l l apse . But such a p o l i t i c a l mainpulation wi l l
se t a dangerous precedent .
30 . GOHAIN(Hiren) . Bodo A t i r in t>-^spective. EPW. 24,25;1989, Ju ly ,
24; 1377-9.
Discusses the Bodo gr ievances can be best redressed
through a package deal which may include euic t ion of n o n - t r i b a l
people who have encroached on t r i b a l land a f t e r a cu t t off year
c rea t ion of small autonomous regions where the Bodo population
i s comparatively numerous, spec i a l safeguards for Bodo unguage
and cu l tu re and most important , shar ing power with t he t r i b a l s
a t the highest level in t he s t a t e , with Bodo members having
permanent ber ths in the s t a t e cabinet and the smaller t r i b e s
being represented on i t by r o t a t i o n ,
3 1 . KAMAROOPI ASsam: Now t h e r e , now not t h e r e . EPW.27,30;1992,
J u l y , 25;1593.
There themes dominated the depate on the no confidence
motion in the Assam assembly: the Chief Min i s t e r ' s con tor t ions
on i l l e g a l migrants from Bangladesh, the statemate over formal
t aks with ULFA and the demands for a separa te Bodoland and an
autonomous t i l l d i s t r i c t region.
se
3 2 . m S R A ( U d a y o n ) . B o d o : s t i r ; complex i s s u e s , U n a t t a l r a b l e .
demands.EPW. 2 4 , 2 1 ; 1 9 8 9 , May, 2 7 ; 1 1 4 6 - 9 .
I t was p e r h a p s t o o much t o e x p e c t t h a t t h e AGP
gove rnmen t in Assam wou ld b e a b l e t o s h a k e o f f t h e l e g a c y
i n h e r e t e d from d e c a d e s of c o n g r e s s r u l e of n e g l a c t of t h e
t r i b a l p e o p l e and of t r i b a l a r e a s . But i t c o u l d h a v e made a
s i n c e r e e f f o r t t o w a r d s r e d u c i n g t h e more g l a r i n g i n e q u i t i e s
I n s t e a d i t wa" t o o enmeshed in i t s own n a r r o w p o l i t i c a l c a l
c u l a t i o n s t o pay n e e d t o g e n u i n e t r i b a l g r i e v a n c e s .
BODOS, CHARACTERISTICS- CULTURAL/SOCIAL
33. MCSAHARY (RM). Bodos i n t h e N o r t h - E a s t : T h e i r p r e d i c a m e n t s
and a s p i r a t i o n s . Man and D e v e l o p m e n t . 1 1 , 4 ; 1 9 8 9 ; 8 4 - 9 6 .
The a u t h o r h i g h t l i g h t s t h e s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l c h a
r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Bodos and t h e i r c h a n g i n g d e m o g r a p h i c
c o n p o s l t i o n n i s t o r l c a l l y . T r a c i n g t h e g e n e s i s of t h e Assamese
e t i t e , d o m i n a t i o n of n o n - t r i b a l s i n J o b s and e d u c a t i o n , l a n d
a l i e n a t i o n and c u l t u r a l a l i e n a t i o n a s t h e ma jo r f a c t o r s
c o n t r i b u t i n g t o movement of t h e Bodos f o r a s e p a r a t e s t a t e .
TERROR, ASSAM
3 4 . P R A M A R ( S ) . Assam: Bodos s t r i d e t e r r o r t n t e a b e l t . O n l o o k e r .
5 3 , 9 ; 1 9 9 2 , May ,15 ; 4 8 .
D e a l s w i t h t h e r e c e n t g o r y k i l l i n g of t h e manager
of t h e p a n b a r l Tea E s t a t e , CS c h a k r a b o r t y , h a s s p e a d t e r r o r
57
and ange r among t h e employees of t h e t e a ga rdens in t h e a r e a .
In an angry o u t b u r s t I r a t e workers a t t a c h e d nearby Bode u i l l -
ages and b u r s t down over ICO h o u s e s . Cne of t h e major hundles
in o p e r a t i o n ? a g a i n s t t h e BSF i s t h e f a c t t h a t t hey have
e s t a b l i s h e d ba se s in t h e wooded a r e a s of B h u t a n , S e c u r i t y f o r c e s
a r e not a b l e t o fo l low t h e Bodos t o t h e i r t r a i n i n g camps.
BUPEAUCPACY, POLITICAL, 1993
3 5 . DAYAL(Gyanesh w a r ) . North E a s t ; Images ' 9 3 . Rash t rya S a h a r a .
l , 9 ; 1 9 9 4 , J a n , 80 .
I n d i c a t e s s t a t e s l y i n g a t t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p e r i p h e r y
of t h e n a t i o n remained s a n d l i c h e d between p o l i t i c a l and b u r e
a u c r a t i c f a i l u r e . There seemed t o be some d r i f t w i th t h e Boco
accord bu t i t was drowned in t h e i n t e r t r i b a l w a r f a r e . The
worse come t o t h e wort w i th r i s e in drug t r a f f i c k i n g and a t t
endant AIDS c a s e s .
TRIPURA
3 6 . BARMA(S Dev) . T r i p u r a >ieport. F r o n t i e r . 1 2 / 5 - 7 ; 1 9 7 9 , S e p t , 2 9 -
C c t , 1 3 ; 3 - 8 .
Analyses t h a t in Asarambari c l a s s l e a d e r s h i p has helped
mass s t r u g g l e ach ieve a t r u l y r e r o l u t i o n a r y c h a r a c t e r and c l a s s
b a s i s . Dv/ell on one s imple f a c t in Asa r imbar i and wherever t h e
k r i s h a k . Mukti s ami t s i s s t r o n g , t h e r e i s no t r a c e of Amra
E a n g a l l , t h a t danger which e l sewhere in T r i p u r a r e q u i r e s massive
m o b i l i s a t i o n of p o l i c e and burencracy by a ' p o p u l a r government;
58
BUSIK^SS e f f e c t Of ABDUCTIONS, ASSAM FARZAND AHKAD.
3 7 . /ISSAM LOOSTNGii B u s i n e s s : k i d n a p p i n g s and e x t o r t i o n s f o r c e c a p i t a l
t o f l e e . I n d i a T o d a y . 1 8 , 1 4 ; 1 9 9 3 ^ J u l y , 16-31 ; 7 8 — 9 .
I f a t r a d e and i n d u s t r y a r e d y i n g due t o t e r r o r i s m , t h e
m i l i t a n t s t h e m s e l v e s a r e d o i n g good b u s i n e s s . T r a d e and i n d u s
t r y s o u r c e s say t h a t u n d e r t h e c o v e r of s t a g e - m a n a g e d s u r r e n d e r s ,
S a i k i a in f a c t gave l i c e n c e t o t h e m i l i t a n t o u t f i t s t o o p e r a t e .
A c c o r d i n g t o a s e n i o r p o l i c e o f f i c i a l , t h e v a r i o u s g r o u p s
h a v e t h e i r s y n d i c a t e s c o n t r o l t n e f i s h , c o a l and f r e s h c o a l
m a r k e t s . And nobody can do b u s i n e s s w i t h o u t t h e i r c o n s e n t .
TERRORIST ACTIVITY, MILITANT GROUPS
3 8 . FARZAND AHNED. Assam: l o s i n g b u s i n e s s . I n d i a T o d a y . 1 8 , 1 4 ;
1 9 9 3 , J u l y , 1 6 - 3 1 ; 7 8 — 9 .
D i s c u s s e s t h e t e r r o r i s t a c t i v i t y and m i l i t a n t g r o u p s
who h a v e t h e i r s y n d i c a t e s c o n t r o l t h e f i s h , c o a l and f r e s h
m a r k e t . And nobody can d o b u s i n e s s w i t h o u t t h e i r c o n s e n t . " o n e
d a y " w a r n s a G u w a h a t i - b a s e d i n d u s t r i a l i s t , " S a i k i a and t h e m i l i -
t o r t s w i l l wave up t o f i n d t h e m s e l v e s a l l a l o n e . E v e r y o n e e l e s e
would have p a c l e d h i s b o y s and l e f t . "
CLASHES, COMfWNAL, BARPETA, ASSAM
3 9 . BHATTA(Suren). Unique C o m b i n a t i o n of Communal Hoodlums w i t h
t e r r o r i s t M a r a u d e r s . New Wave. 2 4 , 4 1 9 9 4 , S e p t , 4 ; 5 .
D e a l s c o r r b a t l n g t e r r o r i s t menace h a s been made a l l
more d i f f i c u l t by d i n l s l v e f o r c e s and u n l n e r a b l l i t y of t h e
59
r u l i n g p a r t y c o n g r e s ( I ) t o i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t o i t of a l l
k inds of a l i e n e l emen t s and pe r sona n o n - g r a t a , and un
h i n d e r e d scope f o r i n d u l g i n g in f a c t i o n a b s i o n in t h e
name of e x e r c i s i n g democra t i c r i g h t t o d i s s e n t . As t h e
dus t of t h e s to rm i s s e t t l i n g a t Barpe ta now, S a i k i a
government w i l l do we l l t o make a p r o b i n g and c r i t i c a l
rev ie ' - of i t s omiss ions and commiss ions .
MANIPUR,MAY,3-6, 1993 " " " # I I I
4 0 . ABDI(SNM) . Massacre in Manipur. 11 l iMt^o^j ' 1^-^<<^ °-f 3 ^ ' ^
27; 1993, J u l y , 3 - 9 ; 7 - 9 .
In o r c h e s t r a t e d a t t a c k s on t h e t i n g Muslim
popu l a t i on in t h e Manipur Va l l ey , Hoodlums of t h e maj
o r i t y Hindu v a i s h n a l u i t e community c lobbe red t o d e a t h
a 100 v i c t i m s , i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l c h i l d r e n , in may t h i s
y e a r . The n a t i o n a l media v i r t u a l l y missed t h e s t o r y .
The p o l i c e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p did
n o t h i n g t o pre-empt o r Hal t t h e b i l l i n g s p r e e .
4 1 . MAZARBHUIYAN ( N l ) . More l i g h t on Manipur Carnage .Rad iance ,
28 ,32 ;1993 , J u n e , 13 — 9; 7 .
According t o a p r e l i m i n a r y s u r n i n g , TTearly 500
60
houses belonging to 200 families, have been burnt tog
ether with seven mosques.
The communal genocide that has strained the narre
of r nipur on May 3-6 is not a sudden out bracK but a
successful end of a well thought plan nourished for the
last one year. The plan was latched by certain profess
ional groups in communalism after their failure to erect
a temple at leimachin Hillock used for long as Muslim
graveyard on the face of strong reistance from the Muslim.
TRIPURA
42. RAM(Mohan). Plague on a l l the p a r t i e s . For Eastern Economic
REVIEW. 112,16;1981, Apr i l . 10;36.
Since the June 1980 carnage in which indigenous
w i l l p^^ople and Bengali-speaking ou t s ide r s (mostly from
Bangladesh) massacred each other t h e r e has been a tenuous
t r i c e in Tr ipur ra s t a t e . However fears l i nge r t h a t the
inc ip ien t insurgency might f l a r e again and t h a t i n t e r -
communal k i l l i n g s could resume. Resumption ot inter-commu
nal violence in Tripura seems poss ib le as t he e t h n i c h i l l
people lose f a i t h in the p o l i t i c i a n s .
61
CLASHE S, NAGALAND
4 3 . NAGALAND: C o n t i n u i n g v i o l e n c e . JjPW^- 1 9 , 3 ; i S 9 ' 4 ,
mmfk J a n , 15 ; 6 8 .
The ambush of a column ot t h e 12 m a r a t h a l i g h t
by Maga i n s u r g e n t s n e a r mokokchung on t h e morn ing of
Decerrtoer 20 , i n w h i c h 14 army p e r s o n a l i n c l u d i n g a
c o l n e l were k i l l e d and t h e i r weapons t o o t e d , i s o n l y t h e
l a t e s t o t c o n t i n u i n g c l a s h a s t h a t have been g o i n g on
be tween t h e armed f o r c e s and t h e i n s u r g e n t s f o r s e v r a l
m c - t h s new in t h e Mokokchung Zunhebotc- ' . . 'okha a r e a o t
Maga land .
, — , CCrKUMAL SITUATION.
4 4 . GOKHALE ( N i t i n A ) . K e e p i n g v i g i l . S u n d a y . 2 1 , 2 3 ; 1 9 9 4
J u n e , 5 - 1 1 ; 8 8 — 9 .
The army r a i s e s a new u n i t t o m o j i t o r t h e comfr-
u n a l s i t u a t i o n in t h e n o r t h e s t new u n i t c a l l e d t h e
I n t e r n a l S e c u r i t y Group i s s e t u p . The j o b of t h e ISG
i s t o keep a w a t c h on t h e communal s i t u a t i o n . De fence
e x p e r t s say t h a t t h e ISG c o u l d p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e i n f o r
ma t ion t o t h e t r o p s b e f o r e i t moves in foi a c t i o n .
The ISG w i l l a l s o a c t P^S a f o i l t o t h e P a k i s t a n i I S I .
62
CONFLICT, CCMGRESS-TUJS TRIFURA
4 5 . PRAMAR ( Suresh K) . T r i p u r a : S t r a i n s In Congress-TUJS
a l l i a n c e . On 1 c o d e r . 53 , 9 ; 1992, May, 15; 51—2.
The changing a t t i t u d e of t h e congress p a r t y i s
caus ing s e t t i n k i n g among t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t h e TUJS.
The CPM has t a k e n advantage of t h i s uncer t a i n t y w i t h i n
t h e TUJS t o renew i t s c ^ l l t o t h e p a r t y t o q u i t t h e
c o a l i t i o n and j o i n t h e CFM in a new s e t u p p o i n t i n g out
t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t t h e congres s w i l l dump t h e
TUJS in t h e nex t e l e c t i o n s anc go i t a lone t h e CPM t r i b a l
l e a d e r , D a s a r a t h Deb, hass c a l l e d upon t h e TUJS t o j o i n
hands wi th t h e CPM.
INTER-TRIBAL, MANIPUR
4 6 . SIMHA ( S h i r e s h ) . Dances of t h e wo lves . R a s h t r i y a Sahara
1 ,7 ;1993 , K^ov, 17 -20 .
Th i s p a p e r examines , a s t h e golden rays of the
sun l i g h t up t h e day, Manipur ls wave up t o n e a r t h a t a
vl l la^jo nas been p a i n t e d crimson wi th t h e blood of one
t r i b a l group a t t h e handy of a n o t h e r . Th i s has become
t h e o r d e r of t h e day .
63
NAGA MILITANCY, UKKRUL, T'lANIFUR
4 7 . TARUN KUMAR. B l o o d - F e u d among Haga r e b e l s . H i n d u s t a n
1*10163. 6 2 , 214 ; 1 9 8 5 , Aug, 4 ; 4-.
Wes t e rn T a n g k h u l in u k h r u e d i s t r i c t of Manipur
i s t h e c r a d l e of Naga m i l i t a n c y , some r e c e n t e v e n t s
h o w e v e r , have r e s u l t e d i n t h e e r r e r g e n c e of t w o g r o u p s ,
b o t h of whom a r e f i g h t i n g f o r s u p r e m a c y . T h i s p a p e r a l s o
shows t h e i d e o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c a s b e t w e e n t h e r i v a l
f a c t i o n s ,
NSCN, IBRF
4 8 . KAMAPCOFI. N o r t h - E a s t d i s t u r b i n g P o r t e n t s . EPW, 2 8 , 5 2 ;
1 9 9 3 , Dec , 2 5 ; 2 8 5 6 - ^ .
A u t h o r d i s c u s s e s t h e r e c e n t e x b h a n g e of p o l e m i e s
be tween t h e muivah f a c t i o n of t h e : i a t i o n a l s o c i a l i s t
c o u n c i l of >Tagaland (f:sCM) and t h e I n d o - Burma R e v o l u t
i o n a r y F r o n t (JBRF) s u g g e s t s t h a t more c e r f i c t s be tween
t h e two may b e in t h e o f f i n g ,
DEMA TD, ALTCNOMOUS, DISTRICTS ASSAM
4 9 . HUSSAIN (Wasb i r ) . Autonomy f o r 2 Assam d i s t r i c t s .
T e l e q r p h . 1 3 , 5 8 ; 1 9 9 4 , S e p t , 3 ; 1 .
Dl5 ;cusses l o n g a w a i t e d H i l l T r i b a l Accord i s
64
l i k e l y t o b e s i g n e d in new E e l h i a t a t r i p a r t i t e m e e t i n g
b e t w e e n t h e c e n t r e , t h e Assam g o v e r n m e n t and t h e a g i t a t i n g
Autonomons s t a t e Demand c o m m i t t e e (ASDC) conuened by t h e
Union Hom m i n i s t r y . The a c c o r d , when s i g n e d , w i l l e l e v a t e
A s s a m ' s t w o v / i l l d i s t r i c t s , K a r b i Ang long and N o r t h c a c h e r
H i l l s , i n t o au tonomous t e r r i t o r i e s , b r i n g t h e c u r t a i n down
on t h e e i g h t y e a r l o n g au tonomous s t a t e moven-;ent l a u n c h e d
by t h e ASDC on .Vay 1 7 , 1 9 8 6 .
IMPLEMEHTATIOM, ASSAM ACCORD, AGITATION, ASSAM
5 0 - MENON ( R a e s h ) . Assam: f a i l e d a c c o r d . I n d i a T o d a y . 1 2 , 2 0 ;
1987 , O c t , 1 6 - 3 1 ; 7 0 .
A f t e r 24 months of p e a c e , t h e AASU p l a n s t o renew
i t s a g i t a t i o n t h i s t i m e t o demand t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of
t h e a c c o r d , w i t h t h e AASU a n n o u n c e m e n t , t h e AGP Government
i s c l e a r l y u n d e r p r e s s u r e . But c a u g h t a s i t i s be tween t h e
a n g r y s t u r i e n t s and an i n d i f f e r e n t c e n t r e , i t f i n d s i t s e l f
w i t h l i m i t e d s p a c e f o r m a n o e u v r e .
JOB RESEaVATIOM, LAHGUAGE, BODC STUDE^r^, ASSAM
5 1 . MEMQN ( R a m e s h ) . Assam: "Role r e v e r s a l . I n d i a T o d a y . 14 , 5 ;
1989 , March, 1 -5 ; 8 5 — 7 .
A n a l y s e s t h a t b e s i d e s a s e p a r a t e s t a t e , t he
65
a g i t a t i n g Bodo s t u d e n t s demand g r a c t e r j o b r e s e r v a t i o n s
and i n c l u s i o n of t h e Bodo l a n g u a g e in t h e E i g h t s c h e d u l e
of t h e I n d i a n C o n s t i t u t i o n . B o t h f l ahan ta and Phukan have
s a i d t h a t t h e y a r e r e a d y t o c o n s i d e r a l l t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
demands of t h e t r i b a l s b u t s i m p l y c a n n o t a g r e e t o any
f u r t h e r d i v i s i o n *
MONEY, POLITICS
5 2 . PANT ( S u d h i r ) . N o r t h - E a s t in t h e m a e l s t r o m of s t r a n g e
politics. L i n k . 3 5 , 3 2 / 1 9 9 3 , i ^ r c h , 2 1 ; 6 - 7 .
Caught be tween s h i f t y , s e l f s e r u i n g g o v e r n m e n t s
and v a r i o u s g r o u p s of e x t r e m i s t h o t h e a d s , a r e t h e h a p l e s s
p e o p l e of t h e > : o r t h - E a s t . The f o r m e r have made them r i d e
t h e hobby h o r s e o t i n s t a b i l i t y and t h e l a t t e r h a v e t a k e n
them on a J o y r i d e of t e r r o r , w i t h r e c u r r i n g demands of
p r o t e c t i o n money, e x t o r t i o n money and h - a d money. At one
l e v e l a r e t h e s u r t u v a l games p l a y e d ou t by t h e p r o a c t i c a l
p o l i t i c i o n s a n d , t t h e o t h e r , a r e t h e more s i n i s t e r l y
i d e a ? t h a t a community can o n l y be d e f i n e d by t h e g e o g r -
p h i c of l i m i t s i t o c c u p i e s .
POLITICAL, SEPARATE AHOM STATE, ASSAM
5 3 . DAS ( I n d i r a ) . L a s t g l o r y h a u / i t s Ahoms. L i n k . 3 1 , 3 3 ; 1 9 8 9 ,
March, 2 6 ; 1 5 .
A l t h o u g h t h e dem^and f o r an Ahom l a n d i s s t i l l a
66
f a i n t c r y , t h e r e I s n o g a i n s a y i n g t h a t t h i s p o n c e r f u l
r a c e , wh ich one r u l e d Assam and w h i c h new f i n d s i t s e l f
r e d u c e d t o t h e u n e n v i a b l e s t a t u s of a b a c i w a r d community
i s s m a r t i n g w i t h r e s e n t m e n t . And can i n d e e d , a t t h e f i r s t
o p p o r t u n i t y s p r e a d l i k e f o r e s t f i r e in s e a r c h of a d ream
f o r a s e p a r a t e Ahom s t a t e .
REGICNAL COUNCIL, LUSAI, LANGUAGE, TRIPURA
5 4 . CHAKRABCRTY (Suj^Jt Kumar ) . TUJS Opposes s e p e r a t e r e g i o n a l
c o u n c i l p l a n . L i n k . 3 1 , 1 9 ; 1 9 8 8 , D e c , 1 8 ; 2 9 .
The r emote M i z o - d o m i n a t e d J a m p u i H i l l a r e a of
T r i p u r a i s h o t t i n g up a g a i n w i t h t h e demand f o r s e t t i n g
up a s e p e r a t e r e g i o n a l c o u n c i l and t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e
l u s a i (Mizo) l a n g u a g e a s t h e medium of i n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e
p r i m a r y l e v e l . The s t a t e Government i s y e t t o a n n o u n c e i t s
d e c i s i o n in t h i s r e g a r d a l t h o u g h t h e c o a l i t i o n p a r t n e r , t h e
TUJS h a s c l e a r e l y opposed t h e demand b e c a u s e t h e i d e a of
s e t t i n g up of a n o t h e r r e g i o n a l cov inc i l w i t h i n t h e a u f o n o -
mous d i s t r i c t c o u n c i a l a r e a whou ld c r e a t e c h a o s and b r e k k
t h e c o m p a c t n e s s of t h e t r i b a l m a s s .
SOVEREIGNTY, INDEPEMDENT STATE,
5 5 . ROY ( S i n g h ) . S i n i s t e r d e s i g n s of Burmese , N o r t h E a s t e r n
r e b e l s . L i n k . 3 3 , 2 2 ; 1 9 9 1 , J a n , 6; 2 9 - 3 1 .
Thn r e b p l o u t f i t s in t h e N o r t h - E a s t e r n S t a t e s and
67
t h e Burmese b o r d e r a r e d e m a n d i n g a s o n e r e i g n i n d e p e n c e n t
s t a t e c o m p r i r i n g some r e a s of Burma and t h e s e s t a t e s .
T h i s i s o b v i o u s l y a c h a l l e n g e t o t h e i n t e g r i t y and s o
v e r e i g n t y of t h i s c o u n t r y . A l l p r e c a n t i o n s s h o u l d be
t a k e n a g a i n s t t h e s e s i n i s t e r d e s i g n s .
TRIBAL, AirrCNOiMOUS STATE, ASSAM
5 6 . HUSSAIN(Moni ru l ) . T r i b a l riovement f o r Autonomous S t a t e
i n Assam. EPW. 2 2 , 3 2 ; 1 9 8 7 ; Aug, 8 ;1329—^Z-
E x p r e s s t h e demand of t h e h i l l p e o p l e s of
K a r b i Anglong and N o r t h c a c h a r h i l l d i s t r i c t f o r an
au tonomous s t a t e in Assam i s r o o t e d in t h e l o n g h i s t o r y
of s i m i l a r movements in t h e n o r t h - e a s t which h a v e l e d
f i r s t t o t h e s e p a r a t e s t a t e of t i a g a l a n d , t h e n yiizoram
and l a t e r t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l e x p e r i m e i i t w i t h an a u t o n o
mous t r i b a l s t a t e wh ich become T'leghaya. The demand f o r an
au tonomous t r i b a l s t a t e h a s been r e n l v e d a s a r e s u l t of
among o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s , t h e d e c l i n e of t h e c o n g r e s s ,
t h e e r o s i o n of l e f t f o r c e s and s u c c e s s of t h e y o u t h
d o m i n a t e d AGP in Assam.
, — , ^ ULFA, TEA HEADQUARTERS, ASSAM
5 7 . BHATTA CHARYA ( S i n c h i t a V).ULFA, T e r r o r : Tea I n d u s t r y In
P e r i l . O n l o o k e r . 5 2 , 2 9 ; 1 9 9 1 , A p r i l ; 1 5 ; 2 8 — 9 .
6S
T h i s a r t i c l e s d e s c r i b e t h e ULFA demands i n c l u d e d s t i f t -
I n g of a l l h e a d q u a r t e r s of t e a c o m p a n i e s t o Assam w i t h i n
a y e a r . T h e i r o u t r a g e a l s o i n c l u d e s e x f o r t i o n of F.s.5
l a k h from each t e a g a r d e n , ULFA c l a i m s t o have a n a t u r a l
h a t r e d t o w a r d s t h e non Assamese b u s i n e s s community who
" c a r p o t t h e economy and t h e l i v e s of t h e p e o p l e of
Assam" .
DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE, HORTI CU'LTURE; ALLIED
ACTIVITICS.
5 8 . SAFKAR (AN). Development in t h e N o r t h - E a s t : F r i o r i * : v
A r e a s . Y o j a n a . 3 4 , 2 0 ; 1 9 9 0 , Nov, 1 - 1 5 ; 2 9 - 3 0 .
The a u t h o r e x a m i n e s t h e p o l e n t i a l and p r e s p e c t s
of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a g r i c u l t u r e , h o r t i c u l t u r e and
a l l i e : a c t l v i t i e ? ^ in t h e N o r t h - E a s t e m . R e g i o n , He s a y s
t h e r e i s v a s t s c o p e f o r d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o t t r a d i o n a l
a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h s u i t a b l e t e c h n o l o g i c a l b a c k - u p .
COmUNISM, NATIONALISM, TRIFUPA.
5 9 . BHATTA CHARYA ( H a r i h a r ) . Communism, T J a t i o n a l i s m and
t r l b a l ^ s t i o n in T r i p u r a . EPW. 2 5 , 3 9 ; 1990, S e p t , 2 9 ;
2 2 0 9 — 1 4 .
T h i s p a p e r e x a m i n e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e
99
communis t movement i n T r i p u r a d u r i n g 1 9 3 0 - 4 8 and s e e k s
t o e x p l a i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s in t e r m s of t h e n a t i o n a l i t i e s
q u e s t i o n and t r i b a l n a t i o n l i s m and t o h i g h l i g h t t h e
p r o b l e m s of communist i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h r e g i o n a l
- ' a t i o n a l i s m ( s ) .
ECONOMIC, LAND, MARKET, MEGHALAYA
6 0 . NAIR (Wk S u k u m a r a n ) . c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of
a l a n d marke t in M e g h a l a y a . EFW. 2 1 , 3 0 ; 1 9 8 6 , J u l y , 2 6 ;
60— 6 6 .
In a l a r g e p a r t s of I n d i a t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of
c o l o n i a l m a r k e t s and t h e e m e r g i n g b o u r g e o i s p r o p e r t y
r e l a t i o n s have l e d t o e x t e n s i v e a l i e n a t i o n of t r i b a l
l a n d s r e d u c i n g t h e t r i b a l p e o p l e t o v/age l a b o u r . In t h e
n o r t h e a s t however , more p a r t i c u l a r l y in ^ : e g h a l a y a , t h e
t r a d i t i o n a l k i n s h i p - b a s e d l a n d r e l a t i o n s have l a r g e l y
b»=en p r e s e r v e d . Even t h o u g h p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p h a s e/nerced
t o some e x t e n d , e s p e c i a l l y in urbom and s e m i - u r b c n a r e a s ,
o n l y c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e l y d o e s l a n d a p p e a r t o be a c q u i r e d
or d i s p o s e d of t h r o u g h p u r c h a s e o r s a l e . The p a p e r l o o k s
a t t h e p r e c i s e n a t u r e of t h i s p r o c e s s of p r e s e r v a t i o n of
t r a d i t i o n a l l a n d r e l t i i o n s a s t h e y h a v e u n f o l d e d in .Vegh-
a l a y a .
70
i r^USTRIAL, FACILITIES/ INFRASTRUCTUPAL
6 1 . VERMA (JD) . I n d u s t r i a l i s i n g backward n o r t h - e a s t e r n r e g i o n ,
Corrroerce. 146 , 3 7 4 5 ; 1 9 8 3 , Inarch, 1 2 ; 4 5 2 — 6 .
T h e r e a r e numberous d i s a d v a n t a g e s from which t h e
r e g i o n s u f f e r s . The r e g i o n h a s some v e r y r i c h n a t u r a l
r e s o u r c e s in t h e form of f o r e s t s , m i n e r a l s and y e t e c o n o
m i c a l l y i t i s p e r h a p s t h e most backward a r e a of t h e c o u
n t r y . The c o m p l a i n t s made by t h e u n i t s on t h e i n d u s t r i a l
e s s a t e s r e f e r r e d b o s i c a l l y t o l a c k of a d e q u a t e i n f r a s t r u -
c t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s , in a d e q u a t e s u p p l y of raw m a t e r i a l s ,
u n h e l p f u l a t t i t u d e of t h e b a n k i n g s e c t o r , and most imp
o r t a n t l y t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r a i s p c r t a t i o n
of raw material--^ and f i n e s h e d p r o d u c t s .
TEA AUCTIO!^ CENTRE CLOSURE, ASSAM t t I t
62. GCKHALE (Nitin A ) . Under threat: The Guwahati tea auction
centre recives a Jolt. Sunday. 20,48;1993, 6ec, 5-11; 58.
Proposed opening of a new tea auction centre at
Ahmedabad has sent jitters down the collective spine of
the Assam government, the GTAC and local entrepreneurs
la«t month. The decision, which came literally out of the
blue, raised quite a hue and cry in the local tea circles
71
in Assam and l ed t o t h e f o r r r a t l o n of s e v e r a l comir . i t t e s
t o combat t h e t h r e a l . I f t h e Ahmedabao c e n t r e comes u p ,
t h e Guwaha t i a u c t i o n c e n t r e s t a n d s t o l o s e a b o u t one
t h i r d of i t s b u s i n e s s and a b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e migh t be
c o n f r o n t e d w i t h u n e m p l o y m e n t .
RURAL
63P. GUPTA (RP) . F i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ; Role In N o r t h - S a s t .
D e m o c r a t i c V.'orld. 2 0 , 4 ; 1 9 9 1 , J a n , 2 7 ; 9 - 1 0 .
D e a l s v / i th t h e p r o b l e m s of r e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s
in r u r a l deve lopmen t a r e t o b e t a c k l e d a t d i f f e r e n t
l e v e l s a s on i n t e g r a l p a r t of d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s of t h e
c o u n t r y . The f i r s t s t e p '^as t h e change in t h e s t y l e of
b a n k i n g o p e r a t i o n s from V v . 'ho lesa le o r " c l a s s b a n k i n g "
t o " r e t a i l " o r '• mass b a n k i n g " . The r e g i o n i s c h a r a c t
e r i s e d by d i f f i c u l t h i l l y and n>=ntlon t e r r a i n and d e e p
v a l l e y s making commun ica t i on and t r a n s p a r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t
: ' odern t e c h n o l o g y i s n o t y e t k"OV/n t o most of t h e p a r t s
K a r k e t i n g of p r o d u c t s p o s e s a b i g p r o b l e m . A l l t h e s e
f i c t o r s make t h e t a s k of d e v e l o p m e n t d i f f i c u l t . Honce
i t e m p h a s i s e s t h e need f o r prompt and c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t s
by b o t h f i n a n c i a l a s h i l l ^s gove rnmen t a g e n c i e s t o d e a l
w i t h t h e p rob lem on a d i f f e r e n t f o o t i n g and s p e c i a l
72
t r e a t m e n t i n i m p l e m e n t i n g m e a s u r e s of d e v e l o p m e n t .
POLITICAL, TRIBAL, MSBHALAYA
6 4 . BHASKAPAK N a i r (M) . T r i b a l P o l i t i e s in I n d i a : A
s t u d y of M e g h a l a y a . ISDA J o u r n a l . 2 , 1 ; 1 9 9 2 , J a n , - J - a rch .
1 7 - 2 3 .
The P a p e r i s a p r e l i m i n a r y a t t em.p t t o a n a l y s e
t h e emergency of a m i d d l e cla-^^s in Megha laya and t o
a s e s s i t s c h a r a t t e r and r o l e in t h e p o l i t i c a l and
s o c i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n of t h e s t a t e in t h e c o n t e x t of
r e g i o n a l p u l l s and p r e s s u r e .
RUPAL, FACILITIES, IMFRASTRUCTURAL, ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
65. JAHAGIPDAR (MP). Rural development scenar io in Arunachal
Pradesh. Kurukshetra. 40 ,11 ; 1992, Aug, 39-41 .
Aru'richal Pradesh which i s endowed with r i ch
n^^tural and mineral resources , f lora and fauna, c o n t i -
ness t o be poor am.idst the p l en ty . The "conomy of the
region with excessive dependance on a g r i c u l t u r e i s a
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of i t s back wardness. The absence of
i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s l i k e t r anspor t and communi
ca t ion , power, ,pjarkeking and c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s lack of
73
industries, skilled manpower, etc. have also contri
buted to the backlegging of the development efforts.
, , , TRIBAL
6 6 . BURI<AN (B K Roy). Problems and P r o s p e c t s of t r i b a l
development in Nor th -Eas t I n d i a . EPV<. 24 ,13 ;1989 , A p r i l ;
1; 6 9 3 - 7 .
Analyses t h a t problems and p r o s p e c t s of t r i b a l
development may be c o n s i d e r e d a long two e x e s : as e t h n i c
e n t i t i e s and as s t a t u s c l a s s . Vvhen t h e t r i b a l s i t u a t i o n
in n o r t h - e a s t I n d i a i s examined, some c o n s t r a i n t s in
t h e development of t h e p r o f o n a t i o n a l p r o c e s s among t h e
t r i b a l e n t i t i e s , p o s i t i v e l y o r i e n t e d t o t h e s t a t e p r o c e s s
of I n d i a , ccmes out in s h a r p f o c u s . Na t iona l committee
on Development of Backward Area.^ has recommended i n d i n i -
d u a l i s a t i o n of commiund o v e r s h i p in t h e n o r t h - e a s t f o r
t h e save of ' p r o g r e s s " . As a r e s u l t i^ttempts a r e made
t o implement developm.ent programmes by s h o r t c i r c u i t i n g
t h e community.
TRIBAL,ASSAM , , ,
67. RATTAM (Kamaljeet). Assam; Striking a separatist stance.
India Today. 14,6;1989, March, 16-31; 53—4.
Observes that, the state government "etup a ftv^
74
merrtoer t r i b a l Deve lopmen t co ixmi t t ee l a s t rronth t h a t w i l l
be f o r m u l a t i n g g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e u p l i f t of t h e t r i b a l .
But i t was t h e o r i g i n a l a g i t a t i o n t h a t had f o r c e d t h e AGP
t o t a k e t h e b e l a t e d move ' • c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e p r o v e s
v e r y c l e a r l y t h a t t h e c e n t r e ' s hand i s b e h i n d t h e e n t i r e
a g i t a t i o n " , by t h e B h i s i g u Phukan Home M i n i s t e r . A c c o r d
i n g t o S . V . S u b r a m a r i u m " The p o l i c e h a v e u n e a r t h e d h a l f
a - dozen gun making f a c t r l e s and s e i z e d c a r t r i d g e s and
e x p l o s i v e in t r i b a l a r e a s " .
DISCCRD, AGP-AASU, ASSAM
6 8 . DISCORD IN Assam. Economic Tlr t ies . 1 6 , 2 2 1 ; 1 9 8 9 , N o v , 8 ; 7 .
The grovv'ing sfchism be tween t h e AGP and t h e AASU
w i l l p n c o u r a g e t h e d i s s i d e n t s in t h e p a r t y t o f i s h in
t r o u b l e d w a t e r s c o n g r e s s ( l ) , which i s making renewed
a t t e m p t t o s t a b l i s h i t s e l f in t h e s t a t e h a s r e a s o n s t o
q l o o t o v e r t h e open c r i t i c i s m of t h e AGP gove rnmen t
by AASU/ p a r t i c u l a r l y b'^'cause of t h e t a r d y i m p l e m e n t
a t i o n of t h e 1985 a c c o r d .
DRINKING WATER, DARJEELIMG, ASSAiM
6 9 . BHATTA CHARYA ( M a l a b i k a ) . Dry t a p s in t h e h i l l s . Hindu
Su rvey of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t 1 9 9 4 .
Some of t h e g r i m p o i n t e r s t o one of t h e major
75
c r i s e s in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e 163 y e a r o l d t o w n . Bu most
a c c o u n t s , i f t h e d r i n k i n g w a t e r c r i s i s i s n o t t a k l e d
q u i c k l y and e f f e c t i v e l y , t h r o u g h a mix of s h o r t and
l o n g t e r m t n e a s u r e s , D a r j e a l i n g ' s c u r r e n t e f f o r t s t o
become an e c o n o m i c s u c c e s s s t o r y on t h e s t r e n g t h of
t o u r i s m w i l l be in J e o p a r d y b e f o r e l o n g ,
ELECTION, ASSAM
7 0 . SETHI ( S u n i l ) . N o r t h - E a s t ; v i o l e n c e s t o p s e l e c t i o n s .
I n d i a T o d a y . 5 , 1 ; 1 9 8 0 , J a n , 1 -15 ; 53^
Remarks t h a t e l e c t i o n s in t h e s t a t e w i l l n o t
t a k e p l a c e due t o v i o l e n c e . The c a n d i d a t e s w e r e d e t a i n e d
a t t h e i r ho r r e s . A B e n g a l i ^l-^eaking D o c t o r was k i l l e d by
mib in t h e campus of G a u h a t i t- ledical C o l l e g e . S t u d e n t s
were a l s o k i l l e d in a s e r i e s of e x p l o s i o n s .
CORRUPTlOM, TRIPURA """/ ~ ^ / ~*~/
7 1 . CHAKRABCRTY (SOJtJ i t Kumar ) . M a r x i s t l o s e c o n t r o l of
c o u n c i l . L i n k . 3 2 , 4 9 ; 1 9 9 0 , J u l y , 1 5 ; 2 8 - 9 .
The m a r x l s t s h a v e l o s t c o n t r o l of t h e T r i ^ u r a
t r i b a l au tonomous d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l and t h e coT-gres-
TUJS c o n b i n e h a s s e c u r e d an a b s o l u t e m a j o r i t y . The
e l e c t i o n s were . aa r r ed by mass r i g g i n g and v i o l e n c e .
76
TRIPURA
7 2 . PRABHAKAR/\(MS) . B a l a n c i n g a c t : The new a r r a n g e r r e n t in
T r l P u r a . F r o n t l i n e . 9 , 5 ; 1992 , Feb , 2 9 - iMarch ,13 ; 1C5.
I he a u t h o r e x p r e s s t h e view t h a t t h e change in
T r i p u r a h a s t o b e s een o n l y a s a t e m p o r a r y and even
o p p o r t u n i s t i c r e o r d e r i n g of f a c t i o n a l a r r a n g e n ^ n t s
w i t h i n t h e s t a t e c o n g r e s s ( I ) w i t h which t h e TUJS h a s
a g r e e d t o go a l o n g . The a l t e r n a t i v e would o n l y have
been d i s s o l u t i o n of t h e Assenrbly and f r e s h e l e c t i o n s
a pro5^pect n e i t h e r t h e c o n g r e s s ( I ) n o r TUJS i s w i l l i n g
t o f a c e .
ELECTORAL ROLLS, A.NT I-FOREIGNER, AASU-AGP, ASSAM , ,
7 3 . FRA3HKARA (MS). I s s u e s in Assam. F r o n t l i n e . 9 , 2 4 ; 1 9 9 2 ,
Nov, 2 1 - D e c , 4 ; 4 8 .
The p r e p a r a t i o n of an e l e c t o r a l r o l l s o n s t h e
names of " i l l e g a l a l i e n s " h a s b-=en a l o n g s t a n d i n g o b j
e c t i v e in Assam. Mowever p e r c e p t i o n s a b o u t v/ho t h e y r
a r e have v a r i e d . I t was o v e r t h i s t h a t t h e A l l Assam
s t u d e n t s Union (AASU) c o n d u c t e d I t s -mt i f p r e g n e r a g i t
a t i o n betv/eon 1979 and 1 9 8 5 . I t c u l m i n a t e d in t h e Assam
a c c o r d . The e m e r g e n c e of t h e Assam Gana P a r i s h a d (AGP),
77
whose l e a d e r s h i p c o m p r i s e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y t h a t of t h e
Assam a g i t a t i o n , t h e AGP's e l e c t o r a l t r i u m p h w i t h i n
weeks of i t s b i r t h and t h e f o r m a t i o n of a gove rnmen t
by t h e AGP in Decerrber 1 9 8 5 .
ENVIRONMEOT, POLLUTION^ OIL, ASSAM
7 4 . PRABHAKAPA (MS) O i l P o l l u t i o n : c a l l o u s n e s s i n Assam.
Hindu Survey of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t 1 9 9 4 .
OMGC i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n Assam h a v e bons fo rmed
paddy f i e l d s i n t o w a s t e l a n d s and s t r e a m s and ponds
i n t o muck and s l i m e . Th^ v e r y n a t u r e of o i l e x p l o r a t i o n
c r e a t e s e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s of t h e e x p l o r a t i o n p r o
d u c t i o n and t r a n s p o r t i o n s t e g e s of t h e ONGC a c t i v i t i e s
in s h o r t / a t e v e r y s t a g e .
ETHNIC CLASHES, KUKI-NAGA/ MAISTIPUR
75. BISWAS (Sout ik) . Kuki-Naga c o n f l i c t : Living on the
.9ta2or'5 ^dge . India Today. 18,19;1993, Oct, l -15;81-e5 .
The author examines tha t the Kuki-Maga conf l i c t
i s taking manipur towards c i v i l was as the .?ecurety
forces face mounting odds in t h e i r bid t o resfore order
The recent mayhem exposes the 'Tdmin i s t r a t ion ' s h e l p l e s s -
^C Ace No. "»
n
ness and lack ot p o l i t i c a l h i l l in coinbating the e thn ic
v io lence .
76 . FARZAND AHMED and DAS ( S a i b a l ) . Manipur: The hidden war
India Today. 18,12; 1993, June, 16-30; 64-71 .
The main ob jec t ive of the paper are t o h igh l igh t
the assc ien t Kuki-Vaga enmity has f l a red up in to a bloody
e thn ic c o n f l i c t , A hidden war am.ong i t s mu l t i - e thn ic
groups ha? plunged t h i s h i l l s t a t e i n t o turmoil and t h r
eaten? t o d i s rup t the peace of the e n t i r e : :or th-eastern
region . So bloody has the conf l ic t turned in recent months
t ha t at l eas t 85 l i n e s have been l o s t and e n t i r e v i l l a g e s
"^et aflame in b i t t e r c lashes between the Magas and
minority Kukis in the border d i s t r i c t s ,
77. KAMARCOPI/ Ethnic c l eans ing . EPW. 28,41;1993, Oct,9/
2172-3.
Any attempt t o understand the c r u e t t i e s being
per pe t ra ted In Kanlpur on all s ides must begin with a
b i t of h i s t o r i c a l backgrond. For, even t o descr ibe these
as 'Kuki-Waga' c lashes As s t r i e t t y not accura te s ince
i t assumes tha t 'Kukis* and Magas; both c o l l e c t i v e
79
nomenclatures encompassing roughly a dozen each of d i s t
r i c t t r i b e s , are in t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e i d e n t i t y as a
people engaged in deadly cor.bat.
78 . RAY (Tapas) . Abyss ahead: Man^pur's Kukl-Naga s t r i f e .
F ron t l i n e ; 10,21;1993, Oct, 9-22; 114-1»
The Kukis, who r e t a l i a t e d by burning down Naga
v i l l ages and k i l l i n g aexbers of t h a t t r i b e , have been more
successful in churachaedpur, ch.mdel and senapat i d i s t r i c t s
However, t h e i r loses are for g r e a t e r . I h e i r leaders
explain t h i s by pa in t ing t o the "incomparably grea te r"
b a t t l e experience and super ior arm? of the ::s C.V (:•;) .
79 . RAY (Tapas) . Manipur t u s s l e s : And the continuing blood
l e t t i n g . F r o n t l i n e . 10,18;1993,Aug, 28-Sept ,10;29-30.
The a r t i c l e s attempts to d i scuss the e thnic
violence between Kuki and Naga t r ibesmen, ^ven as anb-
ushes on the secur i ty forces continue with grim regu l
a r i t y . The violf^nce rocked three eas te rn d i s t r i c t s
chandel, Ukhrul and senapats : I t was not a sudden deve
lopment. Kuki v i l l ag?s were being a t tacked over the
past year and many l i ve s had br-en l o s t .
80
8C. THCMAS (C J o s h u a ) . Kuki-Naga T a n g l e . Mains t ream. 32 ,
13 ; 1994, Feb, 12; 17— 8 .
Observe t h a t i t i ? t ime f o r t h e c e n t r e t o expe
d i t e on i n t e g r a t e d p lan of a c t i o n a g a i n s t insurgency
dlong w i th on i n t e g r a t e d soc io -economic plan fo r t h e
u p l i g t of t h i s r e g i o n . An e t h i c a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e
p r e s e n t soc io -economic ad s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l malady appe
a r s t o be t h e only permanent a l t e r n a t i v e and t h e answer
t o t h e p r e s e n t Kuki-: 'aga t a n g l e in Manipur .
TRIBALS - BENGALI, TRIPURA
8 1 . GUPTA (Shekhar) . T r i p u r a : t^arvest of h a t r e d , I n d i a Today,
12 ,2 ;1987 , J a n , 1 6 - 3 1 ; 6 8 - 7 1 .
Less than s i x yea r s a f t e r t h e s h a t t i n g t r i b a l
Bengal i v i o l e n c e of June 1980 which ccnsurred more than
3,000 l i v e s , t h e d i s f a n t s t a t e of T r i p u r a i s t h r e a t e n e d
wi th an e q u a l l y bloody e n c o r e . G u e r i l l a of t h e TNV a r e
k i l l i n g Bengal i s e t t l e r s in a c a l c u l a t e d way t o i n c i t e
e t h n i c c l a s h e s between t h e s t a t e ' s 5.50 lakh t r i b a l s
and 18 lakh B e n g a l i ' s . The t i l was 111 l a s t y e a r , 7 0
of t h e f i l l i n g s o c e u r i n g in November and December a lone ,
81
8 2 . MENCN ( R a m e s h ) . T r i p u r a : H i t s q u a d s . I n d i a T o d a y . 12 / 2 1 ;
1 9 8 7 ; Nov, 1 -15 ; 5 5 — 6 .
A n a l y s e s t h a t t w e n t y n i n e n o n - t r i b a l s a l l of
t hem B a n g a l i s and C . P . I . ( m ) s u p p o r t e r s - were gunned down
by t h e c u t l a v ; e d T .M.V. iii d i t f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e s f a t e .
Cree a g a i n , h a t r e d f l a r e d up in t h e s t a t e wh^ch h a s s e e n
f r e q u e n t e t h n i c c l a s h e s be tween i t s 5 . 5 l a k h t r i b a l s and
18 l a k h B e n g a l i s .
TRIBAL- MCNTRIBAL, MEGHALAYA , , /
8 3 . VEMUGOPAL (KV) . S h i l l o n g i au rn ing , P r o u t . 4 , 4 4 ; 1 9 9 3 ,
J a n , 1 6 - 2 2 ; 3 0-3 2 .
S h i l l o n g h a s been in t h e g r i p of e t h n i c v i o l e n c e
i ' ^ v o l v i n g t r i b a l s and n o n - t r i b a l s ( B e n g a l i s , ;!ep?.le50
and o t h e r s ) s i n c e O c t o b e r l a s t v ; i t h i t s c o n c o m i t a n t ,
c e a s e l e s s c u r f e w ; imposed upon t h i s c h a r m i n g h i l l s t a t e
w h i c h a t t r a c t s t o u r i s t s g a l o r e from a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d .
ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS CHA:^GE
8 4 . SINGH(BP) . P r o b l e m of c h a n g e : A s t u d y of H o r t h - E a s t I n d i a
EPW. 2 2 , 4 8 , 1 9 8 7 , Wov, 2 8 ; 2 0 5 8 - 5 - 9 . ,
E x a m i n e s by s o u n d i n g a w a r m i n g on t h e reviv.Tl
82
of p r i m o r d i a l v a l u e s and on t h e a t t e m p t t o o r g a n i s e
t h e masses p u r e l y on e t h n i c and r e l i g i o n s l i n e s one
o n l y w i s h e s t h a t he ha5 worked on a s l i g h t l y r e s t r i c t e d
c a n v a s . " J e w e r t h l e s s , he h a s a c q u i t t e d h i m s e l f w e l l and
g i v e n u s a r e a d a b l e and i n f o r m a t i v e b o o k on t h e n o r t h
e a s t .
EXTREMIST ACTIVITY
8 5 . PRAMAR ( S u r e s h K ) . N o r t h - E a s t : T u r m a i l c o n t i n u e s . O n l o o k e r
5 2 , 1 8 ; 1 9 9 1 , S e p t , 3 0 ; 4 6 — 7 .
C o n t r a r y t o e x p e c t a t i o n s , a c o n g r e s s gove rnmen t
a t t h e c e n t r e h a s n o t b r o u g h t an end t o e x t r e m i s m in t h e
Mor th P a s t e r n r e g i o n . B a r i n g A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h and t o a
l i m i t e d e x t e n d Megha laya t h e f i v e s t a t e s of t h e r e g i o n
a r e p l a g u e d w i t h e x t r e m e s t a c t i n i t y . D u r i n g t h e n o n -
c o n g r e s s r u l e o v e r t h e p a s t two y e a r s t h e e x t r e m i s t s of
t h e N o r t h E a s t had g a i n e d t i m e t o r e o r g a n i s e t h e m s e l v e s
and s h a r p e n t h e i r f i g h t i n g p o w e r . The week gove rnmen t a t
t h e c e n t r e and t h i i r l a c k of a p o l i c y f o r t h e r § g i o n
o n l y a i d e d t h e m .
FEARS, BEMOLLIS,ASSAM
8 6 . MEEDLESS FEARS. I n d i a n E x p r e s s . 5 3 , 3 1 4 ; 1 9 8 5 , S e p t ^ 1 6 , 6 .
The Assam Governm-n t and AJISU and AAGSP l e a d e r s
83
have a special responsibility to reassure all those who
feel threatend. Equally the left front in west Bengal
must realise that alanmist forecasts of danger will
militate against a climats of goodwill essential to
the accords faithful implementation, this triggering
an Involuntary exodus. It is however, reassuring that
the resolution emphasises abstinence from mything which
night disterb the peace in Assam.
FEDERALISM
87 . ROY EURMAN (E K). Federalism in Pe r spec t ive : Problems
and p r o s ^ c t s for North-East I n d i a . Mainstream. 31/39;
1993, Aug, 7; 7-10.
Discusses t h a t fedral ism i s to be enuisaged in
a continium of month-level synthes is s t a r t i n g from the
loca l t o the g l o b a l . Also community. Unless the erosion
of the s t a t e apparatus at the n a t i o n a l , i n t e r n a t i o n a l ,
regional and local l e v e i s harmonises, with the enpower-
ment of the commtmity from the loca l t o the global l eve l s
nege monies of d i f f e r en t lypes wi l l f i l l up the vacum
Unitary t rends of the s t a t e wi l l be replaced by hegem
onic imposi t ionss of the monopaly concern in the p r iva te
sf>ctor.
84
^ , GOVERNMtJNT, LEFT-FROOT, PERPORKANCE, TRIPURA
8 8 . DAS GUPTA ( S u n i l ) . T r i p u r a LF Governoneint^ Xacks d y n a -
Tirasm. New A g e . 4 1 , 3 7 ; 1 9 9 3 , S e p t , 1 2 ; 5 .
The T r i p u r a s t a t e e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e of t h e
CFI h a s s a i d t h a t t h o u g h f o u r months a r e n o t enough
f o r any g o v e r n m e n t t o p e r f o r m " t h e l e f t f r o n t govemrr .ent
In T r i p u r a h a s n o t shown t h e d y n a m i s m t h a t was e x p e c t e d
f rom i t so a s t o p u l l up t h e s t g t e f rom t h e r u t i n t o
w h i c h t h e p r e c u i o u s c a r g r e s s . TUJS g o v e r n m e n t had d r i
ven i t down.
HISTORICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, POLITICAL
85« SINGH (DN) . S p l i n t e r e d N o r t h - E a s t . H i n d u s t a n T t m e s . 6 5 ,
292 ; 1 9 8 8 , O c t , 20 ; 1 3 .
"The p r o b l e m of N o r t h - E a s t I n d i a need t o be
viev^ed in t h e c o n t e x t of h i s t o r y , d e m o g r a p h i c c h a n g e , t h e
e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m , s e c u r i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e
a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e p e o p l e of t h e r e g i o n : one a l s o h a s t o
a p p r e c i a t e t h e r o l e of m o d e r a i s a t i o n , w h i c h h a s s h a r p e n e d
e n c o u n t e r s b e t w e e n t h e i m p a r a t l v e s of t h e p a s t e t h n i c i t y
r e l i g i o n s and g e s g r a p h y w i t h t h e i m p e r a t i v e s o f t h e p r e s e n t
and f u t u r e p o l i t i c a l , s c i e n t i f i c and e c o n o m i c . The p r o c e s s
85
of s h a p i n g a c o l l e c t i v e c o n s c i o u s n e s s in N o r t h - E a s t
I n d i a , w h i c h was s low and o b s c o r e i n t h e p a s t , h a s
cecome r e p i d and s t r i d e n t in p r e s e n t c i r c v - m s t a n c e s " .
HMARS, MIZCPAM
9 0 . PRAMAR ( S u r e s h K) , K i z o r a m . L a l t h a n h a w l a s t a y s -firm.
O n l o o d e r . 5 3 , 1 3 ; 1 9 9 2 , J u l y l S ; 5 6 — 7 .
P o l i t i c a l o b s e r v e r s h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t u n l i k e
t h e c h a k m a s , L a k h e r s and p a w i s , who h a v e s e p a r a t e ADC,
t h e Hmars a r e n o t c o n c e n t r a t e d in any one p a r t i c u l a r
a r e a In t h e s t a t e . They a r e s c a t t e r e d a l l o v e r t h e
s t a t e . V.'hen t h e s t a t e g o v e m a e n t r e f u s e d t o c o n c e d e
t h e i r demands f o r an ADC, t h e Hmars upped t h e i r demands
and a r e no^^ a s k i n g f o r a s e p e r a t e Kmar s t a t e .
It]DEPEM)£NCE DAY, NAGALAND
9 1 . CHINAI (Rupa). Voices of Nagaland. Indian Express. 53,
27e;1985, Aug, 11; 6.
In the v i l l age of >Jagaland" Independence day"
Is s t i l l ce lebra ted with ouch f e s t i v i t y , not on August
15 but on August 14 on t h i s day, 38 years ago, a group
of Magas declared independence from the B r i t i s h .
8fi
s o ycung Magas , b o m a f t e r 1947 and e d u c a t e d o u t s i d e
N a g a l a n d / s t i l l f e e l e m o t i o n a l l y a t t a c h e d t o t h i s
c o n c e p t of , i n d e p e n d e n c e N a g a l a n d p o s e s , in many ways
a c h a l l e n g e t o t h e m a t u r i t y o f I n d i a n d e m o c r a c y s ,
irCDUSTP.IES, SMALL SCALE
<52. SAIKIA ( S u n i l K) . P r o b l e m s of s m a l l U n i t s i n N o r t h - E a s t e m
R e q i o n . Y o l a n a . 3 6 , 2 1 ; 1 9 9 2 ; M o v / 3 0 ; 2 7 — 9 .
A r t i c l e m a l y s e s t h a t d e s p i t e i t s v a s t n a t u r a l
r e s o u r c e s t h e r e g i o n r e m a i n s i n d u s t r i a l l y and e c o n o m i
c a l l y b a c k w a r d . The i n d u s t r i a l b a c k w a r d n e s s of t h e
r e g i o n i s r e f l e c t e d in i t s t o t a l nu r ibe r of i n d u s t r i a l
u n i t s . Only 2 p e r c e n t of t h e c o u n t r y ' s medium and l a r g e
s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s and a b o u t 1 .5 p e r c e n t of s m a l l s c a l e
i n d u s t r i e s have been s e t u p in t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n .
INFILTRATION
9 3 . TURNING THE Heat on S a i k i a . S e n t i n e l . 1 2 , 1 5 3 ; 1 9 9 4 ,
S e p t , 1 5 ; 4 .
The p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e h e l d by A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h
C h i e f M i n i s t e r Gegong A p o m g on T u e s d a y a t Guwabat i
c o u l d w e l l h a v e t h e s a b u t o r y e f f e c t of t u r n i n g t h e h e a t
on b o t h t h e c e n t r e and t h e Assam C h i e f M i n i s t e r on t h e i r
l a c k a d a i s i c a l a t t i t u d e t o t h e p r o b l e m of f o r e i g n
87
i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h e a s t . Mr Apang , who i s t h e
Cha i rman of t h e N o r t h - e a s t c o n g r e s s ( I ) c o o r d i n a t i o n
c o m m i t t e e r e a c t e d p r e d i c t a b l y and s p o n g l y t o Assam C h i e f
M i n i s t e r H i t a s w a r S a i k i a ' s r e c e n t s t a t e m e n t t h a t Assam
c o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o become t h e dumping g round of
f o r e i g n o r s e x p e l l e d from o t h e r s t ; , t e s , and t h a t s h o o t
a t s i g h t o r d e r s had been i s s u e d by t h e Assam Government
a g a i n s t t h e chakmas f l e e i n g i n t o Assam from A r u n a c h a l
P r a d e s h .
INFILTRANTS, ILLEGAL, DEPORTATION, ASSAr4 ~ " ~ , • ' ,
9 4 . BARTHAKUR (PB) . D a r j e e l i n g - A n o m a n ' s L a n d . P r o u t ;
4 , 1 4 ; 1 9 9 2 , J u n e , 2 0 - 2 6 ; 8 - 9 .
E x p l a i n t h e d e p a r t a t i o n of i l l e g a l i n f i l t r a n t s
f rom Assam i s a c o m p l i c a t e d p r o c e s s . The F o r e i g n e r s Act
of 1 9 4 0 , which g o v e r n s s w i c h c a s e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y
i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o Assam.
INHABITACTS, TRIPURA
9 5 . PRABHAKARA ( K S ) . T a s k b e f o r e t h e new r e g i n e . H i n d u . 1 1 6 ,
1 6 ; 1 9 9 3 , A p r i l , 1 8 ; 9 .
The most i m p o r t a n t t a s k b e f o r e t h e new Government
In T r i p u r a would be t o j u s t i f y in a c t i o n t h e r e a s s e r t l o n
of t h e l o y a l t y of t h e s t a f s o r i g i n a l I n h a b i t a t i o n t o
b r o a d l e f t and d e m o c r a t i c p a r t i e s .
88
INSURGENCY
9 6 . KARLE KAR(Hiranmy) . U n q u i e t n o r t h - e a s t * I n d i a n E x p r e s s
5 3 , 2 9 7 ; 1 9 8 5 , A u g , 3 0 ; 6 .
A n a l y s e s t h a t i n s u r g e n t g r o u p s l a r g e enough
t o c a u s e s e r i o u s c o n c e r n . B e s i c ' a s , Be j o y H r a n g k h a l h a s
r e p a r t e d l y s o u g h t n e g a t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e c e n t r e on
" t r i b a l p r o b l e m s in T r i p u r a " . T a l k s w i t h L a l d n g a of t h e
M>TP a r e s a i d t o be i n t h e i r l a s t s t a g e s ; an a g r e e m e n t
c o u l d be o n l y a m a t t e r of d a y s . P r e s s u r e i s moun t ing
on t h e u n d e r g r o u n d Mizos f o r p e a c e . The CNT be becoming
a b i t t o o o v e r c r o w d d d d w i t h i n s u r g e n t s . A l s o communist
a c t i v i t y i n t h e c h i n H i l l s i n Burma and t h e g r o w i n g
s t r e n g t h of t h e p r o - B e i j i n g Burmese communis t p a r t y
n o r t h of t h e c h i n H i l l s , must s e r i o u s l y w o r r y t h e
c h r i s t i a n M i z o s .
9 7 . PRABHAKARA (MS) . M o r t h - e a s t : The f o r e i g n h a n d .
F r o n t l i n e . 1 1 , 3 ; 1 9 9 4 , J a n , 2 9 - F e b , 1 1 ; 2 6 - 8 .
The i n s u r g e n t g r o u p s in t h e r e g i o n e v e r y one of
which w h i l e s e a k i n g t o d i s t a n c e i t s e l f ffom I n d i a ,
a l s o s h a r e s t o c r e a t t h e p r o b l e m in t h i s r e g i o n . F o r
example D e n g l a d e s h have e x p l o i t e d t h e s e t e n s i o n s
89
to their advantage in their fight against India, even
while being fully aware that they too are being used
by Bengladesh, and Pakistan, in their own problems
with India.
9 8 . T K ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ MQfeTti-PAST. H<TlcUM,it ^T- ^ -< - G3, 2\'^ ; )
"^ T h i s p a p e r e x a m i n e s t h e b e s t hope would be
t h a t t h e s i g n s o t a r e n i v a l of i n s u r g e n c y i n t h e
n o r t h - e a s t a r e l i k e t h e l a s t f l i c k e r s o f a d y i n g lamp
However , i f t h e s e t u r n o u t t o be o t h e r w i s e , t h e r e
wou ld be s e r i o u s d a n g e r s of a t u r m o i l i n t h e r e g i o n .
'\%
CONTROL, MEGHALAYA
9 9 . SUKLA (UK) . M e g h a l a y a i I n s u r g e n c y a t a low e b b .
R a s h t r i y a S a h a r a . 2 , 2 : 1 9 9 4 , J ione; 5 3 — 4 .
The s p o r a d i c i n c i d e n c e s of v i o l e n c e in t h e s t a t e
a r e m o s t l y s p a r l e d by P a k i s t a n ' s I n t e r s e r n i c e s I n t e l
l i g e n c e t o u n d e r m i n e t h e l o y a l t y of t r i b a l y o u t h s , b u t
t h e r e a r e t r i m i n a l e l e m e n t s on t h e p r o v e l , So f a r
Megha l aya h a s b t t n e s s e d f i v e armed o u t f i t s . Thanks t o
s t r i c t s e c u r i t y mea^^ures, none of them have been a b l e
t o c a u s e damage on a l a r g e .-^eale. The f i r s t among
90
the armed groups of the state is now almost defunct
HVC/ Though sporadic violent actinities started In
1989, the creation of HVC in 1992 has made a quali-
fative change in militancy.
, — , , FOREIGN
100. CIA and the North-East Link. 22, 37;1988, Apr i l ,20 ; 8 .
Analyses t h a t foreign mi s s iona r i e s , the CIA
and p icke t ing are the forces behind the present ferment
in the North-East . Sedit ion and secession are openly
preached in Assam. There i s an a l l i a n c e between USA and
China t o achieve the common objec t ive of helping the
process of insurgency.
NAGALAND ~ " " # ^ ^ / " • " " /
101. CHAKRAVARTY ( S u j i t ) . Nagaland: The P o l i t i c a l c o s t .
Holrt^WftTnn. 26,44;1988, Aug,13;4,6.
Deals with the Imposition of cen t ro l rule in
Nagaland i s being regarded as an aff ront to the Waga
peop le ' s capab i l i t y to manage t h e i r own a f f a i r s , and
t h i s i s being exploi ted by the insurgents spearheading
the National Social ist* council ot Nagaland. Note
worthy in t h i s context i s the Governor's own
91
acknowledgeiTient t h a t '•some move? of i n s u r g e n t g r o u p s
were b e i n g r e p o r t e d s e c e n t l y , p a r t i c u l a r by a f t e r t h e
p r e s e n t t u r m o i l i n t h e s t a t e " .
, / / KEITEI , MAxMIPUR
1C2 . CHAKRA BCRTY ( S - U j i t ) . Peace t a l k s w i t h MeLte i r e b e l s
i n K a n i p u r L i n k . 3 2 , 3 6 ; 1 9 9 0 , A p r i l , 1 5 ; 2 6 — 7 .
The iManipur c o a l i t i o n Government i s making
e a r n e s t e f f o r t s t o s o l u e t h e M e i t e i i n s u r g e n c y p r o b l e m .
I t h a s a l s o r e q u e s t e d t h e c e n t r e t o i ^ a r t : t : h e r e b e l
o r g a n i s a t i o n of Ngas t h e N a t i o n a l S o c i a l i s t C o u n c i l
of Nag land wh ich h a s been i n d u l g i n g i n v i o l e n c e and
m u r d e r s i n t h e s t a t e .
MIZO ACCORD, MIZORAM
1 0 3 . MEMON ( R a m e s h ) . Mizoram: fiiorm s i g n a l s . I n d i a T o d a y .
1 6 , 19 ; 1 9 9 1 , O c t , 1 - 1 5 ; 6 6 .
The i n s u r g e n c y i s l o n g o v e r b u t a n o t h e r s t e u -
n g l e may have J u s t begum. P r e s i d e n t of t h e Mizo N a t i o n a l
F r o n t (MHF). Z o r a m t h a r g a , a l o n g w i t h f o r m e r commonder- in-
Ch le f of t h e d i s b a n d e d mizo N a t i o n a l Army (MMA) and
now MNP V i c e - p r e s e d e n t , T a w n l u i a , was in t h e c a p i t a l
n
t o d i s c u s s t h e n o n - i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e 1 9 8 6 .
K i z o r a m a c c o r d w i t h Pr ime M i n i s t e r P . V . N a r a s i m h a Rao
w i t h t h e i r v e i l e d t h r e a t t h a t some who d r o p p e d t h e i r
guns may now go vendergrox ind a g a i n / t h e p o r t e n t s f o r
s t a t e sum r a t h e r C m i n o u s .
IJAGA-MIZC, ASSAM
1 0 4 . PRABHAKARA (MS). Assam I m p a s s e : But o p e r a t i o n Rhino
continAjLes. F r o n t l i n e . 8 , 2 1 ; , 1 9 9 1 , O c t , 1 2 - 2 5 ; 20—Z3.
A n a l y s e s t h a t t h e I'aga and Mizo i n s u r g e n c i e s
were t e r m e d by a c a l c u l a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e and
p e r s u a s i o n and m a j o r f a c t i o n s of t h e i n s u r g e n c y l e a d e r
s h i p w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e n e t w o r k of p a t r o n a g e
t h a t p a s s e s f o r Government i n Magaland and Mizoram.
But b e c a u s e of f a c t o r s u n i q u e t o Assam, t h a t , s o l u t i o n
w i l l n o t work t h e r e .
MSCN, I;AG ALAND ~ ~ " / • " " " , — ^ »
105. NCW A Nagaland accord. Indian Express. 57,128;1989,March,
9; 8.
Some of the top leaders of the NSCN are in Delhi
for t ilks with the central Government, does not come as
93
a s u r p r i s e . I t I s not d i f f i c u l t t o uncierstand why t h e
NSCN should be i n t i r e s t e d in p e a c e . While t h e ULFA
c o n t i n u e s t o be a c t i v e , t h e c e n t e s acco rds wi th t h e MNF
and t h e INV of T r i p u r a have c o n s i d e r a b l y reduced t h e
tempo o± insurgency in t h e JTorth-East . D e s p i t e a l l
t h i s ? ome MSCN l e a c e r s a r e s t i ] apposed t o a s e t t l e
ment w i th t h e c e n t r e w i t h i n t h e fram.ework of t h e Ind ian
c o n s t i t u t i o n . One hopes they w i l l come round. Meanwhile,
t h e c e n t r e ought t o rember t h a t s i g n i n g an accord w i th
t h e NSCN may not end in su rgency in Nagaland i f undemo
c r a t i c measure?;, l i k e t h e Impos i t ion of P r e s i d e n t ' s
r u l e on t h e s t ^ t e in August 1989. Which undermine peop le
i s f a i t h in c o n s t i t u t i o n a l means, c o n t i n e t o be t i i ken ,
TRIBAL, TRIPURA
106 . PARMAR (Suresh K) . T r i p u r a : Agains t akll Odds. Onlooker .
5 3 , 2 1 , 1992, b?ov,15.
The t r i b a l e x t e m i s t s a r e t h e b i g g e s t enemies
of t h e t r i b a l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n of t r i b a l s
These e x t r e m i s t s a r e not a l l o w i n g t h e pace of economic
development t o be i n c r e a s e d in t h e i n t e r i o r a r e a s where
t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e t r i b a l people i s very bad . i t i s
h e r e t c h e d .
91
ULFA vs_ NSCN # — ' t '
1 C 7 . DUBEY (Suman ) . U n q u i e t N o r t h - E a s t . I n d i a n E x p r e s s .
5 5 , 6 2 ; 1987> J a n , 9 ; 6 .
A new d i m e n s i o n h a s been added by t h e g rowing
c o - o p e r a t i o n be tween t h e v a r i o u s i n s u r g e n t g r o u p s a c t i v e
i n t h e r e g i o n . F o r q u i t e some t i m e , men of t h e p e o p l e ' s
l i b e r a t i o n Army (PLA) of K a n i p u r have been t r a i n e d in
g u e r i l l a w o r f o r c by t h e MSCN a t i t s h e a d q u a r t e r s a t
c h a l l a m , beyond t h e Somrah T r a c t , in Morth Burma. A
c o u p l e of months b a c k t h e ULFA and t h e KSCN had p r e p a r e d
a j o i n t o p e r a t i o n b a n k " p l a n t o overcome f i n a n c i a l
d i f f i c u l t i e s .
UNDERGROUND MOVEMECTS
1 0 8 . REDDY ( G K ) . I n s u r g e n t s i n M o r t h - E a s t t r y i n g t o f o r g e
U n i t y . H i n d u . 1 9 8 6 , D e c , 1 5 .
A p o t e n t i a l l y s e r i o u s i n s u r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n i s
d e v e l o p p i n g in t h e N o r t h - E a s t r e g i o n , wh ich i s t r o u b l e d
by mony u n d e r g r o u n d movements e s p o v s i n g d i f f e r e n t c a u s e s ,
b u t drawn t o g e t h e r by r e a l o r i m a g i n a r y g r i e v a n c e s of
K^eglett o r e x p l o i t a t i o n l e a d i n g t o a s h a r e d s e n s e of
a l i e n a t i o n from t h e n a t i o n a l m a i n s t r e a m .
95
IirTEGRATION OPPOSITION, NSCN
1 0 9 . MAYAR ( K u l d i p ) . D i s t a n t TTorth E a s t R a d i a n c e . 2 8 , 4 8 ;
1 9 9 3 , O c t , 1 0 — 6 ; 3 .
D i s c u s s e s t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of p r o b l e m s which
a r e g o i n g on such a s p r o b l e m of T a m e n g l o n g p e o p l e ,
munlah f a c t i o n of Magas , K u k l , ULFA e t c . T a m e n g l o n g ,
l i k e t h e n l e l d w e s t , a t b r i s t l e s w i t h g u n s , n i v a l r i e s
and r e c k l o s s n e s s . Mu4rah f a c t i o n of ^Tagas k i l l e d more
t h a n 300 k u k l s , t h e age o l d r i v a l s . T h e r e were enough
s t r a n y i n t h e v i v a d t o warn t h e g o v e r n m e n t t h a t t h e
Muniah w e r e on t h e p r o v e l . The Government of I n d i a
a c t s l i k e a f i r e b r i g a d e , p u t t i n g o u t f l a m e s w h e n e v e r
and w h e r e h e r i t e r u p t s . The B o d o l a n d a c c o r d i s many
m o n t h ' s o l d . The Bodo m i l i t a n t s a r e s e e k i n g a s s i s t a n c e
from o t h e r i n i l i t a n t s i n Assam. The NSCM c o m p r i s i n g t h e
two }7aga f a c t i o n s Muivab and K h a p l o n g , have s t u c k t o
t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e r i a g a l a n d ' s i n t o g r a t l o n w i t h
I n d i a .
ISOLATION, NEGLECT, ASSAM
1 1 0 . CHAUDHURY ( S r e e r u p a M i t r a ) . N o r t h - E a s t : V a l l e y of d e a t h
and d l l e m a : a s t u d y of r e l a t i v e d e p r i v a t i o n i n Assam.
D e m o c r a t i c w o r l d . J o j f ; iggf, A ) > ^ ' IH) 1»-11*
E x p r e s s t h e p r o b l e m s of Assam a r e n e i t h e r
wholly political nor purely economic, but, a product
of a feeling of isolation and neglect. Moreover, the
Assamese people are feeble and behave '-omewhat ignor-
antly in the decision making process. So the sense of
assimilation and culture contact' needs to be developed
among them.
Lkl^ SCAKDAL, BUR:-IAN (SamJJi. o.To/y, ^ • TRIPUPA —I——'I o ^
111. CHAXRA BCRTY (Sivjic Kumar). Land Scandal rocks State
^vernment. Link. 31, 36; 1989, April, 16; 25.
Discusses in Tripura a house probe committee
has been proposed by the State treasury benches to
inquire into the alleged land scandal involving the
Home and law iMinister-Samer Rajan Barman. In spite of
Barmans strong denials and clarifications on the issue
CPI(M) MLA Bimal sinha has quoted documents and alleged
that the Minister tried to influence the Judiciary to
get a compensation for his two cousins.
LAMD, TRIBAL, TpiPURA
112. Engineer (Asghar Ali) . Tripura: Reversing tribal land
O-lienation. ER^: 29 , 28; 1994 , Ju] ii,9; 17C9-— ic.
The amendment to the Tripura land Revenue and
land Rehorms Act, 1974, recently passed in the state
9 7
leggislature will strengthen provisions in the act faci
litating the return of alienated land to tribals.
LANGUAGE, MANIFUR
113. RAY (Tapas)• Lan guage troubles: Seeking recognition
for Manipuri. Frontline. 9,8; 1992,April,11-24; 120.
Discusses, the only way to him the war against
secessionism is to win own the people by meeting their
democratic demand of recognition for their language,
on the one land, and redress the tribals grievances,
if necessary through the formation of autonomous
district councils on the other.
LCCAL ISSUES, ULFA;ASSA>1
114. PRABHAKARA (MS). Changing face of ULFA. Hindu. 116,
6; 1993, Jan,17;9.
The ULFA strategy has undergone a sea-change
with recorganisation of district committees, primacy
to the 'political wing over the • armed wing' and greater
autonomy to the constituent units for tackling local
i s s ue s .
MANAGEMENT, RECRUITMECT, PRIVATE, COMPANY ASSAM,
1839-64
115. SIRCAR (Kalyan K). Tale of two boards: Some early
management problems of Assam company limited, 1839-1864.
EPW. 21,10, and 11; 1986, March, 8-15; 453-9.
In discussions of early nineteenth century
British private investment in North-East India, much
has been said about the scarcity of labour in JJssam
and the problem of recruitment elsewhere. The earrly
transport difficulties and the absence of any business
sense among the indigenous Assamese are other impe
diments usually mentioned to account for the deades
of lean time for British investment. In the midst of
such formid=»ble odds the heroic role of the modern ent
repreneur Is then stressed and homage is paid to the men
whose energy and enterprise not only brought . uce.cs to
the business enterprise, but also brought the Isolated
and undeveloped tropical land into the World of exchange
and thus stimulated production and raised the standard
of living of the in habitants.
MASSACRE, BCDO, ASSAM
116. HAZARIKA (Sanjoy). Dangerous developments. Hindustan
99
Times. 1994, Aug, 21; 9.
Discueses the recent massacre of Bengali
speaking Muslim settlers in Assam by Bodo Militants
reized national and international headlines. It was
not the first of its kind, :or is it going to be the
last. Hundreds of p^asent families, fleeing assaults
on their villages, are sheltering in a school building,
exhausted, tense and huddled together for security.
Out side, the night is himiid and silent. The crackle
of gunfire and fierce cries disturb the night, waking
men, v;omen and children.
MIGRANTS, ASSAM.
117. COMFUSICN in Assam. Times of India. 153, 177; 1990,
June, 29;8.
The 12- hour Assam burdh called by the ruling
Assam Gana parishod (AGP) was in essence a bid to con
solidate its standing in the state. The ostensible
purpose of the stoppage was to reiterate its demand
that the illegal inigrants act should be scropped and
crude from Assam's oilfields in excess of what its
refineries can handle should not be sent out of the
state .
130
BANGLADESHI
118. SHARMA (Rakesh). Problem people: The iaigration from
Bangladesh. Frontline. 9,21;1992, Oct, lC-23; 130.
The Home Minister said it was for a shorterm
objective of finding sanctuary across the border and
to gain the sympathy of Bangladeshis that the ULFA
faction was supporting the migration. These were anti-
national portents and would have to be resisted uni
tedly. Many Bangladeshis found it easy to overstay
on account of a liberal visa agreement. And agents
on both sides organised migration with forged travel
documents. Visa regulations had now been tightened.
BANGLADESHI, VIEWS, CC.VGRESS (l) ~ " ~ , " " " , • " " * ,
119. KAMA ROCPI: North-East. Broader J-dentities. EFW. 28,
26; 1993,June,26; 1338.
The ability of the congress (I) leaders to
speak in several vaices at the same time has once
again become evident in some of the forulations of
the Eighth General conference (Special) of the ?lorth-
Eastern congress (I) co-ordination committee (NEccc-.!),
Which met in blmapur on June 22, on the issue of illegal
migration into the region from across the border,
especially Bangladesh.
10 i
^JEPALIS, ASSAM
12C. HUSSAIN ( M o n i r u l ) . N e p a l i s In Assam and Asamiya
r \ a t l o n a l ^ s t i o n . M a i n s t r e a m . 2 7 , 2 9 ; 1 9 8 9 , A p r i l ,
1 5 ; 1 4 - 1 8 .
H i g h l i g h t s t h e Assam movement b r o u g h t i n t o
s h a r p f o c u s t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e N e p a l i s a s f o r e i g n e r /
I n d i a n t o g e t h e r v ; i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f E a s t P a k i s t a n i s
and B a n g l a c f e s h i s i n Assam. The p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e
N e p a l i m i g r a t i o n t o Assam h a s n e v e r b e e n s t r o n g . I n
t h e wave of t h e C h i n e s e a g g r e s s i o n of 1962 , many
N e p a l i s o l d i e r s s a c r i f i c e d t h e i r l i v e s t o p r o t e c t t h e
n o r t h e a s t f r o n t i e r of I n d i a . T h i s g e n e r a t e d t r e
mendous sympathy f o r t h e l \ repal i s i n Assam . They w e r e
l a r g e l y w e l l - a c c e p t e d and w e l l t r e a t e d in t h e l a r g e r
Assamese s o c i e t y .
MIGRATION, MINORITIES, BENGALI, ASSAM
1 2 1 . PRABHAKARA (MS) . A g e - o l d movement ; The c o n c e r n s i n t h e
N o r t h - E a s t . F r o n t l i n e . 9 , 2 2 ; 1 9 9 2 , Oct , 2 4 - i : o v , 6 ; 29 -3 0
The i s s u e of i l l e g a l m i g r a n t s from B a n g l a d e s h
i n Assam and o t h e r a r e a s of t h e N o r t h - E a s t i s e x t r e m e l y
c o m p l i c a t e d , w i t h h i s t o r i c a l , c u l t u r a l , l i n g u i s t i c and
1 0 ' u
camural ramification?:. The issue, however, has always
been a time one. The anxlities about the influa, bath
of 'refuges' and 'infiltrators; have never been for
below the surface. However, as long as the dominance
of the congress in the polities of the state remained
unchallenged, the istue has played up or played down
according to the calculated requirements of the party
in the state.
122. PRABHAKARA (MS). Border brinkmanship blowing hot and
cold in Assam,Frontline. 9,4; 1992, July, 4-17; 38-40.
The disclosure about illegal migrants in Assam'
was only intended to rub in the message that the ULFA
leadership, which had not sued for peace on his terms,
was being in league with the 'enemy with such a huge
fifth column already entrenched within the state,
beyond the pale.
MUSLIMS, ASSAM
123. KUMAR (Kinesh). Accord non-implementation fuelling
Bodo militancy. Times of India. 157, 195; 1994, Aug,
18;11.
While the Army has managed to restore order
and a semblance of peace in this sensitive region €t
103
lower Assam which witnessed the massacre or Muslim migrants
on Jxily 23, the s i tuat ion has not qui te returned t o normal
Although the land i s f e r t i l e and p la in , the thick under
growth, f o l i a g e , the scattered hamlets and the dense forest
reserve arreas make i t a d i f f i c u l t terrain for the security
forces . Added to t h i s i s the p?\thettc condition of the l ink
roads ad the slush spread over the low-lying countryside.
REFUGEES, CHAKMA# ASSAM
1 2 4 . GILANI ( I C t i k h a r ) . Chakma Refugee* The s p e c t r e of deport
a t i o n . Nat ion . 3 , 29; 1992; Dec, 1; 1 6 — 7 .
High l ight the past 28 years have not made much
difference in the status of these migrants. They are s t i l l
being viewed as a l iens and refugees. I ron ica l ly , even the
Assam Accord has recognised Janxiary 1, 1966 as the cut-off
date for accepting migrants from East Pakistan as Indian
c i t i z e n s .
MINORITIES, FEAR AND ANGER, ASSAM
125. MENON (Ramesh). Asaami Warning signs. India Todav.
12, 5; 1987, March, 1-15; 42.
Highlight that the rallies were easily the biggest
held in Assam in recent times, clearly Indicating that
I l i a
f e a r and anger among various s e c t i o n s in the s t a t e
predominantly the m i n o r i t i e s was on the r i s e .
Organised by t r i b a l s and farmers o r g a n i s a t i o n s and the
C . P . I , t h e demonstrators sotinded a warning t o the
Mahanta Government aga ins t t h e recent l a r g e - s c a l e
e v i c t i o n s ordered by i t , rendering aboixt 60,000
people from 12,000 f a m i l i e s homeless in the s t a t e .
MINORITY POLICY, SEPARATE STATEHOOD
1 2 6 . BARUAH ( S a n j i b ) . Minority P o l i c y in the North-East:
Achievements and dangers . EPW. 24 , 37; 1989; 2087-91.
This a r t i c l e o f f i e r s a study or t h e p r a c t i c a l
e f f e c t s of Ind ian ' s minori ty p o l i c y by examining the
impact or t h e s e p o l i t i e s on c u l t u r a l I s sues in the
North-Eastem s t a t e s . The pos t c o l o n i a l Indian s t a t e
has more or l e s s continued B r i t i s h p61i61es aimed at
p r o t e c t i n g Vulnerable indigenous p e o p l e . D i s sent ing
m i n o r i t i e s have been s u c c e s s f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d at the
p o l i t i c a l l e v e l by granting them separate s tatehood
and therby maintaining a p a r t i a l exc lus ionary s t a t u s
o f the North-Eastem s t a t e s . Statehood has not only
105
allowed elected representatives to gain power and
determine policy, but has also given the In dlgenous
people a role in decesslon regarding the preservation
abandoning or Invention of cultural forms.
MOVEMENT, MAYANG, MAMIPXJR
127. SENGUPTA ( Uttam). Manlpuri Anarchic state. India
Today. 15,22; 1990, Nov,16-30; 67.
Discusses the spurt or violence has broken the
Uneasy calm In Imphal. with the revival of the antl-
mayang (outsider) movement In Manlpur, last fortnight
a Chinese- made grenade was hurled at a non-Manipurl
businessman, Surlnder Singh. As the threat of violence
grows, Manlpur Rifles Jawan and the pollc patrol the
streets. Sand bags fortify the Imphal Jail where some
of the under ground leaders are incarcerated.
.^ TRIBAL
128. REVOLT OP the trlbals. Democratic World. 18,38;1989,
Sept,17; 4.
Some of the movements In North-East and c e n t r a l
India have the t a c i t support of o u t s i d e r s . The keen i n
t e r e s t beingtaken by the o u t s i d e world on the Bodo
a g i t a t i o n , the Jharkkand movement and o ther organised
106
agitations gives a new dimension to the whole problem.
The congress may have adopted many schemes xinder the
20- point programme and the centre has been urging
on the states to implement quickly the tribal uplift-
ment programmes. But very little was done on the ground
as a resxilt of which the tribals have turned aginst the
authorities. They come with money and other inducements
for encouraging agitations. The authorities should see
the writing on the wall and do something to pacify the
tribals.
NAGA FOLKLORE* lAGALAND
129. KUMAR (B B). Naga Falk Lore. Journal of social Research,
27,1;1984, 158-175.
This paper suggests a classification ot the
Naga Polk lore according to the area diffusion, as
follows!
(i) Polk literature shared by more than one tribe;
(ii) the folk-lore of a particular tribe; and (111)
Village based folklore. It also deacribal some Naga
legends and tales related to their orlgon and relation
ship with the supernatural and ends up with the English
renderding of some 7aga folk songs.
VJI
NATIOimLITY* ASSAM
130- WHERE NOT to dxomp aliens. Sentinel* 12#151;1994,
Sept« 13;4.
The most amusing part of the whole business
is that Chief Minister Saikia should now be talking
of Assam not being*allowed to become a dumping groxmd
of foreign nationals ot other neighbouring states*.
He seems to have overlooked the fact that Assam became
such a dumping ground long ago* And people tend to look
for dumping grounds when they have garbage to dump*
OIL BLOCKADE, AASU« ASSAM
131* BANERJEE (Nltmalya)• AASU threatens oil blockade*
Statesman* 127, 8467; 1987; April, 30;7.
Mr* Atul Bora, general secretary of the All
Assam students Union said that "we can not be silent
if the Assam accord is not implemented* We will not
hesitate to block the movement 8 oil, plywood and tea
once again"* He thought that the Assam Government
should "fight collectively" and pressure the centre
Into implementing the accord.
108
EEACE ACCORD, REACTION, SAILQ, MIZORAM
132 . NARAYAN (Hamendra) . BrlQ^ SailO'.^ r e s e j ^ v a t i o n s on Mlzo
a c c o r d , Indian Express . 54 , 332; 1 9 8 6 , O c t , 6 ; 9 .
Brig S a i l o , the farmer ch i e f m i n i s t e r has w e l
comed the Mizoram peace accord but expressed t h e s c e
p t i c a l view t h a t the document had I t s po int s of
weekness which might harm Mizo i n t e r e s t s . In the
f i r s t assembly a f t e r the accord was s igned , the
party adopted a r e s o l u t i o n welcoming the memorandum
of se t t l ement between the centre and the Mizo National
Front for r e s t o r a t i o n of l a s t i n g peace In the \anion
T e r r i t o r y .
PEACE, MIZORAM
1 3 3 . PRABHAKIIA(MS) . E lus ive Peace: Mizoram, half a decade
the accord. F r o n t l i n e . 9 , 1 1 ; 1992, May,23-June,5;
4 2 — 7 .
The p o l i t i c a l indictment a p a r t , f i n a n c i a l l y
t o o the s t a t e i s in a bad s t o p e . Gone, i t appears ,
are the dgrs when Alzahel a t l e a s t was f lush with
cash and the foods and s e r v i c e s a v a i l a b l e in Aizawl
simply did not match the sp lurg ing of the fortxmate
I'Jil
the a l l too famil iar combine of p o l i t i c i a n s , bure-
ancrats and contractors and suppl i ers .
PLAN, PEACE, NAGALAND
134. RAY (Tapas). To scuttle a peace Plan: President's
rule in Nagaland. Frontline. 9,8> 1992, April,11-24;
28- 9.
It is an ominous sign that the centre was
so amxlous to bring the Nagaland administration under
its control at a time when the peace plan was about
to take off. Had the vomuzo Ministry continued in a
caretaker capacity, as thomas had directed, and
elections held in the coming months, the congress(I)
would have had a Chanes to be elected 16 power. That is
chose instead to impose Presidents Rule, runing further
bitterness with the entire opposition at a time when
it Is on the defensive over Madhavsinh Salamkl•s note
to mention the economic policy, points to the fact
that it was under great compulsion to senttle the
peace offernsive.
110
POLITICAL, AGITATION ULFA DECLI^3E, ASSAM
135. PHUKAN (Niranjan). Decline of ULPA. EFW. 28,38;1993
Septals; 2014.
Chronologically the ULFA had its origion in the
waring phase of the Assam movement, when political
agitation no longer reemed capable of fulfilling
the aims of the movement and asmed struggle appeared
to be a logical and inable alternative. The armed
militants were thus a branch of the movement, and
colleagues of the leaders who later became ministers
ot the AGP government in Assam. They were neither
more adventures not anti-socials, whatever their
mistakes and crimes. The real root of the problem is
thus the perception of the people of Assam that they
are now powerless to take any significant decision
on matters affecting their present life and future
desting.
ASSAM. • " " " # • " " " , " " " #
136 . BARUAH ( Nlrode k) . Nehru, Bardoloi and Assam's
problem with cabinet Mission p l a n . Mainstream. 30 ,
43; 1992, Aug,15;23— 7 ,
Examines t h a t assximptlons l i k e Assam being
respons ib le for the conwliunal d l c i s i o n of the country
I l l
or that the pre-independence Assamese congresemen
were anti-Nehru are by no means uncocomroon* Only
by going into the sources and through through
research can we except to get rid of the harmful
Influence of banal generalisations.
ASSAM ACCORD 1985, ASSAM
137. PESHIMAM ( Masood) . Thoughts on the Assam accord.
Radiance. 21, 20; 1985, Sept, 22-28; 5.
When Mr. Rajlve Gandhi succeeded in reaching
an accord with the Akalies over Punjab which later
on culminated into the tragic assassination of
Smt Harchand Singh Langowal. It was equally hoped
that a settlement would also be fovmd to resolve
the nexed issue ot foreign nationals in Assam. It
was not however, ulsualized that the two settlements
that of Punjab and Assam would follow in such quick
succession.
B J P VS, ULFA, ASSAM
138. KAMAROOPI. Assam on <;o l l i s ion course . EPW. 27,36;1992
Sept , 1880.
The ongoing war ot words between the BJP and the
ULPA, which can well turn Into a more violent confrontat
ion if the piiblic posturings are to be acted upon, has to
be seenin the background of both the permanent interests
as well as the shifting political calculations of these
parties.
BRITISH VS BURMESE, ASSAM
139, CHAWLA ( Prabhu) . Assam and the North-East: The danger of
secession. India Today. 5*4; 1980, Feb, 16-29; 38—9.
Analyses that while the majority of the Assamese
people still consider themselves to be Indians, ambitions
direct the movement against foreigners close to secess-
ionesm on August 15, the National flag was burnt official
functions cancelled and cancelled and a separate flog was
used. Assamese today recall that they were thrown into
India not by choice, not following military defeat but
through arrangements between the British and the Burmese K
King at Yandaboo in 1822.
CRISIS, MANIPUR
140. CRISIS IN Manipur State<;mar|.119, 8933; 1990, Feb,19; 6.
Even without the constitutional problems posed by
the expiry of the Manipur Assembly's term, spell of
113
President's Rule# rather than the formation of
a ministry on the basis or a half formed leglstature
was unoubtedly the best solution for the state. The
case for central intervention was strength during the
week by the unprecedented nature of the violence which
rocked Imphal.
CORRUPTION, TRIPURA
141. CHAKRAVARTY (Sujit) . TUJS raps congress ministers
for corruption. Link. 31# 45;1989, June, 18; 26.
Tripura upajati Jnba Samiti (TUJS). coalition
partner in the Government has levelled serious charges
of corrupcion against their congress colleagues.
fromlcally the congress considers it as an unwarranted
interference in its internal affairs.
DISSIDENCE, AGP, ASSAM
142. BORA (Dual) . Dissidence rocks S t a t e ru l ing par ty .
Link. 3 1 , 20; 1988, Dec, 28-9 .
The AscvnGana Par l shad , t h e ru l ing par ty Voi ikx
I f4
tft-^t-hp- er&atfft has- toow> -Tockod wX'th • ditreldepee».
yiAvow ^fptpnom m i n i s t e r s have charged Chief Minis ter
Prof i i l la Kum«r Mahanta with v i o l a t i n g party d e c i p l i n e
by making i n s i n u a t i o n s aga ins t them in the Press
Moreover the d i s s i d e n t s have been explor ing ways of
rep lac ing Mahanta with Speaker Pulakesh Barua as the
l e a d e r of the p a r t y . The p o s i t i o n of the Chief Min i s ter
has become a l l the more vulnerable as there have been
a l l e g a t i o n s of nepotism aga ins t him.
ELECTIONS — # — ,-"•#
143. KAMARDOpI. Assassination and After In NorthEast.
EPW. 26,22; 1991, June, 1-8; 1383.
With the stakes in the present elections,
especially there or the State assembly being very
high, and with every section of the people very highly
politicised, it is unlikely that the sympathy. Vote
will be a major factor in Assam.
PEACEFUL, ASSAM 1991.
144. KAMAROOpx. Assami Polities ot "Peaceful' Poll. EPW.
26,24; 1991, June, 15; 1443-4.
The self congratulation in Assam over peaceful
It5
conduct or the pous may not be e n t i r e l y x i n j u s t i f i e d ,
but more Important i t i s t o note the ULFAIS r o l e in
keeping the e l e c t i o n s peaceful and the c a l c u l a t i o n s
underlying i t .
INSTABILITY , NAGALAND
145, INSTABILITY IN Nagaland. Hindustan Times. 67,65;1990#
June/ 16; 1 1 ,
•Operation t a p p l e ' going on in Nagaland i s a
sad r e f l e c t i o n on t h e p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s in the s t a t e .
The congress - I Government headed by Mr.S.C. Jamir
appeared t o be s t a b l e but with the change of Govern
ment at the c e n t r e , some ot Mr.Jamies supporters de
ser ted him wi th t h e r e s u l t tha t h i s Government f e l l .
Barely , a month a f t e r i t s formation, t h e c h i s i min is try
has found i t s e l f In a c r i s i s Mr.Jamir was quich t o
r e t a l i a t e .
LINGUISTIC STATE MCe<}:o'r[ SECULARISM,
ASSAM,
146 . BARUAH (Sanjib) , Lessons of Assam.EPW. 21 ,7 ;1986 ,Feb ,15;
282— 4 .
Deals the Assam events r a i s e a number of i s s u e s
that l i e at the core of Indian p o l i t i c a l l i f e : the
ll*!
that lie at the core of Indian political life: the
meaning of regional political parties* the phenomenon
of cultural sub-nationalism, the question of citizen
ship laws and the legacy of partition, and the principles
of linquistic states and secularism that are basic planks
of the Indian pattern ot accommodation of cultural plur
alism. In the long run, however, Assam's new leadership
will be Judged also in terms of its ability to go beyond
the passions (M the tumultous past six years. The time
has now come to address other equally imfortant issues.
Will Assam's new leaders show as much Innovation and skill
in dealing with problems like Assam's economic londer deve
lopment that will be what people will ask of them the next
time roxind.
MANIPUR ""~***~~#'*'^#
147, RAT (Tapas). Operation topple in Manlpur# a repeat of
Meghalaya. Frontline. 9,2;1992, Jan, 18-31; 19-20.
This paper examines the country will have a heavy
price to pay if the congress(I) persists with the topping
games in its quest for power. The chbnet committee on
political Affairs is likely to consider the cases of the
all three states-Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland- to Evdue
uv
a common sbategy for ending the Imposse. It is only to
be hoped that long term national interests will take
precedence over narrow partisan ones at a time when sece-
ssioanists in the region are on the offensive and Gover
nment has more that it can handle in Kashmir, Punjab and
Assam.
— , — , — , MITHI (Mukut) , EXIT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH
148• ANAND (Lalit), Arunachal Pradesh* Thungon touch-fcnsures
Doom* Onlooicer> 53, 2; 1992/ Jan, 31; 48,
Analyses that the latest victims ot the Thungon
touch is the up and coming former forest Minister Mukxit
Mithi, Many in the state had considered Mithi to be the
most obuious sucessor to the present Chief Minister till
he fell into Thungon's hands.
PARTIES, CONGRESS (I), TRIPURA
149. MUKHERJEE (Amltava). Tripurai Deb- illtating controversy,
Onlooker. 54, 18; 1993, Sept, 30; 53.
Analyses that the • iron man* of the North East
congress is no more in control of the politics of the
state. The changed political scenario in Tripura after
the last assembly election has led to certain coalescence
118
of apposition against Deb. Some of the lesser lights
owing their political rise to the Union Minister for
steel have been publicly defying his wishes. This
development has Manifested Itself In the question of
deciding upon upon who the congress tegislature party
chief will be
MIZO NATIONAL FRONT
150. PRASAD (RN) . Mlzo National Front Party and its a^ctivitles;
A study. Political Science Reglew. 28,1-2; 1989, Jan,-
June,; 61-74.
This article deals with the reglonat political
parties such as D.M.K., A.G.P., A.P.H.L.C., Mlzo National
front etc. which are the j ase of our polity. Their Impect
has been limited since, given their class character which
is much the some as that of the congress and other non-
left parties, basic restructirlng of existing socio
economic relations Isnoc on their agenda. Regional part
ies may well claim some credit for hinlng a meassure of
legitimacy for the view that, given over plural social
structure, nation building has to be a process of aggre
gation, not assimilation.
119
MANIPUR
151. SINHA ( Abhay). Manlpur: Unprecedented Uncertainty.
Link. 32, 29; 1990, Feb, 25; 15—6.
There are fears in the opposition that even
if the congress gets less then help the 12 seats, it
would resort to its old tactics' of 'buying* nearly
elected legistators of other parties.
POST- GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989
152. NORTH-EAST POSER.Economic Times. 16,251; 1989, Dec,8;7.
This article discuss the position of north-east
region after the Lok Sabba Elections. The Chief Ministers
of the north-eastern states, namely Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Mlzoram, Manipur, Arunacnal Pradesh and Trlpura held a
conclave in New Delhi to tell the new government at the
centre that " any attempt on its part to destabilise
the govejmments in the region held not be taken kindly 1
There was no provocation for them to make a statement
to this effect, since the V.P. Singh Government did
not have a chance to spell out its policy for the north
east.
120
SECURITY
153. KULKARNI ( R V) . Security of the North-East. U S I
Journal. 22, 508; 1992, April, - June; 142-153.
Analysis of each of the movements indinidually
as also collectively Indicate nexuses ammongst themsel
ves as also of more serious a nature with the prominent
personalities in ptiblic life. This is a mather of concern.
Although all such issues need political involvement and
solutions, the present involvement is not with view to
seeking resolution of the problem through dialogua bxit
for deriuing mileage for power base.
The develppmenis in the N.E. states, can not be
treated as amere law and order problem and thus left
to indtvisual states or ministry. It is a problem of
national security.
TERROR, TRIPURA " " • , * * " " , ' " " ,
154. CHAUDHURI ( Kalyan). Terror in Tripura. Frontline.
8,13; 1991, June, 22- July, 5; 102-5.
The election was held on June 12 IR an atmosph
ere of terror and fear The election comm-lssion claimed
the roter turn out has quite satisfactory and the polling
121
60 and 6 5 . But t o one who had v i s i t e d p o l l i n g bo th s in
t h e r u r a l and urban a r e a s of T r i p u r a on June 12 , t h i s
c l a im wood seem t a l l *
TRIPURA
155. PRABHAKARA (MS) • Troiible ahead when politics and
hunger mix. Frontline. 9,4; 1992# Feb, 15-28; 43—7.
This article highlights the most notable feature
of the political situation In Tripura Is that while the
gomal opposition Is beset by numerous problems, the
many lapses and misdeeds ot the Government are attract
ing criticism from sections of the ruling coalition
Itself.
TUJS, TRIPURA
156, CHAKRABORTY (SJL« it KumcUt). Coalition in throes of crisis
Link. 32, 32; 1990, March, 18; 22-3.
Author says that according to political observers,
the TUJS was tyylng to cover up Its Inflgstlng between
two factions, one group led by party president Shyama
Charan Tripura ana the other by general secretary Harlnath
Debbarrma.
122
UNDE RGROUND, NAGALAHD
1 5 7 . CHAKRABORTY (SU-jit Kximar) . Pres ident nale In Nagaland.
Llnk» 3 1 , 2 ; 1988, Aug, 21; 2 5 - 6 .
Analyses the e i g h t day p o l i t i c a l c r i s i s in Nagaland
ended wi th the imposi t ion of p r e s i u e n t ' s r u l e . The
Governor has assured the people of Nagaland in h i s f i r s t
speech that a normal democrat ic Government wotld be
fcjrought about in the s t a t e w i t h i n a very reasonable
time frorae. He a l s o s a i d t h a t a c l e a n , e f f i c i e n t and
re spons ib l e adminis trat ion would funct ion for the
i n t e r e s t of the people during the p r e s i d e n t ' s r u l e .
He added that we would t r y h i s l e v e l bes t t o s o l v e the
underground problem in the near f u t u r e . But the people
i t appears , accepted the P r e s i d e n t ' s r u l e , and majority
of the masses were h igh ly c r i t i c a l about the rule played
by the congress d i s s i d e n t s .
ETHNICITY, MIZORAM * • * " # " " " , " * * " ,
158. KUNDU (Di l ip Kumar). Ethnic i ty , and P o l i t i c s in Mlzoram.
Soc ia l i s t Perspective. 20, 3-4; 1993 Dec,-March; 155-162.
It i s now evident that ethnic d i s t inc t ion among :
Mizos i s s t i l l a very s igni f icant factor in the p o l i t i c s
of Mlzoram. The complex ethnic composition or the Mizos
123
comprising many tribe, subtribe, clan and lineage groups
has further complicated the process of identity form
ation among them. The process of identity formatian is
layered and still in a fluid state depending upon
political exigeness and crgnitive orientation and
perception of belonging to settor different levels o£
layalties have been erokad and used by various ethnic
groups.
POWER POTENTIAL — # — " ,
159. SYED ZUBAIR AHMAD. Vast power potential in N-E lies
untapped. Times of India. 157, 143; 1994, June, 18; 11.
The transmission and distribution losses in the
region are one of the highest 3 0 percent. However the
region has made remarkable progress since Independence.
"The region requires a major threst in the exploitation
of renewable resources or energy as otherwise the supply
of conventional energy with eostly transmissions lines
to distantly, located population will only remain a pipe-
dream and the region's economy will never catch up with the
rest of the country.
121
REFUGEES, CHAKMA, ARUNACHAL PRADESH
160 . MUKHERJEE (Aml tava ) . Arunachal P radesh : The chakma
d l l e m a . On looker . 54 , 22; 1993, Nov, 30; 5 2 .
A f t e r t h e T r i p u t a , Chakma re fugee problem has
now began t o o f f e e t p o l i t i c s in Arunachal Pradesh t o o .
High p i t c h t e n s i o n has t aken over t h e p i c t u r e s q u e s t a t e
on t h e w i t h - e a s t e m most p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y ' s b o r d e r
f o r q u i t e some t i m e . In Arunachal t h e r e a r e r e p o r t s
t h a t some of I n d i a s ne ighbour s have been t r y i n g t o
c o n t a c t t h e Chakma l e a d e r s h i p . Government c i r c l e s do
n o t t o t a l l y d i s c o u n t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e chakmas >
becoming a p a r t of t h e l a r g e r game p lan of insurgency
in t h e Nor th -Eas t a s a w h o l e .
161. RAY (Topas). Refugees aliens at home : Chakmas,
HaJongs of Arunachal Pradesh. Frontline. 10,19; 1993,
Sept, 11-24; 44-6.
The paper discusses the problem of chakmas,
HaJongs of Arunachal Pradesh who are the regugees.
They built villages and cleared the Jungle to take
up farming. It was a hard life, but rewarding where
the earth was kind, seeking citizenssip rights,
125
Cha)anas and Hajongs of Ariinachal Pradesh on a dharna
In D e l h i , fac ing h o s t i l i t y and v i o l e n c e . Whatever the
reason for D e l h i ' s current s i l e n c e on the r e f u g e e s ,
the f a c t i s t h a t i t i s compl icat ing the s i t u a t i o n with
every pass ing daVr*
CHT TRIBES, TRIPURA ""• # "^^ # " ^ #""""
1 6 2 . ROY (Chit tapriya) and PRAMANIK (B imal ) . Chittagong
problems of chalana and o ther t t i b e s . Mainstream.
28 , 9; 1989, Dec, 23? 20-24-
Describe the onstaught of the Bangladesh
armed and para-mi l i tory forces combined with pre-plammed
encroachment by the n o n - t r i b a l s on the t r i b a l land
and property backed by the Bangladesh Government: and
a l s o i n t e r n a l s t r i f e among d i f f e r e n t t r i b a l groups have
made the danger of the t r i b a l s l o s i n g t h e i r i d e n t i t i e s
more c r e t i c a l than e v e r . Chakma and o t h e r t r i b a l s in
thousands are f l e e i n g in the neighbouring Indian Sta te
of Tripura, Mizorara, e t c and India i s a lready burdend wit
with over 70 ,000 Chakma refugees s h e l t e r e d in d i f f e r e n t
camps in t h e s e s t a t e s . The problem ot the chakmas and
other CHT t r i b e s require urgent a t t e n t i o n of the
i n t e r n a t i o n a l community.
126
SURVIVAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, SELF DETER-
MINATION
163. GHOSE (AJoroblndo) and GILLANI( Syed Iftlkhar). Life
and Times of the Chalanasj Sumlval, human hights and
self duetermlnatlon.Mainstream, 31# 34; 1993, July, 3;
25-7.
This paper highlights that the chakamas are An
ancient tribal community, Buddhist by religion, their
own district way of life language values and culture
who have made the area known as the chlttagong Hill
Tracts their homeland since the eleventh century ab after
migrating from the frakan hills of Burma. Besides the
CHT area of Bangladesh and the Aakan region of Myanmar
or Burma, by migration over different periods, the
Chakmas have settled in Assam, Trlpur and Mlzoram of
present day India's North-Eastern region and acquired
Indian citizenship. The chakmas are also living in
Arunachal Pradesh but here they are yet to aqure the
status either of refugees or of citizens' and remain
in a condition of state lessness.
TRIPURA
164. MENON (Ramesh). Chakmas i Shattered Lines. India Today.
12,5; 1987, March, 1-15; 76-8p.
For the past nine months, Chakama refugees have
been fleeing Bangladesh terrorised by the Bangladesh
127
terrorised by the Bangladesh Army last fornight the
Buddhist tribals come in waves into Tripura swelling
to over 45#000. The plight of thousands of chakmas/
who prefer to huddle in the discomfort of moveshift
refugee cams rather than return to their homes across
the border, underscores the enorimous hxmian dimens
ions or the tragedy.
165. RAMMIiil JAHANGIft." ^ ® "* troubles. Sunday. 21, 11;
1994, March, 13-19; 94.
Four batches of the chakma refugees were r epa t
r i a t e d from India between 15 and 22 February. But
t he r e are apprehensions t h a t t he o f f i c i a l eupporia
may be short l ived as most of them s t i l l remain in
T r i p u r a .
166. RAY (Tapas) . Refugees Chakma stoJ-eraate : An i n t r a -
c i t a b l e problem.Front l ine . 10 .13 , 1993, June , 19-July
2; 26-8 .
In the southemmest pa r t or Tr ipura , t h e r are
56,000 t r i b e s people, who have f led perecution at home
in the Chittagong Hi l l Tract (CHT) . pass t h e i r days in
128
a haze of hopelessness. The majority 60 percent are
Chatanas and the rest belong to about a dozen other
indigenous tribes and clans or the CHT such as Marma*
Tonchangya# Tripura* Lushai (Known as Mlzo in India)*
Bawn, Pang, Mru, ChaK» Khyamg and Khumi. The refugees
have made it clear that they more eager to return, but
could not trust the Bangladesh autharities or security
forces in the absence of a written tripartile agreement,
signed by Bangladesh, India and the Jana Samhati Samiti
Shanti Bahini.
RELATIONS, AASU and AGP, ASSAM
167. ASSAM} Survival strategies, . EPW, 25,29; 1990, July 21;
1556.
The AGP sponsored Assam bandh and the AASU
sponsored blockade ot the movement of oil have to be
§een as not merely preliminary flexing of muscles for the
coming electoral bathles but also necessary political
gestness to establish once again warking relations between
the two organisations.
^ RESOURCES, NATURAL, NAGALAND
168. SHARMA-THAKUR (GC).Some Reflections on the battern of
Utilisation of human and "natural Resources of Nagaland.
129
Journal o t Soc ia l Research. 21, 1; 984; 3 8 - 4 6 ,
This a r t i c l e pursues the problem ot t h e u t i l i z a
t i o n ot human and natural resources in Nagaland. An
apparent absence ot improvement and lack ot the
implementsion of development scneme i s due t o fac tors
ranging from insurgent a c t i v i t i e s t o the nature of
t e r r a i n and heavy dependence o t populat ion on the prim
ary s e e f o r s of economy,
SECURITY, ARMY DEPLOYMENT, MANIPUR
169» MEHTA (Ashok k ) . Winning back the north-east«Sunday.
21 ,36; 1994, Sept , 4-10> 8 6 - 7 .
Explain the recent spate o t ambushes in Manipur
h i l l areas i s bhe d i r e c t outcome o t t h e flawed d e c i s i o n
or the army t o uproot t h e 8 mountain Oiv i s lon from there
in March 1990 and deploy i t in the Kashmir V a l l e y . The
opt ion t o d i r e c t the 57 mountain Dius lon , deinduct ing
i t from Sr i lanka , was at the t ime not favoured, AS a
r e s u l t , the t i m e - t e r t e d coutoter insurgency gr id was
d is turbed a r i t was replaced by an adhoc Assam R i f l e s
s e c t o r comprising a conglomerate of f o r c e s . The s e c n r l t y
130
g r i d in the north e a s t , d is turbad by event s in
Srilanka# Pxinjab and Kashmir, has t o be f i r n l y
r e e s t a b l i s h e d and the Assam R i f l e s pepped up .
In s tau ing o f f the threat t o Kashaitr n i e should
not l o s e control o t the n o r t h - e a s t ,
SEPAOATISM
1 7 0 . DIXIT (JN) . Dr i f t in t h e North-East: Past and
p r e j u d i c e . India Express . 52 , 325; 1994, Sept , 2 7 , 8 .
Since the m i d - s i x t i e s , there i s a mot ivates and
even pern ic ious c u r i o r i t y about the North-east in
western academic c i r c l e s . The a r i e n t a t i o n ot t h e i r
p r o j e c t s i s t o ques t ion the v a l i d i t y o t the North
e a s t remaining part o t I n d i a .
SMUGGLING, DRUGS, MANIPUR
1 7 1 . IRENGBAM (Arun). Manlpur: Outport of drug corrupt ion .
Link. 3 2 , 43; 1990, June, 3 ; 4 - 8 .
The there or the paper i s that f r o a t r a n l s t
point in the i n t e r n a t i o n a l drnag smeggling r o u t e ,
Manipur has not come t o engoy the dubious d i s t i n c t i o n of
being the major d i s t r i b u t i o n centre of a l the major psy
c h e d e l i c drugs , gold and p r e - c i o u s s t o n e s . The focus
of the infamous Golden T r i p g l e has s h i f ted from Ams
131
terdam to Imphal. The drug barons ot India and Burma
have taken advantage of an Internljlonal law which
allows triball living within the 20 kg bllt on both
sides of the Indo. Burmese border to travel freely
without permits under the prectext of rice exchange
from Burma, heroim* gold and precious stons are
smuggled in.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL
172. HAZARIKA (Sanjoy) . North East: Behind the fire.Telegraph.
1994,A'Ji * 14; 4-10.
Discusses the different types ot problem such as
relating to the socio economic conditon of the region
as well as political problem which are going to take this
region beside the fire. All these factors may indeed
have a part in creating the difficult conditions thtit
exist these days. But the essential responsibility for
getting out of the quagmire is up to the people or the
region and their leaders. A practical vision that forces
cooperation among the states and nations that are by
nature bound. Is the only way forward. That ways lies some
chance of saving the situation before it becomes unman-
geable.
132
SOCIO- POLITICAL SITUATION, NAGALAND
1 7 3 . NANDA (Mlra R a n i ) . Nagaland: A t ime bomb i n t h e
N o r t h - E a s t . L i n k . 3 4 , 4 7 ; 1 9 9 2 , J u l y , 5; 1 3 — 4 .
The a u t h o r e x p r e s s e s t h e view t h a t p r e c a r i o u s
s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l and law o r d e r s i t u g t i o n s n a v e t u r n e d
Nagaland i n t o a t i m e bomb. U n l e s s n e c e s s a r y s t e p s
are t a k e n i n w i t n e s s w i d e s p e a d v i o l e n c e .
TENSION, UNION V£ STATE, GCVER. »ffiNT, AGP
1 7 4 . ASSAM* Q u i t t i n g game. EPW. 2 5 , 3 5 - 3 6 ; 1 9 9 0 , S e p t , 1 - 8 ;
1 9 2 1 - 2 .
The r e s i g n a t i o n drama, d e s p i t e i t s apparent
r e s o l u t i o n a l s o r e f l e c t s t h e m i r e a n i n g h l y camplex
t e n s i o n s t h a t c h a r a c t e r i s e t h e r e l a t i o n s be tween t h e
AGP and t h e Union government , t e n s i o n s no way e a s e d
b e c a u s e t h e AGP i s one o t t h e components o t t h e NF
government .
TERRORISM, GUERILLA WARFARE
175. RAY (Tapas) . Tripura Portents* chaos as (Assembly
e lec t ions approach.Frontline. 10,2; 1993,Jan, 29; 44-6,
Tripura seems to be entering a d i f f i c u l t
phase ot separat ist guer i l la worfore again, with
133
s i m i l a r a c t i v i t i e s going on in s e v e r a l o t h e r s t a t e s
of t h e iregion Assam, Manipur and Nagaland- T h i s can only
be bad news f o r t h e c o u n t r y , faced as i t i s w i th t h e
c h a l l e n g e of communalism. A d e m o c r a t i c a l l y e l e c t e d
government a lone can have t h e w i l l and t h e a b i l i t y t o s t o p
t h e d r i f t i n t h i s d i r e c c l o n . I t i s t h e r e f o r e i m p e r a t i v e
t h a t t h e peop le of T r l p u r a a r e a b l e t o e x e r c i s e t h e i r
f romchise i n t h e coming e l e c t i o n s w i thou t t h e f e a r of
v i o l e n c e .
IBRP vs ASSAM RIFLES " • " # ~ ~ # ~ ~ # " " ~
1 7 6 . KAMAROOPI«North-East Qrowing Vtetwork. E PW . 2 8 , 2 9 T 1993,
J u l y , 17-24; 1 4 8 1 - 2 .
The paper discusses the claiming of responsibi
lity by the Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front (IBRF) for
the ambush of an Assam Rifles patrol party near lazi in
Ttrap district or Arunachal Pradesh on June 18 in which
four persons including there soldiers of the Assam
Rifles, were killed, indicates that a more actvist
phase of the outfit, going beyond more verbose statements
or intent, is in the offing.
134
PMN VS NSCN, h/AGALAND
1 7 7 , BANERJEe ( I n d r a n i e ) . Magaland : Rebel w a r s .
I n d i a Today. 11»1; 1986, J a n , 1-15; 5 6 .
The b i r t h of a new r e b e l group i s normal ly
bad news f o r t h e trox±»led a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s or t h e
ansurgency prone n o r t n - e a s t e r n s t a t e s . But t h e
fo rmat ion of an o u t f i t c a l l e d t h e p e o p l e s m i l i t i a ao t
of Nagaland (PMN) n i g h t a c t u a l l y be a welcome d e v e l o p
ment; f o r i n i t s m a n i f e s t o c i r c u l a t e d openly In Manipur
and Nagaland r e c e n t l y , t h e PMN has d e c l a r e d I t s s o l e
enemy t o be t h e NSCN t h e r e g i o n s l a r g e s t and most a c t * *
I n s u r g e n t g r o u p . T h i s i n t r l g u r i n g r e b e t v e r s u s r e b e l
s c e n a r l . I n t e l l i g e n c e o f f i c i a l s b e l i e v e ; I s a denovement
of t h e 1975 S h i l l i n g Accord which was l a t e r denounced
by a group l e d by I s a a c Ch i sh i Swunt T.Mulvah who went
on t o form t h e NSCN In 1980
_ TRIBAL, MIZORAM
1 7 8 . RAM(Mohan). T roub le on t h e n o r t h - e a s t f r o n t i e r . Far
e a s t e r n economic Review. 105 , 37; 1979, S e p t , 4 ; 3 0 .
v i o l e n c e has r e t u r n e d t o t h e remote h i l l y
r e g i o n of morth e a s t I n d i a b o r d e r i n g Burma and Bangla
d e s h . A f t e r a t n r e e yea r c e a s e f i r e and a t t e m p t s t o
13- .
bring abotit a p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n / t r i b a l s in Mizoram
are once again f l i g h t i n g t o r e s i s t integrfeion with
India*
TRIPURA
1 7 9 . CHAKRABORTY (SUj i t K) . Year o£ t h e g u e r i l l a s . Link.
29 ,25; 1987, Jan, 25; 4 9 - 5 1 .
Obserue t h a t occurrence or the ra ids in the
s t a t e ' s t h r e e d i s t r i c t s ind ica ted t h e h i t - p a t e n t i a l
or t h e TNV in pure geographical terms ana proued that
the r e b e l s , though short o t wealons and a large under
ground core l i k e the NSCN or the MNP (inbygone d a y s ) ,
could s t r i k e s imultaneously in a l l the three d i s t r i c t
o t Tr ipura .
ULFA, TEA TRADERS, ASSAM
180 . GUPTA (Supriya) . Per i lous balancing atrt in Assam.Link.
3 3 , 18; 1980; Dec, 9; 4 - 8 .
D i s c u s s e s over the past one year t h e ULFA had
begun t o roiihe enomous suns through ultimatums t o t e a
gardens and non Assamese t roders with I t s new found source
or wealth the ULPA engged In maruti borne t e r r o r i s m .
Along with the d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , the lure QL a f lashy
13S
life style drow more and more youth to the folds of
the ULFA.
URBAN
181. GURUDE? (S) . Extremists for chaos in N-E area.
Statesman. 127> 8365; 1986, Dec, 31; 1.
While the over all objective ot the Na fional
Socialist council of Nag aland and the United Liber
ation Front ot Assam is to "Liberat The North East
from Indian colonization*, and reconstiruct the politics
and socio econimic system, the immediate aim is to
empRasize extremism and Urban terrorism to corfuse and
destabilize conditions and exploit the " ambivalence*
over ground.
TRAINING, ULFA for INSURGENCY
182. JHA ( Padmanand). Assam liberation Front flirts with
Naga group and China. Link. 29,23; 1987, Jan,11; 4-6.
Highlight that about one hundered so called
United liberation front ot Assam recruits have croesed
Into Burma on the way to china for training in subuerslon
They are expected back later this year to lunch
139
Insurgency efforts on the other side in the United
Tribals Nationalist biberation front, one among several
••Liberation fronts* stoking the fire of violence and
separatism in the North Eastern states.
TRIBALS
183. MUKHOPADHYAY. (Ashim). Nor th-East . F r o n t i e r . 12#21;1980,
J a n , 19; 2 -6 .
Observe tha t I t " i s high t ime for t h e t r i b a l s
as a whole t o r e a l i s e t h a t in t h e i r s t rugg le a g i i n s t
i n j u s t i c , e x p l o i t a t i o n , bondage and co lon i sa t ion they
should look across the moxinfain b a r r i e r s and below on
the p l a i n s , where the hungry famished and teeming mi l l ions
should be prepared for a i a s t of s t r eng th with the ru l ing
c l ique and t h e i r preign m a s t e r s . I t i s here and not insidto
the t r i b a l cocoon t h a t the key t o emancipation l i e s .
Effect of Death, GANDHI (Rajiv )
184, PRAMAR (Suresh K). North-Eastx Bajiv Gandhi 's death
orphans t r i b a l s . Onlooker. 53 , 34; 1991» June, 15; 46-7 .
Discusses the k i l l i n g ot Rajive Gandhi has caused
a sense or doom among t r i b a l s of t h e s ix stftes of the
m
North E a s t . The news from Madras sp r ead f a s t a l l ove r
t h e r e g i o n l e a k i n g t h e peop le s tunned and annoyed,
There I s t h e f e a r t h a t t h e t r a g e d y would l e a d t o
g r e a t e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n of r e g i n a l f o r c e s . I t i s l i k e l j
t h a t some or t h e congress u n i t s would cannot t hemse lves
i n t o r e g i o n a l o u t f i t .
PEACE
185. CHATTERJEE (NN). Peaceful transformation in N-E States.
Yojna. 38,12; 1994, July, 15; 23-5.
The people of these states/ specially the younger
generation no longer conform to the anthoodpbgist's
definition of a backward tribal people. Their percep
tions of the people have undergone a sea change. Still
capitltals are humming with activity. More and more
people ore now coming torword to hhare the responsi
bility of the economic development or the county*
UNDERGROUMD JANASAMHATlAND MILITARY
GOVERNMENT
186. CHAKRABCRTY (SU.Jit Kumar). Atrocities on tribals as peace
talks fall. Link. 31, 9; 1988, Oct, 9; 28.
Bangladesh has launched a massive •annitilation
drive in the battle scarred CHT after the fifth round
nn
or peace taks between the underground Jana Samhati
Samlti and the military government. The Jana Samhati
samhati Samiti Sources claim that over 1000 tribal
villagers, affected in the Baghaicherri massaere were
trikking, through Jungles towards Indian territory
for shelter. Over 45#000 tribal refregees of the
chlttagong will tracs have already been staying in
south Tripura for the last two years. The Bangladesh
government has not taken any serious initlatine for
the repatriation of the refugees altnough assurance
was given many times.
RESERVATION, ASSAM
187. RAMAN (Vasanthi). Assam: Reservation Struggle. EPW.
21, 27;1986, July, 5; 1147-8.
Explains the provision for reservations for
the indigenous tribals of Assam has been scuttled by
the invidious distinction that has been made between
the plains tribals and the hills tribals. Thus the
Garos, the karbis, the Hajongs, the Dimases, the mon
Tai speaking peoples, the singhos, tne Hanars the
Nagas, etc, essentially hill tribals lose their scneduled
status once they came down to the plains. Besides,
140
reservation should be extended to past graduate education
in all the Universities of Assam, also to central
Government and semi-government under takings like banks,
L.I.C/ ONGC, Reilways, etc The back log in Jobs reserved
for Scs and STs shoxild also be filled immediately.
SOCIO- ECONOMIC,
188. DHAR (S) . Tribal Kaleidoscope. Yoiana. 36,21;1992, Nbv,
30; 37-40.
The main objective of this paper to assess how
for the major objective narroneing the socio-economic
gap has been achieved and to analyse the disparities
still existing among the scheduled tribes vis-a-vis the
rest of the population. The study of the tribals of
India, shows that this section of our Indian population,
which has remained historically socially and economically
backward, has still a long way to go to enter the
mainstream.
—'__ TRIBAL vs NON-TRIBAL, TNV, ROLE, TRIPURA
189. KARLEKAR (Hiranmay). Unquiet North-East, Indian Express.
55, 95; 1987, Feb, 12;8.
Insurgency in north-eastern India, now waking
and now waning since a section of Nagas took up arms
141
In 1954, is set to take a turn for the worse should
such a statement appear alarmist one needs only to
consider the depredations of the Tribal National Volnteen
(TNV) of Tripura who killed as many as 109 non-tribals
in 1986, more than 50 of then In November and December
Twenty three were killed in four consecutine attacks
between December 22 and 25.
ULFA ACCORD , ASSAM ^•"•""""^
190. PARMAR ( Suresh K). Assam: Now long will the truce hold.
Onlooker. 53, 3,1992, Feb, 15; 48-9.
Express that tribal groups had extended support
to the Assam agitation launched by the AASU. They had
expected the AGP government to fulfil their demands.
The was not to be and the movement leaders soon fell
out with the AGP leadership. They are now determined
to get their demands fulilled along with or before
any accord with the ULFA is made.
ULFA ACTIVITIES, ASSAM
191. DANGER IN Assam. Statesman. 119, 9072, 1990, Aug,l;6.
This article examines that by murdering a
senior polic official in Dibrugorh on the day the
142
three hospages were released in exchange for the ULFA
activists, the Assam militants have once ag41n shown
that it is they who call the shots in the state today/
though Mr. Prafulla K\jm«r Mahanfa night need the
Government. Even the manner in which the three extremists
left the Jail premises did little cridit to the Govern
ment for the ULFA appeared to have the situation will
under control with its supporters flaionting automatic
weapons and grenades on the road outside to demmatrate
their strength.
ULFA ACTIVITIES, ASSAM
192. PRESIDENT'S RULE IN ASSAM. Democratic world. 19,48; 1990^
Dec, 2; 3.
The centre had to bring Assam under the Presidents
rule, declare the whok state adisturbed area and put
ban on the activities ot the ULFA and other subverive
outfits. What the centre has done was to save the North-
East from turning into a hotbed ot subversion and anti-
state activities. Terrorist attacks, extortiong, kidn
appings and killings heinous crimes against society
by tne ulfras were making lives of the citizens miserable
pursuit of their professions difficult.
143
ULFA, ASSAM
193. BHATTA (Suren) . Vicious cirxiicof terrorist violence and
the anti-terrorist operation. New Wave. 23,27;1994, Feb,
20; 5.
Following the Bokakhat convention of the pro-
talk ULFA (Popularly known as SVL FA), the Anti talk
ULFA appears to be desperately trying to proclaim
their existance in strength. Tne recent spurt in their
activities does indicate it. Not witnstanding the flex
ing of muscle by AASU'S student musclemen, the resign
ation galore of AASU activity of late has not been
possible to prevent because among students it is fast
losing its held and influence. Many PGSU fxinctionavies
have in the last few days resigned from AASU membership.
194, COPING WITH ULFA.Indian Express. 58, 116,; 1990; April;
17; 8.
The recent murder of the industrialist, Mr.
Surendra Paul and the kidnapping and sx±)sequent release
of a brother in law of the Assam cnief Minister,
Mr. P.K. Mahanta, have once again underlined the aler
ming dimensions reached by activities of the ULPA.
Traders and industialirts nave been among the principal
killed so far".
144
195. PARZAND AHMED. Critical craelcdown. India Today. 16,
19; 1991, Oct, 1-15; 54-7.
Rumours about an army crackdown against the
outlawed ULFA militant organisation in Assam had been
circulating In gouemment cirles In Gawahatl for days
on the sucess of operation Rhinos depends the well
being of botn Salkla and the state. So far the signals
are ambiguous*
196. PARZA 3D AHMED. ULFA dawn of a (jtangerous -Cra. India
Today. 15,6; 1990, March, 16-31> 120-124.
Tnls paper examines tne extremist guerrilla
Organisation Is running a parallel government In
Assam with Ominous implications. Armed with sopnisticated
weapons and having established an ideological base
among the masses, ULFA is now In a position to impose
Its military will on Assam. Ironically, a massive
police crackdown against ULFA could also be the signal
for the organisation to launch Its threatened armed
struggle.
145
197. KARMAKAR (Rahul). Assam : Naga Spill-over. Rashtrlya
Sahara. 2#4; 1994, Aug, 53-5.
Analyse that Assam is destinea to carry the
burden of a militant menace. No soonder did the state
government get the upper land with the ULFA than the
BSP unleashed a regn of terror in the north bank of
the Brahmaputra river and, when the BSF is going
through a relatively dormant phasem the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland has overstepped their
area of ope««tion into the North cachar Hills district
of Assam.
198. NISHAT (Md. Sabir) . Truae with ULF/i how long. Link.
34,21; 1992, Jan, 5; 14-5.
The break through with regard to ULFA may be
mecurial since it is yet not clear if the intire
organisation is behind the release of hostages and the
declaration of ceasefise. The dialogue may also have
serious hurdles since commitment to the Indian consti
tution is not evident.
199. PRABHAKARA (MS). Beyond the deadline ULFA holds Assam
to ransom.Frontline. 8,9; 1991, Sept, 14-27; 35-7.
The situation hotted up again in the last week
of August when the ULFA reneued its threats of execution
141!
of the hostages If all the detainees were not released.
These are indications that this development caincided
with soome significant changes in the organisational
structure or the ULFA.
200. PRAMAR (Suresh K). Assam* ULFA gtms for congress.
QTvLooK-gr,S2i28; 1991, March, 5; 47.
The congress-I among the political parties is
also among the possible targets of the ULFA attacks.
Already the congress state unit president has lost his
cephew to ULFA bullets.
201. SENGUPTA(Uttaa»;) . Assam: State of strife. India Today.
15,24; 1990, Dec,16—31; 22-4.
This p»per highlight the activity of ULFA
Even with the army taking on the banned ULFA, the
State faces a prolonged stretch of instability. The
discovery of mass graves exploded ULFA's Robin Hood
image and revealed the cruelty it induged in under the
guise of meting out Justic. To outwit the congress (l)
plan the AGP is boiand to whip up ethnic and regional
passions to stage a comeback.
147
202. SHIVRAM (v) . Assam: ULF^to the n e g o t i a t i n g t a b l e .
Prout . 4 , 3 ; 1992, Feb, 29- March, 6; 15 -7 .
Then the congress bogged 65 s e a t s in the 126
member Assambly with 28 percent or t he vo te , Mr.Saikia
descr ibed i t as a 'man date for peace ' and expected
the ULFA t o come on i t s own t o t he n e g o t i t a t i o n
tafele. But the ULFA proved him wrong when i t bounced
back and s t r i c k a l l over the S ta te the very next
day a f t e r Mr. S<iikia*s re tu rn t o power on Jxine 30,
Nei ther t h e Government nor t he u l fa have
divulged the substance ot t h e Delhi d i s c u s s i o n s . But.
one th ing i s c l e a r husdom has dawned on ULFA about
the l a r g e r Indian r e a l i t y and the futiliT:y of the
o rgan i sa t ion c l ing ing t o i t s s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e s of
Swadhim Assam*•
203. TACKLE ULFA. Hindustan Times. 67, 186; 1990, J u l y , 7 ;
1 1 .
Contrary t o the claims being made by the
Assam Government about conpoll ing the secess ions ULFA
the re seems t o nave been improvement a t a l l in the
s i t u a t i o n . I t i s the wr i t ot tne o rgan i sa t ion which
143
continues to run in may areas of the State. The recent
fleeing of some senior executives of a tea garden fromr
tne state is an indication of the sense or insecurity
the grips the vibal tea sector. All the tea restates
in upper Assam have been asked to contribute Rs.5 lakh
each to the ULFA coffers or face grave consequences.
ULFA/BODOS, PEACE, ASSAM
204. DEKA (Kanaksen) . Peace hjeturns to Assam. Times of India.
156, 154; 1993, June, 30; 8.
The author examines that the law and order
situation in Assam has improved a let compared to the
deterioraction that existed before two years. As the
problems of the ULFA and tne Bodos were not created
In one day so also, the tatas peace cannot be establisned
overnight Inspite of goodwill,
VIOLENCE, TRIBAL- NON TRIBAL, GOHPUR, ASSAM
205. GOHPUR CARNANGE . Economic Times. 16, 139> 1989, Aug,17;
5.
The carnage In the Gohpur area of Sonitpur
district could have been avaided, had the state
149
administration In Dlspur sent reinforcements
In response to the request from the Deputy
Commlsslonor, Intelligence agencies brifed the
authorities well in advance that a violent
showdown between the trlbals and non-tribals was
imminent. The day violence proke out at Vlkrampur,
a Bodo village, the Director General of Police
declined to send reinforcements in view of the
disturbed situation in other parts or the state,
^ya/)fl tm^ee
G/'ndecc€6^
Al/THOR INDEX
150
AUTHOR (S)L ENTRY NO.
ABDI (SNM)
ANAND (Lai it)
B
BANERJEE (indranie)
BANERJEE (Nirmalya)
BARMA (S Dev)
BAROAH (Nlrode K)
BARTHAKUR (P B)
BARUAH (Sanjib)
BEY (Hamdi)
BHASHARAN NAIR (M)
BHATIA (Suren)
BHATTACHARYA (Harlhar)
BHATTACHARYA (Malabika)
BHATTACHARYA (Surichita V)
BHATTA (Suren)
BISWAS (Soutik)
BORA (Dulal)
BURMAN ( BK Roy)
C
CHAKRABORTY (Sujit)
CHAKRABORTY (Sujlt|C)
CHAKRABORTY (SuJ It Kumar)
40
148
177
131
36
136
94
126, 146
28
63
193
59
69
57
24,39,193
75
142
66
102
179
54, 71, 111,156, 157,186.
151
CHAKRAVAPTY (Sumlt)
CHAKRAVAPTY (Surjit)
CHATTERJEE (MN)
CHAUDHARY (Kalyan)
CHAUDHARY (Sreerupa Mltra)
CHAWLA (Prabha)
CHINAI (Rupa)
101
141
185
154
110
139
91
DAS ; QXJFTA (Sxinil)
DAS (Indira)
DAS (Salbal) and FARZAND AHMAD
DAYAL (Gyaneshwar)
DEKA (Kamaksen)
DHAR (S)
DIXIT (JN)
DUBEY (Suman)
E
ENGINEER (Asghar All)
P
FARZAND AHMAD
FARZAND AHMAD and DAS
G
GHOSH (Aurblndo) and G
GILANI (Iftlkhair)
GILANI (Syed Iftlkhar)
(Satbil)
IILANI
and I
(Syed
GHOSH
Iftlkhar)
(Aurblndo)
88
25, 53
76
35
204
188
170
107
112
37,38,195,196
76
163
124
163
152
GOHAIN (Hlren) 30
GOKHALE ( N i t i n A) 4 4 , 6 2
GUPTA (Barun Das) 26
GUPTA (RP) 64
GUPTA (Shekhar) 81
GUPTA ( S u p r i y a ) 180
GURUDEV (S) 181
H
HAZARIKA (Sanjoy) 116 , 172
HUSSAIN (Manirul ) 5 6 , 120
HUSSAIN (Wasbir) 49
I
IRENGBAM (Arun) 171
J
JAHAGIRDAR (MP) 65
JHA (Padmanand) 182
K
KAMAROOPI . _ 176
KARATI ( S a t i s Ch) 1 8 , 1 9
KARLEKAR (Hlrannaay) 9 6 , 189
KARMAKAR (Rahul) 197
KULKARNI (RV) 153
KUMAR (BB) 129
KUMAR (Dlnesh) 123
KUNDU ( D l l l p Kumar) 158
153
M
MAHAPATRA (Meera) 8
MAZARBHUIYAN (NI) 41
MEHTA (Ashok K) 169
MENON (Ramesh) 5 0 , 5 1 , 8 2 / 1 0 3 , 1 2 5 ,
164
MISRA (Vdayon) 32
MOSAHARY ( R N ) 33
MUKHARJEE (Amltava) 1 4 9 , 1 6 0
MUKHOPADHYAY (Ashim) 183
N
NAIR (MK Sukumaran) 60
NANDA (Mira Rani) 27 ,173
NARAYAN (Hamendra) 132
NAYAR (Kuld lp) 109
NISHAT (Md Sab ir ) 198
P
PANT ( S u d h i r ) 52
PESHIMAM (Masood) 137
PHIKAN (Niranjan) 13 5
PRABHAKARA (MS) 1,10,11,23,72, 73,74,95,97,104. 114,121,122,133, 155,199,
PRAMANIK (Blmal) and ROY (Chitta Priya) 162
PRAMAR (S) 34
PRAMAR (Suresh K) 7 , 1 6 , 4 5 , 8 5 , 9 0 , 1 0 6 , 1 8 4 , 1 9 0 , 2 0 0
154
PRASAD (RN) 150
R
RAHMAN JAHANGIR 165
RAM (Mohan) 42,178
RAMAN (Vasanthi) 187
RATTAN (Kamaljeet) 67
BAY (Tapas) 2,78,79,113,134, 147,161,166,175
REDDY (GK) 108
ROY BURMAN (BK) 87
ROY (Cnitta Prlya) and PRAMANIK (Bimal) 162
ROY (Singh) 55
S
SAIKIA ( S u n i l K) 92
SARKAR (AN) 58
SARMA (Bibekananda) 17
SENGUPTA,(Uttam) 1 2 7 , 2 0 1
SERAM (Klshore ) 3
SETHI ( S u n l l ) 70
SHARMA (Rakesh) 118
SHARMA THAKUR,(GC) 168
SHIVRAM (V) 202 .
SINGH (HP) 84
SINGH (DN) 89
SINHA (Abhay) 15
ISS
SINHA (Shirlsh) 46
SIRCAR (Kalyan K) 115
SUKLA (UK) 99
SWAMINATHAN (TP) 6
SYED ZUBAIR AHMAD 159
T
TARUN KUMAR 47
THOMAS (C Joshua) 80
V
VASPI (Ausaf Saied) 13
VENUGOPAL (KV) 83
VERMA (JD) 61
156
ENTBY
131
78
123
121
148, :
NO
160
TITLE INDEX
TITLE (S)
A
AASU t h r e a t e n s , o i l b lockade
Abyss ahead
Accord non Implementation fuelling Bodo militancy
Age old movement
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam 21,31,34,38, 50,51,67,125, 167,174,187,190, 197,200,201, 202
Assam Accord l i k e l y t o i n j e c t u n c e r t a i n t y 13
Assam and t h e Nor th -Eas t 139
Assam has yet t o go a long waj > 24
Assam impase 104
Assam l i b e r a t i o n Front f l i r t s w i th Naga
g r o u p and China 182
Assam l o s i n g b u s i n e s s 37
Assam narrowing i d e n t i t i e s 4
Assam on c o l l i s i o n course 138
A s s a s i n a t i o n and a f t e r in Nor th-Eas t 143
A s s a u l t s i n T r i p u r a 14
A t r o c i t i e s on t r l b a l s a s peace t a l k s f a l l 186 Autonomy f o r two Assam d i s t r i c t s 49
157
B
B a l e n c i n g a c t ^2
Banking In t h e Nor th-East 17
Bevond t h e d e a d l i n e ULFA h o l d s Assam t o
ransom ^^^
Blood feud among Naga rebals 47
Boder brinkmanship blowing hot &nd cold,
in Assam 122
Bodo agitation 22
Bodoland 27 B o d o s t i r complex I s s u e s , u n a t t a i n a b l e
demands 3 2
B o d o s t i r i n p e r s p e c t i v e 30
Bodos i n t h e Nor th-East 33
B r i g S a i l i o r e s e r v a t i o n on Mlzo acco rd 132
C
CIA and t h e North-East 100
Chakma refugee 124
Chakmas 164
Changing face or ULFA 114
Chlttagong 162
Close 16ok a t t h e Bodoland Accord ' .-> 18,19
C o a l i t i o n in t h r o e s of c r i s i s 156
Communlsih, n a t i o n a l i s m and t r i b a l q u e s t i o n
in T r l p u r a 59
Confusion in Assam 117
Constralnsts on the development of a land market in Meghalya 60 Coping wltn ULFA 194 Crisis in Manlpur 140
158
C r i t i c a l crackdown 1^5
D
Dances o t t n e wolves 46
Danger In Assam 191
Danger of Bodoland 29
Dangereus Demand 5
Dangerous development 116
D a r j e e l i n g - a no man 's l and 94
D e c l i n e o t ULFA 135
Development in t h e Nor th -Eas t 58
Di sco rd in Assam 68
D i s s i d e n c e rocks s t a t e r u l i n g p a r t y 142
D i s t a n t Nor th-Eas t 109
D r i f t i n t h e Nor th-Eas t 170
Dry t a p s in t h e h i l l s 69 B
E l u s i v e peace 133
En t renched i n Assam on t h e impact of
o p e r a t i o n Rhino 11
E t n n i c c l e a n s i n g 77
E t h n i c i t y and p o l i t i c s i n Mlzoram 158 Everybody i s poaching on Bodo p r e s e r u e 28
E x t r e m i s t s for chaos in Nor tn -Eas t a r e a 181
P
Fede ra l i sm i n p e r s p e c t i v e 87
F i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t a t i o n s 64
159
G
Gohpur carnage 205
H
Hmar Betnand re jec ted 16
I,
Impl ica t ions of pol ice unres t in Tr ipura 8
I n d u s t r i a l i s i n g backward Nortn-Eastern region 61
I n s t a b i l i t y in Nagaland 145
Insurgent in North-East t r y i n g t o forgy
un i ty 108
I ssues in Assam 73
K
Keeping v ig i l 44
Kuki-Naga conf l ic t 75
Kuki-Naga tangle 80
- L
Lalthanhawla s tays firm 90
Land scandal rocks s t a t e government 111
Language t roub les 113
Lessons of Assam 146
Life and times ot the Ctiakmas 163
Lost glory haunts ahoms 53
M
Manlpur 76,127,151,171
Manlpur demands l i n g u s t l c I d e n t i t y 7
160
Manipuri womens crusade 6
Manlpur tussles 79
Massacre In Manipur 40
Meghalaya ^9
Minori ty pol icy in t he North-East 126
Mizo National Front Party and i t s a c t i v i t i e s 150
Mlzoram 103
Mlzoram portents 2
More light on Manipur carnage 41
N
Naga fo lk lo re 129
Nagaland 43,101,173,177
Needless fears 86
Nehru, Bordoloi and Assams problems witn cabinet mission plan 13 6
Nepal is in Assam and Assamia National question 120
North-East 35, 70 ,85 ,97 ,
110,172,183,184
North-East Broader, i d e n t i t i e s 119
North-East growing network 176
North-East in the maels-ferom of s t range
p o l i t i c s 52
?Torth-East poser 152
Not q u i t e the remedy 15 Now a Nagaland Accord 105
161
0
Oi l p o l l u t i o n 74
o p e r a t i o n Topple i n Manipur , a r e p e a t of Meghalaya ^ "
P
Peace r e t u r n s t o Asaam 104
Peacefu l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n Nor th-Eas t
S t a t e s 185
Peace talks with Meitet rebels in Manipur 102
Perilous balancing act in Assam 180
Plague on a l l t h e p a r t i e s 42
P o l i t i c s or peace fu l p o l l 144
P r e s i d e n t ' s r u l e i n Assam 192
P r e s i d e n t r u l e in Nagaland 157
Problems and p r o s p e c t s or t r i b a l development
i n Nor th -Eas t I n d i a 66
Problem of change 84
Problems o t smal l u n i t s in N o r t h - E a s t e r n
r e g i o n 92
Problem people 118
R
Reftigees a l i e n s a t home 161
Refugees Chatana s t a l e m a t e 166 Revol t or t h e t r i b a l 128 Ri f t in Manipur 3 Rural development s c e n a r i o in Arunachal Pradesh 65
IfiZ
s
Saving the accord 20
Secur i ty of the North-East 153
Shi l long burning 83
S i n i s t e r designs of Bumese/ North-Eastern r ebe l s 55 So-cal led Assam accord 12
Some r e f luc t ions on t h e p a t t e r n of u t i l i s a t i o n of human and na tu ra l resource of Nagaland 168
Spl in te red North-East 89
T
Tackle ULFA 203
Tale of two boards 115
Task before the new regiwe 95
Tea and t e r r o r 1
Te r ro r in Tripura 154
Thoughts on the Assam accord 137
To s c u t t l e a peace plan 134
Tr iba l Kaleidoscope 188
Tr iba l movement for autonomous s t a t e in Assam 56
Tr iba l p o l i t i c s in India 63
T r i p a r t i t e t a l k s on Bodo issue 26
Tripura 45,81,82,106, 112,149
Tripura L P Government, lacks dynamism 88
1$3
Tripura por t en t s 175
Tr ipura report 36
Trouble ahead when p o l i t i c s and hunger mix 155
Troubled North-East 98
Trouble on the no r th -eas t f r o n t i e r 178
Truce ad t ro t ib les 165
Truce with ulfa howlong 198
TUJS opposes sepera te reg iona l council plan 54
TUJS rapes congress m i n i s t e r s for cor rupt ion 141
Turning t h e heat on Saikia 93
U
ULPA dawn or a dangerous era 196
ULFA t e r r o r 57
Under t h r e a t 62
Unending in Assam 10
Unique comination of communal Hoodlums with
t e r r o r i s t ms,rauders 39
Unquite North-East 96,107,189
V
Vast power poten t ia l in North-East l i e s
untapped 159
Vices or Nagaland 91
v ic ious c i r c l e or t e r r o r i s t violence and the a n t i - t e r r o r i s t opera t ion 193
violence in Assam 9
w What did the Bodos achieve 23 Where not t o dump a l i en 130
m
Why t h e Bodos a r e angry 25
Winning back t n e n o r t h - e a s t 169
X Year of t h e g u e r i l l a s 179
