Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
Volume 2
Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs11Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs11 19.01.2012 09:03:4419.01.2012 09:03:44
Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs12Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs12 19.01.2012 09:03:4719.01.2012 09:03:47
Proceedingsof the 7th International Congress
on the Archaeologyof the Ancient Near East
12 April – 16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London
Volume 2Ancient & Modern Issues in Cultural Heritage
Colour & Light in Architecture, Art & Material CultureIslamic Archaeology
Edited byRoger Matthews and John Curtis
with the collaboration of Michael Seymour, Alexandra Fletcher, Alison Gascoigne, Claudia Glatz, St John Simpson, Helen Taylor,
Jonathan Tubb and Rupert Chapman
2012
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs13Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs13 19.01.2012 09:03:4719.01.2012 09:03:47
Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der DeutschenNationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internetüber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the DeutscheNationalbibliografi e; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internetat http://dnb.d-nb.de.
For further information about our publishing program consult ourwebsite http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de© Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2012This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright.Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permissionof the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This appliesparticularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storageand processing in electronic systems.Printed on permanent/durable paper.Printing and binding: Memminger MedienCentrum AGPrinted in GermanyISBN 978-3-447-06685-3
Cover illustration: Lions depicted on the Assyrian palace reliefs of Assurbanipal, 7th century BC, from Nineveh, Iraq.
Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs14Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs14 19.01.2012 09:03:4719.01.2012 09:03:47
Contents
Foreword oF the editors..............................................................................xi
Programme oF the Congress.......................................................................xiii
VoLUMe tWo
anCient & modern issues in Cultural heritage
Peter stone
‘When everyone’s Culpable, Is Anyone Guilty?’ Responsibility for the Cultural Heritage Before, During, and After Armed Conflict ..........................3
silvana di Paolo
Historical, Topographical, Mental Paths: Cypriot Antiquities Inside Private and Public Museums .........................................................................15
Yitzhak Paz
School Children and Agency for Public Engagement in Cultural Heritage Projects: Some Observations from the Communal Excavation at Tel Bareqet, Israel ......................................................................................33
zeYad al-salameen
Pressing Issues Concerning Tourism Development, Site Management and Archaeological Conservation at Petra, Southern Jordan .........................45
naoíse maC sweeneY
A Land Without Autochthons: Anatolian Archaeology in the Early Twentieth Century ................................63Çiğdem AtAkumAn
Heritage as a Matter of Prestige: A Synopsis of the State Heritage Discourse and Practice in Turkey ............73FabriCe de baCker
Early Dynastic and Neo-Assyrian Cultural Heritage and Conflict: ‘Us as Them’ or ‘Us and Them’? ...................................................................81brigitte Pedde
Ancient Near Eastern Motifs in the European Art of the Twentieth Century AD ....................................................................................................89
aliCe bianChi
Perspectives of Near Eastern Archaeology between Academic Research and Cultural Heritage Management .............................................................101
Contentsvi
shereen ratnagar Frameworks for the Study of the Morphology of Indus Towns:
Indian Heritage or Cross-Cultural Analogy? ...............................................111maria gabriella miCale
Near-Eastern Archaeology Under Siege: from Real Destruction to Virtual Reconstruction ........................................127ashleY sands, kristin butler
The Next Generation Project: Mobilizing Social Networks for Heritage-Focused International Cooperation ..............................................................139
Colour & light in arChiteCture, art & material Culture
introduCtion ...........................................................................................................152
irene J. winter
GOLD! Divine Light and Lustre in Ancient Mesopotamia .........................153sergeY a. Yatsenko
Colour Combinations in the Costume of Three Pre-Islamic Dynasties of Iran against the Background of the Synchronous Iranian World .................173
giorgio aFFanni
New Light (and Colour) on the Arslan Tash Ivories: Studying 1st Millennium BC Ivories ............................................................193st John simPson, Janet ambers, giovanni verri, thibaut deviese, Jo kirbY
Painted Parthian Stuccoes from Southern Iraq ............................................209martina zanon
The Symbolism of Colours in Mesopotamia and the Importance of Light .............................................................................................................221duygu ÇAmurcuoğlu
Colourful Technologies: A Technical Study of the Colours on Çatalhöyük Wall Paintings ...............245FranCes PinnoCk
Colours and Light in the Royal Palace G of Early Syrian Ebla ...................271alessandro di ludoviCo, marCo ramazzotti
White, Red and Black: Technical Relationships and Stylistic Perceptions between Colours, Lights and Places ............................................................287
sara Pizzimenti
Colours in Late Bronze Mesopotamia: Some Hints on Wall Paintings from Nuzi, Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta and Dur Kurigalzu ...................................303
Paola Poli
New Interpretations of the Neo-Assyrian Wall Paintings from the Palace of Tell Masaikh-Kar-Assurnasirpal .............................................................319
Contents vii
kourosh aFhami, wolFgang gambke
Colour and Light in the Architecture of Persepolis .....................................335CeCilY hennessY
The Chapel of Saint Jacob at the Church of the Theotokos Chalkoprateia in Istanbul ....................................................................................................351
ignaCio arCe
Aestheticising Politics, Politicising Aesthetics: Colour and Light in Architecture at Qasr al-Hallabat (Jordan) from Late
Antiquity to the Umayyad Period ................................................................367andrea beCker
Colour and Light in Abbasid Palaces: Interior Decoration for Harun ar-Rashid .....................................................391miChael Jung, Pietro moioli, Fabrizio PierdominiCi, Claudio seCCaroni
Techniques and Pigments Used for the Wall Paintings of the Masğid–i Jom‘e at Isfahan. A First Preliminary Review .............................................405
martina rugiadi
‘As for the Colours, Look at a Garden in Spring’ Polychrome Marble in the Ghaznavid Architectural Decoration .................425tallaY ornan
The Role of Gold in Royal Representation: The Case of a Bronze Statue from Hazor ....................................................445sebastiano soldi
Notes on Green Glazed Funnels from the Iron Age Temple AI at Tell Afis ...............................................................................................................459david ben-shlomo, avshalom karasik, uzY smilanskY
Computerized Rendering of Painted Decoration on Pottery ........................479rebeCCa bridgman, graeme earl
Experiencing Lustre: Polynomial Texture Mapping of Medieval Pottery at the Fitzwilliam Museum .........................................................................497
islamiC arChaeologY
introduCtion ...........................................................................................................515
lidewiJde de Jong
Resettling the Steppe: The Archaeology of the Balikh Valley in the Early Islamic Period .............517mandY mottram
Settlers, Hermits, Nomads and Monks: Evolving Landscapes at the Dawn of the Islamic Era .................................533
Contentsviii
marie-odile rousset
Chalcis/Qinnasrin: From Hellenistic City to the Jund Capital of North Syria ...........................551martin gussone, martina müller-wiener
Resafa-Rusafat Hisham, Syria. ‘Long-Term Survival’ of an Umayyad Residence – First Results of the Extended Surface Survey .........................569
Julian whitewright
Early Islamic Maritime Technology ............................................................585katia CYtrYn-silverman
Excavations at Tiberias (Spring And Autumn 2009): Remains of a District Capital ......................................................................599donald whitComb
Formation of the Islamic City: A Second Archaeological Period of Urban Transition .................................619alastair northedge
The Contents of the First Muslim Houses: Thoughts About the Assemblages from the Amman Citadel .......................633Füsun tülek
Footsteps of the Arab-Byzantine Armies in Osmani̇ye Province, Cilicia ...........................................................................................................661rosalind a. wade haddon
The Middle Islamic Finewares from the Syrian-German Excavations on the Aleppo Citadel .......................................................................................675
stePhen mcPhilliPs
Islamic Settlement in the Upper Orontes Valley, Syria: Recent Fieldwork (2009) .............................................................................691Cinzia tavernari
From the Caravanserai to the Road: Proposal for a Preliminary Reconstruction of the Syrian Road Networks
During the Middle Ages ...............................................................................711
Foreword oF the editors
It is with great pleasure that we present the Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, held in London jointly at the British Museum and UCL, on 12-16 April 2010 (http://7icaane.org/). 7ICAANE hosted an unprecedented number of ancient Near Eastern specialists and students, with an ambitious programme of papers across five major themes, plus sessions on Islamic archaeology, fieldwork, and posters. In addition, we hosted a total of ten workshops, significantly more than in previous ICAANE meetings. As with previous ICAANEs, individual workshop organisers are responsible for publication of their own proceedings, separate from these volumes.
It would not have been possible to organise 7ICAANE without help and funding support from a wide range of people and institutions, to all of whom we express our sincerest gratitude. Funding assistance was generously provided by the British Academy (Worldwide Congress Grant), the British Museum, UCL, the Iran Heritage Foundation, the British Institute of Persian Studies, the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, the Council for British Research in the Levant, the British Institute at Ankara, the British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology, and the London Centre for the Ancient Near East. We thank all the congress participants for making the occasion such a success, and we also offer our sincere thanks to the student helpers who, expertly supervised by Helen Taylor, made the congress run so smoothly.
Publication of the proceedings has been overseen by the congress organisers as editors, with much-appreciated expert assistance from Amy Richardson. Finally, we thank our colleagues at Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, who have accepted these papers for publication.
Please note that colour versions of the figures for the Colour and Light theme papers (Volume 2) can be found on the included CD.
the editors
Programme of the Congress
Programme of the CongressXIVM
ON
DA
Y 1
2tH A
PRIL
201
0 08
:00
– 09
:30
ReG
IstR
AtI
on
09:3
0 –
09:4
0 W
eLC
oM
e - J
ohn
Cur
tis (K
eepe
r, M
iddl
e Ea
st D
ept,
The
Brit
ish
Mus
eum
)
09:4
0 –
09:5
0 W
eLC
oM
e - P
rof M
alco
m G
rant
(Pro
vost
, Uni
vers
ity C
olle
ge L
ondo
n)
09:5
0 –
10:0
0 W
eLC
oM
e FR
oM
tH
e o
RG
An
IsIn
G C
oM
MIt
tee
- Rog
er M
atth
ews
10:0
0 –
10:1
5 PR
ESEN
TATI
ON
ON
8IC
AA
NE,
201
2 - P
iotr
Bie
linsk
i
10:1
5 –
10:4
5 C
ULT
UR
AL
HER
ITA
GE
KEY
NO
TE L
ECTU
RE
Prof
Pet
er S
tone
"W
hen
ever
yone
's cu
lpab
le, i
s any
one
guilt
y?"
Resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r the
cul
tura
l her
itage
bef
ore,
dur
ing,
and
afte
r arm
ed c
onfli
ct
10:4
5 –
11:1
5 C
ON
SUM
PTIO
N &
DIS
POSA
L K
EYN
OTE
LEC
TUR
E Pr
of M
ehm
et O
zdog
an
The
arch
aeol
ogy
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
disp
osal
: a su
rvey
of c
hang
ing
tren
ds
Co
FFee
11:4
5 –
12:1
5 LA
ND
SCA
PE K
EYN
OTE
LEC
TUR
E D
r Jas
on U
r La
ndsc
apes
of m
ovem
ent i
n th
e An
cien
t Nea
r Eas
t
12:1
5 –
12:4
5 C
OLO
UR
& L
IGH
T K
EYN
OTE
LEC
TUR
E Pr
of Ir
ene
J. W
inte
r D
ivin
e lig
ht, l
ustr
e an
d go
ld in
anc
ient
Mes
opot
amia
n ar
t
12:4
5 –
13:1
5 M
eGA
-CIT
IES
& M
EGA
-SIT
ES K
EYN
OTE
LEC
TUR
E Pr
of M
icha
el B
atty
Vi
sual
ising
the
dyna
mic
s of c
ities
LU
nC
H
Programme of the Congress XVM
ON
DA
Y 1
2tH A
PRIL
201
0
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
C
oLo
UR
& L
IGH
T LA
ND
SCA
PE
MeG
A-C
ItIe
s Is
LAM
IC
C
hair:
A. F
letc
her
Cha
ir: S
t J. S
imps
on
Cha
ir: C
. Gla
tz
Cha
ir: R
. Mat
thew
s C
hair:
H. K
enne
dy
14:3
0 –
14:5
0 E
. Bel
cher
C
onsu
min
g H
alaf
bod
y im
ager
y:
cons
truc
ted
com
mod
ifica
tions
of H
alaf
fig
urin
es
D. M
eije
r Ro
ofs a
nd li
ght i
n M
esop
otam
ian
tem
ples
T. O
daka
St
orag
e fa
cilit
ies o
f a N
eolit
hic
meg
a–si
te: t
he n
ew e
vide
nce
from
Tel
l el–
Ker
kh, n
orth
west
Syr
ia
L. d
e Jo
ng
Rese
ttlin
g th
e St
eppe
: the
Bal
ikh
Valle
y in
the
Earl
y Is
lam
ic p
erio
d
14:5
5 –
15:1
5 C
. Bac
hhub
er
Con
side
ring
div
erge
nt re
gim
es o
f met
al
valu
e in
the
Earl
y Br
onze
Age
of W
este
rn
Asia
S. Y
atse
nko
Col
our c
ombi
natio
ns in
the
cost
ume
of
thre
e Pr
e-Is
lam
ic d
ynas
ties o
f Ira
n ag
ains
t a b
ackg
roun
d of
the
sync
hron
ous
Iran
ian
Wor
ld
J. O
rcha
rd
The
anci
ent o
asis
land
scap
es o
f Ara
bia'
s H
ajar
Reg
ion
and
thei
r rel
atio
nshi
p wi
th
the
beeh
ive/
turr
et to
mb
cem
etri
es o
f the
pe
nins
ula
D. B
en-S
hlom
o &
Y. G
arfin
kel
Sha’
ar H
agol
an, Ç
atal
höyü
k an
d th
e ev
olut
ion
of u
rban
site
s
M. M
ottr
am
Settl
ers,
herm
its, n
omad
s and
mon
ks:
evol
ving
land
scap
es a
t the
daw
n of
the
Isla
mic
Era
15:2
0 –
15:4
0 R
. Spa
rks
Tran
sfor
min
g C
anaa
n: th
e m
ater
ial
cultu
re o
f con
tact
F. K
idd
Col
our a
nd li
ght i
n pr
e-Is
lam
ic Ir
ania
n m
ural
art
J. H
errm
ann
Evid
ence
for d
eser
t occ
upat
ion
and
envi
ronm
enta
l cha
nge
at th
ree
site
s in
Dub
ai, U
AE
A. M
arci
niak
& L
. Cze
rnia
k Ç
atal
höyü
k un
know
n. T
he la
te se
quen
ce
on th
e Ea
st m
ound
M. R
ouss
et
Cha
lcis
/ Q
inna
srin
: fr
om th
e By
zant
ine
city
to th
e ju
nd c
apita
l of N
orth
Syr
ia
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: M
. Ozd
ogan
C
hair:
I. W
inte
r C
hair:
B. P
arke
r C
hair:
R. M
atth
ews
Cha
ir: C
.-P. H
aase
16
:15
– 16
:35
J. S
mith
La
yere
d im
ages
and
the
cont
ribu
tions
of
recy
clin
g to
his
tori
es o
f art
G. V
erri
et a
l A
stra
ight
forw
ard
tool
for t
he sp
atia
l ch
arac
teri
satio
n of
Egy
ptia
n bl
ue
B. C
eras
etti
The
area
of T
akhi
rbai
and
the
tran
sitio
n fr
om B
ronz
e to
Iron
Age
in th
e M
urgh
ab
Allu
vial
Fan
: the
impo
rtan
ce o
f the
ir
riga
tion
fact
or
P. B
iehl
& E
. Ros
enst
ock
And
a ri
ver r
uns t
hrou
gh...
? Re
thin
king
th
e tr
ansi
tion
betw
een
the
Neo
lithi
c an
d C
halc
olith
ic in
Çat
alhö
yük/
Turk
ey
U. S
iege
l Th
e ra
ceco
urse
at a
r-Ra
qqa
/ ar-
Rafiq
a (S
yria
)
16:4
0 –
17:0
0 C
. Gla
tz
Faci
ng th
e go
ds –
hea
d-sh
aped
cul
t ve
ssel
s and
the
dyna
mic
s of i
nter
-cu
ltura
l int
erac
tion
and
appr
opri
atio
n in
th
e 2n
d M
illen
nium
BC
Nea
r Eas
t and
Ea
st M
edite
rran
ean
G. A
ffan
ni
New
ligh
t (an
d co
lour
) on
Arsl
an T
ash
ivor
ies:
stud
ying
firs
t mill
enni
um B
C
ivor
ies
H. K
uehn
e W
ater
for A
ssyr
ia
C. R
eich
el
Preh
isto
ric
"pap
er tr
ails
" – b
urea
ucra
tic
com
plex
ity d
urin
g th
e la
te C
halc
olith
ic
peri
od in
nor
ther
n Sy
ria
M. M
ulle
r-W
iene
r Re
safa
-Ser
giup
olis
/ Rus
afat
His
ham
, Sy
ria.
Pilg
rim
age
city
and
cal
iph
resi
denc
e –
intr
a an
d ex
tra
mur
os -
Rece
nt re
sear
ch si
nce
2006
and
firs
t re
sults
of r
esur
veyi
ng th
e su
rrou
ndin
gs
of R
esaf
a –
Rusa
fat H
isha
m, S
yria
17
:05
– 17
:25
M. D
anti
The
disp
osal
of a
com
mun
ity: t
he
anni
hila
tion
of E
arly
Iron
Age
Has
anlu
Te
pe, I
ran
St J
. Sim
pson
et a
l Pa
inte
d Pa
rthi
an st
ucco
es fr
om so
uthe
rn
Iraq
K. G
avag
nin
The
Neo
-Ass
yria
n an
d Po
st-A
ssyr
ian
settl
emen
t in
the
Leila
n Re
gion
, N
orth
east
ern
Syri
a: so
me
prel
imin
ary
resu
lts
F.
Dot
ti G
reat
Syr
ia's
fort
ifica
tions
from
the
11th
to
the
14th
cen
turi
es A
D: r
esul
ts o
f an
epig
raph
ic st
udy
17:3
0 –
17:5
0 F.
Kre
ppne
r Si
te fo
rmat
ion
proc
esse
s in
the
Lowe
r To
wn II
of D
ur-K
atlim
mu.
The
cas
e of
th
e Re
d H
ouse
B
. Luc
ke
The
mec
hani
sms o
f Hol
ocen
e la
ndsc
ape
chan
ges i
n th
e N
ear E
ast
A
. Gor
zalc
zany
A
new
type
of c
emet
ery
from
the
Mam
luk
Peri
od fr
om C
entr
al Is
rael
BR
ItIs
H M
Use
UM
REC
EPTI
ON
AT
THE
GR
EAT
CO
UR
T
Programme of the CongressXVITU
ESD
AY
13tH
APR
IL 2
010
C
ON
SUM
PTIO
N
Co
LoU
R &
LIG
HT
LAN
DSC
APE
M
eGA
-CIt
Ies
IsLA
MIC
FI
ELD
WO
RK
1
FIEL
DW
OR
K 2
Cha
ir: L
. Rom
ano
Cha
ir: S
t J. S
imps
on
Cha
ir: T
. Wilk
inso
n C
hair:
A.H
ausl
eite
r C
hair:
A G
asco
igne
C
hair:
S. B
ourk
e C
hair:
W. M
atth
ews
09:2
0 –
09:5
0 D
. Ben
-Shl
omo
Feas
ting,
stor
age
and
buri
als a
t Cha
lcol
ithic
Tel
Ts
af
M. Z
anon
Th
e sy
mbo
lism
of c
olou
rs in
th
e an
cien
t Nea
r Eas
t
D. D
onog
hue
et a
l D
evel
opm
ent o
f rem
ote
sens
ing
met
hodo
logy
for t
he
crea
tion
of a
land
scap
e co
ntex
t with
in th
e Fr
agile
C
resc
ent P
roje
ct (F
CP)
fr
amew
ork
J.
Whi
tew
righ
t W
aves
, win
ds a
nd sa
iling
te
chno
logy
in th
e la
te
antiq
ue a
nd e
arly
Isla
mic
N
ear E
ast
C. M
cCar
tney
Ex
cava
tions
at A
yia
Varv
ara
Aspr
okre
mno
s
D. B
aird
Th
e Bo
ncuk
lu P
roje
ct: t
he
ante
cede
nts o
f Çat
alhö
yük
and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
N
eolit
hic
in c
entr
al A
nato
lia
09:5
5 –
10:1
5 K
. Gro
ssm
an
Car
cass
es, c
ooki
ng, a
nd
cons
umpt
ion:
food
ways
at
Late
Cha
lcol
ithic
Ham
ouka
r
A. K
ened
a Bu
ildin
g co
nstr
uctio
n at
Tel
l Sa
bi A
byad
: doo
rway
s and
ac
cess
ibili
ty
K. D
ecke
rs &
S. R
iehl
Re
sour
ce e
xplo
itatio
n of
the
Upp
er K
habu
r Bas
in (N
e Sy
ria)
dur
ing
the
thir
d m
illen
nium
BC
R. D
olce
St
ruct
ure
and
sign
ifica
nce
of
the
topo
grap
hy o
f cul
t pla
ces
at E
arly
Syr
ian
Ebla
: a lo
ok
at th
e ur
ban
and
ideo
logi
cal
rout
es in
the
meg
a-ci
ty
R. T
hom
as
Peop
le a
nd c
onne
ctio
ns
acro
ss th
e Re
d Se
a an
d Ea
ster
n D
eser
t
H. G
enz
From
town
to v
illag
e: th
e Ea
rly
and
Mid
dle
Bron
ze
Age
rem
ains
at T
ell F
adou
s-K
fara
bida
(Leb
anon
)
R. B
iche
ner
The
dogs
of D
omuz
tepe
10:2
0 –
10:4
0 J.
Web
er
Asse
rtin
g id
entit
y in
the
com
mun
al: m
eans
of s
ocia
l di
stin
ctio
n in
form
al fe
astin
g at
ear
ly-m
id-4
th m
illen
nium
, BC
, Tel
l Bra
k, n
orth
ern
Syri
a
D. C
amur
cuog
lu
Col
ourf
ul te
chno
logi
es: a
te
chni
cal s
tudy
of t
he c
olou
rs
on Ç
atal
höyü
k wa
ll pa
intin
gs
F. B
raem
er &
C. N
icol
le
Prop
osal
for a
Sou
ther
n Sy
ria
regi
onal
settl
emen
t pa
ttern
net
work
ing
duri
ng
the
Bron
ze a
ge: a
ch
orem
atic
app
roac
h
M. R
amaz
otti
Ur a
nd E
bla.
The
ec
onom
ical
and
est
hetic
re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n tw
o di
ffere
nt c
ities
dur
ing
the
thir
d m
illen
nium
B.C
.
J. C
oope
r N
ile -
Red
Sea
conn
ectio
ns in
m
edie
val E
gypt
K. K
opet
zky
Sido
n an
d Te
ll el
-Dab
ca: a
lo
ng h
isto
ry o
f exc
hang
e
L.-M
. Shi
llito
D
aily
act
iviti
es, r
esou
rce
use
and
diet
at N
eolit
hic
Cat
alho
yuk,
Tur
key
– m
icro
stra
tigra
phic
and
bi
omol
ecul
ar e
vide
nce
from
m
idde
ns
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: C
. Bac
hhub
er
Cha
ir: A
. Nag
el
Cha
ir: J.
Ur
Cha
ir: R
. Dol
ce
Cha
ir: A
. Wal
msl
ey
Cha
ir: B
. Rou
tledg
e C
hair:
D. B
aird
11
:15
– 11
:35
M. D
’Ann
a Fo
od p
repa
ratio
n, st
orag
e an
d co
nsum
ptio
n in
an
earl
y ce
ntra
lised
soci
ety:
cer
amic
s fr
om p
ublic
and
pri
vate
co
ntex
ts a
t Ars
lant
epe
VI A
(3
300-
3000
BC
)
F. P
inno
ck
Col
ours
in th
e Ro
yal P
alac
e of
Ear
ly S
yria
n Eb
la
J. B
radb
ury
Land
scap
es o
f bur
ial:
exam
inin
g re
gion
al
dist
ribu
tions
and
den
sitie
s of
cair
ns w
ithin
Cen
tral
Syr
ia
D. M
oran
di B
onac
ossi
Q
atna
. A m
ega-
city
in
Bron
ze A
ge In
ner S
yria
G. A
vni
“A d
elig
htfu
l and
wel
l-bui
lt ci
ty”
– Ea
rly
Isla
mic
Ram
la
in th
e lig
ht o
f rec
ent
arch
aeol
ogic
al e
xcav
atio
ns
T. B
anni
ng e
t al
Exca
vatio
ns a
t al-B
asat
în, a
La
te N
eolit
hic
and
EBI s
ite
in N
orth
ern
Jord
an
G. P
alum
bi e
t al
Late
st re
sults
from
the
exca
vatio
ns a
t Mer
sin–
Yum
ukte
pe (s
easo
ns 2
008–
2009
) and
the
disc
over
y of
a
new
chal
colit
hic
arch
itect
ural
com
plex
: re
dist
ribu
tion
at th
e se
a?
11:4
0 –
12:0
0 V
. Azz
ara
The
orga
niza
tion
of fo
od
proc
essi
ng a
t HD
-6
(Sul
tana
te o
f Om
an)
A. d
i Lud
ovic
o &
M.
Ram
azot
ti W
hite
, red
and
bla
ck:
tech
nica
l rel
atio
nshi
ps a
nd
styl
istic
per
cept
ions
bet
ween
co
lour
s, lig
hts a
nd p
lace
s
J. C
asan
a Te
ll-ba
sed
settl
emen
t sy
stem
s of t
he N
orth
ern
Leva
nt
D. M
ielk
e Th
e fo
rtifi
catio
n of
meg
a-ci
ties i
n th
e An
cien
t Nea
r Ea
st. A
rchi
tect
ure
– fu
nctio
n –
sym
bolis
m
K. C
ytry
n-Si
lver
man
Ex
cava
tions
at T
iber
ias:
re
mai
ns o
f a d
istr
ict c
apita
l
S. B
ourk
e U
rban
ori
gins
and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f cul
t pra
ctic
e at
Pel
la in
Jor
dan:
the
2009
fie
ld se
ason
U.-D
. Sch
oop
Çam
lıbel
Tar
lası
–
Met
allu
rgy,
ritu
al a
nd d
eath
in
4th
mill
enni
um N
orth
–C
entr
al A
nato
lia
12:0
5 –
12:2
5 T
. Pau
lette
G
rain
stor
age
in
Mes
opot
amia
: agr
icul
tura
l te
chni
ques
and
pol
itica
l ec
onom
y du
ring
the
thir
d m
illen
nium
BC
S. P
izzi
men
ti C
olou
rs in
Lat
e Br
onze
M
esop
otam
ia: s
ome
hint
s on
wall
pain
tings
from
Dur
K
urig
alzu
, Nuz
i and
Kar
-Tu
kulti
-Nin
urta
G. P
hilip
& R
. Dun
ford
Se
ttlem
ent i
nten
sity
and
at
tenu
atio
n in
the
Bron
ze
Age
Nor
ther
n Le
vant
D
. Whi
tcom
b Fo
rmat
ion
of th
e Is
lam
ic
city
: a se
cond
ar
chae
olog
ical
per
iod
of
urba
n tr
ansi
tion
X. V
eldh
uijz
en
Fina
lly a
furn
ace:
the
first
ir
on sm
eltin
g fu
rnac
e in
the
Nea
r Eas
t, ex
cava
tions
at
Tell
Ham
meh
200
9
B. D
urin
g &
C. G
latz
O
f rou
gh se
as a
nd ru
gged
m
ount
ains
– th
e C
ide
Arch
aeol
ogic
al P
roje
ct 2
009
12:3
0 –
12:5
0 L
. Rom
ano
Banq
uetin
g in
a te
mpl
e P.
Pol
i N
ew in
terp
reta
tions
abo
ut
Neo
-Ass
yria
n wa
ll pa
intin
gs
from
Tel
l Mas
aikh
A. R
icci
Th
e M
iddl
e Eu
phra
tes r
iver
va
lley
regi
on fr
om th
e 5t
h th
roug
h th
e 3r
d m
illen
nium
BC
: an
arch
aeol
ogic
al
land
scap
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e
A. H
ausl
eite
r Ta
yma,
Nor
thwe
st A
rabi
a:
meg
a-si
te a
nd m
ega-
city
?
L
. Mor
i Em
pty
or c
rowd
ed?
An
atte
mpt
to e
stim
ate
the
rele
vanc
e of
ruin
s ins
ide
the
urba
n la
ndsc
ape
in th
e An
cien
t Nea
r Eas
t
LUn
CH
Programme of the Congress XVIITU
ESD
AY
13tH
APR
IL 2
010
C
ON
SUM
PTIO
N
Co
LoU
R &
LIG
HT
LAN
DSC
APE
M
eGA
-CIt
Ies
IsLA
MIC
FI
ELD
WO
RK
1
FIEL
DW
OR
K 2
Cha
ir: J.
Tub
b C
hair:
S. R
azm
jou
Cha
ir: G
. Phi
lip
Cha
ir: C
. Rei
chel
C
hair:
T. W
illia
ms
Cha
ir: M
. Haw
ari
Cha
ir: L
. Wee
ks
14:0
0 –
14:2
5 L
. Pac
e C
onsu
min
g tr
ansi
tions
: wha
t ca
n a
food
ways
app
roac
h te
ll us
abo
ut th
e 3r
d-2n
d m
illen
nium
tran
sitio
n in
the
Leva
nt?
K. A
fham
i C
olou
r and
ligh
t in
the
arch
itect
ure
of P
erse
polis
D. M
oran
di B
onac
ossi
et a
l Th
e Sy
rian
des
ert a
nd it
s oa
ses.
Land
scap
e,
settl
emen
t, an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n in
the
Wes
tern
Pal
myr
ena
from
pr
ehis
tory
to th
e Ro
man
pe
riod
M. B
ieta
k Th
e Pa
lace
of t
he H
ykso
s K
haya
n in
Ava
ris
O. P
anca
rogl
u Lu
xury
cer
amic
con
sum
ptio
n in
Abb
asid
Tar
sus
B. R
outle
dge
et a
l Ex
cava
tions
at T
all D
hiba
n,
Jord
an: a
cen
tre
in th
e pe
riph
ery
R. N
ader
i et a
l N
eolit
hic
settl
emen
ts in
So
uthe
rn Z
agro
s, Ir
an
14:3
0 –
14:5
0 P.
Nah
shon
i O
rgan
izat
ion
of sp
ace
in a
n M
BIIc
sacr
ed p
reci
nct -
new
ev
iden
ce fr
om T
ell H
aror
A. N
agel
et a
l Th
e Pe
rsep
olis
Pol
ychr
omy
Proj
ect:
aim
s, an
alyt
ical
m
etho
ds a
nd fi
rst r
esul
ts
T. W
ilkin
son
& D
. L
awre
nce
Settl
emen
t cor
es a
nd
peri
pher
ies i
n U
pper
M
esop
otam
ia in
the
four
th
and
thir
d m
illen
nium
BC
F. P
edde
Th
e As
sur P
roje
ct: t
he
Mid
dle
and
Neo
-Ass
yria
n gr
aves
and
tom
bs
C. H
aase
Sm
all b
ath
and
toile
t roo
ms
in th
e ea
rly
Isla
mic
ar
chite
ctur
e of
Mad
inat
al-
Far
P. D
avia
u Th
e N
eo-A
ssyr
ian
Empi
re a
s a
mili
eu fo
r the
spre
ad o
f Ph
oeni
cian
cul
ture
M. Z
eidi
et a
l C
hogh
a G
olan
, a P
PN si
te in
th
e fo
othi
lls o
f the
Zag
ros
Mou
ntai
ns
14:5
5 –
15:1
5 C
. del
Cer
ro
Onl
y St
orag
e ja
rs?
The
big
jars
at a
l Thu
qeib
ah,
Shar
jah,
(UEA
): a
n in
terp
reta
tion
acco
rdin
g to
th
e ex
cava
tion
data
and
the
envi
ronm
ent n
atur
e
C. H
enne
ssy
The
Cha
pel o
f Sai
nt J
acob
at
the
Chu
rch
of th
e Th
eoto
kos
Cha
lkop
rate
ia in
Ista
nbul
M. K
enne
dy
The
end
of th
e th
ird
mill
enni
um: t
he T
ell N
ebi
Men
d Pe
rspe
ctiv
e
D. K
erta
i O
rgan
isin
g th
e em
pire
, a
new
look
at F
ort
Shal
man
eser
A. N
orth
edge
Th
e co
nten
ts o
f the
firs
t M
uslim
hou
ses:
ass
embl
ages
fr
om th
e Am
man
Cita
del
C. T
hom
pson
& Z
. Sto
s-G
ale
The
iden
tific
atio
n of
Ta
rshi
sh, f
rom
the
pers
pect
ive
of si
lver
E. A
scal
one
et a
l Pr
elim
inar
y re
port
from
Q
aleh
Kut
chek
. Fir
st
cam
paig
n of
Ital
o-Ir
ania
n Jo
int M
issi
on in
the
Hal
il Va
lley,
Jir
oft (
Sout
h-ea
ster
n Ir
an)
15:2
0 –
15:4
0 C
. Dou
met
-Ser
hal
Sido
n: fe
astin
g an
d ri
tual
ac
tiviti
es
I. A
rce
Aest
hetic
isin
g po
litic
s, po
litic
isin
g ae
sthe
tics:
co
lour
and
ligh
t in
arch
itect
ure
at Q
asr a
l-H
alla
bat (
Jord
an) f
rom
Lat
e An
tiqui
ty to
the
Um
ayya
d pe
riod
I. M
ilevs
ki &
O. B
arzi
lai
Intr
a-re
gion
al n
etwo
rks o
f ex
chan
ge in
the
late
pr
ehis
tory
of t
he S
outh
ern
Leva
nt
A
. Moi
Th
e ar
chae
olog
y of
spac
e: a
co
nfig
urat
iona
l app
roac
h to
Is
lam
ic a
nd c
rusa
der
arch
itect
ure
D. M
aste
r Ir
on A
ge d
isco
veri
es fr
om
the
2009
Leo
n Le
vy
Expe
ditio
n to
Ash
kelo
n
M. M
orta
zavi
C
raft
spec
ializ
atio
n in
the
Iran
ian
Sist
an: T
epe
Das
ht
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: D
. Ben
-shl
omo
Cha
ir: C
. Hen
ness
y C
hair:
D. M
. Bon
acos
si C
hair:
M. B
ieta
k C
hair:
D. W
hitc
omb
Cha
ir: P
. Mic
hèle
Dav
iau
Cha
ir: S
. Prie
stman
16
:15
– 16
:35
J. M
agne
ss
Con
spic
uous
con
sum
ptio
n:
luxu
ry c
uisi
nes a
nd d
ispl
ay
dini
ng in
the
Anci
ent N
ear
East
and
Ear
ly Is
lam
ic w
orld
A. B
ecke
r C
olou
r and
ligh
t in
Earl
y Ab
basi
d pa
lace
s: in
teri
or
deco
ratio
n fo
r Har
un a
r-Ra
shid
D. C
antr
ell
Beas
ts o
f bur
den:
logi
stic
s of
tran
spor
t and
trav
el in
the
Anci
ent N
ear E
ast
E. W
ilkin
son
A re
asse
ssm
ent o
f C
arch
emis
h an
d its
reg
ion
duri
ng th
e Ir
on A
ge
L
. Evd
oxia
di V
erni
ory
Iron
Age
hou
ses a
nd
hous
ehol
ds in
the
sout
h Le
vant
A. D
ustin
g Se
ason
Thr
ee a
t Qal
eh K
ali
16:4
0 –
17:0
0 I.
Cip
in
Cla
y os
suar
ies a
nd so
cial
or
gani
satio
n of
the
Cha
lcol
ithic
Gha
ssul
-Be
ersh
eva
cultu
re in
the
Sout
hern
Lev
ant (
4500
-350
0 BC
E)
M. J
ung
Tech
niqu
es a
nd p
igm
ents
us
ed fo
r the
wal
l pai
ntin
gs o
f th
e M
asĝi
d-i Ğ
um‘a
at
Isfa
han
E. O
ren
A br
idle
d do
nkey
from
Tel
H
aror
and
the
intr
oduc
tion
of th
e lig
ht, h
orse
-dra
wn
char
iot i
n th
e M
iddl
e Ea
st
and
Egyp
t
F. E
scri
bano
Mar
tín
Baby
lon
as a
gre
at u
rban
ar
ea o
f rel
igio
us c
hara
cter
S.
Bec
har
Life
in a
Can
aani
te c
ity -
rene
wed
exca
vatio
ns in
the
Lowe
r City
of H
azor
T. D
e Sc
hach
t et a
l Re
sults
of t
he se
cond
seas
on
of sa
lvag
e ex
cava
tions
at t
he
Acha
emen
id d
am a
nd c
anal
m
onum
ent o
f Sad
-i Sh
ahid
abad
(Far
s, Ir
an)
17:0
5 –
17:2
5 Y
. Row
an
Mor
tuar
y sp
ace
and
craf
t di
spos
al in
the
Cha
lcol
ithic
Pe
riod
(c. 4
500-
3600
BC
) of
the
Sout
hern
Lev
ant
M. R
ugia
di
"A g
arde
n of
spri
ng":
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
ar
chae
omet
ric
evid
ence
for
the
poly
chro
my
of th
e G
hazn
avid
mar
bles
L. N
igro
Tr
acks
thro
ugh
the
Rive
r. Th
e bi
rth
of a
n ea
rly
Bron
ze
Age
town
in th
e U
pper
Wad
i az
-Zar
qa (J
orda
n): K
hirb
et
al-B
atra
wy
C. L
ippo
lis
Baby
lon
from
abo
ve: p
ast
and
pres
ent o
f the
city
te
rrito
ry
H. C
hoob
ak
Rece
nt a
rcha
eolo
gica
l ex
cava
tions
of t
he a
ncie
nt
city
of J
irof
t in
the
Isla
mic
pe
riod
H. S
alem
Ex
cava
tions
at K
h. B
irze
it –
Pale
stin
e
H. R
ekav
andi
et a
l Sa
sani
an c
ampa
ign
base
s, ci
ties a
nd m
ount
ain
refu
ges
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f the
Gor
gan
Wal
l: th
e 20
08 a
nd 2
009
Seas
ons o
f the
Joi
nt P
roje
ct
of th
e Ir
ania
n C
ultu
ral
Her
itage
, Han
dicr
aft a
nd
Tour
ism
Org
anis
atio
n an
d th
e U
nive
rsiti
es o
f Ed
inbu
rgh
and
Dur
ham
17
:30
– 17
:50
S. C
ohen
W
eapo
nry
and
warr
ior
buri
als:
pat
tern
s of d
ispo
sal
and
soci
al c
hang
e in
the
sout
hern
Lev
ant
K
. Bra
mle
tt
Late
Bro
nze
Age
road
s and
ro
utes
in th
e Tr
ansj
orda
nian
H
ighl
ands
M. e
l-Ham
raw
i Iá
-at-r
i-bu
(> a
rab.
Yat
hrib
), th
e an
cien
t nam
e of
Med
ina
I. Si
mps
on
Pear
ls a
long
a sh
orel
ine:
gl
obal
isat
ion,
neo
liber
alis
m,
and
heri
tage
inte
rven
tions
in
the
Pers
ian
Gul
f
M. H
awar
i Pi
lot a
rcha
eolo
gica
l sur
vey
of K
hirb
at a
l-Maf
jar r
egio
n,
Jeri
cho,
Jor
dan
Valle
y
K. H
oppe
r Su
rvey
s and
exc
avat
ions
on
the
NE
Sasa
nian
fron
tier,
Iran
Programme of the CongressXVIII
WED
NES
DA
Y 1
4tH A
PRIL
201
0
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
C
oLo
UR
& L
IGH
T LA
ND
SCA
PE
MeG
A-C
ItIe
s Is
LAM
IC
FIEL
DW
OR
K 1
FI
ELD
WO
RK
2
C
hair:
J. M
agne
ss
Cha
ir: M
. Cas
anov
a C
hair:
T. W
ilkin
son
Cha
ir: T
. Har
tnel
l C
hair:
C. T
ongh
ini
Cha
ir: G
. Sch
war
tz
Cha
ir: R
. Cha
pman
09
:20
– 09
:50
A. P
olca
ro
Dis
posa
l of f
ood
fune
rary
of
feri
ng a
nd re
cons
truc
tion
of fu
nera
ry b
anqu
et ri
tual
s in
Mid
dle
Bron
ze A
ge S
yria
A. G
etze
l Re
d, b
lack
, and
lust
rous
: K
ura–
Arak
s pot
tery
as
sens
ory
expe
rien
ce
E. R
uple
y N
etwo
rk st
ruct
ures
in N
orth
M
esop
otam
ian
preh
isto
ry
A. T
ouro
vets
So
me
aspe
cts o
f the
rela
tions
be
twee
n th
e ar
chite
ctur
e of
N
orth
Wes
tern
Iran
and
U
rart
u du
ring
the
first
m
illen
nium
BC
V. F
ranc
ois
Cér
amiq
ues d
'épo
que
otto
man
e au
Bilâ
al-C
hâm
: le
mat
érie
l des
cita
delle
s de
Dam
s et d
'Ale
p
I. M
atei
ciuc
ová
et a
l Su
rfac
e su
rvey
and
ge
ophy
sica
l pro
spec
tion
in
the
mic
rore
gion
of T
ell
Arbi
d, N
E Sy
ria
I. M
ilevs
ki e
t al
The
Neo
lithi
c si
te o
f Yift
ahel
(K
hale
t Kha
llady
iah)
, low
er
Gal
ilee.
Res
ults
from
the
2007
-200
8 se
ason
s of
exca
vatio
n 09
:55
– 10
:15
D. C
olla
rd
Dea
d dr
unk:
psy
choa
ctiv
e co
nsum
ptio
n in
Lat
e Br
onze
Ag
e C
ypri
ote
mor
tuar
y ri
tual
P. Q
uene
t N
ew li
ght o
n th
e la
pis l
azul
i of
the
Tôd
Trea
sure
(Egy
pt)
Y. T
onoi
ke
Beyo
nd st
yle:
pet
rogr
aphi
c an
alys
is o
f Dal
ma
cera
mic
s in
two
regi
ons o
f Ira
n
S. B
rant
ing
Expl
orin
g an
Iron
Age
meg
a-ci
ty th
roug
h m
icro
-si
mul
atio
ns o
f anc
ient
pe
dest
rian
mov
emen
t at
Ker
kene
s Dağ
, Tur
key
F. T
ulek
Fo
otst
eps o
f the
Ara
b-By
zant
ine
arm
ies i
n O
sman
iye
Prov
ince
K. B
artl
Stor
age
in th
e La
te N
eolit
hic
peri
od. N
ew d
ata
from
the
7th
mill
eniu
m si
te o
f Shi
r/W
est
Syri
a
R. G
reen
berg
et a
l Ex
cava
tions
at T
el B
et
Yera
h/K
hirb
et e
l-Ker
ak,
2009
10:2
0 –
10:4
0 D
. Nad
ali
Thin
gs a
lso
die.
C
onsi
dera
tions
on
the
mea
ning
and
func
tion
of
fune
rary
furn
ishi
ngs i
n M
esop
otam
ia a
nd S
yria
T. O
rnan
K
ing
and
God
: the
long
and
co
mpl
icat
ed li
fe o
f a b
ronz
e st
atue
from
Haz
or
M. M
assa
O
f min
ers a
nd tr
ader
s: a
n an
alys
is o
f lon
g-di
stan
ce
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
the
Anat
olia
n pl
atea
u an
d U
pper
M
esop
otam
ia in
the
thir
d m
illen
nium
BC
L. A
llen
The
end
is th
e be
ginn
ing
is
the
end:
his
tori
cal i
nflu
ence
s on
exc
avat
ions
at P
erse
polis
19
31-1
939
R. W
ade
Had
don
Zang
id/A
yyub
id fi
newa
res
from
the
Ger
man
ex
cava
tions
on
the
Alep
po
Cita
del
G. S
tein
Jo
int S
yria
n–Am
eric
an
exca
vatio
ns a
t Tel
l Zei
dan
2008
–9: i
nves
tigat
ions
of t
he
Uba
id a
nd L
ate
Cha
lcol
ithic
1–
2 in
Nor
th S
yria
L. N
igro
& H
. Tah
a Je
rich
o 20
10: 1
0,00
0 ye
ars
of a
rcha
eolo
gy in
Pal
estin
e:
rece
nt d
isco
veri
es o
f the
Ita
lian–
Pale
stin
ian
Expe
ditio
n at
Tel
l es–
Sulta
n
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: S
. Cam
pbel
l C
hair:
A. M
eek
Cha
ir: J.
Cas
ana
Cha
ir: S
. Bra
ntin
g C
hair:
M.-O
. Rou
sset
C
hair:
G. S
tein
11:1
5 –
11:3
5 J.
Bal
di
Cob
a bo
wls p
rodu
ctio
n, u
se
and
disc
ard:
a v
iew
from
Te
ll Fe
res A
l-Sha
rqi
S. S
oldi
G
reen
gla
zed
funn
els f
rom
Te
ll Af
is Ir
on A
ge T
empl
e A
H. W
eiss
"S
even
gen
erat
ions
sinc
e th
e fa
ll of
Akk
ad":
qua
ntify
ing
Akka
dian
col
laps
e, h
abita
t-tr
acki
ng a
nd A
mor
itiza
tion
T. H
artn
ell
Beyo
nd th
e ci
ty o
f Pe
rsep
olis
: a n
ew m
odel
of
Acha
emen
id se
ttlem
ent i
n N
orth
ern
Fars
, Ira
n
B. H
amar
neh
City
- vi
llage
eco
nom
ic
inte
ract
ion
in la
te a
ntiq
ue
and
earl
y Is
lam
ic A
rabi
a an
d Pa
laes
tina.
Arc
haeo
logi
cal
evid
ence
R. V
alle
t Te
ll Fe
res a
l Sha
rqi,
a La
te
Cha
lcol
ithic
site
in th
e K
habu
r bas
in
11:4
0 –
12:0
0 F.
del
Bra
vo
Prod
uctio
n pr
oces
ses d
urin
g th
e fo
rmat
ive
Nin
evite
5. T
he
Upp
er T
igri
dian
regi
on's
proc
essi
ng si
tes
M. N
egro
Pon
zi
Mes
opot
amia
n gl
assw
are
of
the
Sasa
nian
per
iod
M. L
önnq
vist
et a
l Re
mot
e se
nsin
g, la
ndsc
apes
an
d ar
chae
olog
y
S. R
eed
Loya
lty a
nd re
ward
: a
reev
alua
tion
of th
e Pe
rsep
olis
scul
ptur
es a
nd th
e Ac
haem
enid
con
cept
of
king
ship
M. H
awar
i Pi
lot a
rcha
eolo
gica
l sur
vey
of K
hirb
at a
l-Maf
jar r
egio
n,
Jeri
cho,
Jor
dan
Valle
y
G. S
chw
artz
Re
cent
exc
avat
ion
and
anal
ysis
at U
mm
el–
Mar
ra,
Syri
a
12:0
5 –
12:2
5 M
. D’A
ndre
a Tr
ickl
e pa
inte
d wa
re: s
ocia
l se
lf-re
pres
enta
tion
and
exch
ange
dur
ing
Earl
y Br
onze
IV in
Pal
estin
e an
d Tr
ansj
orda
n
D. B
en-S
hlom
o et
al
Com
pute
rize
d re
nder
ing
of
pain
ted
deco
ratio
n on
po
ttery
T. W
ilkin
son
Re-v
iewi
ng in
visi
ble
flows
: la
ndsc
apes
and
in
terc
onne
ctio
ns in
3rd
and
2nd
mill
enni
a BC
Eur
asia
R. M
eneg
azzi
C
reat
ing
a ne
w la
ngua
ge:
the
terr
acot
ta fi
guri
nes f
rom
Se
leuc
ia o
n th
e Ti
gris
R. J
ones
Su
gar p
rodu
ctio
n in
Isla
mic
Jo
rdan
: a n
ew lo
ok
P. W
olf
Addi
Aka
weh
– a
new
cent
re
of th
e Et
hio–
Saba
ean
peri
od
in th
e N
orth
ern
Hor
n of
Af
rica
12:3
0 –
12:5
0 L
. Nae
h Ju
st a
sip
and
a bi
te: t
he
min
iatu
re p
otte
ry v
esse
ls o
f th
e M
iddl
e Br
onze
Age
Te
mpl
e at
Nah
ariy
a, Is
rael
R. B
ridg
man
& G
. Ear
l Ex
peri
enci
ng lu
stre
war
es:
anal
ysis
and
inte
rpre
tatio
n us
ing
digi
tal t
echn
olog
y
B. M
cCal
l Lo
ng-te
rm c
omm
unic
atio
n ne
twor
ks a
nd se
ttlem
ent
patte
rns i
n so
uth-
west
ern
Iran
V. M
essi
na
A re
newe
d Ba
bylo
n. S
eleu
cia
on th
e Ti
gris
, meg
a–ci
ty o
f H
elle
nize
d As
ia
Sum
min
g U
p M
. Put
urid
ze &
E. R
ova
Firs
t res
ults
of t
he J
oint
Sh
ida
Kar
tli A
rche
olog
ical
Pr
ojec
t
LUn
CH
Programme of the Congress XIXW
EDN
ESD
AY
14tH
APR
IL 2
010
C
ON
SUM
PTIO
N
LAN
DSC
APE
M
eGA
-CIt
Ies
FIEL
DW
OR
K 1
FI
ELD
WO
RK
2
CU
LtU
RA
L H
eRIt
AG
e
Cha
ir: R
. Spa
rks
Cha
ir: C
. Bel
l C
hair:
S. J
. Sim
pson
C
hair:
P. W
olf
Cha
ir: D
. Whi
tcom
b C
hair:
M. S
eym
our
14:0
0 –
14:2
5 A
. D’A
gost
ino
Kiln
s and
ove
ns fr
om th
e 2nd
m
illen
nium
BC
settl
emen
t of T
ell
Barr
i (Sy
ria)
D. I
lan
& Y
. Tha
rean
i Th
e H
ula
Valle
y fr
om th
e ea
rly
Bron
ze A
ge to
the
Otto
man
Pe
riod
: a lo
ngue
dur
ée
exam
inat
ion
of c
hang
ing
inte
ract
ions
bet
ween
peo
ple
and
the
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent
B. G
enito
Th
e Ac
haem
enid
stat
e an
d th
e pe
riph
eral
evi
denc
e
F. G
uliy
ev &
Y. N
ishi
aki
New
ligh
t on
the
sout
h C
auca
sian
N
eolit
hic:
insi
ghts
from
Goy
tepe
, Az
erba
ijan
F. K
idd
Kar
akal
pak-
Aust
ralia
n ex
cava
tions
in a
ncie
nt
Cho
rasm
ia: r
ecen
t exc
avat
ions
of
wall
pain
tings
at K
azak
ly-y
atka
n
L. C
rew
e Pr
esen
t pas
ts: 1
0,00
0 ye
ars o
f life
in
a v
illag
e
14:3
0 –
14:5
0 L
. Dod
d M
ore
of th
e sa
me?
Cer
amic
co
ntin
uity
and
pol
itica
l cha
nge
duri
ng th
e se
cond
mill
enni
um
BCE
A. L
erio
u Tr
ade,
exc
hang
e an
d id
entit
y co
nstr
uctio
n/ m
aint
enan
ce in
the
Late
Bro
nze
Age
soci
etie
s alo
ng
the
coas
ts o
f the
eas
tern
M
edite
rran
ean:
the
case
of
Cyp
rus
S. A
tris
C
roco
dilo
polis
, Ars
inoe
, the
Fa
yum
; a c
eleb
rate
d m
ega-
city
B. H
elw
ing
& T
. Aliy
ev
Kam
iltep
e 20
09: f
irst
resu
lts o
f th
e jo
int A
zerb
aija
n-G
erm
an
inve
stig
atio
ns in
the
Mil
Step
pe
A. E
ger
His
n al
-Tin
at a
nd th
e wa
ysta
tions
of
the
Isla
mic
-Byz
antin
e fr
ontie
r
S. d
i Pao
lo
His
tori
cal,
topo
grap
hica
l, m
enta
l pa
ths:
Cyp
riot
ant
iqui
ties i
nsid
e Ita
lian
mus
eum
s
14:5
5 –
15:1
5 F.
Man
uelli
Ea
rly
Iron
Age
cer
amic
m
ovem
ents
and
usa
ges a
t Ar
slan
tepe
. Loc
al tr
aditi
ons a
nd
fore
ign
influ
ence
s in
the
potte
ry
prod
uctio
n fr
om th
e ne
w ex
cava
tions
on
the
Neo
-Hitt
ite
leve
ls
K. H
esse
An
inla
nd L
evan
tine
pers
pect
ive
on L
ate
Bron
ze A
ge m
ariti
me
trad
e
L. C
orde
ra
Potte
ry fr
om V
eh-A
rdas
hir:
co
ntin
uity
and
cha
nge
in
prod
uctio
n du
ring
the
Sasa
nian
pe
riod
in M
esop
otam
ia
B. L
yonn
et
Rece
nt re
sear
ch o
n th
e C
halc
olith
ic p
erio
d in
Aze
rbai
jan,
th
e si
te o
f Men
tesh
Tep
e
A. Ö
zyar
Ta
rsus
-Göz
lüku
le 2
007–
2009
: the
Ea
rly
Isla
mic
rem
ains
Y. P
az
Com
mun
ity a
rcha
eolo
gy in
Ear
ly
Bron
ze A
ge T
el B
areq
et, I
srae
l: sc
hool
chi
ldre
n an
d ag
ency
for
activ
e pu
blic
eng
agem
ent i
n cu
ltura
l her
itage
pro
ject
s
15:2
0 –
15:4
0 S.
Duv
arci
Lo
cal p
otte
ry p
rodu
ctio
n in
the
Iron
Age
: a C
ilici
an c
ase-
stud
y –
a te
chni
cal a
nd c
ompa
rativ
e re
-ev
alua
tion
of th
e C
ilici
an b
lack
-on
-red
pai
nted
war
e tr
aditi
on o
f Ta
rsus
-Göz
lüku
le
Y. S
hale
v Th
e So
uth
Phoe
nici
a la
nd ru
sh –
ur
bani
zatio
n at
the
begi
nnin
g of
th
e Pe
rsia
n pe
riod
K. D
amga
ard
Acce
ss g
rant
ed: m
echa
nism
s of
tran
sitio
n an
d ap
proa
ch in
Ear
ly
Isla
mic
pal
atia
l arc
hite
ctur
e an
d th
e or
igin
of t
he Is
lam
ic ro
yal c
ity
C. M
arro
& V
. Bak
hşha
liyev
Ar
chae
olog
ical
inve
stig
atio
ns a
t th
e sa
lt m
ine
of D
uzda
gi
(Nak
hchi
van,
Aze
rbai
jan)
S. M
cPhi
lips
Rura
l Isl
amic
settl
emen
t pat
tern
s:
the
Upp
er O
ront
es V
alle
y, S
yria
A. K
eina
n Ar
chae
olog
ical
inve
ntor
ies a
nd
cultu
ral h
erita
ge m
anag
emen
t in
the
occu
pied
Pal
estin
ian
terr
itori
es
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: E
. Wilk
inso
n C
hair:
D. M
eije
r C
hair:
S. J
. Sim
pson
C
hair:
B. H
elw
ing
Cha
ir: R
. Gre
enbe
rg
Cha
ir: M
. Haw
ari
16:1
5 –
16:3
5 C
. Ber
ghof
fen
Sym
bolic
con
sum
ptio
n: im
port
ed
vess
els i
n m
ortu
ary
rite
s
Ö. H
arm
ansa
h Ro
ck re
liefs
and
sacr
ed sp
ring
s:
towa
rds a
n ar
chae
olog
y of
pla
ce
in A
nato
lia
S. P
ries
tman
Si
raf a
nd th
e Ab
basi
d tr
ade
boom
ph
enom
ena:
qua
ntita
tive
cera
mic
ev
iden
ce
B. P
arke
r In
the
shad
ow o
f Ara
rat:
rece
nt
rese
arch
in th
e Ar
axes
Riv
er
regi
on, N
axçi
van,
Aze
rbai
jan
Z.
Al-S
alam
een
Pres
sing
issu
es c
once
rnin
g to
uris
m d
evel
opm
ent,
site
m
anag
emen
t and
arc
haeo
logi
cal
cons
erva
tion
at P
etra
, Sou
ther
n Jo
rdan
16
:40
– 17
:00
A. H
unt
Assy
rian
pal
ace
ware
: pro
duct
ion
and
mea
ning
in Ir
on A
ge L
evan
t
B. F
isch
er-G
enz
The
role
of I
ron
Age
sanc
tuar
ies
in th
e fo
rmat
ion
proc
ess o
f re
gion
al e
cono
mic
syst
ems i
n th
e Le
vant
S. R
utis
haus
er
Publ
ic v
s pri
vate
– A
ncie
nt N
ear
East
ern
and
Isla
mic
citi
es in
co
mpa
riso
n
L. R
istv
et e
t al
The
orig
ins o
f pol
itica
l com
plex
ity
in th
e C
auca
sus:
200
8–20
09
exca
vatio
ns a
nd su
rvey
at
Oğa
nqala
G. L
ehm
an
Qub
ur e
l-Wal
ayda
h, th
e 20
07-
2009
seas
ons
I. Sa
ca
No
gold
! So
why
are
you
digg
ing
here
? C
omm
unity
out
reac
h ef
fort
s at
the
site
of T
ell Z
eida
n
17:0
5 –
17:2
5 M
. Ste
iner
Th
e pr
oduc
tion
and
exch
ange
of
potte
ry in
Cen
tral
Jor
dan
F. M
azzi
lli
Rom
an ru
ral s
anct
uari
es in
H
aura
n as
cen
tre
of so
cio-
inte
ract
ions
: a st
udy
of th
e la
ndsc
ape
thro
ugh
GIS
-mod
ellin
g
T. W
illia
ms &
P. W
ords
wor
th
From
Tra
nsox
iana
to th
e Ir
ania
n pl
atea
u: th
e in
fluen
ce o
f Isl
amic
M
erv
C. P
iller
La
ndsc
ape
arch
aeol
ogy
sout
h of
th
e C
aspi
an S
ea: s
ome
new
insi
ghts
R. G
ophn
a &
Y. P
az
Tell
Qud
adi,
a Br
onze
Age
site
at
the
outle
t of t
he Y
arko
n Ri
ver,
Tel
Aviv
, Isr
ael
A. S
eif
Urb
an d
evel
opm
ent a
nd
arch
aeol
ogy
in B
eiru
t: se
arch
ing
for c
omm
on g
roun
ds
17:3
0 –
17:5
0
I. Fo
rstn
er-M
ülle
r Th
e la
ndsc
ape
of A
vari
s, ca
pita
l of
the
Hyk
sos
S. P
radi
nes
Mam
eluk
arc
haeo
logy
. Ex
cava
tions
in Is
lam
ic C
airo
, 20
00–
2009
M. A
rim
ura
et a
l Pr
ehis
tori
c si
tes i
n N
orth
west
ern
Arm
enia
M. A
rtzy
& Y
. Sal
mon
C
oast
al e
colo
gy a
nd a
rcha
eolo
gy,
a ho
listic
app
roac
h: N
ami A
rea
as a
cas
e st
udy
Programme of the CongressXXTH
UR
SDA
Y 1
5tH A
PRIL
201
0
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
LA
ND
SCA
PE
FIEL
DW
OR
K 1
FI
ELD
WO
RK
2
CU
LtU
RA
L H
eRIt
AG
e
Cha
ir: E
. Hea
ley
Cha
ir: A
. Gar
rard
C
hair:
N. T
allis
C
hair:
R. Y
aḡcı
C
hair:
B. P
edde
09
:20
– 09
:50
M
. Jon
es
Late
Ple
isto
cene
env
iron
men
ts o
f oc
cupa
tion
in th
e Az
raq
Basi
n, J
orda
n
S. R
umai
ydh
Al–J
udaf
ia, a
Bab
ylon
ian
city
on
the
Euph
rate
s
C. K
uzuc
uogl
u C
limat
e ch
ange
and
ant
hrop
ogen
ic
sign
als i
n H
oloc
ene
sequ
ence
s of N
orth
C
entr
al-A
nato
lia
N. M
acSw
eene
y A
land
with
out a
utoc
htho
ns: A
nato
lian
arch
aeol
ogy
in th
e ea
rly
twen
tieth
ce
ntur
y 09
:55
– 10
:15
P. R
assm
an
In w
ith th
e ol
d, o
ut w
ith th
e ne
w -
grou
nd st
one
tool
con
sum
ptio
n an
d di
spos
al in
the
Sout
hern
Lev
antin
e Pr
e-Po
ttery
Neo
lithi
c A
T. R
icht
er
Epip
alae
olith
ic s
ocia
l int
erac
tion:
a
view
from
the
Azra
q Ba
sin
M. H
usse
in
Potte
ry fr
om th
e te
mpl
e of
Isht
ar
Kid
mur
u at
Nim
rud
H. E
rkan
al e
t al
Lim
an T
epe
exca
vatio
ns
Ç. A
taku
man
H
erita
ge a
s a m
atte
r of p
rest
ige:
a
hist
ory
of th
e st
ate
heri
tage
dis
cour
se
and
prac
tice
in T
urke
y
10:2
0 –
10:4
0 S.
Kad
owak
i & Y
. Nis
hiak
i C
onsu
mpt
ion
and
disc
ard
of o
bsid
ian
chip
ped-
ston
es a
t Neo
lithi
c se
ttlem
ents
of
Sek
er a
l-Ahe
imar
, Nor
thea
ster
n Sy
ria
B. Ç
elik
& F
. Moe
tz
Neo
lithi
c se
ttlem
ent a
nd la
ndsc
ape
stud
ies i
n U
pper
Mes
opot
amia
A. a
l-Hus
sain
y Th
e ex
cava
tions
at M
arad
T
. Zim
mer
man
La
panu
– le
t (it)
glo
w! R
ecen
t ar
chae
omet
rica
l ana
lysi
s of H
attia
n an
d H
ittite
met
alwo
rk
F. R
utla
nd
John
Gar
stan
g &
the
Lost
Hitt
ite
Gal
lery
: Tur
kish
cul
tura
l rea
sses
smen
t th
roug
h H
ittite
Arc
haeo
logy
– th
e Br
itish
per
spec
tive,
192
0s to
193
0s
Co
FFee
Cha
ir: C
. Ber
goffe
n C
hair:
D. B
aird
C
hair:
E. P
elte
nbur
g C
hair:
D. S
chlo
en
Cha
ir: M
. Mic
ale
11:1
5 –
11:3
5 F.
Bal
ossi
Res
telli
Th
e us
e of
dom
estic
spac
e in
the
Mal
atya
Pla
in (T
urke
y) in
the
Uba
id a
nd
Post
-Uba
id p
erio
ds
C. W
awru
schk
a C
halc
olith
ic se
ttlem
ent l
ocat
ion
and
land
scap
e pr
actic
es in
Nor
th W
este
rn
Cap
pado
cia
M. L
ebea
u Re
cent
dis
cove
ries
at T
ell B
eyda
r (S
yria
), in
par
ticul
ar s
outh
of t
he
Acro
polis
G. P
ulha
n Th
e fir
st se
ason
of G
re A
mer
Hoy
uk in
Ba
tman
, Tur
key
A. E
ngin
Pr
oble
ms i
n th
e cu
ltura
l her
itage
of
Turk
ey
11:4
0 –
12:0
0 A
. McC
arth
y Fi
guri
ng o
ut fi
guri
nes:
a se
aled
zo
omor
phic
cla
y fig
urin
e fr
om 3
rd
mill
enni
um T
ell L
eila
n
J. T
hom
alsk
y D
ynam
ic a
spec
ts o
f cra
ft sp
ecia
lizat
ion
in li
thic
indu
stri
es
R. K
olin
ski
Tell
Arbi
d (N
E Sy
ria)
at t
he tu
rn o
f the
th
ird
mill
enni
um B
C
S. G
ünel
A
New
Site
in w
este
rn A
nato
lia: Ç
ine-
Tepe
cik
F. D
e B
acke
r Ea
rly
Dyn
astic
peo
ple
and
Neo
-As
syri
ans i
n th
e wa
ke o
f cul
tura
l he
rita
ge a
nd c
onfli
ct: "
we, a
s the
m",
or
"we,
and
them
"?
12:0
5 –
12:2
5 L
. Pey
rone
l Re
sour
ces e
xplo
itatio
n an
d ha
ndic
raft
activ
ities
at T
ell M
ardi
kh-E
bla
(Syr
ia)
duri
ng th
e Ea
rly
and
Mid
dle
Bron
ze
Ages
S. B
onza
no
Loca
l soc
ial s
yste
ms o
n La
ke V
an:
influ
ence
and
lega
cy fr
om N
airi
to
Med
ieva
l Arm
enia
E. R
ova
A ne
w gr
oup
of se
al im
pres
sion
s fro
m
Tell
Beyd
ar
N. M
arch
etti
The
2009
Tur
kish
-Ita
lian
salv
age
exca
vatio
ns a
nd re
stor
atio
ns a
t Tas
li G
eçit
Höy
ük (T
urke
y)
B. P
edde
An
cien
t Nea
r Eas
tern
mot
ifs in
the
Euro
pean
art
of t
he 2
0th c
entu
ry A
D
12:3
0 –
12:5
0 O
. Tal
& I.
Tax
el
On
cons
umpt
ion
and
disp
osal
var
iabi
lity
in L
ate
Byza
ntin
e/Ea
rly
Isla
mic
Pa
lest
ine
G
. Fal
sone
& P
. Sco
nzo
Tell
Shiu
kh T
ahta
ni o
n th
e Eu
phra
tes.
Hig
hlig
hts o
f the
last
exc
avat
ion
seas
ons
R. Y
ağcı
Re
visi
ting
the
issu
e of
Lat
e Br
onze
II
drab
war
e wi
th p
otm
arks
LUn
CH
Programme of the Congress XXI
THURSDAY 15tH APRIL 2010 FIELDWORK 1 FIELDWORK 2
Chair: M. Lebeau Chair: N. Marchetti 14:00 – 14:25 E. Peltenburg et al
The Land of Carchemish (Syria) Project 2009: The Sajur Triangle
14:30 – 14:50 P. Matthiae The acropolis of Ebla. Excavations of 2008 and 2009
V. Şahoğlu et al Çeşme – Bağlararasý: a Bronze Age harbour settlement in Western Anatolia
14:55 – 15:15 F. Baffi New discoveries at Tell Tuqan (Syria)
T. Harrison Recent discoveries at Tell Tayinat on the Orontes
15:20 – 15:40 M. Iamoni The Eastern Palace of Qatna. A new example of MB Syrian palace architecture
D. Schloen Recent excavations at Zincirli, Ancient Sam'al
CoFFee Chair: E. Rova Chair: T. Harrison 16:15 – 16:35 P. Bartl & D. Bonatz
Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tell Fekheriye between 2005 and 2009
A. Özfırat New investigations in the Van Lake Basin: Bronze and Iron Ages
16:40 – 17:00 M. Da Ros An example of LBA residential architecture from Qatna
J. MacGinnis Ziyaret Tepe/Tushan - a provincial capital of the Assyrian Empire
17:05 – 17:25 S. Perini The Middle Bronze Age at Tell Ahmar (North Syria): new data from seasons 2004–2009
S. Cecchini & F. Venturi A sounding at Arslan Tash. Re-visiting the "Bâtiment aux ivoires"
17:30 – 17:50 P. Pfalzner New discoveries in Qatna
Programme of the CongressXXII
FRIDAY 16tH APRIL 2010 LANDSCAPE CULtURAL HeRItAGe
Chair: H. Kuehne Chair: S. Ratnagar 09:20 – 09:50 J. Córdoba
Spanish contributions to the history of the archaeology of Iran and Oman in the early 17th century. García de Silva (1550-1624): intuition and discovery
09:55 – 10:15 B. Walker Political ecology and the landscapes of Northern Jordan in the Late Islamic periods
S. Atris Archaeological heritage management in the UAE, policies for training and research
10:20 – 10:40 C. Tavernari From the caravanserai to the road: proposition for a preliminary reconstruction of the Syrian road networks in the Middle Age
A. Bianchi Perspectives of Near Eastern archaeology between science and cultural heritage management
CoFFee Chair: H. Kuehne Chair: T. Williams 11:15 – 11:35 F. Onnis
Communication of landscape: Near Eastern legacy in the codes of figurative representation of the outward setting to the Mediterranean imagery of the first millennium BC
S. Ratnagar Studying the South Asian Bronze Age: Indian and cross-cultural comparisons
11:40 – 12:00 M. Weedon Writing, class and urbanism in the 2nd millennium BC
M. Micale Near Eastern archaeology under siege: from real destruction to virtual reconstruction
12:05 – 12:25 K. von Habsburg-Lothringen Archaeology in conflict – the "blue shield" perspective
12:30 – 12:50 A. Sands & K. Butler The next generation: mobilizing social networks for heritage-based international cooperation
EXCAVATIONS AT TIBERIAS (SPRING AND AUTUMN 2009):
REMAINS OF A DISTRICT CAPITAL
KATIA CYTRYN-SILVERMAN
AbstrAct
New excavations at the ancient city centre of Tiberias started in 2009 and aim to explore the classical city’s process of Islamisation. The main focus of our works is the remains of a large mosque, the covered hall of which is a three-aisled structure (78 m by 26 m), crossed by a wide aisle, leading to a protruding mihrāb. This monumental building seems to have been constructed over a mid/late 7th-century hypostyle structure. The last refurbishing of the mosque seems to have occurred in the 11th century as a coin dated to the time of the Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh was found in the late floor’s make-up. This very mosque collapsed soon afterwards, in the earthquake of 1068.
Tiberias, located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee and founded in AD 191 by Herod Antipas, has been witness to archaeological excavations of various scope since the 1930s (Hirschfeld 1993; Hirschfeld and Galor 2007; Stepansky 2008). Common to almost all these works, many of them meagrely recorded, was the presence of Islamic layers (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 38-44), evidence for activity during a time when Tiberias served as capital of Jund al-Urdunn, from the 7th to the 11th century (Lavergne 2000).
The main archaeological remains (Fig. 1) were explored between the 1950s and 1970s – the southern gate of the Roman city (Foerster 1993; Stacey ed. 2004: 23-28), sections of the cardo, a bathhouse and a large apsidal building of the Byzantine period. A large pillared building, overlaying the remains of an early Roman structure, was interpreted as a Byzantine covered market (Hirschfeld 1993: 1466-1467; Hirschfeld and Galor 2007). The Roman structure, in its turn, has been identified as the remains of the unfinished temple in honour of Hadrian, mentioned by a 4th-century source (Wilkinson 1977: 174; Epiphanius of Salamis §II.12.1-9). In 1978-1979 a 6th-century synagogue was revealed (Berman 1981), in 1980 a Crusader church (Harif 1984), and in 1989-1990 Yizhar Hirschfeld excavated a late Roman building which he identified as the remains of Tiberias’ Great Academy/Beth Midrash (Hirschfeld ed. 2004: 5-13). Between 1990 and 1994 Hirschfeld excavated on top of Mount Berenice, where a Byzantine church proved to have been active (with changes) up to the Crusader period,
1 All dates in this article are AD, unless hijri dates (AH) are also quoted.
Katia Cytryn-Silverman600
only to go out of use during the Mamlūk period, when it was apparently used for different purposes (Hirschfeld ed. 2004: 77).2 At the end of the 1990s a bronze hoard of the 11th century, containing over a thousand metal pieces kept in three pithoi, drew attention to the potential of Islamic archaeology in Tiberias (Hirschfeld and Gutfeld eds 2008). Perhaps it was also the cache of 85 coins, 59 of which were anonymous folles – with the effigy of Christ on the obverse and the inscription ‘Jesus Christ, King of Kings’ on the reverse – that made this hoard extra appealing (Bijovsky 2008), for it showed the multi-cultural nature of Tiberias. Evidence of Christian activity in the heart of the classical city also came to light when the northern aisle of a 5th- (?) century church and its mosaic were uncovered ahead of the laying of a salt-water channel (Israel Antiquities Authority 2007). Finally, remains of the Crusader castle of Tiberias were uncovered in 2003 (Stepansky 2004) while a monumental Roman theatre, overlaid by a series of sizeable ‘Abbāsid-Fātimid dwellings (Atrash 2010), were recently exposed.
The New Tiberias Excavation Project3 is located at the ancient city centre, and aims at understanding the process of Islamisation of Tiberias since its conquest in 635 (al-Balādhurī: 115-116; Gil 1997: §57) and especially how the newcomers related to the classical urban tissue. Key for understanding this process is the study of the pillared building (Fig. 2), interpreted as the Byzantine covered market until recently, and now identified by the author as Tiberias’ congregational mosque (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 44-56; Cytryn-Silverman 2009b), as well as its immediate surroundings – the cardo and shops on the west, the bathhouse and adjacent structures to the south of the mosque, the Byzantine apsidal building to the east, and the church to the north.
The hypothetical identification of the pillared building as a mosque was mainly based on its close relationship with known Umayyad mosques, i.e. the triple-aisled plan with a central transept leading to the prayer-niche (the mihrāb). It also has similar proportions to a number of others, Tiberias being half the width of Damascus, twice the width of the mosques at Jarash, Amman and Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqī, and five times
2 It seems that Hirschfeld’s last phase (Stratum I) should be re-dated to the early 13th century. The sugar bowls and molasses jars found in this level (Amir 2004: 165, fig. 9.10), for example, are more fitting of the 12-13th centuries (Avissar, Stern 2005: 86, 103, figs 37: 3, 43: 3, 5-6). In addition, the presence of a considerable number of Ayyūbid coins of the early 12th century (Bijovsky 2004: 173-174) in late contexts seems to reinforce this dating. The three coins of the Mamlūk period, on the other hand, came from the surface and from the dump (Bijovsky 2004: 174-175).
3 The New Tiberias Excavation Project is supported by the Van Berchem Foundation, the Yizhar Hirschfeld Memorial Fund, the Israel Science Foundation and the Ruth Amiram Fund of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The first season ran from March 22 - April 8 2009, the second from October 11 - November 6 2009 (two further seasons were undertaken in 2010, but they are beyond the scope of this article). The excavations are directed by the author, under the auspices of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, assisted by a team of students (Shulamit Miller: assistant director; Shmulik Freireich, Roi Greenwald: administrators; Yuli Gekht, Asaf Bar-Hadas, Bar Kribus: field supervisors), paid workers and volunteers from Israel and abroad. Plans were prepared by Dov Porotsky and Slava Pirsky, photographs by David Silverman (http://www.dpsimages.com), aerial photographs by SkyView and Yuval Nadel (http://yuvalnadel.com).
Excavations At Tiberias 601
that of Khirbat al-Minya (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 49-53). However, the excavations at the site have confirmed this reinterpretation of the building and added crucial information regarding its various stages.
the PillAred structure And the PrAyer niche (AreA M2)
The covered hall of the mosque at Tiberias (78 by 26 m; see outline in Fig. 2) is composed of three aisles parallel to the qibla wall, crossed by a central transverse aisle (5.55 m wide), built over six large pillars of mostly reused basalt blocks (c. 2.3 m2 each; those of the northern pair facing the courtyard are longer). The stylobates run east and west of the central aisle, each composed of six embedded 2nd/3rd-century Jewish basalt tomb doors (on the northern and middle stylobates) or by reused limestone blocks (on the southern stylobate), which meet pillars engaged on the eastern and western walls.
While the plan of the pillared building prepared both by Ravani in the 1950s and Hirschfeld in 2004 lacked a mihrāb,4 it became clear once fieldwork started in 2009, that a half-circular foundation (c. 3.5 m wide by 1.6 m deep) for a protruding niche had already been excavated in 2004, though it was yet to be put in its proper architectural context. Over 65% of the covered hall has been excavated in the past (Fig. 3), but unfortunately little has been published (Hirschfeld and Galor 2007). During 2009 five trenches were opened by the author within the area corresponding to the covered hall, both to confirm the symmetry of the building, and to better understand the context of the building’s stylobates and floors relating to it, as well as the function and dating of two series of supports which appear between the stylobates.
The south-eastern corner of the mosque is mostly robbed (Fig. 4), though the negative of the qibla wall is clear, in line with the wall exposed in previous excavations. At this trench, enlarged during the following seasons, a geometric mosaic floor was exposed. This floor was damaged when the arch above it collapsed, and debris of the building, abounding with painted fresco fragments,5 covered it. This floor, discussed below (see Appendix by S. Miller), was cut during the laying of the stylobates and thus clearly antedates the building of the three-aisled mosque.
We were able to study the sequence of the mosque’s floors. The latest – composed of a grayish plaster laid over pebbles – was carefully excavated after the removal of a collapse of roof tiles, similar to those excavated in Jarash (Damgaard 2010). In Hirschfeld’s excavations in 2004, portions of brass chains for hanging mosque-lamps, as well as fragments of the corresponding glass vessels, were found (similar to brass
4 And in fact, in my early presentations about Tiberias’ mosque, I looked for reasons for the absence of a niche – the fact that during the early Umayyad period mosque elements such as the mihrāb were perhaps still not standard (Cytryn-Silverman forthcoming), or that the remains in situ at Tiberias belong to foundations and not to a superstructure.
5 Some fragments of fresco panels were found still in situ during our Autumn 2010 season.
Katia Cytryn-Silverman602
chains found by Ravani as soon as the works in Tiberias started in 1952). We also found small sections of such chains (Fig. 5) and much glass under this collapse.6
In trench M21 the plaster floor and make-up of pebbles was found disturbed (Fig. 6), probably cracked and filled by one of the earthquakes of the 11th century. The dismantling of the layer of pebbles yielded Buff Ware which was embedded into the plaster. The dating of this floor according to the pottery could be anywhere between the 9th and early 11th century. Yet, a billon coin found in this locus (Fig. 7), datable to the time of the Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh Abū Tamīm Ma’add (AH 427-487/AD 1036-1094),7 hints at the last building activity or repair of the mosque.
During the 11th century two earthquakes took place – in 1033 and 1068 (Gil 1997: §595, 602). As the finding of the billon provides a terminus post quem for the laying of the latest floor (unless it had permeated into the crack, in which case it would provide evidence for the building’s late use and a terminus ante quem for the earthquake), the mosque’s final collapse could only have happened in 1068. At this stage, Fātimid rule was already too weakened to repair Tiberias’ congregational mosque. Soon after (1075), Tiberias was pillaged and the population (or at least part of it) apparently executed on the orders of the Turcoman Atsiz (Gil 1997: §603, n. 61). By the end of the century, Tiberias fell to the Franks.
It is worth bearing in mind that it was during al-Mustansir’s rule, in 1047, that Tiberias was visited by the Persian traveller Nāsir-i Khusraw (d. c. 1075). He described Tiberias as a lively city, with no hint of a recent catastrophe or a recession. His description is as follows (Nāsir-i Khusraw: 52; Le Strange 1890: 336–37):
The city has a strong wall that, beginning at the borders of the lake, goes all round the town; but on the water side there is no wall. There are numberless buildings erected in the very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure-houses that are supported on columns of marble, rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish.
The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath; and the water of this spring is so hot that, until it has been mixed with cold water, you cannot bear to have it poured over you. They say this hot bath was built by Solomon, the son of David—peace be upon them both!—and I myself did visit it. There is, too, on the western side of the town of Tiberias, a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid al-Yāsmīn). It is a fine building, and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkān), where they have their prayer-niches (mahārīb). All round those they have set jasmine-shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name. In the colonnade, on the eastern side, is the tomb of Joshua (son of Nun), and underneath the great platform aforesaid are shown the tombs of the seventy prophets—peace be upon them!—whom the children of Israel slew.
Underneath the upper make-up layer of pebbles, a yellowish beaten floor was exposed
6 Ms Ayala Lester, of the Israel Antiquities Authority, is studying the glass and metal finds from the excavations.
7 The numismatic finds from the present project are being studied by Prof. R. Milstein of the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (coins of the Islamic period) and Ms Gabi Bijovsky of the Israel Antiquities Authority (pre-Islamic coins), assisted by student Michael Chernin. A similar billon was found in G. Foerster’s excavations at the shops west of the cardo (Area C, locus C64). See Berman 2004: 244, no. 362.
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in M21 (Fig. 6). In N20(E) this same floor was associated with a rectangular basalt slab, laid over a foundation of irregular stones in hard mortar. This slab and foundation are related to the middle rows of round supports uncovered by Ravani, many of them topped by a single or double basalt slab. These rows, in turn, relate to the three-aisled building as they are positioned right in the centre of the middle and southern aisles, yet the positioning of the basalt slabs is not in accordance with that of the pillar bases along the stylobates. It seems they belong to an intermediate phase of the mosque, a possibility to be further explored.
Half of another support, belonging to the outer series excavated by Ravani, was excavated in square M21 (Fig. 8). As clearly seen on the baulk, this support once carried a narrow round shaft,8 most probably removed before the three-aisled building was erected. That is inferred both from the filling-in of the round pit with gravel and yellow dirt (as seen on the baulk) following the shaft removal, as well as from the finding of related supports overlaid by the two central stylobates.
As for the date of this early hypostyle building, so far the evidence comes from the findings of a deep brown fill underlying the earliest of the floors, both in square M21 and in square N20. This fill (L.M2.020), similarly to the floors above, was carefully excavated and sifted. In Spring 2009 we retrieved, for example, no less than 198 coins from a sounding less than 3 by 3 m and c. a metre deep in M21. Though most of them were worn minimi of the 4th to the 6th centuries, one Arab-Byzantine coin of the 7th century, as well as a clipping of similar date, give us a terminus post quem for this first building stage.
behind the QiblA WAll
Remains of a randomly ordered stone floor in limestone and basalt were found by Hirschfeld’s expedition in 2004, overlaying the remains of the protruding niche (the mihrāb). The base of a column, as well as a basalt slab which most probably served as the foundation for a second column, were also exposed. Due to the location of these finds at the back of the mosque, a trench was opened east of these finds (Square M19), to explore the possibility of a dār al-imāra existing there. Unfortunately this area proved to have been intensively disturbed in modern times and so far little has been found (including during the two seasons in 2010: Cytryn-Silverman forthcoming).
the courtyArd And underground cistern (AreA M1-north)
Remains of gravel paving (L.M1.095) were found in Square L25 in the north (Fig.
8 Negatives of round shafts, 42 cm on average, are also found in Ravani’s excavations of the western portion of the mosque. Their irregular size might point either to columns of different sources in secondary use, or to wooden shafts.
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2). This relates to the upper layer of gravel seen in a baulk facing the northernmost stylobate, excavated by Hirschfeld’s team in 2004, and hints at a large courtyard facing the covered hall.9 This courtyard was enclosed by a portico, the eastern remains of which had already been uncovered in Hirschfeld’s last season in 2006, while the western side was partly exposed in Area M1-West (see below).
The gravel paving was interrupted by a wall running east-west (W.M1.902), which turned out to be the southernmost wall of a large underground cistern. This cistern is composed of two chambers, each 10 m by 3.2 m (internally), 4 m deep and separated by an intermediate wall. The ceiling of this cistern, originally sustained by arches anchored on the walls, most probably collapsed following an earthquake. The tumbled stones were found at the bottom, and even though we did reach a small portion of the plaster floor, for safety reasons we were unable to excavate this layer to establish a firm dating for its last use. As for its construction, an Umayyad date (7th century or later) can be inferred, according to the pottery from the foundation trench of the cistern’s northern wall (L.M1.100 in Square L27). The fill which accumulated within the collapsed cistern is a colluvium,10 which most probably followed the erosion of a neglected cultivated soil from the slopes of nearby Mt Berenice or north of it.
North of the cistern we exposed a small portion of a flagstone floor, which seems to have been overlaid by the same gravel paving as to south of the cistern. Similarly, some small sections of a geometric mosaic, not unlike that at the south-eastern corner of our excavations, were also covered when the courtyard was laid.
the Western boundAries of the MosQue (AreA M1-West)
In the west (Fig. 9) we exposed the northern extension of the mosque’s enclosure wall (W.900), as well as remains of the portico’s stylobate circumventing the courtyard. The gravel layer was also detected in this portion of the site. A partition wall of one of the shops facing the cardo was exposed, as well as what seems to be the remains of a Roman wall. In this spot we went deep enough to reveal early Roman finds (mainly pottery sherds and frescoes), which might go back to the early days of Tiberias.
Underneath the courtyard’s floor we found 6-7th century finds, including a figurine
9 In Spring 2010 we opened two trenches immediately to the north of the central aisle of the covered hall (Area M3). It enabled us to establish the stratigraphy of the courtyard, especially as 62 coins were retrieved in between the layers of gravel, 40 of them legible. The latest coins predating the two earlier layers are Umayyad post-Reform, while the latest predating the third layer are late Umayyad. The latest coins found under the two upper layers are ‘Abbāsid. In Autumn 2010 we found the north-western corner of the mosque, as well as that of the portico, which allowed us to reconstruct the mosque as a 78 m wide by 90 m long structure. A more detailed report will appear in a forthcoming article on the results of the 2010 Spring and Autumn seasons.
10 The colluvium came from the upper slope, from a Bt horizon of a Luvisol. I am grateful to Dr Markus Dotterweich of the Institute of Geography, University of Mainz, for analysing the deposits within the cistern.
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of a woman and child, comparable to specimens uncovered in Beth Shean and Caesarea. As for the Islamic layers in this square, the findings were many, not only ceramics and many coins, but also one inscription (Fig. 10) as well as an ostracon of a probable 7th- or early 8th-century dating.11
conclusion
The New Tiberias Excavation Project has managed so far to establish the identification of the pillared building as a three-aisled mosque erected during the Umayyad period, over an earlier hypostyle hall of smaller dimensions, most probably erected during the 7th century. This earlier structure might have been contemporary with a building found underneath the south-eastern corner of the Umayyad mosque, the floor of which was covered by a unique geometric mosaic and according to style, seems also datable to the 7th century.
The covered hall faced a peristyle courtyard paved in gravel, in the middle of which we have so far found a large underground cistern, which collapsed and was filled in, most probably following the earthquake of 1068. The fills underlying both the covered hall and the courtyard were laid over Roman finds and architectural remains. So far no architectural remains in this area can be clearly attributed to the Byzantine period, which raises the assumption that during that time the site of the unfinished Hadrianeum was an open ground in between the cardo, the church and the apsidal building to the east.
Future excavations shall explore the surroundings of the mosque, not only to better understand the layout of this district capital, but also to further enrich our knowledge of patterns of the Islamisation of classical cities.
APPendix: the geoMetric MosAic, by shulAMit Miller
A geometric mosaic composed of large tesserae (c. 2 cm square) was exposed underneath the various floor levels at the south-eastern corner of the mosque, cut by the mosque’s southern wall and southernmost stylobate (Fig. 4). According to its style, it can be dated to the late Byzantine-early Islamic period, most probably to the mid-7th century. It is reminiscent of a mosaic found by Hirschfeld c. 200 m north of our trench, though the latter was dated as late Umayyad-early Abbasid (Talgam 2004: 28-30), as the coins found underneath that floor were all Umayyad post-Reform (Milstein and Ariel 2004). Our mosaic is divided into a main carpet with three12 rectangular panels bearing geometric patterns, delimiting its eastern and western sides. The doorstep
11 The epigraphic finds from the excavations are under the care of Prof. Amikam Elad, of the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
12 In Autumn 2010 we exposed the western edge of the room, revealing a fourth panel.
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into the room is decorated with a shaded lozenge. The main carpet is decorated by a grid forming compartments on a white ground, enclosing a variety of square-shaped motifs; the majority of the compartments contain an array of small, fairly simple shaded squares, some repeated, others appearing only once. Compartments located nearest to the room’s entrance are decorated by single, larger and more complex design elements. Five colours are used in the mosaic: black, white, dark red, brown and ochre. The nature of the building to which the mosaic belongs is yet to be clarified.
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Fig. 3: Trench M21, east of excavations by Ravani in the 1950s. Note the stylobates intercalated by two series of small round supports in the centre and south (and by W.300 to the north), as well at the large pillars of the central aisle. Source: photograph by David Silverman.
Fig. 2: Excavation areas of the New Tiberias Excavation Project–2009, and outline of three-aisled congregational mosque.
Source: photograph by SkyView.
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Fig. 5: Brass chain for hanging a mosque-lamp, found in Area M2, Square N19, above latest plaster floor. Source: photograph by David Silverman.
Fig. 6: Trench M21 in Area M2 (see Fig. 3). Excavation of make-up of upper floor, and floor underneath it, L.M2.018, overlaying the stylobate. Source: photograph by the author.
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Fig. 7: Billon coin of Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh (AH 427-487/AD 1036-1094), found during dismantling of the layer of pebbles in M21 (see Fig. 6).
Source: photograph by David Silverman.
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Fig. 8: Round support exposed in trench M21. Note the pit caused by the removal of the shaft which once stood over this foundation. It was filled with gravel in a yellow soil. The beaten-earth floor (L.M2.018) and the make-up of pebbles (L.M2.013) are seen above this yellowish layer. Source: photograph by David Silverman.
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Fig. 9: Trench G/H24, in the west. Field supervisor Asaf Bar-Hadas stands over the stylobate of the portico’s colonnade. Behind him is W.900, the extension of the mosque’s western wall, enclosing the peristyle courtyard. Source: photograph by David Silverman.
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