Proceedings of the project SMART METERING

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE VENTSPILS INTERNATIONAL RADIOASTRONOMY CENTRE

OF THE VENTSPILS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

PROCEEDINGSof the Project

“SMART METERING”

SMART METERING

Proceedings of the Project Published by Engineering Research Institute

„ Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre”

Vol. 3, 2013

Editors: Anatolijs Zabasta,

Maris Elerts

Project Manager: Liene Resele

EDITORIAL OFFICE ADDRESS:

Inzenieru 101A, LV-3601, Ventspils, Latvia

Telephone: +371 636 29657

Fax: +371 636 29660

E-mail: [email protected]

Publisher: Ventspils University College

Printed copies: 200

Front cover design: Inga Vanaga

Technical Editor: Maris Elerts

Printed in SIA Zelta Rudens

© Engineering Research Institute

„ Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre”

of Ventspils University College

mailto:[email protected]

UDK 628.1:654:004

PROCEEDINGS

Of the Project (LLIV-312)

“SMART METERING”

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE

VENTSPILS INTERNATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY CENTRE

OF THE VENTSPILS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

VOLUME 3

2013

Proceedings of the project SMART METERING, Vol. 3, 2013

2

This publication reflects research performed in the field of both wired and

wireless sensor systems in municipal utilities networks. Sensor systems for fast

identification of leakage locations in water supply networks and district heating

networks, and data processing and communication to corresponding management

systems were developed, installed and tested at water supply grid of the Ventspils

municipal water company “ŪDEKA” and district heating system in Kaunas.

Research and publication were financially supported by the European Union.

Ventspils University College is responsible for the content of this document and it

can not be regarded as the European Union's official position.

The publication is developed under framework of the Latvia–Lithuania

Cross Border Cooperation Program under European Territorial Cooperation

Objective 2007–2013. The ultimate aim of the project is to encourage socio-

economic development and competitiveness of the region by creating a framework

for technology development and accommodation for regional needs in the field of

automated meter reading - smart metering. The project provides public utility

companies and entrepreneurs the opportunity to significantly reduce the risks of

new technical solutions, save money and time.

The program website: http://www.latlit.eu

The project website: http://www.smartmeteringproject.eu

©Copyright

This publication is Copyright by the Engineering Research Institute

“Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre” of Ventspils University College.

No part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,

microcopying, photocopying, electronic recording or otherwise) be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without the prior written permission

from the Engineering Research Institute “Ventspils International Radio Astronomy

Centre” of Ventspils University College.

SMART METERING Proceedings Online

Smart Metering Proceedings is available online at

http://www.smartmeteringproject.eu

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Mr. Viesturs Otomers, Technical Director of the

municipal company SIA “ŪDEKA” for time and efforts devoted for support of

experimental testing of the new solutions at the water supply network of ŪDEKA.

Subscription information

Engineering Research Institute “Ventspils International Radio Astronomy

Centre” of Ventspils University College, Inzenieru street 101A, LV-3601,

Ventspils, Latvia.

E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.latlit.eu/

http://www.smartmeteringproject.eu/

http://www.smartmeteringproject.eu/


3

Authors

Anatolijs Zabašta(1)*, Vilius Dambrauskas(2), Justas Deksnys(2),

Vytautas Deksnys(2)*, Ina Gudele(3), Kaspars Kondratjevs(1)*, Alenas

Kriaučeliūnas(2), Nadežda Kunicina(1), Kristina Navalinskaitė(2), Andris

Nolendorfs(1), Viesturs Šeļmanovs-Plešs(3)*

1 - Ventspils University College, Inzenieru 101A, LV-3601, Ventspils,

Latvia; 2 - Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų g. 50, LT-51368

Kaunas, Lithuania; 3 - Latvia Internet Association, Brivibas str. 214m, room

206, Riga, LV-1039, Latvia

e-mails: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected]

Journal Policy

Engineering Research Institute “ Ventspils International Radio Astronomy

Centre” of Ventspils University College assumes no responsibility for views,

statements and opinions expressed by contributors. Any reference to content,

prototype or other commercial or propietary product does not constitute a

recommendation or an endorsment of its use by the author(s), their institution or

any person connected with preparation, publication or distribution of this Journal.

Registration No 90000362426 Registration certificate No. 321011

ISBN – 978-9984-648-43-9 UDK 628.1:654:004

Printed by “ Zelta Rudens” LTD, t. +371 67624955; www.zr.lv

http://www.zr.lv/


4

Content 1. Introduction: Characteristics of the Water and Heat Utility Industry in Latvia

and Lithuania.............................................................................................................. 6

1.1. Characteristic of Water Distribution Networks in Municipalities………..…….. 6

1.2. Characteristic of District Heating in Municipalities …….. ……… … 9

2. Smart Metering Application Areas in EU Countries ............................................ 11

2.1. Smart Meter Application in EU Countries…………………………………….…..11

2.1.1. The European Commission a benchmark report on the costs and benefits of

smart meters ..................................................................................................... 11

2.1.2. European Parliament support for Smart Metering ........................................... 12

2.2. Enabling Smart Meter Application and Benefits………………………………….13

2.3. Technologies Used for Smart Meters……………………………………...............15

2.4. Strategic Research Agenda of the European Technology Platform on Smart

Systems Integration………………………………………………………………..16

2.4.1. Smart Systems for Information and Telecommunication ................................. 17

2.4.1.1. Technical objectives and their impact ............................................ 20

2.4.2. The Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform .................................. 24

2.4.3. Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment ................................................... 27

2.4.3.1. Developing common European Smart Grids standards ................. 28

2.4.3.2. The role of Electricity Industry ...................................................... 29

2.4.3.3. Electrical energy market content ................................................... 31

2.4.3.4. Development of advanced metering infrastructure ........................ 32

2.4.3.5. Need for advanced smart grid security .......................................... 33

3. Summary of Research on Opportunities for Smart Meter Tools Introduction in

Latvia and Lithuania Markets ................................................................................ 37

3.1. Task for Research on Water Pressure and Flow Meters Products in Latvia and

Lithuania……………………………………………………………………...……37

3.1.1. Used methods ................................................................................................... 37

3.1.2. Most popular companies and products in Latvia and Lithuania ....................... 37

3.1.3. Range of more popular pressure transmitters used in Latvia and Lithuania .... 40

3.1.4. Water flow meters ............................................................................................ 41

3.1.4.1. Advantages and disadvantages ...................................................... 41

3.1.5. Conclusions about existing water pressure and flow meters market in Latvia

and Lithuania ................................................................................................... 42


5

3.1.6. Task for research about e-services for customers and used methods ................ 42

3.1.7. Existing services description and examples ...................................................... 43

3.1.7.1. SWOT of existing e-services. .......................................................... 43

3.1.7.2. Proposal for future services development. ...................................... 45

3.1.7.3. Conclusions about e-services .......................................................... 45

3.2. Models and methods of heat losses evaluation due to moisture penetration in

insulation layer of the pipe……………………………………….………………..46

3.2.1. Calculation of heat losses ................................................................................. 46

3.2.2. Simulation results ............................................................................................. 56

3.2.3. Conclusions....................................................................................................... 63

4. Development of Smart Meter solutions ................................................................... 64

4.1. Development a solution for metering data reading and delivery to a data

base………………………………………………………………..……………….64

4.2. Active transmission component base and design…………………….……………65

4.3. Common trial network in Ventspils: selection of the scope of trial

network…………………………………………………………………...………..66

4.4. Forward transfer – repeater node principle……………………………..…...…….68

4.5. Custom antenna designs for urban environments…………………………..….…72

4.6. Ethernet gateway – concentrator…………………………………………………..74

4.6.1. Pibox Ethernet gateway development stages………………………………….74

4.6.2. Ethernet gateway – Aquamon services………………………………………..77

4.7. Final trial network layout………………………………………………………….78

4.8. Smart Meter Information System architecture…………………………………….79

4.9. Selection of practical methods for leaks detection in WDN using metering data

base and analytics approach……………………………………………………….83

4.10. E-services for users………………………………………………………..………87

4.11. Data storage for KTU measurements of district heating networks……………….88

4.12. Experimental evaluation of technical characteristics of defects monitoring device

prototype…………………………………………………………...........................89

4.13. The structure of monitoring system, functioning methods and issues to be

addressed in the next project stage………………………………………….……100

4.14. Initial suggestions to carry out the classification of defects in the pipe

net……………………………………………………………………………..….104

4.15. The problem issues for the future research………………………………………105

References…………………………………………………………………………..…108


6

Introduction: Characteristics of the Water and

Heat Utility Industry in Latvia and Lithuania

1.1. Characteristic of Water Distribution Networks

in Municipalities

The Latvian Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises Association [1] unite

27 enterprises, located mostly in former regional centres. An average amount of

water supplied to a customer in 2010 was about 215 thousand cubic meters (t.m3)

per day, but the average amount of wastewater exceeded 260 t. m3 per day. The

total length of water distribution pipe was 2965 km; the total length of sewer pipe

was 2560 km. The members of the Association comprise 90% of the Latvian water

utility market, but the remaining 10% is divided among small private companies.

Seventy one per cent of water services are consumed by residents living in

apartment buildings and individual houses, but the remaining 29% is used by

different industries and the public sector.

Table 1 indicates the large differences in water production among water

utilities; therefore the water volume processed by the Riga Water exceeds 60% of

the total association contribution, while the contribution of 14 water utilities is less

than 1%.

Table 1. Supplied water and wastewater volumes distribution among

Association’s enterprises in year 2009 (G. Krauze, 2011)

NN. City Water supply

t.m3/day

Wastewater

treatment

t.m3/day

W + WW

t.m3/day

W+WW %

From total

volume

1. Rīga 140851 160381 301232 60,54

2. Liepāja 10654 26760 37414 7,52

3. Daugavpils 15604 13898 29502 5,93

4. Jūrmala 10160 9832 19992 4,02

5. Jelgava 11500 7900 19400 3,90

6. Ventspils 7632 10342 17974 3,61

7. Rēzekne 4520 7297 11817 2,38

8. Valmiera 3821 4545 8366 1,68

9. Cēsis 3017 3805 6822 1,37

10. Jēkabpils 3179 3436 6615 1,33

11. Tukums 1851 2915 4766 0,96

12. Talsi 1930 2108 4038 0,81

13. Bauska 1609 2228 3837 0,77


7

14. Saldus 1411 2083 3494 0,70

15. Sigulda 1647 1750 3397 0,68

16. Aizkraukle 1398 1986 3384 0,68

17. Kuldīga 1095 2059 3154 0,63

18. Dobele 1301 1481 2782 0,56

19. Gulbene 711 1429 2140 0,43

20. Līvāni 901 1217 2118 0,42

21. Madona 930 791 1721 0,35

22. Alūksne 766 903 1669 0,34

23. Vangaži 500 500 1000 0,20

24. Limbaži 320 623 943 0,19

Total 227309 270268 497577 100.00

Since former USSR economics collapsed in the beginning of 90th water

consumption reduced dramatically (see Fig.1).

Figure 1. The forecast of company "Rust VA-Projekt" (upper line) and

“Sweden water” (middle line) of produced drinking water amount in Riga city and

actual delivered water to the city (lowest line)

In 2009 Latvia moved from a two-level local governmental (regions,

municipalities and cities comprised the first level, but parish councils comprised

the second-level of local government) structure to a local level - 110 counties and 9

cities (Daugavpils, Jelgava, Riga, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Valmiera and

Ventspils). Before the administrative reform (ATRL, 2008) water management

had been operating in each parish or town. Water infrastructure ownership has

100

200

300

400

500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Pro

du

ce x

10

00

m3

/d

Year


8

been shifted from the parish level to county and municipal ownership. Therefore

counties have faced an important problem on how to organize water services

throughout the county area. It has been found that when each parish administration

deals with the problem itself, (in rare cases getting contributions of budget and

resources from the county), water quality is unacceptable, and financial and human

resources are not used optimally. The majority of parishes does not have sufficient

competence and lack the resources to maintain adequate water supply infrastructure

even when built with the support of EU Funds. Therefore the various county

governments have started creating a single system for providing water services

across the jurisdiction.

A study carried out by the authors covering three counties in the Kurzeme

region revealed common problems [2]. Each parish independently performed

water accounting and obtained payments from customers, so that the county

administration did not have correct information concerning the overall situation in

the county. Since each parish maintained its own customer billing and property

accounting system, the county administration was not able to provide a common

policy in relation to clients and debtors, due to a lack of timely information. A

significant part of the municipal property was not equipped with water meters at

the entrance to the building, thus water consumption in many cases was determined

by the consumption standards per person and sometimes by the number of animals

owned by landlord. Different water tariffs were applied, which were not

determined on the basis of actual costs. As a result of privatization formerly public

water supply and sewerage infrastructure, in many parishes, ended up in private

hands and the new owners were able to charge at any level they desired, because

the actual cost burden was not corroborated in the Land Register.

In many cases water supply facilities and the trunk network (pumping

stations, iron removal plants, water main, sewer pump stations, etc.) in parishes are

not equipped with water supply monitoring and record keeping equipment; as a

result leaks are detected with delay. In some counties water supply network

depreciation has reached 70%. (A. Zabašta, 2010).

There are several problems that are specific to both the county and urban

water industry. Starting in 1990 both residential and industrial water consumption

has been steadily decreasing. In the last twenty years water consumption has

decreased significantly increasing the cost of supplied water per 1m3

[1]. Another

problem is customers growing debt; however current legislation does not permit

disconnecting water, even if a subscriber does not pay their water bill. The

existing legislation affecting water supply and sewer facilities regarding financing

and construction is not conducive to the use of high-quality materials and advanced

technologies, because only construction costs is taken into account and operating

costs and facility life are neglected.

Since Latvian and Lithuanian and Estonian water utilities have encountered

similar problems, the two countries have joined efforts in order to introduce ICT

solution for monitoring and controlling water distribution networks. For example in

2010 four Latvian and one Lithuanian county initiated a project “Innovative e-

services for water supply management” [3].


9

Kraslava, Preili and Livani district councils with Utena district

administration, together with utilities "Krāslavas Water", "Livani Housing

Management", "Preili Housing Management", "Utena Water" and "Utena Heat" in

October of 2010 launched the Latvia -Lithuania Cross Border Cooperation

Programme project LLIII-127 "Innovative e-services for water supply

management."

The project objective is to develop and implement an automated metering

data reading system, which can control the cold and warm water consumption. The

project envisaged to install new or to replace obsolete water meters, to install the

hardware aiming to read and transmit metering data to a single data centre. This

equipment will not only help better track water consumption, but will ensure

quicker to find the water emergency cases, to analyse why in particular home water

consumption is higher than in the other one. The new system will help to find small

but lasting leaks that are difficult to find by other methods.

Referred system had to cover all Kraslava city, but in Utena one of two large

water districts. To verify the performance of the system in smaller amounts and

under different conditions, the small pilot projects have been implemented in

Livani and Preiļi.

The Project was finished in 2012, six month later then it was planned;

however the project targets has been achieved, except targets set by Utena

municipality. Due to two tenders for metering equipment have been finished

without results, it was decided to reduce the number of buildings connected to the

new automated data collection system.

1.2. Characteristic of District Heating in Municipalities

District heating is a technology that transfers energy in the form of hot water

or steam from a central heat plant to customers, used mainly for the supply of

collective central heating in high density residential areas. District heating

(hereinafter referred to as DH) is distributed over heating pipes that are designed

for the transfer of heat energy from the source of its origin (cogeneration heat and

power plants, boiler houses and other facilities) to buildings [4]. This DH supply

model is deployed also in Latvia.

District heating satisfies the demand of the greatest part of customers, both

residential and industrial clients. According to the Lithuanian District Heating

Association around 10 TWh of heat energy per year is generated in the district

heating supply sector. The key consumers of the said energy are apartment

dwellers who consume 73% of the total heat energy consumed in the country. The

total length of heat transmission networks (double pipes) of various diameters, used

currently by Lithuania, constitute around 2500 km. [5]. The Latvian DH

consumption structure is similar to the Lithuanian structure: nearly three quarters

of DH is consumed by residents [6].

The most fundamental problem related to heat energy transfer is known to be

loss of heat occurring during the heat transfer process, which is mainly due to


10

insufficient insulation of distribution pipes, and as there are leaks in heating

substations, which occur due to use of defective pipes and equipment. Therefore

application of smart methods and tools for monitoring and measure of the state of

insulation of the pipes is crutial for reduction of heat losses.


11

2. Smart Metering Application Areas in EU

Countries

2.1. Smart Meter Application in EU Countries

2.1.1. The European Commission benchmark report on

the costs and benefits of smart meters

The European Commission is likely to draw a benchmark report on the costs

and benefits of smart meters by middle of 2013 and urge member states to inform it

as soon as possible of their assessments and roll-out plans. Therefore the middle of

2013 would be the first fixed date for EU countries to report to the Commission on

whether they think smart meters should be deployed in their country. For this, they

will have had to carry out a cost-benefit analysis showing whether deploying the

technology makes sense economically. This leaves member states less than a year

to finish their analyses and leaves the Commission even less time to centralise all

the results, examine them and draw up a benchmark report.

Member states had to undertake a national cost-benefit analysis on smart

metering technologies by 3 September 2012, as required by the 2009 directives on

electricity and gas liberalisation. Marlene Holzner, the Commission's energy

spokeswoman, told EurActiv that the EU executive would "proceed with a

comparative evaluation of the respective cost-benefit analyses and the member

states' roll-out plans". The Commission is “monitoring the exercise in an informal

manner” in close collaboration with member states, Holzner said. The aim is to

align the methodologies for the cost-benefit analysis, she added.

As a first step, the Commission is due to publish a progress report on the

internal energy market. The document, it is foreseen, urges members stated to

increase the number of smart meters from some 45 million at present to at least 240

million by 2020. If the roll-out of smart meters is found to be cost-effective, at least

80% of consumers will be required to be equipped with intelligent metering

systems by 2020. But who exactly will bear the costs for the smart meters, their

installation, management and maintenance is not known yet.

Industry claims it is waiting for the national regulating authorities to decide

how costs will be spread amongst distribution networks, suppliers and

consumers, said John Harris, of Swiss company Landys+Gyr, which produces and

distributes smart meters. The expectation is that consumers' energy bills will rise as

a result to cover the costs of deploying the technology.

Krzysztof Gierulski of the European Commission's energy efficiency unit,

speaking at a smart meter workshop in Brussels, admitted that energy suppliers

will, of course, try to push any cost they have on final customers. “Companies need

to be sure they will make a profit in order to invest,” said Gunnar Lorenz of trade

http://www.euractiv.com/energy-efficiency/industry-chief-national-markets-interview-514811


12

group Eurelectric, which represents large power suppliers. He said that power

suppliers have to explain to customers “what this box is and what it does so that

they trust it and feel comfortable with it and do not feel like they are monitored by

a big brother.”

The European consumers' organisation BEUC is critical of the

"socialisation" of cost – in other words, spreading the costs of rolling out smart

meters in 80% of households in an even manner amongst all of their clients.

Monika Stajnarova, an expert on smart meters at BEUC expressed her opinion that

there should be a fair sharing of costs for all investments required, but also between

all actors that could potentially benefit from the new meters: the different

functionalities and benefits that they bring to different actors need to be analysed

and thus determine the distribution of costs amongst those actors.

A study commissioned by the United Kingdom's Department of Energy and

Climate Change [7] recently revealed that over half the population is unaware of

the existence of smart meters. Over 51% of the 2,396 energy bill-payers

interviewed by the Ipsos Mori research team in Britain said they had never heard of

smart meters. Only one in four said they knew at least a fair amount about the

meters, 24% had heard of them but knew nothing about them, while just 2%

claimed to know "a great deal". The study comes has to support plans to roll-out

smart meters in all of Britain's 30 million households from year 2014 to 2019.

The roll-out of smart meters could potentially transform the way energy

markets operate in the EU, with customers expected to become more actively

engaged in controlling their energy consumption, with the help of demand-

response systems.

2.1.2. European Parliament support for Smart Metering

In two votes the European Parliament expresses its broad support

for Smart Metering: Every household in the EU to be fitted with Smart Meters by

2022.

On 22 April 2009, the European Parliament approved an agreement reached

by the EU Institutions on a package of legislation to liberalise EU energy markets.

The package includes Electricity and Gas Directives which require the EU Member

States to “ensure the implementation of intelligent metering systems.”

The Electricity Directive foresees full deployment by 2022 at the latest,

with 80% of consumers equipped with Smart Metering systems by 2020. There

are no deadlines in the Gas Directive. In the debate preceding the vote, the

rapporteur on the Electricity Directive, Eluned Morgan, Labour, UK, said that

legislation will also ensure that every household in the EU will be fitted with

Directive on Smart Meters by 2022 and that Smart Meters will enable customers to

better control their energy use and increase energy efficiency, helping to cut energy

costs and reduce carbon emissions.

In his statement to the Parliament on the Energy Package, Energy

Commissioner, Andris Piebalgs said: “Parliament’s call for stronger consumer


13

protection and the fight against energy poverty is now enshrined in the legislative

texts. Smart Meters, allowing for consumers to be precisely informed of their

consumption and promoting energy efficiency, are provided with a target of 80%

of consumers to be reached by 2020.”

On 23 April 2009, the European Parliament, in its first reading of the Energy

Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), voted to expedite the implementation

by requiring that all new buildings and buildings undergoing renovation be

equipped with Smart Meters. In an amendment to the EPBD,

the European Parliament inserted the following: “Member States shall ensure

that Smart Meters are installed in all new buildings and all buildings undergoing a

major renovation and whenever a meter is replaced, and shall encourage the

installation of active control systems such as automation, control and monitoring

systems, where appropriate.”

Welcoming the decisions, Andreas Umbach, President of ESMIG, said: “The

members of the European Parliament are to be congratulated on their forward-

looking approach and commitment to making the EU’s 20-20-20 goals a reality.

This is a milestone decision which paves the way for a more efficient, sustainable

and consumer friendly energy market in Europe. Smart Metering is revolutionising

the way we live, providing a state of the art yet democratic means to achieve a high

and environmentally conscious standard of living for each and every one of us.”

2.2. Enabling Smart Meter Application and Benefits

Smart meters display household's energy consumption in real-time, giving

users the possibility to monitor fluctuations in their energy consumption both

locally and remotely – through wireless systems, the internet and smart phones.

Since households are responsible for 40% of total energy consumption, the

European Commission believes smart meters will be a key element in reducing

energy demand and cutting associated carbon-dioxide emissions.

Smart homes – Smart Metering technologies can function as an interface for

smart homes devices. This would allow comprehensive home energy management,

linking the heating and appliance controls and giving customers the tools to

monitor their operation. This could enable the provision of buildings

communications systems – with knock on effects for controlling heating, lighting,

ventilation and appliance use.

Smart grids – Energy supply networks face huge challenges in the future

with an urgent need to improve their operation and efficiency and fit them for our

future energy needs. They will need to accept much higher levels of distributed and

renewable generation. Smart Metering will be a key element of this transformation.

Smart Metering will also allow the transmission and distribution of more energy

within existing network capacity due to optimisation and better energy

management. Demand management facilities will also give the network operators

valuable tools to manage load on their networks.


14

Electric vehicles – Smart Metering will be an important element of any

future use of smart electric vehicles. They will present a major load for the grid that

must be managed when they are each charged or perhaps used as a power storage

and source. Finally, electric vehicles also raise several new issues and create

opportunities, namely how and when to charge or give energy back to the network

independently of the location or time.

This is likely to change the way energy is consumed, measured and

managed, and will affect energy supply contracts as well as stimulate new added

value services.

Consumer benefits

Consumers can be informed remotely (historical data) or locally (real-time

data) on:

Current energy costs and related carbon emission data;

Energy consumption of household gas, electrical and water

equipment can be displayed on the appliance or on displays;

Multi tariff functions can be added to allow demand response

techniques allowing electrical appliances to be automatically controlled or

allowing the consumer to reduce costs by increasing energy consumption

during off-peak cheaper tariff periods.

Utilities benefits

Smart Metering allows to gain first-class data influence the energy

consumption of their users improve profitability of the technology once Smart

Metering is also used for gas, water and heat readings.

In addition, utility companies will benefit from the following

advantages:

A reduction in ‘costs to serve’;

Open gateways for the delivery of energy services;

Assistance in the development of liberalised energy markets;

Help for revenue protection;

Monitoring of the generation from building renewable;

Support in demand response techniques;

More effective grid management;

A new communication channel to customers.

For both the EU and the national governments

Smart Metering will

Prove to be the tool to entice consumers to manage their

consumption better and reduce usage leading the way to improved service

levels through richer billing information;

Be a key weapon in the fight on climate change;

Help governments implement liberalisation of energy markets;

Allow the full realisation of the Energy Services Directive.


15

The EU’s 20-20-20 goals (20% increase in energy efficiency, 20% reduction

of CO2 emissions, and 20% renewables by 2020) all depend on the re-

configuration of the European electricity grid into a “smart grid”. These ambitious

European targets mean that we must change; not only must our energy

infrastructure change, but also consumer behaviour. Smart Metering is an essential

building block for the education and empowerment of customers, an essential

development if we are to make real energy savings.

We cannot meet the environmental and energy challenges of the 21st century

with metering technology from the 19th century. Thus, Smart Metering is the first

essential step in this transition towards a smart grid. Finally, Smart Metering

technologies are already at our disposal.

2.3. Technologies Used for Smart Meters

Generally, Smart Metering technologies consist of several different technical

components which may vary according to the specific market conditions in

different Member States, but the majority include the following features:

1. Accurate measurement and transmission of electricity, gas, water or heat

consumption data.

2. Provision of a two-way information gateway and communication

infrastructure between the metering systems and relevant parties and their systems.

The two-way information gateway is necessary for raising awareness and

empowering the consumer through delivery of actual consumption data improving

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and services, including automated

billing/invoicing based on detailed metering data managing energy networks/grids

better by shifting or reducing energy consumption, e.g. through Demand Side

Management (DSM)enabling new energy services for improving energy efficiency

encouraging decentralised, micro-generation of energy, thus transforming the

consumer into an energy producer (“Prosumer”).

Smart Metering systems feature a number of innovations: digital technology,

communications, control and better operation of networks. Smart Metering

technologies will change the way that metering works completely. They provide

customers with much more information on how they use energy and enable those

customers to reduce their usage.

An essential requirement for the successful deployment of Smart Metering is

the standardisation of the new technologies and systems with manufacturers and

users co-operating to enable the effective integration of each individual component.

ESMIG’s standardisation work will support the introduction of European

standards into each and every Member State and thus help to avoid go-it-alone

solutions. Furthermore, the aim is to establish standardised communication

protocols and interoperable systems that can be used across national borders,

regardless of restrictions.

Probably the most important standardisation activity in recent years is

related to mandate 441 [8]


16

(http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/Documents /M441. pdf)

initiated by the European Commission and accepted by CEN, CENELEC and

ETSI. In this context ESMIG is strongly involved in the mandate 441 work though

the so-called Smart Metering Coordination Group (SMCG):

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/Smart%20meters/Page

s/default.aspx (see [9]).

2.4. Strategic Research Agenda of the European

Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration

A European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration (EPoSS)

[10] focuses on Smart Systems, defined as intelligent, often miniaturised, technical

subsystems with their own and independent functionality evolving from

microsystems technology. Smart Systems are able to sense and diagnose complex

situations. They are “predictive”; they have the capability to decide and help to

decide as well as to interact with the environment. They may also be energy

autonomous and networked. Utilising a functional design approach, Smart Systems

use properties of devices and materials in completely new ways. Smart Systems are

or will be indispensable for the competitiveness of future products and even entire

European industry and business sectors.

Smart Systems can be described as integrated systems, which

Are able to sense and diagnose a situation and to describe it;

Mutually address and identify each other;

Are predictive and are able to decide and help to decide;

Operate in a discreet, ubiquitous and quasi invisible manner;

Utilise properties of materials, components or processes in an

innovative way to achieve more performance and new functionalities;

Are able to interface, interact and communicate with the envi-

ronment and with other Smart Systems and which are able to act, perform

multiple tasks and assist the user in different activities.

Such systems are often networked, energy autonomous, miniaturised, re-

liable and in some cases even implantable. They are becoming increasingly

complex, and they involve different technology disciplines and principles.

Notwithstanding their capability and complexity, the implementation of novel

innovative user-friendly human-machine interfaces will make products using Smart

Systems easier and more convenient to use.

New features like ubiquitous connectivity, security, ease-of-use and the

integration of mechanical, optical, electronic, biological or other properties through

various innovative technologies have yet to be fully realised (see Fig.2).

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/Documents%20/M441.%20pdf

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/Smart%20meters/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/Smart%20meters/Pages/default.aspx


17

Figure 2. Continuing Revolution of Smart Systems Integration

2.4.1. Smart Systems for Information and

Telecommunication

Smart Systems will create:

A single personal multifunctional gateway to connect the

individual with the machine world;

An invisible, zero-carbon-footprint communications infrastructure;

Miniaturised, long-life devices for “one-touch installable”, smart,

scalable machine-to-machine networks.

Miniaturised, autonomous smart systems will unlock key bottlenecks in the

expansion of existing personal communication services. They will also enable new

applications that require extensive machine-to-machine communications. Any

future vision of personal communications must consider both the end-to-end

system and components, both hardware and software, both user devices and

infrastructure.

The communications needs of end users are becoming ever more complex,

interacting with an ever-wider range of remotely controlled products and services

and interacting with other users with ever-richer modes of communications. The

challenge is therefore to create a single multifunctional personal gateway device to

interface the individual with a multi-faceted machine world and to connect the

individual with others. This device must be tailored to the needs of the individual

and be easy to use. It must be permanently connected with low-cost, high-

performance network access and have a high degree of energy self-sufficiency.


18

The other key component of personal communications is that of the wireless

access infrastructure with which the users’ devices communicate. The

infrastructure of the future will be low in cost, visually unobtrusive and energy

efficient, all while delivering ever increasing bandwidths.

European industry has played a leading role in the roll-out of second-and

third-generation cellular communications, with European system suppliers and

components punching well above their weight in world markets. Maintain that this

position depends on two key European addressed developments: affordable,

ubiquitous access to high-bandwidth wireless infrastructure with low-carbon

footprint and the continuing downward pressure on component costs. Smart

systems are the solution for both.

The last link of personal communications is fast becoming the sole preserve

of wireless communications. But applications are ever increasing in their demand

for affordable bandwidth and the demand of bandwidth per user will increase too.

Forward-looking standardisation efforts such as ITU-ADV are considering the

supply of 100Mb/s and more of data to end-users over long ranges. Such advances

will open up new applications with positive impact on society, such as remote

video streaming in disaster scenarios, ubiquitous connectivity for health monitors

in body area networks, and wireless broadband for rural areas.

Secure communications are also a concern of end users. In the meantime,

operators are looking beyond the capital expenditure costs of running networks to

minimising operational costs such as power consumption and site costs.

To address spectrum scarcity, frequency agile and multiband RF transceiver

solutions will provide the required bandwidth to deliver data rates in excess of

100Mbit/s. Advances in filtering, matching, and analogue RF processing tech-

niques, along with their integration of heterogeneous technologies, will be needed

for tuneable and switchable multi-band operation. To more efficiently use existing

spectrum, active antenna arrays will trigger the widespread adoption of MIMO and

beam steering.

To minimise handset size, ultra-compact passive subsystems combined with

radio processing (e.g. mixing, passive and active filters) will be achieved through

advances in SIP (system-in-package) integration of heterogeneous technologies

such as MEMS, active and passive electronics, acoustic-wave filters, and bio-

electronics.

To minimise power consumption in base stations, highly efficient switched-

mode power amplifier modules will improve power efficiency, while innovative

thermal management subsystems such as smart fan trays will minimise the energy

cost of waste heat removal.

To minimise base station site costs, miniaturisation in high-power RF

subsystems will be used in low-profile smart remote radio heads.

Hardware solutions for transceivers form the necessary “layer 0” in the

communications protocol stack. Hence, the above solutions require more than just

software or new algorithms or innovative architectures: advances in heterogeneous

hardware solutions, at the core of smart system solutions, are the only way to see


19

real improvements. Achieving hardware which is adaptable and provides high

performance requires a close integration in the one package of micro-scale

mechanical, digital and active plus passive RF technologies.

Smart systems technology will help European component manufacturers to

maintain and increase market share and profit margins in the face of increasing

competition from low-cost regions of the world. Increasing the intelligence and

autonomous adaptability of previously “dumb” subsystems will enable the

European RF and mixed-signal component industry to move up the supply chain,

capturing more of the value of the end products.

Machine-to-machine and sensor network communications are the next big

opportunity for the communications industry. Large financial and societal benefits

will arise from the invention and realization of miniaturised, long-life devices

connected using machine-to-machine and sensor networks. These networks must

be “one-touch installable”, dynamic in operation, and scalable up to millions of

devices.

In a wide range of smart systems, such as medical and lifestyle devices for

assisted living, in-vehicle diagnostics, environment monitoring systems, etc.,

connectivity between smart devices is a critical facility needed to achieve the

desired ends. This is because:

Smart devices often have limited local information and cognitive

capabilities. Networking the devices results in a better informed, more

intelligent overall system.

Most smart systems have some level of human and/or central

supervision and control. Connectivity is therefore required to gather

information and to distribute commands.

Thus machine-to-machine (and in the case of body-area networks,

man-to-machine) connectivity is a necessary underlying component of

many smart systems.

Delivering that connectivity in an affordable, effective manner

requires major improvements in many dimensions:

Advances in RF antenna and filter design, packaging and module

integration will enable miniaturisation of transceiver solutions. Particularly

critical are novel radio solutions for the low-GHz (less than 2GHz) bands.

New circuit design techniques and micro- generation techniques

for power will extend the operational life of remote devices.

Integration of NEMS, MEMS, BAW and SAW devices, and

classical integrated circuitry, both active and passive, will also drive down

the size of transceivers.

Co-simulation of the various technical domains, electrical,

mechanical, and acoustic, will be required for optimised solutions and low

time-to-market.

New scalable architectures designed specifically for the machine-

to-machine communications will allow for networks of millions of devices.


20

Improvements in techniques for secure and reliable machine-to-

machine communications will enable mission-critical applications for

sensor networks.

Smart devices enhanced with inter-device communication will result in

smart systems with a much higher degree of intelligence and autonomy. This will

enable the more rapid deployment of smart systems discussed elsewhere in this

Strategic Research Agenda, with all the benefits accruing to European society as

listed. For example, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure

communications will significantly advance Intelligent Transportation Systems

(ITS) applications such as vehicle safety services and traffic management.

Unobtrusive man-to-machine communication will be instrumental for

enabling the wide deployment of policies such as e-Health, e-Inclusion and e-

Accessibility, helping ageing society with assistant devices, improving the

participation of people with disabilities in the Information Society, and generally

aiding natural, intuitive interfaces to information technology.

2.4.1.1. Technical objectives and their impact

This section specifically addresses the needs of smart systems that enable

ubiquitous high-speed connectivity. There are two main drivers. One is the on-

going demand for shrinking size and reducing cost. A key challenge with respect to

form factor reduction is to find new approaches to overcome the large physical

dimensions dictated by the long wavelengths at frequencies below 1 GHz. From a

communications perspective, frequencies below 1 GHz have the greatest range and

coverage and hence continue to attract much business interest, despite the lower

capacities achievable.

In addition, there is a need for new functionality and new subsystem

architectural approaches that are not feasible today. Integration of heterogeneous

technologies (a core objective of EPoSS) plays a key role here as it enables new

architectures.

Technological advances are needed at both component and

subsystem/module levels, to facilitate the new functionality at a smaller size and at

lower cost.

Component level

High-linearity, low-loss, tuneable components: New high-performance

variable components with low loss, high linearity, and large tuning ranges are

needed. Applications would include sub-circuits like tuneable matching networks

with low loss to match power amplifiers and antennas over a wide frequency range.

Useful component technologies include ferroelectric varactors (variable

capacitances) made from barium strontium titanate and variometers (variable

inductances), from tuneable magnetic materials (e.g. ferromagnetics or

multiferroics). Further flexible components are of the MEMS (micro

electromechanical systems) type. These are components that are heterogeneous in

themselves, with moving mechanical parts at a microscopic scale altering electrical

properties.


21

High-power RF handling: for some specific applications such as high RF

power transmitters, components have to withstand large RF voltages and currents.

Research is needed to reduce losses in linearity at high RF power levels, when

often component properties become a function of the applied signal. New design

tools are needed where electromagnetic properties are analysed in conjunction with

thermal distributions and mechanical stress conditions. The challenge is to have an

integrated simulation tool, spanning both component and circuit levels and

covering electromagnetic, thermal, acoustical and mechanical properties in one

environment.

Artificial materials for tune ability and miniaturization: New RF artificial

materials are expected to deliver solutions to shrink the size and increase tune

ability, while maintaining performance. One example here would be meta-

materials created out of periodic structures comprising switches, varactors and

variometers. Besides such materials created out of passive structures, one can

conceive of artificial materials incorporating active non-linear devices. Artificial

materials provide a large degree of freedom in shaping frequency characteristics

and are expected to open a wide new range of applications such as compact flexible

filters and antennas and components like phase shifters and couplers with wide

frequency agility. Other concepts such as defected ground and defected micro strip

structures with high slow wave factor will shrink the size of line transformations.

Integrated MEMS circuits: To achieve the desired flexibility in functionality

without compromising on performance, integration of MEMS devices with other

MEMS devices (often using different processes) and the integration of MEMS with

RFICs is needed. Advances are needed in hybrid integration through system-in-

package (SIP) technology to avoid losses in performance arising from leading

signals on and off chips. However the package might lead to Q-factor degradations

or unwanted couplings which have to be properly controlled. The challenge for the

future will be to find a platform technology for SiP that allows for the most flexible

combination of devices of different type without degrading performance. Hence,

SiP technology will be the key to enable new functionality. Besides performance

gain and form-factor improvements, there are also cost advantages and higher

system reliability from a shared package.

Module/subsystem level

Increased integration, improved packaging and new compact architectures to

reduce size and increase reliability: Increased integration delivers smaller form

factors (important for multifunction handsets and for reducing base station physical

footprint) and higher reliability. At the module level, there is a need for new

techniques for the integration and packaging of a bewildering array of

technologies: high-speed digital FPGAs, GaNand, GaAs, MMICs, LTCC, CMOS,

RFICs, YIG isolators, acoustic filters (SAW, BAW), high-Q discrete passives,

LTCC, multilayer laminates, etc. Critical in this will be the development of a new

generation of SAW and BAW filters with respect to substrate materials and

packaging, e.g. GBAW filters and band VII duplexers. More broadly, the challenge

for research is to satisfy the requirements of different domains simultaneously, e.g.


22

the heat transfer must be managed without sacrificing RFperformance; mounting

techniques of MMICs should not introduce massive RFparasitics, and so on.

At an architectural level, smart integration will provide more flexibility in

partitioning functionality between the enclosed subsystems. This will allow the

exploitation of new technologies for low-cost, miniaturised RF systems. One

example is the use of metalized plastic component in active antenna arrays – this

enables architectures which are cost effective where multiple transmit chains are

needed, e.g. for beam-steering and MIMO.

Smart/flexible RF modules with digital control: From a system architecture

perspective, a further big challenge is that of frequency agility. As the frequency

spectrum for wireless communication becomes more and more fragmented,

flexibility at subsystem level must be increased to take maximum benefit from the

scattered spectrum resources available. In wireless transceivers, frequency agility

has to be implemented throughout the whole RF chain, from antennas to filters to

power amplifiers to radios, where their flexibility is obtained from using tuneable

components in conjunction with RF detectors.

In this context, bridging circuits between the control chips and the

components to be controlled are also needed. In digital control, there is a trend

towards lower voltages (e.g. 2.7V), whereas at the component level there is a trend

towards higher tuning voltages (e.g. 150V), as this brings higher component

linearity. Novel integrated solutions for charge pumps incorporating digital-to-

analog converters are needed for turning digital control words at low voltages into

high tuning voltages. At a higher level, new concepts for controlling these new

flexible RF subsystems are needed to address built-in self-test, health monitoring,

and, critically, built-in self-calibration.

Smart subsystems for the RF transceivers of the future will rely on adaptable

components to give flexibility in functionality and on intelligent control to steer

those components in a coordinated fashion.

Technologies for lower carbon footprint: In radio access systems the great

consumer of power is the RF transmit chain. Therefore reducing the carbon

footprint of radio networks requires improvements in the efficiency of RFtransmit

power amplifier solutions. One promising research direction is to revisiting the

analog-digital divide with direct-to-RFDACs and RFswitched-mode power

amplifiers.

Finding efficient solutions for removing or scavenging the waste heat

generated is also critically important. Smart fan trays can bring additional power

reductions (and improved reliability) for communications systems with forced-air

cooling, through the deployment of smart algorithms to optimise the air flow.

Improvements in heat sink and heat pipe technology will benefit smaller systems

such as femtocell base stations, access points, and the larger handsets.

Machine-to-machine connectivity

The ability to communicate with either other nodes or the main network

infrastructure is an essential characteristic shared by many smart systems. This

holds across a wide range of applications, from health monitoring to remote water


23

quality sensors, from automobile corner control units to smart utility meters. The

requirements on the communications transceivers needed are similar across a wide

range of smart system applications:

A high degree of miniaturization;

Extreme power efficiency;

High spectral efficiency;

Secure communications;

Low cost;

A high degree of scalability across aggregations of very large num-

bers of devices.

These requirements are different from those of personal communications

transceivers – the power efficiency requirements are more demanding, the need for

high data rates is lower, etc. Thus existing technology will not fully unlock the

potential of smart systems – further advances are needed for feasible machine-to-

machine communications.

Hardware level

Advances in RF antenna and filter design for miniature, low-power designs:

Applications such as body area network nodes and “smart dust” sensor

networks for structural integrity monitoring call for unobtrusive antenna and radio

solutions that fit within ultra-small volumes and consume ultra-low power for

frequencies up to 11GHz are expected. Today, antenna and radio technologies are

developed separately, leading to non-optimal solutions in terms of size, power and

performance.

Furthermore, the physics of ultra-small antennas make them suffer from

impedance shifts, selectivity artefacts and gain losses which impact the

communication link negatively. Therefore research should address the integrated

radio hardware as a single antenna-radio microsystem, rather than as separate

components. The approaches used to achieve this would be antenna and radio co-

design, research into smart adaptive matching schemes, and the development of in-

telligent close-loop antenna and radio configuration algorithms. Research is also

needed for miniaturised beam-steering antennas arrays implemented using

MEMS/CMOS technologies, for improving range and reducing required RF power

levels.

Advances in low-GHz radio IC technology: The low-GHz (300MHz - 2GHz

range) presents significant advantages for applications such as body-area-networks,

man-to-machine and machine-to-machine applications. Firstly, the propagation

characteristics have much lower attenuation than with multi-GHz (5GHz – tens of

GHz) bands, resulting in longer ranges. Secondly, unlike multi-GHz radios, low-

GHz radios can have low-current operation (mA-level) at low voltages (1V level).

The challenge is to achieve miniaturization of low-GHz radio technology. The

approaches to reach this would include research on low-frequency, 1V RF MEMS

technologies, on ultra-low power design in ultra-deep-submicron RF CMOS

technology, and on high-efficiency DC-DC power-management solution.


24

Power supply and power management are critical components of the

transceiver solutions for any smart system. This is particularly the case for widely

deployed aggregations of wireless sensor nodes with a high degree of autonomous

operation and ultra-small physical form factors. Radio circuits and architectures

must be developed with low-power standby solutions and with minimum energy

per transmitted bit as a key design metric. Research is also needed into exploiting

point-of-use renewable power sources for the transceiver section.

For more complex systems, it is critical that there is research into modelling,

simulation and prediction of energy use for improved energy efficiency and

automatic configuration algorithms for optimization. Research also is needed into

simulation packages and design tools which have close coupling of the underlying

physical phenomena: electromagnetic propagation, circuit-level behaviour, and

acoustics, mechanical and thermal properties.

System level

All of the existing solutions for machine-to-machine communications are

severely limited in their scalability. Cellular systems have good coverage and

range, but have high transceiver costs and power requirements. Other solutions,

such as Zigbee, lack in capacity and coverage. Research is required for

communication architectures and protocols which smoothly scale over a variety of

data rates, communication duty cycles, power availability, and allowable

transceiver form factors. The goal would be solutions that can address a

multiplicity of applications and connect the estimated tens of billions of smart

systems that require (mostly wireless) connectivity. Approaches would include

long-range, cellular-like systems, hierarchical approaches and flat-architecture

mesh-based solutions, using a range of frequency bands up to 11 GHz.

Many smart systems are deployed in safety-critical environments such as

cars, aircraft, and medical environments. Hence the communications require (a) an

assured level of internal reliability in harsh environments, (b) reliability in external

connectivity in the presence of interference and finally (c) fault tolerance in the

event of failure. Solutions will emerge from the creation of proper safety assurance

and graceful degradation methods. Multilevel approaches will be needed,

addressing the challenges at the hardware, radio-interface, and networking levels.

This will include the design and invention of new error detection and correction

methods suitable for the low duty cycles and stringent power requirements of many

smart systems. Also, in order to create fault tolerant smart systems, advances in

data fusion will be needed, with data streams coming from multiple networks

including wireless communication, localisation and sensor networks.

2.4.2. The Water Supply and Sanitation Technology

Platform

In January 2004 the European Commission adopted the European

Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP) whose objective is to remove

obstacles and to release the full potential of environmental technologies for


25

environmental protection, while contributing to competitiveness and economic

growth.

The European water sector is highly fragmented: water resources, water

supply and sanitation/wastewater are often managed locally. This fragmentation is

an obstacle for developing a common research strategy for a competitive water

sector. Overcoming this obstacle is one of the important aims of The Water Supply

and Sanitation Technology Platform (WSSTP) [11], whose objective is to federate

the vast and diverse amount of the European resources in the water sector. This

will enable the development and deployment of global water resource solutions for

Europe and provide the potential to significantly contribute to the MDGs.

Worldwide the Water Sector is currently facing a dramatic change. Three

main drivers trigger this development:

Climate change is predicted to cause significant changes in

precipitation patterns and their variability, affecting the availability of

water for people and also for agriculture and industry.

There is a technological and financial challenge of maintaining

and upgrading the infrastructure assets to deliver water to all sectors,

while restoring the quality of water distributed to the various communities

of users.

Globalisation is forcing rapid changes (migration, urbanization,

industrial activities and food production processes) leading in some

areas to a dramatic increase in water consumption. In addition, this demand

for water cannot always be satisfied by the locally available and

conventional water resources. Moreover, increasing wastewater discharges

can have adverse environmental impacts on aquatic systems as well as

affecting the costs for downstream users.

The key issues and challenges identified for the European water sector to

be addressed by WSSTP are:

Integrated and participatory approach to water management that

cuts across individual sectors and disciplines and founded on strong public

awareness;

Balance in demand and supply by demand management and

rational exploitation of alternative resources;

Insurance of water quality and security through management of the

water cycle, including risk management, use of more efficient treatment

technologies for all water resources, comprehensive water quality

monitoring and use of emergency supply systems.

Reduction of the environmental impact of water supply and

sanitation services through management of water as a self-sustaining cycle,

reduction of water-based emissions, valuation of waste water and sludge

components via useable commercial products, reduction of energy

consumption and customization of global water solutions for local

conditions in compliance with environmental constraints and regulations.


26

Cost efficient asset management through better understanding and

minimization of all costs components, risk analysis based maintenance and

replacement of assets and use of better materials and technologies taking

into account economic, environmental and societal impacts.

The core of the WSSTP vision is a sustainable, efficient, integrated

management of water resources by all water consuming sectors (people, industry

and agriculture) in harmony with the bearing capacity of nature. A joint goal for all

sectors is the use of alternative water resources; more efficient use through

conservation and re-use of water and energy consumption reduction; production of

valuable products from waste water, and provision for quality water ( fit for

purpose) for emergency situations.

The Strategic Research Agenda is based on four major challenges and gaps

in knowledge that exist in the various different parts of the water sector:

Increasing water stress and water costs;

Increasing urbanisation;

Increasing occurrence of extreme events;

Serving rural and underdeveloped areas in need.

Five research areas have been identified that all rely on a fundamental

common strategy based on Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

which will facilitate the management of water resources to meet societal needs

within environmental constraints.

Research area 1: Balancing demand and supply

Goal: All users of water (people, agriculture, industry and nature) will make

sustainable use of water resources, by not using more water that is necessary or

using water of a higher quality than needed.

Research area 2: Ensuring appropriate quality and security

Goal: Ensure the quality and security of water supply and sewerage services.

Research area 3: Reducing negative environmental impacts

Goal: European water systems to be seen as a self-sustaining cycle of a

valuable renewable natural resource, and a source of beneficial products.

Research area 4: Novel approaches to design, construction and operation

of water infrastructure assets

Goal: To ensure that the performance and whole-life costs of water service

infrastructure is optimized and takes full account of their social impact during

construction, repair, rehabilitation and operation.

Research area 5: Establishment of an enabling framework

Goal: To enable the safe provision of water services to people, industry and

agriculture in diverse environments by the implementation of sound socio-

economic, socio-cultural and legal frameworks, respecting linguistic and cultural

diversity and cultural heritage.


27

2.4.3. Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment

The EU 2020 agenda comes across with a clear message for Europe. The

EU’s future economic growth and jobs will increasingly have to come from

innovation in products and services for Europe’s citizens and businesses.

Innovation will also contribute to tackling one of the most critical challenges

Europe is facing today, namely ensuring the efficient and sustainable use of natural

resources. The development of our future energy infrastructure must reflect this

thinking. Without serious upgrading of existing grids and metering, renewable

energy generation will be put on hold, security of the networks will be

compromised, opportunities for energy saving and energy efficiency will be

missed, and the internal energy market will develop at a much slower pace.

Smart Grids [12] could be described as an upgraded electricity network to

which two-way digital communication between supplier and consumer, intelligent

metering and monitoring systems have been added. Intelligent metering is usually

an inherent part of Smart Grids. To advise on policy and regulatory directions for

the deployment of Smart Grids in Europe, the Commission has set up a Smart

Grids Task Force, which has issued a report outlining expected services,

functionalities and benefits. These are largely agreed by industry, public authorities

and consumer organisations and are described in the attached Staff Working Paper.

The benefits of Smart Grids are widely acknowledged. Smart Grids can

manage direct interaction and communication among consumers, households or

companies, other grid users and energy suppliers. It opens up unprecedented

possibilities for consumers to directly control and manage their individual

consumption patterns, providing, in turn, strong incentives for efficient energy use

if combined with time-dependent electricity prices. Improved and more targeted

management of the grid translates into a grid that is more secure and cheaper to

operate. Smart Grids will be the backbone of the future decarbonised power

system. They will enable the integration of vast amounts of both on-shore and off-

shore renewable energy and electric vehicles while maintaining availability for

conventional power generation and power system adequacy.

These challenges need to be tackled as soon as possible in order to accelerate

Smart Grid deployment. The Commission proposes to focus on:

1. Developing technical standards;

2. Ensuring data protection for consumers;

3. Establishing a regulatory framework to provide incentives

for Smart Grid deployment;

4. Guaranteeing an open and competitive retail market in the

interest of consumers;

5. Providing continued support to innovation for technology

and systems


28

2.4.3.1. Developing common European Smart Grids

standards

The conclusions of the European Council of 4 February 2011 confirm the

urgent need to adopt European standards for Smart Grids. The work already started

in March 2009, when, based on the Measuring Instruments Directive (2004/22/EC)

and the Energy Service Directive, the Commission issued a mandate (M441) [13]

to the European standardisation organisations CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (ESOSs)

to establish European standards for the interoperability of smart utility meters

(electricity, gas, water and heat), involving communication protocols and

additional functionalities, such as assuring interoperability between systems to

provide secure communication with consumer's interfaces and improve the

consumer's awareness to adapt its actual consumption. The ESOSs were to provide

European standards for communication in March 2010 and complete harmonised

solutions for additional functions by December 2011, but the deliverables are

accumulating almost one year of delay. The Commission has since intervened to

clarify the scope of the mandate in line with intermediate findings by the Smart

Grid Task Force and to avoid further delays. The first deliverables for European

standards for smart meters are expected by the end of 2012.

Addressing data privacy and security issues

Developing legal and regulatory regimes that respect consumer privacy in

cooperation with the data protection authorities, in particular with the European

Data Protection Supervisor, and facilitating consumer access to and control over

their energy data processed by third parties is essential for the broad acceptance of

Smart Grids by consumers. Any data exchange must also protect the sensitive

business data of grid operators and other players, and enable companies to share

Smart Grids data in a secure way.

Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data constitutes the core

legislation governing the processing of personal data. The Directive is technology-

neutral and the data processing principles apply to the processing of personal data

in any sector, so also cover some Smart Grids aspects. The definition of personal

data is particularly relevant, as the distinction between personal and non-personal

data is of outmost importance for further Smart Grids deployment. If the data

processed are technical and do not relate to an identified or identifiable natural

person, then Distributed System Operators (DSOs), smart meter operators and

energy service companies could process such data without needing to seek prior

consent from grid users. While the European data framework is appropriate and

does not need to be extended, some adaptations might be needed in the specific

national legal frameworks in order to accommodate some Smart Grids foreseen

functionalities. With the wide deployment of Smart Grids, the obligation to notify

national data protection authorities of the processing of personal data is naturally

likely to increase. Member States will have to ensure, when setting up Smart Grids

and more particularly when deciding on the division of roles and responsibilities

regarding ownership, possession and access to data, that this is done in full

compliance with the EU and national data protection legislation.


29

2.4.3.2. The role of Electricity Industry

The Union of the Electricity Industry – EURELECTRIC [14] is the sector

association representing the common interests of the electricity industry at pan-

European level, plus its affiliates and associates on several other continents.

EURELECTRIC has indicated its support for further actions along these lines.

With the 3rd EU Electricity Directive, a clear timeline for a European Union

Smart Metering roll‐out has been set. It stipulates indeed that “Member States shall

ensure the implementation of intelligent metering systems” which “may be subject

to an economic assessment of all the long-term costs and benefits to the market and

the individual consumer or which form of intelligent metering is economically

reasonable and cost‐effective and which timeframe is feasible for their

distribution”. The Directive also states that the mentioned assessment shall be

conducted by 3rd September 2012 and that “where roll‐out of smart meters is

assessed positively, at least 80 % of consumers shall be equipped with intelligent

metering systems by 2020”.

EURELECTRIC views Smart Metering as a very promising technology that

can substantially empower electricity customers to become active managers of their

consumption. Smart Meters will improve ‐ through accurate billing ‐ the

customer’s knowledge about his/her electricity consumption thereby increasing

customer awareness of energy end‐use. Besides, Smart Meters will allow an

optimization of the customer processes, making them more efficient and more

reliable, thus leading to enhanced supplier switching and higher customer

satisfaction.

Since Smart Meters will not only bring benefits to the whole length of the

electricity value chain, and will also carry externalities to society as a whole,

EURELECTRIC calls on EU Member States’ National Regulatory Agencies to

make the commitment that Smart Meter roll‐out will be tariff financed.

With regard to the functionalities of Smart Meters, EURELECTRIC

considers it of utmost importance that the number of Smart Metering

functionalities remains limited to essential requirements in the view of customers.

This would keep costs down without hindering the proportion of customers

interested in actively managing their electricity consumption ‐ e.g. through

information portals ‐ from using additional functionalities.

By the same token, considering the constant improvements in Smart

Metering technologies, EURELECTRIC believes that rolled‐out Smart Meters

should be able to be remotely upgraded to keep costs down.

EURELECTRIC calls on the European Commission to issue a parallel

mandate to the European standardisation bodies. Its objective would be to reach

standardised data protocols and data structure so that Distribution System

Operators (DSOs) can improve customer data transfer from one supplier to the

other (both inter & intra DSO areas).

Ensuring a fair regulatory environment


30

The benefits of Smart Meters are spread along the length of the electricity

value chain (see Fig. 3).

More accurate information on electricity consumption and

enhanced possibilities to control this consumption, resulting in improved

possibilities for energy‐aware customers to reduce bills.

Better meter readings, improved automation of data management

systems and increased customer service (e.g. introduction of new products)

for the suppliers.

Optimization of remote operation along with a better operation of

the distribution network, i.e. through increased information on the power

quality and on the load; better follow‐up on quality on delivery, on

compensations for damages and outages, better conditions for network

analyses, improvements in asset management and in revenue control for

Distribution System Operators.

Energy savings and the associated avoided CO2 emissions for

society as a whole, thereby helping achieving energy efficiency aims.

Figure 3. Value chain ensured by Smart Metering

Considering these widespread benefits, EURELECTRIC sees reasonable

justification for all the parties benefiting from the externalities of a European Smart

Metering roll‐out (see Fig.3) to be associated to the financing process.

EURELECTRIC thus recommends that EU Member States’ National Regulatory

Agencies make the commitment that Smart Meter roll‐out will be tariff financed.

When clear responsibility of the Smart Meter roll‐out is given to Distribution

System Operators, this will allow economies of scale and reduce costs, thereby

optimizing the process. Besides, EURELECTRIC calls on national regulators’

good faith in taking all externalities of Smart Metering roll‐out into consideration

when drawing up the guidelines of the cost‐benefits analysis they will conduct.


31

In order to optimize Smart Meter roll‐out in Europe, EURELECTRIC calls

on policy makers and national Energy regulators to consider the following 6 main

recommendations both when implementing and enforcing the 3rd Electricity

Directive:

1. The EU Smart Meter roll‐out should be optimized. It

should occur on a geographical basis so as to maximize economies of scale

and reduce costs. Likewise, only essential functionalities should be put in

the meter installed by DSOs. Customised services could be added by

interested consumers (directly or indirectly through retailers or energy

service providers).

2. National Regulatory Agencies should clearly indicate that

Smart Meter roll‐out will be tariff‐financed. Smart Meters will not only

bring benefits to the whole length of the electricity value chain, they will

also carry externalities to society as a whole.

3. Smart Meters should provide frequent and precise

information to maximize benefits in terms of billing,

demand‐side‐management, grid load planning and interruption

management. They should also be equipped with a bi‐directional

communication functionality.

4. Considering the constant improvements in Smart Metering

technologies, rolled‐out Smart Meters should be able to be remotely

upgraded to keep costs down.

5. Electricity retailers and energy service companies should

be put in a position to enable customers in making use of Smart Meter

information to reduce peak consumption and CO2 emissions. In the areas

where DSOs are responsible for managing metered data, they will share

relevant energy market data transparently with licensed market

participants.

6. Following the 441 Mandate issued by the European

Commission, EURELECTRIC welcomes the on‐going standardisation

efforts at the European Union level to set up open communication

interfaces. However, in order to reach full inter‐operability of Smart

Meters, EURELECTRIC calls on the European Commission to issue

another mandate to the European standardisation bodies: its objective

would be to reach standardised data exchange protocols so that

Distribution System Operators (DSOs) can improve verified customer data

transfer to the service providers of the customer’s choice.

2.4.3.3. Electrical energy market content

An expanding world population, wanting the best possible living quality is

putting increasing demands on the world’s energy resources. Rising energy sources

costs, combined with climate change, motivate people to improve energy

efficiency. Energy consumption by sectors, are distributed as follows (Fig. 4). Most


32

of the energy used for lighting and electric motors, which is used for domestic and

industry needs. Electric motors are widely used for distribution of water and heat.

Figure 4. Electrical energy distribution between areas

Efficient use of energy is one of the EU's breakthrough areas of the global

economy. These questions are very important to Latvia and Lithuania, where the

heating prices is the highest in the EU.

2.4.3.4. Development of advanced metering

infrastructure

The leading enabling technologies in smart metering are currently power-

line and wireless communications. Development of Advanced Metering

Infrastructure (AMI) will enable appliances to communicate inside the home,

automatically shifting the utility supplying power to the home based on the lowest

cost supplier, and enabling sophisticated user behaviour to avoid blackouts and

reduce the size of utility bills.

Various forecasts predict that the few hundreds of millions of connected

devices sold in 2012 will grow to approximately three billion devices in 2014. All

these connected devices bring both challenges and opportunities. There will be

challenges protecting our privacy, our data and online identity, creating

opportunities for new technologies related to security and data integrity and there

will be challenges related to how we create the most energy efficient way to share

data and distribute the computing resources, for example low-power mobile

computers in our pockets combined with more energy-efficient data-centres and

servers.

According to a recent market research report from information company

IHS [15], the global installed base of smart meters is currently less than 18 per cent

of the world’s 1.4 billion installed meters and is expected to double by the end of

2016. IHS predicts that global advanced meter shipments will surge in 2015 as

51

19

12

11

7

Electric motors

Lighting

Consumer

electronics

Heating &

conditioning

Others


33

advanced metering projects come on line in Europe and in developing economies,

with China being the most significant market for advanced meters.

2.4.3.5. Need for advanced smart grid security

Attacks on computer systems from viruses, root kits, trojans, worms,

keyloggers, bots and other malicious software have been the focus of hackers and

cyber security experts for many years. With historically isolated industrial controls

such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and

programmable logic controllers (PLCs) connected to the same networks, loss of

service and physical damage can be caused from unauthorized access.

In fact, the goal of the smart grid is network connectivity, so network

security is fundamental to its successful implementation. However, the global

electricity grid infrastructure has experienced a rapid increase in the number of

vulnerabilities since 2000, and the occurrences are growing. As one of the key

assets of any nation, protection from the increasing number of attempted and

successful attacks on the grid and its metering systems is (or should be) a national

priority for all industrialized countries. Increasingly, more dangerous attacks have

occurred from sophisticated attackers, including foreign governments, as well as

state run and financed attacks, hackers, cyber terrorists, organized crime, industrial

competitors, disgruntled employees and careless or poorly trained employees.

The motivation on security for stakeholders varies as it can be seen in Table

2 below:

Table 2. Motivation on security for stakeholders

Asset Stakeholder Attack

Content Content owner Piracy

Service access Service provider Fraud

Intellectual

property

Manufacturer Espionage

Personal data End user Privacy breach

As a result, governments around the world have taken steps to provide

increased security and reduce the cost of cyber crime. United States government

organizations active in standards and other areas include the North American

Electricity Reliability Corporation (NERC)[16] and the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)[17].

Designed to ensure the reliability of bulk electric systems in North America,

NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) includes standards development,

compliance enforcement, assessments of risk and preparedness. NIST developed

and issued NISTIR 7628, Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security and NIST

Special Publication 1108: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid

Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0.


34

NERC’s CIP Reliability Standards require compliance with specific

requirements to safeguard critical cyber assets. CIP-002 through CIP-009 address

physical as well as cyber security requirements for responsible grid entities. They

provide the benchmarks for utility companies’ measurements and certifications.

Cyber aspects include the following:

• Identifying critical assets;

• Identifying and training cyber security personnel;

• Developing and implementing security management;

• Defining methods, processes and procedures;

• Securing the systems identified as critical cyber assets;

• Reporting and response planning;

• Establishing recovery plans.

The basis of the interactions are the Internet, enterprise buses, wide area

networks (WANs), substation local area networks (LANs), field area networks and

premises networks. While confidentiality is least critical for power system

reliability, it is increasingly important with the availability of online customer

information and privacy laws that impose strict penalties for breach of privacy. The

integrity for power system operation addresses requirements of the following:

• Authentication of the data;

• No modification of the data without authorization;

• Implementation of NISTIR 7628;

• Known and authenticated time stamping and quality of data.

In addition to establishing the requirements, NIST existing and developed

standards identify critical security aspects such as data encryption and definitions

for common understanding and implementation of solutions.

The fundamental step towards establishing a secure or trusted component or

entry point to a network is a root of trust (RoT). The RoT verifies that the

component is performing in an expected manner in the initial operation or

engagement of the component or system. This established trust provides the first

step towards improving security. In the Aberdeen Group report, “Endpoint

Security: Hardware Roots of Trust” [18] the analyst notes that over a 12-month

period, companies that utilized a hardware RoT in their approach to security had 50

percent fewer security related incidents and 47 percent fewer compliance/audit

deficiencies.

Other terms that may be unfamiliar to those addressing highly secure

computer operation for the first time include:

• Anti-cloning provides a unique device ID and digital signing support and

encryption;

• High assurance boot is a security library embedded in tamper-proof on-chip

ROM that prevents unauthorized software execution;

• Secure clock provides reliable time source;

• Secure communications ensure the integrity of data and information;


35

• Secure debug protects against hardware debug (Joint Test Action Group

(JTAG)) exploitation;

• Secure storage provides a programmable ARM TrustZone [19] protected

region within on-chip RAM and SecurCore [20] technology;

• Trusted execution isolates execution of critical software from possible

malware;

• TrustZone is a trusted execution environment for security-critical software.

Smart meters, or the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), have two-way

communications between field area networks in the smart grid. As such, they can

be a weak link in overall network security. In the NERC CIP assessment, there are

several critical smart meter areas:

15—Interface between systems that use customer site networks such as

home area networks (HAN) and building area networks (BAN):

17—Interface between systems and mobile field crew laptops/equipment;

18—Interface between metering equipment;

The NIST CIA impact level of low (L), medium (M), or high (H) for these

critical areas is shown in Table 3 below:

Table 3. Critical areas of smart meters

Critical smart

meter areas

Confidentiality Integrity Availability

15 low medium medium

17 low high medium

18 low high low

The high-level security aspects with unique technical requirements include

the following:

• User identification and authentication;

• Device identification and authentication;

• Security function isolation;

• Denial-of-service protection;

• Software and information integrity.

To meet these requirements, the silicon solution must provide the following:

• Crypto support;

• Secure key;

• Random number generator (RNG);

• Secure clock;

• Trusted execution/hardware firewall;

• Tamper detection;


36

• Secure debug.

AMI system functions include measuring, communicating and using the

data. Encryption techniques are defined for specific aspects of these functions.

Smart meter encryption techniques include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) that are even more stringent than

techniques used in the banking sector. NIST applies additional requirements for

smart meters, including unique credentials, a key management system (KMS) that

supports an appropriate lifecycle of periodic rekeying and revocation and more.

The successful implementation of smart meter security is based on a hardware root

of trust.


37

3. Summary of Research on Opportunities for

Smart Meter Tools Introduction in Latvia and

Lithuania Markets

3.1. Task for Research on Water Pressure and Flow

Meters Products in Latvia and Lithuania

The task for research is to find out most popular companies providing water

pressures and flow meters in Latvia and Lithuania.

During the research time it was necessary to find out:

The most popular companies;

The range of product in defined market niche;

The degree of competition between companies and products.

3.1.1. Used methods

During the research to find all necessary information was used several

investigation methods:

To find out companies providing defined equipment was used

internet search in Latvian and Lithuanian internet environment, like Google

search, used Latvian and Lithuanian versions and languages

Studies of companies web pages,

To find out must popular products in Latvian and Lithuanian

market, it was used telephone interviews with managers of water supplying

and heating companies,

To understand usage of products, it was used telephone interviews

with companies providing designing and integration of solutions for water

supplying and heating networks.

3.1.2. Most popular companies and products in Latvia

and Lithuania

To find out most popular companies providing water pressure and flow

meters, it was done research in Internet to find out companies selling and installing

defined products to water supplying companies. It was done search in Latvian and

Lithuanian Google web in both languages.

During the research period it was checked more than 30 different web pages,

especially looking for water pressure and flow meters products, companies selling

this kind of products, providing system design and installation works for water

supply companies.


38

Inducont

The INDUCONT was founded on February 2004. Director of the Company

is Mr. Maris Dizgalvis. As for now, one of the company’s major directives is to

focus on INDUSTRIAL solution servicing companies that operate in industrial

environment. The general client of the INDUCONT Company is a producer or

contractor who is associated with the heat and water supply (new system

installations or current system improvement) as well as food production industry.

The INDUCONT is an official representative of several DANFOSS (Denmark)

product divisions, such as DANFOSS INDUSTRIAL, DANFOSS SOCLA and

SAUER – DANFOSS. In Latvia the company also represents German

manufacturers, such as KROHNE, HACH LANGE, GESTRA, ARI ARMAUREN,

A+R as well as the Danish manufacturer MJK.

Klīva

KLIVA- Company has operated on the market of the Baltic states and EU

for more than fifteen years arranging supplies of laboratory equipment, measuring

instruments and labware. The main customers are oil, food, meat, bakery, dairy

industry enterprises, water purification stations, sanitary control laboratories,

medical, veterinary diagnostic laboratories and etc. Part of company’s products is

water pressure and flow meters from Denmark – JUMA.

Lasma

LASMA Ltd was established in 1992. Basic activity is automation of

production processes, control and measurements of technological processes,

industrial sensors, manufacturing and development of switchboards and self-

adjustment, switchboard mounting and service. Some original self-manufactured

products, for example, level regulators, reactive power compensation controller,

phase selection relay, data registration system, are still being produced and

successfully competes with foreign analogues.

At the moment in company are employed 14 employees, 10 of them are

qualified engineers, who help customers find the most appropriate solution for

technical problems: inspects the object, develops technological task or project then

installs and sets the necessary control devices and systems.

Company is well-known in Latvia by its wide thermal process control offer,

especially with the choice of temperature sensors. Collaboration partners are

chosen not by the principle of cheapest prices but by the quality, professional

technical support and delivery quickness principle.

Good connection with many international manufacturing companies and

established stock for mostly demanded automation components provides maximum

short delivery terms and competitive prices. Successful long term cooperation

results let company continue to improve its product and service range, offering new

and up-to-date technologies. The company cooperates with many well-known

companies in Latvia – product integrators, retailers and planners-manufacturers.

Will Sensors

WILL Sensors is a company that offers products and solutions for industrial

and process automation. Company provides sensors for measurement, detecting,


39

counting, warning, safety to control and monitor processes. As well they offer

connectors and fieldbus products, interfaces and controllers, wireless modems and

lighting products.

Company represents its partners: HANS TURCK, BANNER

ENGINEERING, BD SENSORS, TC LTD., UWT, ASCON TECHNOLOGIC and

PIZZATO.

Interautomatika

UAB „Interautomatika“- operates in a field of measurement instrumentation,

services and solutions for industrial process engineering. The customer support

comes in the form of an application kit with variety of industry control products

and its mounting or/and commissioning solutions which finally helps to our

customer to solve specific industry oriented OEM or production installation

problems. Company works in Latvia and in Lithuania.

Table 4. Most popular companies in Latvia and Lithuania

Latvia Lithuania

Interautomatika.lv

Inducont

Will Sensors

Kliva

Lasma

Interautomatika.lt

Endoterma

Will Sensors

PAK

As one con see some companies have business in both countries, which

giving bigger market and more possibilities to work with potential customers and

to provide bigger range of products. One of the problems is that companies usually

work just with one or two different producers of measuring equipment and for

customers is no choice.

Table 4. Most popular brands used in Latvia and Lithuania

Pressure transmitters Water flow meters

Siemens

Danfoss

Juma (DE)

Aplisens (PL)

Nivelco (HU)

BD Sensors (CZ)

TURK (US)

Krohne (DE)

Danfoss

Siemens

Meatest (CZ)


40

In both countries very popular and required are the global brands like

Siemens and Danfoss. However more and more popular become Eastern Europe

brands like Aplisens or Meatest, which are more suitable with price level and

competitive with price. Main requirements for equipment from customer point of

view are price, quality and reputation of producer (link with quality).

3.1.3. Range of more popular pressure transmitters

used in Latvia and Lithuania

EMP 2, Box-type pressure transmitters

The ship of approved pressure transmitter EMP 2 is designed for use in

almost all marine and industrial applications, and offers a reliable pressure

measurement, even under harsh environmental conditions. The pressure transmitter

programed in box design is approved according to LR, DNV, GL, RINA, ABS,

BV, NKK, PRS, MRS, KRS requirements, and covers a 4-20 mA output signal,

gauge (relative) versions, measuring ranges from 0-1 to 0-400 bar, zero point and

span adjustment, Pg 13,5 cable entry and different pressure connections. A robust

construction enables the pressure transmitter to meet the strictest requirements.

PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS MBS 32/33

MBS 32 pressure transmitters are designed for use in almost all industrial

applications, and offer a reliable pressure measurement, even under harsh

environmental conditions. The flexible pressure transmitter programed covers all

standard voltage outputs, absolute and gauge (relative) versions, measuring ranges

from 0-1 to 0-600 bar and a wide range of pressure and electrical connections.

Excellent vibration stability, robust construction, and a high degree of EMC/EMI

protection equip the pressure transmitter to meet the most stringent industrial

requirements.

Pressure transmitter MBS 33 is designed for use in almost all industrial

applications, and offers a reliable pressure measurement, even under harsh

environmental conditions. The flexible pressure transmitter programed covers a 4-

20 mA output signal, absolute and gauge (relative) versions, measuring ranges

from 0-1 to 0-600 bar and a wide range of pressure and electrical connections.

PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS MBS 5100/5150

The ship approved high accuracy pressure transmitter MBS 5100 is designed

for use in almost all marine applications, and offers a reliable pressure

measurement, even under harsh environmental conditions. The pressure transmitter

programme in block design is approved according to LR, DNV, GL, RINA, ABS,

BV, NKK, PRS, MRS, KRS requirements, and covers a 4-20 mA output signal,

absolute and gauge (relative) versions, measuring ranges from 0-1 to 0-600 bar,

zero point and span adjustment, plug connection and female/flange pressure

connections. Excellent vibration stability, robust construction, and a high degree of

EMC/EMI protection equip the pressure transmitter to meet the most stringent

industrial requirements.


41

The ship approved high accuracy pressure transmitter MBS 5150 is designed

for use in marine applications with severe medium influences like cavitation, liquid

hammer or pressure peaks, and offers a reliable pressure measurement, even under

harsh environmental conditions. The pressure transmitter programme in block

design is approved according to LR, DNV, GL, RINA, ABS, BV, NKK, PRS,

MRS, KRS requirements, and covers a 4-20 mA output signal, absolute and gauge

(relative) versions, measuring ranges from 0-1 to 0-600 bar, zero point and span

adjustment, plug connection and female/flange pressure connections.

3.1.4. Water flow meters

3.1.4.1. Advantages and disadvantages

One of the main advantages is that Latvian and Lithuanian companies

providing quite offer a wide range of products, therefore customers – utilities can

find the products with a suitable price, quality and level of service. Also it is

positive that sellers not just sell equipment but also provide a range of services for

designing of systems and consultancies about better usage of equipment and are

able to provide installations works.

Table 5. Advantages and disadvantages of products and services providers

Advantages Disadvantages

Wide range of products and

companies

Wide prices levels

Services for consultancies and

integrations of products

Break down of products in

companies by producers

Lack of integrators

No unified information about

possible solutions

One of the biggest problem for customers in both – Latvian and Lithuanian

markets is, that companies are focused to one or two different brands and for this

reason customers have no full information about possibilities to build up better

solutions for water supply network monitoring.

In both countries we find out just a few companies offering integration

services to customers - design of solutions, consultancies for better equipment,

installation of equipment and software, development of services and maintenance

of system and services. At least is no real competition between existing integration

companies in Latvia and Lithuania. In Lithuania it is one big full range integration

company – Axis Industry, mostly focusing on providing services for heating

companies. In Latvia it is Citrus Solution and in start-up stage – Smart Meter.

Other companies do not provide full range of services, just selling or developing

equipment or focusing just on one niche of the market.


42

For this reason we would like to make a conclusion that in both countries it

is still lack of integrators, who could provide wide range of services to utilities and

it is free space to build up new business possibilities.

A problem for customers (utilities) is a lack of unified source of information

about solutions for water utilities network monitoring. As companies sell different

brands of equipment focusing just to one or two of them, they are not interesting to

provide customers the full range of information about possible solutions. This is a

task for professional organizations, like Water Supply Companies Association in

Latvia, to provide information about different possible solutions and to organize

education and information seminars for utilities.

3.1.5. Conclusions about existing water pressure and

flow meters market in Latvia and Lithuania

1. In both countries companies provide enough wide range of

water pressure and flow meters equipment to satisfy potential customers –

water and heating utilities.

2. The different price level gives a possibility for customers

to choose necessary quality and price level for used products.

3. In this market competition does not appear between

solution integration companies, who provide consultancies and

development of network monitoring systems.

4. Information level for possibilities to use different

equipment for network monitoring and efficiency is not available for

potential users – utilities. It is still necessary to educate potential

customers, how to improve efficiency of water and heating networks.

5. It is recommended that academic and professional

organizations would undertake an initiative to organize unify source of

information about possible solutions for increasing networks efficiency and

monitoring.

3.1.6. Task for research about e-services for customers

and used methods

A research has been done with a target to understand, what kind of electronic

services is available in Latvian and Lithuanian water supplying and heating market

and to define future development ways.

The method was used:

Telephone interviews with potential customer groups.

Analysis of web pages of companies providing e-services in Baltic

States.

During the research we defined tree potential customer groups for usage of

smart metering e-services:


43

1. Utilities- water supply and heating companies providing

water and heating to companies and private persons.

2. Building management companies – providing management

services to companies and private persons.

3. Tenants – taking services from utilities or building

management companies.

3.1.7. Existing services description and examples

During the research we found out several types of electronic services for

different type of customers. Mostly it is availability of different type of data from

meters on internal or external water supply or heating networks.

Information in web – is receiving different information on web

environment. Usually this kind of services is available via computer or

other IT devices. User, having access to service has user name and

password and can see data from meters. In some cases it is possible to see

data analysis and comparison in different time periods.

As value added services there are several information services

receiving to customer mobile devices. These kinds of services usually

are on customer demand sending data with regular time period to user

mobile device with data or data analysis from different meters. In some

cases this is emergency information about situation analysing data from

system coming from a network meters or other equipment.

Services free of charge- usually it is basic meters data providing

in Internet environment without any analyses.

Surcharge services providing more deep and precise analyse of

collected data from different meters. In this kind of services usually are

used data from system in different time periods and necessary to organize

collecting and storage of big amount of data

Enterprise internal services- providing for different departments

and specialists inside of utilities or building management enterprises like

technical department, help desk, customer service department or finance

department. Those data or services are used to improve enterprises internal

processes and company efficiency.

External services usually providing for end users- tenants or

building management companies to receive data from meters, automatic

bills and regular information.

3.1.7.1. SWOT of existing e-services.

Analysing existing e-services in Latvia and Lithuania and comparing with

future possibilities in Western Europe we find out that this market niche just

starting to develop in Baltic countries. There are a lot of potential for e-service


44

development especially that in Western Europe e-service development it is in

beginning stage as well.

The main users of e-services are utilities enterprises, counting water

consumption in buildings and on some special industrial territories. With the same

success they are using remote control and data reading from different equipment

installed on water supply and heating supply systems. If some services for

enterprises are on development and in nearest future 2-3 years most of big water

and heating users will be customers of different e-services. However services for

private consumers are not will be so popular.

Expenses for implementation (costs of equipment) in private apartments and

private houses are too high. In most cases in Latvia and Lithuania it is necessary to

install new generation, more precise water meters. There is a big investment for

water and heating supply enterprises and tenants, which are not ready to pay for

additionally to existing expenses for water and heating. This is a main reason why

e-services for tenants are not popular and are not developing.

Table 6. SWOT of existing e-services

Strength Weakness

• Improvement of

effectiveness of enterprises

(HR, finance)

• Reducing of reaction time in

case of network damage

(leakages)

• Decreasing of expenditures

• Easy and operative

information for users

• Comfort for tenants

• Additional expenses

• Lack of information about e-

services

• Lack of trust

• Lack of electronic devices in

part of tenants

Opportunities Threats

• Increase effectiveness for

enterprises

• Increase level of service for

tenants

• Effective cooperation

between utility companies

• Effectiveness between

different departments inside

of companies

• Cooperation between

services providers and users

• Expenses for introducing of

e- services

• Lack of users

• Lack of information about e-

services and advantages of

them

•


45

In the same time looking for some results of pilot projects in Latvia and

Lithuania, we can see that perspectives for this kind of services development for

enterprises needs are very big. Water and heating supply companies find out a lot

of benefits for saving existing expenses for human resources, monitoring

consumption, administrative expenses on transportation. The are several indirect

benefits, like monitoring of network and saving electricity, management of

leakages, saving natural recourses, effectiveness of enterprises.

In some cases it is necessary to work on legislation and normative

documents for development electronic services, because still there are several

unclear questions especially in sector of private water and heating customers. For

example it is not clear, who is owner of measurement equipment- municipality

enterprise (water or heating supply enterprise) or private person? It is necessary at

state and municipal level to develop legislation in order to prepare more clear rules.

3.1.7.2. Proposal for future services development.

As electronic services for different type of customers- enterprises and private

users of natural resources just become popular in Latvia and Lithuania, it is a big

potential for development of several new types of services. In one sense it is easy

to implement existing services from other Europe countries, but from the other

point of view it is possible for Baltic scientists and enterprises to become leaders in

development of new services for measurement of different parameters of water and

heating networks, making work of those networks more effective and economic.

One group of services should be a smart metering for wide range of meters

and different sensors giving possibilities to enterprises and end users to better

monitor consumption of natural resources.

The second group of services could be analysis of received data from sensors

and meters, giving to specialists of utilities a wide range of data relevant to

organize effective administration of network, to prepare information for customers

(bills), to ensure information for technical specialists about potential leakages and

technical situation of network.

The third group of services could be information services on different mobile

devices, giving information to utilities specialists and to end users (enterprises and

private customers). It could be information about unusual usage of water, possible

leakages, level of bills and other unexpected situations.

It is possible to develop all of those services using smart metering, data

reading and remote control methods applied on water and heat distribution

networks in municipalities.

3.1.7.3. Conclusions about e-services

Smart metering services in Latvia and Lithuania are still on the beginning

stage. It is not a lot of equipment and ready solutions for utilities to use all

possibilities of those new methods of network management.

Target groups for smart metering services do not have sufficient

knowledge about possibilities to improve work of utilities enterprises, organizing


46

better administration, more effective work and usage of human and technical

resources.

It is necessary to educate staff of utilities and municipalities and also end

users, how to organize usage of natural resources in more effective and economical

way in long-term period.

It is a big challenge for Latvian and Lithuanian R&D enterprises and

institutions to become leaders in some smart metering niches and to distribute

knowledge and technologies in European and Eastern countries - Russia, Ukraine

and others.

3.2. Models and methods of heat losses evaluation

due to moisture penetration in insulation layer of the pipe

3.2.1. Calculation of heat losses

To calculate heat flux passing through a pipe with an insulation layer, it is

necessary to calculate the thermal resistances of all insulation layer components.

For pipes this parameter varies not only from insulation thickness and thermal

conductivity, but also from the pipe outer diameter and a heat water temperature.

The thermal resistance of each insulation layer is calculated using

equation [21]:

, (1)

where is the radius of outer insulation i layer in [m], is the inner

radius of insulation i layer in [m], is the thermal conductivity of i insulation

layer in [W/mK].


47

Figure 5. Pipes without and with insulation

The total thermal resistance of a pipe with n coating layers can be calculated

using this equation:

, (2)

where - inner surface heat transfer resistance between hot water and

steel pipe, - outer surface heat transfer resistance between hot water and steel

pipe in [ ]. R=1/h, where h is heat transfer coefficient. Typical values of

it are presented in [22].

Typical insulated pipe has three layers – steel, polyurethane foam and

polyethylene cover.


48

Table 6. Heat transfer coefficients

Type h [ ] Example

Free convection gas - free

convection gas 1 - 2 W/m

2K Room window to

outside air

Free convection gas -

forced flowing water 5 - 15 W/m

2K Radiator with

water for central

heating

Free convection gas -

condensing water steam 5 - 20 W/m

2K Radiator with

steam for central

heating

Forced convection

flowing gas - condensing vapour

water

10 - 50 W/m2K Air heaters

Liquid free convection -

free convection liquid 25 - 500 W/m

2K Oil bath for

heating

Liquid free convection -

forced liquid flowing water

50 - 100 W/m2K Heating coil in

vessel water,

water without

steering

500 - 2000 W/m2K Heating coil in

water

Forced liquid flowing water

- forced liquid flowing water 900 - 2500 W/m

2K Heat exchanger

water/water

Forced liquid flowing water

- condensing vapours water 1000 - 4000 W/m

2K Condensers

steam water

Inner steel pipe surface -

inner flowing water 2000 W/m

2K

Outer steel pipe surface -

polyurethane 8 W/m

2K

1 W/(m.K) = 1 W/(m.oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr.m.

oC).

Usually for pipes the steel is used, according to the standards - EN 10216-2,

EN 10217-1, EN 10217-2, EN 10217-5 (steel types P235GH, P235TRI or

P235TR2) [4]. The thermal conductivity of steel (carbon 1%) is 43 W/m per ˚C.

The thermal conductivity of water (steam) is 0.016 W/m per ˚C.

In the market there are many types of insulation materials that have

different thermal characteristics handling properties, moisture penetration and fire

safety. The most important parameter of insulation thermal performance is thermal

conductivity.


49

Commonly used materials and its characteristics are presented in the Table 7

[21, 22, 23]:

Table 7. Insulation materials and its characteristics

Material Density

[kg/m3]

Thermal

conductivity

[W/m per ˚C]

Polyethylene 930 0.42–0.51

Polyurethane foam 30-60 0.022 - 0.026

Glass fibre mineral

wool 16-48 0.047 – 0.035

Rock mineral wool 100-190 0.037 - 0.055

Polyisocyanurate foam 50 0.023

Magnesia 190 0.055

Another important characteristic that influences thermal performance is

surface properties which affect heat losses due to radiation. Radiation losses can be

reduced by the addition of a shiny shield over the insulating layer. The benefit of

the implementation of this shield can roughly reduce overall heat loss.

In the Table 8 there are presented main parameters of insulated pipes,

produced in company „Nepriklausomos energijos paslaugos” [3]. The graph below

provides its graphical representations.


50

Table 8. Types of insulated pipes and its main parameters

No

Steel pipe Polyethylene pipe Thermal

resistanc

e

Heat

flux

[mm]

[mm]

Thick

ness

[mm]

[mm]

Thick

ness

[mm]

[m

m]

W/m per

˚C

W/m by

temperat

ure

differen

ce - 80

˚C

1 10-

20 26.9 2.0 90 3.0 110 8,2898 9,6505

2 25 33.7 2.3 90 3.0 110 6,7664 11,8231

3 32 42.4 2.6 110 3.0 125 6,4986 12,3103

4 40 48.3 2.6 110 3.0 125 5,66 14,1342

5 50 60.3 2.9 125 3.0 140 5,0108 15,9656

6 65 76.1 2.9 140 3.0 160 4,2081 19,0111

7 80 88.9 3.2 160 3.0 180 4,0311 19,8455

8 100 114.3 3.6 200 3.4 225 3,7998 21,0539

9 125 139.7 3.6 225 3.6 250 3,2442 24,6597

10 150 168.3 4.0 250 4.1 315 2,7059 29,5652

11 200 219.1 4.5 315 4.5 355 2,4627 32,4853

12 250 273.0 5.0 400 5.2 450 2,5576 31,2797

13 300 323.0 5.6 450 5.6 500 2,2222 36,0003

14 350 355.6 5.6 500 6 560 2,2725 35,2029

15 400 406.4 6.3 560 6,6 630 2,134 37,4885

16 450 457.0 6.3 560 6,6 630 1,379 58,0125

17 500 508.0 6.3 630 6,6 630 1,4482 55,2415

18 600 610.0 7.1 710 6,6 630 1,0329 77,4494


51

Figure 6. Thermal resistance versus outer diameter of the steel pipe on

appropriate insulation thickness (by Table 8).

As it can be seen, the biggest thermal resistance have thin pipes, for thick

pipes this parameter is much higher.

Figure 7. Heat flux versus outer insulated pipe diameter on appropriate

insulation thickness (by Table 8)

Heat flux also is higher for thick insulated pipes.


52

Figure 9. Thermal resistance versus insulation thickness (by Table 8)

Thermal resistance does not have linear dependence from insulation layer

thickness. Changes in slope are lower by higher thermal resistance.

The heat transfer rate (flux) in Wm is expressed by following equation:

(3)

- environment temperature, - hot water temperature or

, (4)

Where L – length of pipe.

Figure 10. Heat flux versus insulation layer thickness (by Table 8)


53

Heat flux drastically decreases by increasing insulation layer thickness up to

20-35 mm. Further the flux decreases very slightly.

Figure 11. Heat flux versus insulation layer thickness in pipe volume

When inner and outer temperatures are known, temperature on each point of

insulation layer can be calculated using following equation:

, (5)

In the figures 12-29 are presented temperature distribution from 100 ˚C (heat

water temperature) to 20 ˚C (external environment temperature) in insulation layer

for all diameters of pipes, produced in company „Nepriklausomos energijos

paslaugos“.

Figure 12. Pipe type No.1, thermal

view


view


54

Figure14. Pipe type No.3, thermal

view


view


view

Figure 17. Pipe type No.6,

thermal view

Figure18. Pipe type No.7, thermal

view


view


55


view


view


view


view


view


view


56


view


view


view


view

As it can be seen in the examples, in all insulated pipes insulation layer

thickness is sufficient if it is dry.

But by operation troubles can appear two other situations:

Low pressure and temperature moisture penetration trough

defect by broken polyethylene cover;

High pressure and temperature moisture penetration trough

defect by broken steel pipe.

On normal conditions polyurethane foam accumulate a small amount of

water, but penetration level can increase by high pressure and temperature [4]. On

the other hand by broken external polyethylene cover, penetrated water can be with

chemical additions and so on.

3.2.2. Simulation results

In the following simulations two situations of accumulated water content are

presented, in which thermal resistance decrease on 10% (Fig. 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41,

43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 65) by external penetration and on 90% (fig.


57

30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64) by internal

penetration. We expect that these values can occur as the best and worst defect

cases.

Figure 30. Pipe type No.1, 10%

thermal resistance decrease, from

outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer


58



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer


59



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer


60



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer


61



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer


62



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer



outer layer



inner layer

In the next stage of the project development we are planning to perform

experimental investigations with such tasks:


63

To find important features in reflectogram for estimation of

accumulated water content in insulation layer;

To find appropriate methods for signal processing for evaluation

of heat losses due to moisture penetration.

3.2.3. Conclusions

The main characteristic of insulated pipes produced in Lithuanian company

„Nepriklausomos energijos paslaugos” for heat distribution where analysed in this

part of the project. These pipes are produced by standards EN 10216-2, EN 10217-

1, EN 10217-2, EN 10217-5 and have similar characteristics as in other EU and

USA companies.

Our goal was to find mathematical equations and its adequacy to the

simulation results for future experimental estimation of heat losses on distributed

pipes net using reflected signal parameters from distributed nonhomogeneities.


64

4. Development of Smart Meter solutions

4.1. Development a solution for metering data

reading and delivery to a data base

Typical municipal automated meters reading system for water distribution

networks usually utilises mobile network broadband communications (like

GSM/GPRS/UMTS etc.). Short range transmission systems, which use in drive-by

scenarios to acquire the needed sensor grid metering data for further analysis

(mainly for billing), are still very popular among water utilities. All these solutions

incur fixed cost – payment to communication companies for service, or in the case

of drive-by scenario – constant fuel expenses.

An alternative way of communication is wired or wireless core infrastructure

from the service provider or MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks), WAN (Wide

Area Networks) that suits the needs of data transport. Unfortunately these kinds of

complex infrastructures are:

Not available in small municipalities;

Are hard to integrate;

Are costly to provide as leased services based on existing

infrastructure.

The main benefits of systems are the stability of usage as described by

MTBF (Mean Time between Failures) (see Fig.66) and MTTR (Mean Time to

Repair).

Figure 66. Description of Mean Time between Failures

[25]

As the provided services are often time critical, for example billing, the

service guarantees to be applied, otherwise inability to locate and repair faults in an

acceptable time interval may cause serious problems. These systems in the case of


65

consumer are really homogenous; the technological complexities are hidden from

the service provider device functionality – like in the case of GPRS.

To overcome the main unwanted pitfalls, the research team developed and

adapted a range of hardware and technological solutions. The end result is a

comprehensive base for further studies and engineering to advance these solutions

for a wider market as long-term alternative to the existing solutions with potential

better cost-effective parameters and easier to maintain.

4.2. Active transmission component base and design

For easier prototyping and cheaper radio frequency integrated circuit

selection the HopeRF Electronics (http://www.hoperf.com/) radio frequency (RF)

modules where chosen as they contain a fair amount of usable modulation schemes

– diversified transmission modes in hardware level: transceiver, transmitter and

receiver. The possibility for easy integration with Atmel series (ATmega48,

ATmega88, ATmega168, ATmega328) microchips is an additional benefit to low

costs, power efficiency and fairly good multi-path propagation fading. Different

Atmel chips can be chosen depending on the sensor networks components

computational power requirements.

RF (22B/23B) module features:

Frequency range: 433/470/868/915 ISM bands;

Sensitivity = -121dBm;

Output power range +13 dBm, +20 dBm Max;

Low power consumption: 18.5 mA receive, 30 mA @ +13

dBm transmit, 85 mA @ +20 dBm transmit;

Data rate: 0.123 to 256 kbps;

FSK, GFSK, and OOK modulation;

Digital RSSI;

Low power shutdown mode;

Wake-up timer;

Auto-frequency calibration;

Power-on-reset;

Antenna diversity and TR switch control;

Configurable packet handler;

Preamble detector;

TX and RX 64 byte FIFOs;

Integrated voltage regulators;

Frequency hopping capability.

Built-in antenna diversity and support for frequency hopping can be used to

further extend range and enhance performance.

RFM applications:

Remote control, home security and alarm, telemetry, personal data logging,

toy control, tire pressure monitoring, wireless pc peripherals, remote meter reading,

http://www.hoperf.com/


66

remote keyless entry home automation, industrial control, sensor networks, health

monitors, tag headers [26].

The microcontroller communication with the radio module is done using the

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface Bus) which is a synchronous serial data link

standard named by Motorola and operates in full duplex mode.

For the modulation scheme GFSK (Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying) was

chosen as it have been adapted in common wireless technologies like Bluetooth,

DECT etc. GFSK is based on FSK, but GFSK uses a Gaussian filter as well. In a

GFSK modulator everything is the same as a FSK modulator except that before the

baseband pulses (-1, 1) go into the FSK modulator, it is passed through a Gaussian

filter to make the pulse smoother so to limit its spectral width, so GFSK has a

better spectral efficiency.

Additional to GFSK modulation the Manchester encoding scheme [27] is

used in the communication process. Manchester coding is one of the most common

data coding methods and similar to BiPhase coding and overcomes the clocking

problems associated with coding schemes like NRZ (Not Return to Zero) where

long data string of “1”s will produce a long high period in the message signal.

Transitions only occur in the message when there is a logical bit change. This is a

very easy method to implement on the encoding side but requires the data rate to be

known exactly on the receiving side in order to be decoded. Any mismatch in data

clock timings will result in erroneous data that is only detectable with some error

detection such as a checksum or CRC. Also errors from the communication

channel or interference will not be detected without some form of data integrity

checks.

4.3. Common trial network in Ventspils: selection of

the scope of trial network

One of the main tasks of creation a trial network, used for sensor network

deployment, is a selection of a suitable region. The selected location has to have all

the characteristics needed to cover maximum of all experimental situations for

further analysis and development (see Fig.67):

• Isolated network segment with a limited amount of subscribers,

because less subscribers is affected during meter installation;

• Low traffic area – less problems with installation;

• High buildings for signal reception;

• Easily accessible manholes;

• Enough branches for data analysis and modelling;

• Existing city infrastructure (SELGA old people’s home) for

receiver/transmission installations, power supply;

• Existing high buildings for alternate signal reception points;

• Almost all segments can be equipped with meters;

• The disadvantage: no loop – closed main branch.


67

Figure 67. Experimental trial network “Selga”

Therefore a water supply network segment in the outer region of the city was

selected, because it was a closed segment with multiple branches and it suited the

amount of available budget to be used for sensor installation. The main network

water input is monitored by SCADA, which provides input pressure and flow

measurements as a reference for overall network monitoring and data verification.

All segments and branches of the trial network have been equipped with at least

one meter. Moreover long distribution lines of trial network are relevant for fluid

dynamics simulation (wave propagation).

Technical problems to be resolved concerning metering data transmission

from the water networks wells:

Power supply for pressure meters;

Existing flow, pressure reader adaption for 868MHz RF

transmission instead of GPRS;

Transmission signal strength – obstacles;

Signal transmission from manholes;

Data packet retransmission using Ethernet;

Physical meter installation in the network;

Software adaption for data processing and visualization

(AquaMet).

The block diagram of Smart Metering system is shown at Fig. 68. The

system comprises:

Water flow and pressure meters;

Sensors – data transmission devices 868 MHz;

Ethernet gateways that convert signals from sensors into

TCP/IP;


68

5 GHz Bridge for ensuring data traffic to municipality Wi-

Fi network;

GSM message gateways;

System events and leaks monitoring and detection system;

Central data base;

Technical solution for the data storage for Kaunas TU

measurements.

A comprehensive description of Smart Metering system and is provided

in the following chapters.

Figure 68. The block diagram of Smart Metering system

4.4. Forward transfer – repeater node principle

For the overall municipal situation a limited number of usable data sinks

(internet or intranet enables central network access points in range to create a

connection to the backend processing services). As the installation of such network

extensions is difficult and expensive the number is kept to minimum. In the photos

below are depicted the main 5GHz networks bridges used to create the base


69

network and provide network access for the Ethernet gateways that collect the

sensor data using 868MHz antennas (see Fig. 69).

Figure 69. 5GHz networks bridges used to create the base network

In order to overcome the limitations of the sensor range and the

unavailability of data sink node and forward transfer, a repeater board was

developed that ensures a feasible solution. The idea is to provide multi-layered one

way data forwarding infrastructure. As common in networking the problems arise

regarding handling collisions and loops. Due to communication is only one-way

there are no hidden nodes etc. problems. For simplification in terms of energy a

computationally cheap solution was designed (see Fig. 70), which comprises:

1. All sensor node messages are transmitted blindly with no

address information in context of forward transfer – repeater node

information.

2. If the sensor node is in the range of the data sink, the data

are received, decoded, and then message is encoded for further

transmission to the processing backend.


70

3. If the sensor node is out of range of a data sink additional

forward transfer – repeater nodes are installed, so that the repeater

nodes can receive the signal of the sensor nodes.

4. Forward transfer – repeater nodes have better antennas (in

terms of sensitivity) and provide stronger transmission signals, as are

connected to permanent power sources, so compared with the amount

of sensor nodes only a small amount repeater nodes is necessary. The

problem of power sourcing still persists – solution like solar panel

charging and night powering from battery where taken into account,

but were recognised as not cost-effective in the project geographical

location.

5. As new sensor message blocks are received by the sensor,

they are queued for retransmission. Before retransmission an

additional identification byte is added to identify, which forward

transfer – repeater layer did receive the message first.

6. After the addition of the layer identifier the message is

broadcasted – the receiving nodes can be the data sink node or another

repeater node.

a. If the receiver is a data sink it removes the layer

byte and decodes the message.

b. If the receiver is another repeater node, it checks

for the layer byte and compares it with the layer identifier of

itself:

i. if the layer identifier is larger of equal the

message is dropped;

ii. if the layer identifier is smaller the

messages layer byte is overwritten by the identifier of

the receiving repeater and is broadcasted.

7. The layer identifiers have to be correctly assigned to create

an “onion like” structure by checking the repeater layer visibility to

the nearby layers N+1 and N-1 by using tester equipment.

8. As the data sinks (Ethernet gateways) are capable to

analyse messages with or without the layer byte, the forward transfer –

repeater can be used as “normal” repeaters.


71

Figure 70. Signal forward transfer method

The problem was that the repeater units require uninterrupted power and

cannot run on batteries as the working time would be too short. To solve this

problem the arrangements with private premise owner in strategically

advantageous positions to install the repeaters were made. This solved all signal

reception and retransmission problems. One can see Ethernet gateway signal “sink”

type repeater on Fig. 71.


72

Figure 71. Ethernet gateway signal “sink” type repeater

4.5. Custom antenna designs for urban environments

For leak detection it is necessary that water pressure and water flow sensors

have to be installed at water distribution networks. To ensure sensor reading

transmission from inside manholes special antennas have to be used, unfortunately

the supply of this kind of special antennas is difficult – unavailable or costly.

During the project different antenna concepts have been analysed and

developed for both omnidirectional and directional scenario. Two ways of

installation were considered: for attaching to ground level man holes and for fire

hydrants. All prototypes where intended to be casted in polyurethane as a tamper

resistive material with good durability properties and low radio signal attenuation.

The main problem with the directional antenna design is the complex mechanical

structure that makes it hard to produce and increases per unit cost. Another

problem is the transmitting antenna has to be calibrated in laboratory environment

in order to show good transmission parameters (see Fig. 72).

Figure 72. Examples of directional antennas, tested in the project


73

As the production prototypes have to be calibrated for correct frequency, a

tuning process takes enormous time for verification and failure correction; it was

decided to use ready-made 868MHz ¼ wave antennas as the base of the design (see

Fig. 73 and 74).

Figure 73. Examples of ready-made 868MHz ¼ wave antennas

Figure 74. Examples of ready-made 868MHz ¼ wave antennas installation

in manhole

Different experiments with moulding material where performed to find the

optimal price-performance ratio for directional and omnidirectional antennas

covering. The first prototypes where created to understand necessary mechanical

properties of the material and the manhole fittings. The most suitable material

appeared TASK 16 urethane, as it has very high tear strength, impact resistant and

wear resistant. It showed exceptional performance characteristics and dimensional

stability. TASK 16 can be coloured by choosing the best colour to fit in the


74

deployment environment. Tested for radio property verification, TASK 16 urethane

appeared any considerable attenuation for the 868MHz radio frequency.

During the final project stages the remaining problematic pressure

transmitters were installed. As some of the antennas are allocated on sidewalks – a

special micro antenna for 868 MHz was introduced. It is very small, only a quarter

of the range of the urethane antennas, but ideal for scenarios, where large antenna

deployment is not possible (see Fig.75). Another interesting side effect of the

urethane antennas is the natural UV decay, where the antenna outer layer changes

its colour to light grey, concrete like colouring, which makes it almost invisible

from the sidewalks.

For sidewalks a more miniature version of an antenna is needed or and direct

antenna profile mill in the manhole.

Figure 75. Sidewalks miniature version of an antenna

4.6. Ethernet gateway - concentrator

4.6.1. Pibox Ethernet gateway development stages

The functions of Ethernet gateway shortly are as follows. Sensors measuring

equipment acquired readings are sent to the gateway - concentrator, which

collected data prepares for further transport to processing systems. The recovered

messages are checked and stored in the internal memory of gateway. The unit is

connected with a microcomputer (using a USB serial interface). The Raspberry

Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation is used as microcomputer. Microcomputer control

software sends a special service commands to set up and captured sensor data

reading from the concentrator's internal memory. Unlike water meter sensors

operation of gateways equipment requires an independent power source due to

larger power consumption.


75

The initial prototyping platform of gateway - concentrator was based on

open source networking equipment used for proof of a concept. The Ethernet

gateway service used for data serialization and delivery to the backend servers was

implemented using C and Python programming languages for easy porting to other

future platforms.

The base equipment used as reference is Mazzy GPRS flow meters. The

radio part was isolated and integrated into the new 868MHz design. All

development was done by keeping the backward compatibility with the old design

in cases of 868MHz signal transmission problems caused by sites with long

distances or difficult accessibility – so GPRS solution can be still used without

problems.

The first version of 868MHz sensor reception hardware was based on a

testing device that is used by the installation personnel to diagnose sensors

operations by displaying real time transmission data values on a LCD display. This

device was expanded with a USB serial interface port that can be connected to an

embedded Ethernet gateway controller or just to an ordinary PC using standard

USB interface. The USB device is recognized as a generic serial port. Using

standard Terminal application software key stroke commands can be sent and the

readouts can be received as plain text information.

The second Ethernet gateway version was moved to a generic embedded

platform. The popular Raspberry Pi ARM7 platform was selected, as it provides

enough computing power and has got a composite video output. So the device can

be used also with a display for onsite diagnostics. The main system process

monitoring of meter reading delivery to the backend servers was written in Python

and supplemented with additional support services. The service ensures virtual

private networking support for remote site setups, service automatic monitoring,

failure notification and system level watchdog function, if some kind of errors

occur, the CPU is automatically reset.

The main developments of the second gateway version:

Aquamon multithreaded daemon to parse USB data and prepare

for delivery to server;

MONIT service notification and Aquamon service control (e-mail

notification, problem detection, service recovery);

VPN support (tinc, PPTP, OpenVPN);

Watchdog: Broadcom BCM2708 watchdog support (gateway

monitoring, overload, «data pipe lost» - reboot);

Wear out Prevention of SD card memory (RAMLOG).

The last Raspberry Pi based Ethernet gateway has 868MHz meter reception

RF daughter board. It is equipped with heartbeat indication, wireless network

adapter and a safe-shutdown button. Also the composite output is used for easy

diagnostics and monitoring (see Fig. 76).


76

Figure 76. Pibox Ethernet gateway appearance

The last Raspberry Pi based Ethernet gateway has 868MHz meter reception

RF daughter board. It is equipped with heartbeat indication, wireless network

adapter and a safe-shutdown button. Also the composite output is used for easy

diagnostics and monitoring.

In order to link Ethernet segments with system servers it was decided to

create virtual private network. One of the open source virtual private network

solution OpenVPN that apply Tinc was tested. Tink is a lightweight VPN solution

suitable for embedded systems, already ported to most of Unix like operating

systems, easy to setup and supports multi segment bridging so very suitable for

large city district or even larger networks. Tinc main characteristics comprise:

Encryption, authentication and compression. All traffic is

optionally compressed using Zlib or LZO, and OpenSSL is used to encrypt

the traffic and protect it from alteration with message authentication codes

and sequence numbers.

Automatic full mesh routing. Regardless of how you set up the

tinc daemons to connect to each other, VPN traffic is always (if possible)

sent directly to the destination, without going through intermediate hops.

Easily expand your VPN. When you want to add nodes to your

VPN, all you have to do is add an extra configuration file, there is no need

to start new daemons or create and configure new devices or network

interfaces.

Ability to bridge Ethernet segments. You can link multiple

Ethernet segments together to work like a single segment, allowing you to

run applications and games that normally only work on a LAN over the

Internet.


77

Runs on many operating systems and supports IPv6. Currently

Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, MacOS/X, Solaris, Windows 2000,

XP, Vista and Windows 7 platforms are supported. Tinc has also full

support for IPv6, providing both the possibility of tunnelling IPv6 traffic

over its tunnels and of creating tunnels over existing IPv6 networks.

4.6.2. Ethernet gateway – Aquamon services

The service architecture is designed for autonomous service recovery and

event logging for gateway monitoring from a central service centre.

The main processing is done in the Aquamon service daemon: “In

multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that

runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an

interactive user”. Additional helper services provide supplementary functionality

(see Fig. 77)

Aquamon service existence checking and restarting on failure;

Failure and internal event monitoring an logging;

Update service to provide automatic service updates from the

central management interface;

Networking a host configuration to enable multiple Ethernet

gateway co-existence in the same network segment and networking

functionality.

Figure 77. Aquamon services flowchart

The image of a screen below shows the automatic Ethernet gateway software

update publishing system, integrated into the monitoring information systems web

interface. The monitoring system provides automatic reinstallation of all Ethernet

gateway core software without accessing them manually (see Fig. 78).


78

Figure 78. Aquamon service auto update Ethernet gateway software screen

4.7. Final trial network layout

The trial network lies on the city boundary, where many trees and vegetation

interfere with the wireless sensors and Ethernet bridges transmission. To solve

these problems numerous alignments and repositioning was done to get the optimal

network layout

The main Ethernet infrastructure was planned and built in a star topology by

using relative cheap ubiquity wireless networking equipment. The main

communication links where created as transparent bridges in such way merging the

whole sensor network with Ethernet gateways in an easy to manage homogeny

environment. By combining Ethernet gateway with the repeater units an impressive

meter transmissions coverage vas achieved – only three Ethernet gateways and two

repeater nodes.

On Fig. 79 the final network layout is depicted, where blue circles show

Ethernet gateway range, but orange circles show repeater half-ranges.

The overall number of water flow sensors is 14 (see Table 9). Additional

flow sensors replacement was done in order to improve signal receiving: sensors

transmission antennas height was increased. The total number of water pressure

meters is 9.


79

Figure 79. Final network layout

Table 9. The final list of water flow sensors

The tests provided in order to access the quality of measurement receiving

by central server showed that all data have been received with maximal delay of 2

hours (lost transmission). Transmission lost depended on weather, but this was the

worst case observed (rainy and vegetation max).

4.8. Smart Meter Information System architecture

Smart System software utilises open source and Unix/Linux compatibility:

• ScicosLab – continued Scilab: the most complete alternative to

commercial packages for dynamical system modelling and simulation

packages such as MATLAB/Simulink and MATRIXx/SystemBuild;

• EPANET 2;

• MySQL for network definition.


80

The developed system not only consists of an overall water distribution

network pressure and flow monitoring system but also an interface for users where

the monthly water usage and consumption/time graphs can be viewed and also an

estimate of the water costs is computed. One of the problems with all kind of

information systems with a large user base and data flow from sensor devices is

availability. MTFB (mean time between failure) has to be minimized so and high

availability server backend concept is offered, where real time storage

synchronization and network load balancing is provided. This minimizes the

possible down time and raises user e-service satisfaction.

All application specific infrastructures are based on open source products. So

no licensing costs for the full deployment a variety of possible virtualization

systems depending on the application and customer needs. Easy disaster recovery

and backup strategy management from a generic web application based interface

(see Fig. 80).

Figure 80. Smart Meter servers’ architecture

The Smart Meter system consists of four base components:

Meter reading reception gateway

This component receives HTTP encrypted POST generated by the Ethernet

gateways which accumulate and preprocess the sensor readings and performs a

HTTP POST to the SmartMeter WEB server (Apache) based on a DNS name.

Apache web server redirects the requests to the specific gateway processing

application – gateway daemon (i. e. http://exec.bitdev.lv). The gateway script (PHP

http://exec.bitdev.lv/


81

language) validates the POST data for corruption and authenticity. If data is

accepted it is stored in the systems MySQL data base.

Smart Meter monitoring, statistics and data visualization

interface and backend

The SmartMeter system is built upon Ruby on Rails framework using MVC

(Model, View, and Controller) architecture. MVC is a software architecture pattern

which separates the representation of information from the user's interaction with

it. The model consists of application data, business rules, logic, and functions. A

view can be any output representation of data, such as a chart or a diagram.

Multiple views of the same data are possible, such as a bar chart for management

and a tabular view for accountants. The controller mediates input, converting it to

commands for the model or view. The central ideas behind MVC are code

reusability and separation of concerns [28]. A controller can send commands to its

associated view to change the view's presentation of the model (e.g., by scrolling

through a document). It can also send commands to the model to update the

model's state (e.g., editing a document).

o A model notifies its associated views and controllers, when

there has been a change in its state. This notification allows the views to

produce updated output, and the controllers to change the available set of

commands. A passive implementation of MVC omits these notifications,

because the application does not require them or the software platform

does not support them.

o A view requests from the model the information that it

needs to generate an output representation to the user.

All other functions that depend on external non Ruby scripts are exchanged

using RPC (Remote Procedure Call). This is the main principle of communication

with the reception gateway and other standalone services like statistics generation,

SCADA simulation applications and the solver, water network structure generation

and processing engine.

SmartMeter customer statistics for consumption and billing

This component runs on a separate server thread and is also based on Ruby

on Rails. It provides the web interface for the customers. If desired the customers

can see their water consumption the visualization of this data for a selected period.

Also it is possible to get water consumption limit alerts via e-mails and automatic

bill generation.

SmartMeter leak detection module

The leak detection module consists of multiple separate applications that

perform periodic recalculations based on systems sensor input data. There are

separate components as SCADA system simulation service that provides a

homogenic interface for the existing flow and pressure meter function logic -

middleware. Also and development interfaces for automatic network data

generation and parameterization for EPANET solver where all available data is

processed to suit the solver compatible input format and execution control.


82

The SmartMeter system is hosted on Ubuntu Linux operating system

optimized for automatic service recovery. This is done using Monit daemon. Monit

is a free open source utility for managing and monitoring, processes, programs,

files, directories and file systems on a UNIX system. Monit conducts automatic

maintenance and repair and can execute meaningful causal actions in error

situations. Monit service also provides event log generation and delivery using

Syslog services or e-mail notifications.

The base system is configured for easy deployment into Kernel-based

Virtual Machine or OpenVZ operating system-level virtualization containers.

These systems are the standard virtualization techniques used by modern data

centers to guarantee and expandable system for high load systems which is relevant

as the user base grows in a larger sensor network deployment scenarios. The

virtualization and the overall architecture guarantee easy virtualization, scalability

and performance by adaption of load balancing and failover technologies as:

Heartbeat, LVS, DRBD, Pacemaker, Corosync, RabbidMQ HA, Ultra Monkey.

This is provided by the layered separation where individual components that are

causing bottlenecks can be extracted and deployed to isolated or clustered servers

and all communication is still possible via a shared data base or RPC system.

Smart Meter Information System architecture is depicted at Fig. 81.

Presentation Layer

Operating system

MySQL server Main system

database Network definitions Network elements Phpmyadmin

database management

Database Layer

Ubuntu Linux Kernel-based Virtual Machine Open Source Automatic updates Automatic system snapshots

Transport Layer

Development environment based on WEBrick web server

Production environment based on Apache web server

Reverse proxy for multi-application integration

Virtual host based isolation Virtual host Domain Name

service management by BIND server

Request logging and debugging

Application Layer

PHP 5 sensor gateway script

PHP preprocessing logic PHP postprocessing logic Ruby on Rails web

application framework RubyGems package

management Sendmail e-mail server

for notification and messaging services

EPANET solver

OpenLayers dynamic map visualization

DHTML, XML user interface and data processing

jQuery library AJAX processing

Figure 81. Smart Meter Information System architecture

Initially Smart Meter system’s has been developed using Ventspils Digital

Centre servers infrastructure, but at the end of the project SM system’s data centre

migrated to own data centre, which is located in nursing home “Selga” (see Fig

82).


83

Figure 82. Smart Meter system servers located in nursing home “Selga”

4.9. Selection of practical methods for leaks detection

in WDN using metering data base and analytics approach

Water network leak detection is essential for municipalities as water leakage

is a degradation of the service provided and undiscovered leaks can cause long

term loss. There are different causes of leaks or water loss in general which might

be divided into four main categories:

Leakages:

o leakage through the crevice of the pipelines;

o uncontrolled overflow of the accumulation tanks;

o leakage of the hydrant shaft;

o leakage of the fittings (valves, connections);

Authorized unmeasured water consumption:

o fire department;

o municipal connection;

o hydrant’s network;

o street washing and sewer cleaning;

o processing water in water plant;

Errors:

o human factor (wrong reading of the water gauge

and/or, calculated consumption);

o faulty individual water gauge of the consumer;

o faulty main water gauge of the utilities;

Unauthorized unmeasured water consumption:

o unauthorized connection to the pipelines;

o connections without water gauge;

o unauthorized uses of hydrants;

o bypassing the water gauges;

Systematic control of pipelines in water utilities indicate that the pipeline

damages arise from many reasons from which the most frequent are:


84

Application of improper pipes – nominal pressure lower

than requested;

Placing the pipes in the canal without sand bed –allowing

the pipeline dilatations;

Contact of the pipes with hard and harsh places – polymers

are sensible to the local stresses;

Ground deformations – shear stress caused by ground

cracking during long and hard drought;

Corrosion and/or erosion of the inner wall of the pipes –

the allowed pressure is diminished;

Polymer materials aging – during exploitation allowed

pressure of the polymer pipelines;

(PEHD, PVC) is diminished.

The water leakage can be apparent and hidden. In the case of apparent

leakage, water penetrates through the ground layers above damaged place and

emerges at the ground surface.

This time is between several seconds and several days. Apparent leakage is

very simple to detect – it is sufficient that the water utilities controller, during

regular patrol along the pipelines trace, visually establishes that water emerges.

Water utilities have severe difficulties with hidden leakages because they are

not visually detectable. In some cases such a leakage can last many years.

Professional knowledge and sophisticated equipment are necessary for the hidden

leakages detection.

Initially 5 methods and simulation were considered for experiments,

however due to the lack of resources it was decided to experiment only two first

one.

1. Simulation of leaks with fire hydrants.

2. Theoretical vs. solver simulation.

3. Genetic algorithms.

4. Kalman filter: already used in different pipeline leak

detection systems.

5. Neural network.

The Theoretical vs. solver simulation method was investigated by the project

team (see Fig.83). The method appeared good perspectives; however application of

this method requires historical data comparison with actual measures. Since

historical data about water pressure at network segments are not available, further

development of this method to be postponed to the future projects.


85

Figure 83. Simulation process for the method Theoretical vs. solver

simulation

The practical method - Simulation of leaks with fire hydrants, was

implemented at the trial network. The real pressure metering data have been

analysed in the simulation (Fig.84 and 85).

To simplify the process of leak detection an approach was chosen where

minimum costs of maintenance and setup would compromise with the leak

detection speed rate – in terms of low power battery powered sensors where

transmit frequency is far from real-time constrains.

All pipe network and water network components are stored in a relational

database management system, easily expandable and processed using SQL

language. This is the base to generate network visualization and also solver input

model definitions. MySQL has been used for easier integration with Aquamet

system. This approach enables easy graph traversing and model input file

generation.

The basic water network components for future expansion in case of more

dynamic networks containing active components like controlled valves, pumps etc.

were implemented. If further research is continued, also water quality monitoring

and modelling can be implemented and analysed. This is useful not only for the

current situation evaluation but also for future network expansion planning.

Components of the water distribution network used in Smart Metering

system are presented below:

Junction Pump Reservoir

Valve Pipe Meter

Tank

The leak detection metrics are divided into two main categories:


86

1. Sensor level readout behaviour events.

2. Sensor network hydrodynamic model.

In the project sensor level readout behaviour events metrics have been

developed and successfully tested:

Pressure average value negative fluctuation leak detector;

Water consumption minimum flow leak detector;

Flow average positive fluctuation leak detector;

Equipment idle detector.

Pressure average value negative fluctuation leak detector – measures the

average value of a given pressure sensor for a user defined period in days. If the

pressure drops under a given (user defined) percentage of the average value in the

defined period and keeps under the threshold for a user defined period, a leak

detection event will be triggered (see Fig. 84, 85)

Water consumption minimum flow leak detector – measures the domestic

water consumption in a daily user defined time range where the water consumption

should be minimal or zero. An increased consumption would be an indicator for

continuous water leakage in the customer’s premises (like water closet flush tank

sealing defects). A user defined minimum flow can be defined to replace the

default of zero, as also in night hours water usage can appear or is desired.

Default parameters of the leaks detection methods:

• Pressure average value negative fluctuation leak detector;

– Averaging period (2days);

– Negative fluctuation percentage (20%);

– Activation period (7200s = 2h);

• Water consumption minimum flow leak detector:

– Minimum flow threshold (0);

– Idle flow monitoring start time (01:00);

– Idle flow monitoring end time (05:00);

– Non zero devices (separated by comma) – devices

where no idle night consumption rules apply;

– Activation period (2 days).

• Flow average positive fluctuation leak detector:

– Averaging period (2 days);

– Positive fluctuation percentage (30%);

– Activation period (7200s = 2h);

• Equipment idle detector:

– Idle time (24h) – when no signal is received.


87

Figure 84. Pressure average value negative fluctuation leak detector

Figure 85. Smart Meter systems water pressure readout during simulation

4.10. E-services for users

Two e-services have been developed on behalf Smart System users:

The 1st one enables metering data export from the System as Excel file. In

such way the data related clients water consumption can be selected and retrieved

according to predefined parameters (see Fig. 86). Therefore ŪDEKA staff and

clients are able to skip manual monthly procedure aiming to collect measurement

from water consumption meters, to deliver them to Customer department and to

record manually into billing system. Furthermore Customer department can request

consumption data as “ad hock” export.


88

Figure 86. Data export from the system as Excel file

The 2nd

e-service provides opportunity of sending e-mail to ŪDEKA staff

and to clients about deviations from the usual pattern in water consumption. The

thresholds for alarming in case of deviation can be defined by user depended on

consumption habits and object importance. Further the thresholds can be adjusted

due to user “real life” experience.

4.11. Data storage for KTU measurements of

district heating networks

One of cross border cooperation advantages is joining of recourses for

achieving common goals. KTU created a technical solution for the data storage

used by the mobile measurement terminals operated by KTU for heating network

leak detection. Different solutions were proposed by using new types of data

serialization and querying - NoSLQ. A NoSQL database provides a mechanism for

storage and retrieval of data that uses loose consistency models rather than

traditional relational databases. Motivations for this approach include simplicity of

design, horizontal scaling and finer control over availability. NoSQL databases are

often highly optimized key–value stores intended for simple retrieval and

appending operations, with the goal being significant performance benefits in terms

of latency and throughput. NoSQL databases are finding significant and growing

industry use in big data and real-time web applications. NoSQL systems are also

referred to as "Not only SQL" to emphasize that they do in fact allow SQL-like

query languages to be used.

The final system was a combination of CIFS network file system and Virtual

Private Network stored on an automatic versioning backend file system. The

recommended MongoDB NoSQL storage system provides an easy to use API that


89

already is usable with most of the popular programming languages and data

processing is ensured with just a couple of line of code (see Fig. 87).

Figure 87. KTU data storage block diagram

4.12. Experimental evaluation of technical

characteristics of defects monitoring device prototype

In this section the discussion about defect (moisture penetration) location

accuracy is presented together with the consideration of effects appearing in the

signal transmission path with losses in the media.

In order to detect the place of defects, the time delay measurement and the

changes in reflection amplitude should be performed. The defect place

measurement resolution depends on the speed V of signal propagation and the

duration of excitation signal edge :

Thus the place measurement accuracy depends on time and speed

measurement errors level. Delay time is calculated as a time slot between the start

point A and end point B of excitation signal and reflected signal respectively (Fig.

88).


90

A B

t

Figure 88. Delay time measurement

In this case delay time error components are:

An error of signal propagation speed evaluation ;

An error caused by mismatch of excitation and reflected signal

forms ;

Random error of points A and B determination inaccuracy due

to additive noise influence.

can be eliminated by using calibration procedure with standard object,

thus it might be compensated.

Delay time error consists of two parts:

The reference point A position can be defined by deriving the tangent in the

pulse edge where the velocity has maximum value (Fig. 89).


91

Lowest slope value

A

a

2 𝑆 2 𝑈𝑑

𝑈𝑑

𝑆 = 𝑎𝑛 𝛼

Highest slope value

Figure 89. Setting the point A position

According to Fig.89, point A setting error can be evaluated according the

expression:

𝑈 𝑆

𝑈

𝑆 𝑆

Where 𝑈 - lower signal amplitude measurement error, S - the

maximum excitation signal edge slope, 𝑈 - voltage by maximum of slope,

- graph line thickness estimation error.

Similar expression can be written for point B as well:

𝑈 𝑆

𝑈

𝑆 𝑆

As a result:

Value depends on the nature of the defect. If defect occur due to active

characteristic impedance change, then this error is considered as very small and can

be neglected.

Due to moisture penetration an insulated pipe defect has a complex nature,

because in this place appears parallel connected capacity and conductivity. When

this value is low, the reflected waveform is close to the excitation pulse signal front

derivative (Fig. 90).


92

AB

𝑛𝑜

𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑈𝑒𝑥𝑐

t

U

Figure 90. Setting point B by reflection from capacitive type fault

In this case, the delay time can be obtained using the previous method and

the measurement error is equal to half of excitation pulse edge. These errors

can be partially avoided if the reference point A will be fixed in the middle of the

excitation pulse edge, and reflected point B - at maximum or minimum pulse edge

depending on the type of reflection. Fig. 91 shows the existence of parallel capacity

where point B is captured in local minimum place.

B

Figure 91. Setting of point B in the presence of capacitive type (110 pF)

nonhomogenity


93

Unfortunately, when the capacity and conductivity is greater in defect place,

the reflected waveform can’t repeat that excitation pulse edge derivative and delay

time error increase.

Fig. 92 shows 1000pF capacitance case in which rising signal slope is much

smaller than the falling.

Figure 92. The influence of capacitive type (1000 pF) nonhomogenity on

reflection place

In this case the fast Hilbert transform can be used, according to the algorithm

presented in Fig. 4.6.6, where in the first step the complex reflection signal

spectrum 𝑆 and its module 𝑆 are computed using a direct

Fourier transform:

𝑆

In the next step Hilbert transform is used for calculation of phase

characteristic and minimal phase spectrum

𝑆 𝑆 𝑒

In the third step the maximum phase spectrum part is calculated:

𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

and using inverse Fourier transform the delay time in the defect place are

found

𝑆

Defect parameters are calculated by evaluating the amplitude of the reflected

signal relative to the excitation pulse amplitude. So it is important that the

amplitude measurement should be done with sufficient resolution of analogue-to-

8 16

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

80

88

96

10

4

11

2

12

0

12

8

13

6

14

4

15

2

16

0

16

8

17

6

18

4

19

2

20

0

20

8

21

6

22

4

23

2

24

0

0 24

8

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0

1.1

time, nsec

in,

V


94

digital converter (ADC) using stable reference voltage source, stable amplifier with

the high signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Delay pint location

Complex and power spectrum calculation of

reflected signal

Calculation of Hilbert

transform

Calculation complex

spectrum of minimal phase

part

Calculation complex

spectrum of maximal

phase part

Inverse Fourier transform

calculation of maximal

phase part

Setting of delay time

End

𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑐 = | |

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = |𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑐 | 𝑒 ( )

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = |𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑐 | 𝑒 ( )

𝑆 = 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑐 ( )/𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( )

= −1|𝑆 |

Figure 93. Hilbert transform algorithm for finding delay time on reactive

type defects

In our device is used programmable amplifier in which amplification

coefficient can be selected within the range from -24 to +48 dB with repeatability

of +-0.5dB. Excitation pulse amplitude can be varied within the range [1-100] V.

The device dynamic range can be varied within [-24, +88] dB interval. ADC


95

dynamic range is 72 dB, with possibility to reduce noise influence using averaging

technique.

Losses in signal transmission line to and between nonhomogenities also

should be estimated. The simple way to do it is to make short or open connection

on the end of line, but it is not possible to make in the defect place. In this case the

equivalent schematic for signal path transfer characteristic calculation should be

used.

Figure 94. Equivalent electrical schematic of 1m long pace of signal path

(monitoring wire in insulated pipe)

Three objects where selected for experimental evaluation of technical

characteristics of defects in monitoring device prototype:

Short insulated pipe section for evaluation of the delay

time (position) resolution (Fig. 4.6.8);

Complex pipe combination with branches and elbows for

possibilities defect types separation (Fig. 4.6.9);

Long 468 m. pipeline section to evaluate the monitoring

sensitivity (Fig. 4.6.10).

Experiment with the first sample was carried out with the following

excitation pulse parameters:

amplitude 7V;

pulse duration 10 ns;

amplification +40 dB.

At the start and end points the pipe is connected to impedance matching

circuits, and in the middle point it has porous material (100mm * 80mm * 20mm)

with relative humidity of 20%.

As it can be seen from Fig. 95 - green colour marker on 61cm position

indicates the distance to the soak, which is 50 cm to the geometric centre of a


96

porous material plus the impedance matching circuit connection cable length of 11

cm.

120

1100

60

1010

11

0

57

505

Place for moisture

insertion

Connection cable 10m

PFT 02

Impedance matching circuits

Figure 95. Reflections location graph in 1,1 m long piece of insulated pipe

Experiment with the second sample was carried out with the following


amplitude 7V;



At the start and end points the pipe is connected to the impedance matching

circuits, and on the non-insulated part - 20% relative humidity porous material

(100mm * 80mm * 20mm) piece.

As it can be seen from the graph Fig. 96 a), the red colour marker indicates

199 cm distance from the connection point, i.e. device indicates even that part of

the pipe section, which is not isolated, since it has a characteristic impedance


97

change because of change of dielectric constant. When the moisture is inserted

(blue colour marker), the higher characteristic impedance change is observed.

Graph b) shows the case when the humidity is inserted at the point number 2.

In this case, the red colour marker shows the 913 cm distance to the soak and the

green colour marker - the end of the pipe.

Tee

Elbow1300

500950

25

0

80

0

1300

450

300

Connection

cable 10m

PFT 02

Coupling 1

Coupling 2

Non insulated

piece

Impedance matching circuits

1

2

Moisture

insertion points

Red – graph without moisture Blue – graph with moisture

a)


98

Blue – graph without moistureYellow – graph with moisture

b)

Figure 96. Reflections location graphs of a) - moisture inserted in the 1 place

and b) - moisture inserted in the 2 place of 5,6 m long piece of insulated pipe with

elbow and tee.

Experiment with the third sample was carried out with the following


amplitude 7V;



In Fig. 97 the red colour marker shows the wet pipe piece location place on

466 m. position. It means that small and far-off defects can be captured, though

that excitation pulse amplitude was only 7V (the maximum possible is 100V).

The given examples illustrate the device capabilities and quantitative

characteristics, which confirms the correctness of selected technical parameters in

the concept development phase. Also the qualitative assessment and the ability to

distinguish the nature of the defect require extensive experience and intuition. The

graphics are not enough helpful to determine the nature of the defect, because the

higher order reflections can occur in the object. They may overlap with reflections

from the wet areas and from the technological defects as well.


99

Tee

Elbow 457000

500950

250

800

1300

450

300

Impedance

matching circuits

Connection

cable 10m

PFT 02

Coupling 1

Coupling 2

Non insulated

piece

Black – with moisture Grey - without

Figure 97. Reflections location graphs of 468 m long piece of insulated pipe with

straight part, elbow and tee.

One of the ways to facilitate the diagnosis task is to capture the dry pipe

reflection curve (reference curve), and then continue its processing by calculation

of it difference. In this case the device setting parameters (excitation pulse

duration, amplitude, and amplification factor) should by stored in the memory.

Then their long-term stability is ensured. So it is possible to quickly determine the

location of the defects, compensating the influence of technological defects. For

this reason the device is provided with the comparison function. In this case, the

defect location resolution is in range of 0.2-0.5 m., when the defects are located up

to 2.2 km from the device connection point.

The task becomes more complicated when the moisture penetration location

is found, and it is necessary to evaluate its size and potential heat loss. In this case

can be used the model based method referencing on the authors proposed reflection

expressions which can be found using the algorithm presented in Fig. 98.


100

Object

Analytical

model

Comparing

Adjustment of model parameters

Measurement results

Equivalent schematic

Figure 98. Algorithm of model based object parameters estimation

Now it is possible to evaluate penetrated moisture parameters - parallel

capacity and conductivity, and then the volume of wet penetration and heat loss in

it.

4.13. The structure of monitoring system,

functioning methods and issues to be addressed in the

next project stage

The developed device is a part of the system (Fig. 99), used for heat supply

pipeline monitoring. In the sections of the pipeline the one master and many slave

devices can operate. Each unit works independently and covers length up to 2.4

km. Master collects data from each slave and transmits them to the server. Master

also controls the slave mode of operations, i.e., measurement, battery charging and

data transfer. The most useful place to install the master is the boiler house and

slaves heating distribution points or collectors. Slave can work autonomously

powered by own lithium-ion battery. Periodically master connects all slaves to the

battery for charging or switches on the data transfer mode. Data exchange does not

take place if there is no change of reflection measurement results. Measurement

period is programmable and can be selected for any period with 10 sec resolution.

In addition to the measuring of reflection curve, slave can transmit data to

the master consisting of the temperature and pressure at a given point of the

pipeline.


101

Header DLE, STX 2*(unsigned char)

Command (unsigned char)

Command_Data[8] (unsigned short)

256 bit user key for validation

CRC32 (unsigned int)

Header DLE, STX 2*(unsigned char)

Command mirror (unsigned char)

Device_ID (unsigned int)

Network_number (unsigned short)

Sub_Network_No (unsigned short)

CRC32 (unsigned int)

Request

Answer

Number of chanells (unsigned short)

Device type (unsigned short)

Data[8192] (float)

Excitation voltage (float)

Amplification (float)

Status (unsigned int)

Revision number (unsigned int)

Monitoring device (MD4)slave



Other smart sensors

(temperature,

pressure, flow, heat)

Pulse width (float)

Other smart sensors

(temperature,

pressure, flow, heat)

Other smart sensors

(temperature,

pressure, flow, heat

meter)

Boiler house

Data base server

WEB

Service for storage,

authorized access and

diagnostic results

presentation

Emergency

messages

Temperature (float)

Heat (float)

Pressure_Dynamic[1024]

Crypted

using AES

algorithm

Master

Open

VP

N tu

nell

VP

N t

un

ell

Yield (float)

PC program revision No

Date

Time

Start point (ns)

Wave velocity (m/s)

A

B

C

Figure 99. Structure of the system for continuous monitoring of heat supply

pipe net

Fig. 100 provides the structure of faults detector. If it works in master mode,

then it will require an external AC/DC converter from 220 VAC to 12VDC. The

device has the secondary power supply unit, which forms a +3V3, +5 V and-5V

power supply voltages.


102

3.1

Excitation pulse

generator with

regulated amplitude and

pulse width

(9)

Programmable

attenuator/amplifier

(-24 - +44) dB (5)

4.1 Mixer (6)5.1LF amplifier

(7)6.1 7.1

ARM

Cortex M3

based SoC

(11)

CPLD

(10)10.1

Power supply (3V3, +5V,-5V) with accumulator (Li-Ion) and charging circuit

(2)

Tablet PC

(8)11.5

USB 2.0

Programmable voltage source

(1-100) VAC

(13)

13

.1

11.1

11.4

2.5

2.4

2.7

2.9

2.6

2.2

Communication

interface

(14)

11.3

14

.1

External SPI

connections

Input circuit (4)

9.1

Incremental encoder

for pipe length

measurement

(12)

11.4

12.1

12.2

Pip

e l

ength

measure

ment

sensor

2.1

0

2.1

1

External AC-DC

converter (1)1.1220 VAC

1. 2

10

HF analog signal path

Power supply path

Digital control signal path

12.3

3

External switch

for expanding

number of

channels &

connecting to

other devices

(3)

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

2.3

2.1

LF analog signal path

Communications signal path

11.2

3.2

2.8

Figure 100. Structure of faults detector

The main part of the device is a digitally controlled delay line (Fig. 101)

with resolution of 2.5 ns. Delays time various within [2.5 – 20480] ns interval. The

part consist of 50 MHz quartz controlled oscillator with 20 ppm stability, PLL

frequency multiplier, two serially connected 13 bit synchronous binary counters

and 13 bit digital comparator, which output signal is used as sampling signal in

high speed track and hold circuit. It samples signal obtained from circulator

(reflected part of the signal), amplitude limiter (used for overvoltage protection)

and programmable amplifier. These samples are going to ADC and are stored in

memory.

The excitation pulse is formed simultaneously with the programmable

duration of 2.5 ns resolution. The pulse amplitude can be increased up to 100V.

The SoC with 168MHz clocking frequency, and Cortex-M3 ARM type

microprocessor is used in the device. It controls all the processes and data

exchange. Tablet PC can be connected via USB interface as well. SoC

automatically carries all the calibration and measurement procedures. Tablet PC

performs visualization of measurement results and their transfer to the server. Wi-

Fi interface is used for internet connection and authenticated data exchange with

the server.


103

13 bit synchronous

counter

13 bit synchronous

counter

PLL frequency multiplier

400 MHz

13 bit digital comparator Overflow20.48 mks

Scanning frame 167.772 ms.

Delay range (2.5 – 20480) ns.

Pulse width former

Width programming code

Pulse position

50MHz signal source

Width

(10, 15, 20, 25)

ns

Excitation signal

amplifier

Amplitude (1-100) V

Amplitude programming code

High speed

S&H

circuit

Circulator

Programmable

HF attenuator/

amplifier

To the object under test

Amplitude

limiter

To ADC

(Sampling rate 20.48 mks)

Figure 101. Digital delay line and high speed track and hold circuit

Fig. 102 shows the data structure in server. It stores the names of the country

and the city, where the monitoring was made, also network and subnet numbers,

device settings, electrical schematic, audio-visual material, the defect and repair

procedure description and history files of periodically measurements.


104

WEBWEB

Data baseData base

Heating faults Heating faults

Net IDNet ID

Subnet IDSubnet ID

CountryCountry

PlacePlace

Net connected

PC’s Registered users

SettingsSettings DrawingsDrawings Photo &

Video

Photo &

VideoDescriptionDescription Measurements

results

history

Measurements

results

history

VPN tunnel

VPN tunnel

Connected FT02

masters

Connected FT02

slaves

VPN

tunnel

Figure 102. Structure of data stored in server

The objectives of next project stage can be pointed to the following issues:

Obtained currently system solutions should be adopted to

the big pipe nets and also for their separate parts solving

communication problems between them;

Hardware solutions should be adopted for insulated pipes

with steel cover used for over ground heat distribution;

Software solutions should be expanded for automatic faults

location without operator intervention for complex nearly located

nonhomogenities.

4.14. Initial suggestions to carry out the

classification of defects in the pipe net

Stable device parameters (duration of excitation pulse, low time jitter and

amplitude, amplification factor, 88 dB dynamic range), and also qualitative

recording of reference reflection curve, ensures reliable and sufficiently accurate

localization of simultaneous several defects localization. The ability to measure the

relative reflection amplitude deviations allows obtaining the assessment of

penetrating moisture volume and the potential heat loss.


105

But the task becomes much more complicated when the defects are close to

each other yielding the reflections to be very different. In this case high reflections

masks become smaller, and it can be invisible. On the other hand the second and

even third-type reflections occur that interfere with real defects because of

moisture penetration.

The system overcomes these difficulties providing the opportunity to make

measurements from two directions in the same pipe. This creates additional

measures from both ends of pipe to adjust the measurement results, but if the

defects are big enough, this opportunity not solve a problem.

In this case, the continuous monitoring of the pipeline is a good choice,

because many defects are not appears at the same time. When the single defect

appeared it can be detected and promptly removed.

As shown in the theoretical part of the project, moisture penetration is

equivalent to the parallel connection of conductivity and capacity. In this case, the

reflection characteristic such as a negative Gaussian pulse shape has increasing

duration in the rising front. The increased value is proportional to the amount of

penetrated moisture, and the place of the derivative peak value – delay time to fault

location.

The largest object identification accuracy can be achieved by using a model

based method, by algorithm presented in Fig. 98, the result of which is an

equivalent object electrical schematic, from which can be performed classification

of its components. Classification goal is to distinguish true moisture penetration

defects beginning from the second and higher orders of reflections.

It should be noted that the implementation of this algorithm is fairly

complicated when the defect amount is large (over 4-5), because it is needed to

randomly resample all equivalent circuit parameters to match the experimental and

simulated reflection characteristics.

Experiments have shown that even in the case of 5 defects the computation

performed on PC with i7 core microprocessor takes 24 sec. It is therefore necessary

for further improvement of the algorithm in order to adapt it to the device SoC to

reach the possibility for device operator to quickly and objectively assess object

functionality, separating secondary reflections, monitoring wiring connections

(with dominating inductive part of impedance) and technological defect from real

moisture penetration defects, when the quantity of defects in pipe net exceeds 3 - 4.

4.15. The problem issues for the future research

4.15.1. The main problematic factors for development of

wireless sensor networks on water and district

heating networks

The main restrictions and problematic factors summarized as a

referencing guide for the following technological framework:


106

1. Limited or no power source access – the private premises

are unable to provide a usable energy source for the transmitting equipment

as there are juridical conflicts which are hard to regulate on municipal

basis:

a. The power source has to be self-contained in the device –

the sensor. It has to be able to transit without maintenance for a long

time (relatively to the usage of the sensor) – according to the context

of maintenance costs to replace the power source or the device itself;

b. The power source has to be easily replaceable and the costs

cloud the an optimum between costs and effective running time;

c. The power source has to be safe to handle and should not

be a risk in the private premises (fire, noise, electrical shock);

2. Communication systems:

a. A mesh based system (see Fig. 103) has to be available to

maximize the coverage are and to minimize the transmission

equipment costs (for this purpose a sink node type data delivery

concept was chosen combined with a forward transfer – repeater node)

[29].

b. Transmission signal blocking and weakening by house

walls – positioning and transmission power of the sensors;

c. Transmission signal blocking below ground by manhole

concrete walls and manhole covers – suitable directional and

omnidirectional rugged antenna design for harsh environmental

conditions and tamper safe installations.

Figure 103. Mesh based system for metering data transmission

3. Sensors:

a. Sensors transmitter interface has to be universal and cover

most of available market sensors (pressure, flow).

4. Installation procedure:


107

a. The device has to be fool proof to install so the risk of false

installation, damaging while installing or failing to install is minimal;

b. Manhole, concrete covers have to be drilled, so suitable

fittings and assembly equipment has to be provided;

c. Easily attachable core network transmission equipment

brackets have to be designed;

d. Core network access systems have to be chosen or created

to effectively manage signal delivery by minimizing the access point

count.

5. Diagnostics procedures:

a. There should be a testing device for installer of the sensor

to verify the correctness and functionality of the installed device

without the need of backend system querying;

6. Further development of practical methods for leaks

detection in water distribution networks.

a. Due to project restriction only one method for leaks

detection has been developed and tested in real conditions: events

metrics and event registration, however other methods should be

acquired and tested in future projects.

4.15.2. Heating pipeline faults location system future

development perspective

Developed heat pipeline faults location device is a part of a system

ensuring operative finding pipelines defects place excluding technological

defects. Stand-alone different system devices have 8 channels and cover 2,4

km pipeline length. If pipeline length is more than 2,4 km, serial coupling of

devices is provided. Thus investigating pipeline length is unlimited. Further,

the possibility to connect and use other devices (temperature, flow, pressure

sensors) using monitoring conductor as data transmission medium is

provided. Since the master device ensures charging slave devices batteries

the latter can be installed in the places where the mains do not exist. Eight

channels which can be connected to the device. This ensures the possibility

to monitor 8 or 4 pipeline branches when is necessary to monitor from

different pipelines sides. This gives additional merit increasing faults

location reliability. This is convenient in the cases when some defects arise

in pipeline insulation layer and the first of them is bigger and suppresses

monitoring system signal blocking it‘s propagation to the second smaller

defect. Monitoring data are saved in the server. Only authorized users, i.e.

specialists of energetic companies can used them.

At this time the technical documentation, i.e. firmware for MCU and

CPLD, printed circuit board production, assembling, manual tuning and


108

testing documentation for production of devices is prepared. The adjustment

of device is complicated because it consists of supply units, broadband

amplifiers, testing pulses source, strobe converter and high frequency

circulator. The adjustment requires special measuring instruments:

broadband scope, network and spectrum analizers and qualified specialists.

For further development of the system is necessary:

To perform the long-time testing of developed prototypes using

different pipeline lengths;

To perform device tests according applicable EU directives and to

get CE approbation;

To develop public access terminal which could be used by ordinary

heat users for control of heat suppliers work expedition and quality.

The information about the state of heat pipelines and losses could be

placed in the terminal. Maintaining personal could perform FW

restoring procedures of the device, program the schedule of system

devices operation, and perform remote diagnostics of devices.

To develop computer-assisted adjustment and testing system for

device manufacturing company to minimize manufacturing cost and

ensure stable and reiterating devices parameters;

To expand device FW on purpose to ensure the possibility to

sinchronously accumulate external pressure sensors data for

estimating of water debit in the case of pipeline breaking or

unauthorized taping the heat supplying route.

References

1. G. Krauze. (2011). Latvian Water Supply and Sewerage

Enterprises Association. Presentation at International Conference Baltic States

in Transition, Jurmala, Latvia, 16th September 2011, unpublished, p.13.

2. Zabasta A., Kunicina N., Chaiko Y., Ribickis L. (2011).

“Automatic Meters Reading for Water Distribution Network in Talsi City”.

Proceeding of EUROCON 2011, April 2011, Lisbon, Portugal, IEEE, 2011.

p.1-6.

3. A project “Innovative e-services for water supply management”

(E-Water), Project application form, Latvian – Lithuanian Cross-border

cooperation program, unpublished.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heating.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heating


109

5. A.Janukonis, Lithuanian District Heating Association, “Lithuanian

heat sector: today based on imported fossil fuel, tomorrow – on local bio fuel

and wastes”, http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/239.pdf

6. Latvia District Heating Association, “Heat supply in Latvia”,

2010, http://www.lsua.lv/en/index.php?option=com

_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=5 ,

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meters-a-news-514432

8. M441 on 12 March 2009,

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/ Pages/default.aspx.

9. COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 9 March 2012 on

preparations for the roll-out of smart metering systems (2012/148/EU)

10. Strategic Research Agenda of European Technology Platform on

Smart Systems Integration, Version 2, 2009, p. 1 – 76.

11. Implementation Plan on Water Supply and Sanitation Technology

Platform, April 2007, p.1-32.

12. The European Smart Grid Task Force.

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity /smartgrids/doc/expert_group1.pdf .

13. M441 on 12 March 2009,

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/ Pages/default.aspx.

14. EURELECTRIC Policy Statement on Smart Meters WG

Distribution Customers & Operation Dépôt légal: D/2010/12.205/10, April

2010, p.6.

15. http://www.ihs.com/ 15

16. http://www.nerc.com/

17. http://www.nist.gov/public-safety-security-portal.cfm

18. http://www.aberdeen.com/Aberdeen-Library/7080/RA-trusted-

computing-security.aspx

19. http://www.arm.com/products/processors/technologies/trustzone.p

hp

20. http://www.arm.com/products/processors/securcore/index.php

21. Z. K. Morvay, D. D. Gvozdenac, “APPLIED INDUSTRIAL

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT”,

http://www.downws.com/ebooks/214-applied-industrial-energy-and-

environmental-management.html

22. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/convective-heat-transfer-

d_430.html

http://www.nep.lt/out_data/NEP%20zinynas.pdf

23. “Permeability of open-cell foams under compressive strain”, M.A.

Dawsona, J.T. Germaine,L.J. Gibson.

24. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020768306005518

http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/239.pdf

http://www.lsua.lv/en/index.php?option=com%20_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=5

http://www.lsua.lv/en/index.php?option=com%20_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=5

http://www.euractiv.com/consumers-unaware-smart-meters-a-news-514432

http://www.euractiv.com/consumers-unaware-smart-meters-a-news-514432

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/%20Pages/default.aspx

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity%20/smartgrids/doc/expert_group1.pdf

http://www.cen.eu/cen/Sectors/Sectors/Measurement/%20Pages/default.aspx

http://www.ihs.com/

http://www.nerc.com/

http://www.nist.gov/public-safety-security-portal.cfm

http://www.aberdeen.com/Aberdeen-Library/7080/RA-trusted-computing-security.aspx

http://www.aberdeen.com/Aberdeen-Library/7080/RA-trusted-computing-security.aspx

http://www.arm.com/products/processors/technologies/trustzone.php

http://www.arm.com/products/processors/technologies/trustzone.php

http://www.arm.com/products/processors/securcore/index.php

http://www.downws.com/ebooks/214-applied-industrial-energy-and-environmental-management.html

http://www.downws.com/ebooks/214-applied-industrial-energy-and-environmental-management.html

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/convective-heat-transfer-d_430.html




http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020768306005518








110

25. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Time

_between_failures.svg/725px-Time_between_failures.svg.png) 25

26. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/General/RFM22B.

pdf) 26

27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_code) 27

28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%9

3controller) 28

29. http://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-wireless-sensor-

networks/a-sink-node-allocation-scheme-in-wireless-sensor-networks-using-

suppression-particle-swarm-optimizat

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Time_between_failures.svg/725px-Time_between_failures.svg.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Time_between_failures.svg/725px-Time_between_failures.svg.png

https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/General/RFM22B.pdf

https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/General/RFM22B.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller

http://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-wireless-sensor-networks/a-sink-node-allocation-scheme-in-wireless-sensor-networks-using-suppression-particle-swarm-optimizat



This edition is published by the financial support of Latvia - Lithuania cross border cooperation pro-gramme 2007 - 2013 project “Smart Metering”, No. LLIV-312, being implemented in Engineering Research Institute “Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre” of Ventspils University College

(VIRAC).

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Ventspils University College and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

ISBN: 978-9984-648-43-9

SMART METERING

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