Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Harmful ... · Department of Oceanography, Texas...

Xth International ConferenceSt. Pete Beach, Florida, USA

October 21–25, 2002

EDITORSKaren A. SteidingerJan H. LandsbergCarmelo R. TomasGabriel A. Vargo

Florida Marine Research Institute Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

Florida Institute of Oceanography

Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission of UNESCO

HARMFULALGAE

HARMFUL ALGAE 2002Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae

St. Pete Beach, Florida, USAOctober 21–25, 2002

Edited by

Karen A. SteidingerFlorida Marine Research Institute*

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

Jan H. LandsbergFlorida Marine Research Institute*

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commisssion

Carmelo R. TomasCenter for Marine Science

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Gabriel A. VargoCollege of Marine ScienceUniversity of South Florida

Florida Marine Research InstituteFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

*On 1 July 2004, the Florida Marine Research Institute became the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute


Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

2004

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For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows:

Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and G. A. Vargo (Eds.). 2004.Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission,Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.

Publication design and production: Llyn C. FrenchCopy editors: Judith G. Leiby and Paula EvermanManuscript coordination: Mary M. Arnold and Merrie Beth Neely

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St. Pete Beach, Florida USAOctober 21–25, 2002

HOSTS and MAJOR SPONSORSFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

Florida Institute of OceanographyCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida

Mote Marine Laboratory

ADDITIONAL SPONSORSNational Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

UNESCOInternational Society for the Study of Harmful Algae

Phycological Society of AmericaNational Marine Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Solutions To Avoid Red TideCenters for Disease Control and PreventionScientific Committee on Oceanic Research

University of South FloridaUS Geological Survey

CONFERENCE MANAGERSWorld Aquaculture Conference Management

CONFERENCE MEDIA COORDINATORKristen M. Kusek

CONFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHERHarry J. Grier

CONFERENCE ORGANIZATIONCONVENER

Karen SteidingerFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

LOCAL COMMITTEECynthia Heil

University of South Florida, College of Marine Science

Gary KirkpatrickMote Marine Laboratory

Jan LandsbergFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

David MillieFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute/


Richard PierceMote Marine Laboratory

Carmelo TomasUniversity of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science

Gabriel VargoUniversity of South Florida, College of Marine Science

Sandra VargoFlorida Institute of Oceanography

John WalshUniversity of South Florida, College of Marine Science

NATIONAL COMMITTEELorrie Backer

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Daniel BadenUniversity of North Carolina at Wilmington

JoAnn BurkholderNorth Carolina State University

Wayne CarmichaelWright State University

Rita HornerUniversity of Washington

Lucie MarandaUniversity of Rhode Island

Sandra ShumwayUniversity of Connecticut

Chris ScholinMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Patricia TesterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEEDonald Anderson Edna Granéli Jane Lewis

USA Sweden United Kingdom

Rhodora Azanza Gustaaf Hallegraeff Yasukatsu OshimaPhilippines Australia Japan

José Carreto Allison Haywood Grant PitcherArgentina New Zealand South Africa

Barrie Dale David Hernández-Becerril Beatriz RegueraNorway Mexico Spain

Malte Elbrächter Kevin James Max TaylorGermany Ireland Canada

Henrik Enevoldsen Amelia LeBarbera Sánchez Qi Yu-ZaoDenmark Venezuela China

Patrick Gentien Adriana ZingoneFrance Italy

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Jay AbbottFlorida Marine Research Institute,

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Donald AndersonBiology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA

Rhodora AzanzaMarine Science Institute, University of Philippines,

Philippines

Lorraine BackerNational Center for Environmental Health,

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA

Daniel BadenCenter for Marine Science,

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

Stephen BatesGulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada

Brian BendisFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Gregory BoyerCollege of Environmental Science and Forestry,

State University of New York, USA

Monica BriceljInstitute for Marine Biosciences, Canada

John BurnsPBS&J, USA

Wayne CarmichaelDepartment of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, USA

Allan CembellaAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany

Richard ClarkFlorida Department of Health, USA

Wayne CoatsSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA

Jens DahlmannDepartment of Food Chemistry, University of Jena, Germany

Barrie DaleDepartment of Geology, University of Oslo, Norway

Jonathan DeedsUS Food and Drug Administration, USA

Robert DickeyUS Food and Drug Administration, USA

Quay DortchNational Ocean Service,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Gregory DoucetteNational Ocean Service,


Lars EdlerSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden

Malte ElbrächterDeutsches Zentrum fuer Marine Biodiversitaetsforschung, Germany

Henrik EnevoldsenCentre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Terence EvensUnited States Department of Agriculture, USA

Maria FaustSmithsonian Institution, USA

Lora FlemingDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health and

Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, USA

Leanne FlewellingFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Santiago FragaInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain

Susana FrancaLaboratorio de Microbiologia e Exotoxicologia-CQH,

Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Portugal

Patricia GlibertCenter for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, USA

Edna GranéliMarine Sciences Department, Kalmar University, Sweden

Sherwood HallUS Food and Drug Administration, USA

Gustaaf HallegraeffUniversity of Tasmania, Australia

Heather HamiltonFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Darlene HaverkampFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Allison HaywoodFlorida Marine Research Institute/

Florida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Cynthia HeilUniversity of South Florida,

College of Marine Science, USA

David HeilFlorida Department of Agriculture, USA

David Hernández-BecerrilInstituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología,

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

Rita HornerSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA

Jason KemptonSouth Carolina Department of Natural Resources, USA

Gary KirkpatrickMote Marine Laboratory, USA

HARMFUL ALGAE 2002REVIEWERS

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Kristen KusekCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Amelia La Barbera SánchezLaboratorio de Toxicología,

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Venezuela

Jan LandsbergFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Jane LewisUniversity of Westminster, United Kingdom

Alan LewitusHollings Marine Laboratory,

Marine Resources Research Institute, USA

Wayne LitakerNational Ocean Service,


Lucie MarandaGraduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA

David MillieFlorida Marine Research Institute/


Peter MoellerNational Ocean Service,


Marina MontresorStazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italy

Merrie Beth NeelyFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Judith O’NeilHorn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland, USA

Bradley PentaNaval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA

Edward PhlipsDepartment of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,

University of Florida, USA

Richard PierceMote Marine Laboratory, USA

Jay PinckneyDepartment of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA

Grant PitcherMarine and Coastal Management, South Africa

Michael QuilliamInstitute for Marine Biosciences, Canada

Kimberly ReeceVirginia Institute of Marine Science,

The College of William and Mary, USA

Beatriz RegueraCentro Oceanográfico de Vigo,

Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain

Bill RichardsonFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Tammi RichardsonDepartment of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA

Gary RodrickDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition,

University of Florida, USA

Parke RubleeBiology Department,

University of North Carolina–Greensboro, USA

Chris ScholinMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA

Glen ShawNational Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Australia

Yuzuru ShimizuDepartment of Biomedical Sciences,

University of Rhode Island, USA

Sandra ShumwayDepartment of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA

Karen SteidingerFlorida Marine Research Institute,


Richard StumpfNational Ocean Service,


Max TaylorDepartment of Oceanography,

University of British Columbia, Canada

Patricia TesterNational Ocean Service,


Carmelo TomasCenter for Marine Science,


Vera TrainerNational Marine Fisheries Service,

Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA

Jefferson TurnerBiology Department and Center for Marine Science,

University of Massachusetts, USA

Frances Van DolahNational Ocean Service,


Gabriel VargoCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Sandra VargoFlorida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Tracy VillarealMarine Science Institute, The University of Texas–Austin, USA

John WalshCollege of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Susan WildeMarine Resources Research Institute, University of South Carolina, USA

Jennifer WolnyFlorida Marine Research Institute/


Jeffrey WrightCenter for Marine Sciences,


Timothy WyattInstituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras de Vigo, Spain

Adriana ZingoneStazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italy

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The first International Conference on Harmful Algaewas held in 1974 in Boston Massachusetts, USA. Sincethen, eight more conferences have been held: Miami,Florida, USA (1978); New Brunswick, Canada (1985);Lund, Sweden (1989); Newport, Rhode Island, USA(1991); Nantes, France (1993); Sendai, Japan (1995);Vigo, Spain (1997); and Hobart, Tasmania (2000).

The Xth International Conference on HarmfulAlgae (XHAB2002) was held in St. Pete Beach, Florida,October 21 to 25, 2002. The Local Organizing Com-mittee planned the meeting and obtained financialsupport for conference activities, including travel awardfunds. XHAB2002 was able to support 24 USA and in-ternational students with amounts from 500 to 1500USD per student and an additional 20 internationalparticipants with amounts from 1000 to 3200 USD perperson. Travel awards helped increase the geographicdiversity of presentations. The 629 printed abstractsrepresented 48 countries. Prior to the Vigo, Spain, con-ference in 1997, the highest number of presentations,including oral and poster, was less then 250. However,since 1997, the number of presentations has steadilyincreased.

Understandably, almost half of the presentations atXHAB2002 represented the USA because the confer-ence was held in Florida. Florida is the most southernstate in the USA and is unique in its diversity of aquaticand terrestrial wildlife and plants. Florida is home toalligators, crocodiles, eagles, osprey, panthers, mana-tees, marine turtles, gopher tortoises, rare orchids,venus fly traps, a living coral reef and other organismssuch as harmful algae. Of the known harmful micro-algae, Florida has more than 45 marine species and 15freshwater species. It also has macroalgal blooms thatcan affect marine communities.

The west coast of Florida was an appropriate venuefor a HAB conference because of its extensive historyof red tides that occur almost annually and can besomewhere off the Florida west coast continously for-several months to two years. Here in Florida, the effectsof microalgal blooms include seawater discoloration,offshore and inshore fish kills, bird and marine mam-mal mortalities, respiratory irritation in humans, andeconomic losses in the millions to local coastal com-munities. As with many HABs, microalgal toxins canbe associated with shellfish such as oysters and clams,

and these sources of toxicity can cause public healthconcerns. The state of Florida has a multi-agencycooperative program to monitor and manage shell-fish-growing areas and other potentially toxic seafood.At XHAB2002, attendees learned about Florida redtides and HABs around the world. This Proceedingsrepresents a cross section of the presentations anddemonstrates the diversity of the topics discussed. Pre-sentations on dinoflagellates dominated XHAB2002,but cyanobacteria, diatoms, flagellates and chryso-phytes were also well represented.

Members of the International Committee servedas session chairs during the meeting and both Nationaland International Committee members served asreviewers for the Proceedings manuscripts. The Orga-nizing Committee and the editors of this Proceedingsthank all of our colleagues for their presentationswhich made the meeting a success. A special thanks goesto John Cooksey, our conference manager, and histeam for ensuring that the meeting ran smoothly. TheOrganizing Committee also acknowledges the contri-butions of three other people. We thank Dr. Bob Steeleof the Poynter Institute, for moderating the PfiesteriaPanel Discussion; Dr. David Millie for being such agreat Program Manager and organizing all the oral andposter presentations; and Dr. Harry Grier for takingexceptional photographs of the conference and itsattendees.

Of the 629 abstracts representing oral and posterpresentation, 180 are presented as condensed papers inthis Proceedings. Of the 10 roundtable and special ses-sions, several are represented as summaries or asindividual papers within the session.

In addition to this Proceedings, the InternationalSociety for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) hasmade a commitment to help develop a world widemap of harmful algae events that will be available onwebsites and possibly as a CD. Also, beginning with theXII HAB conference in 2006 in Copenhagen, Den-mark, which will be hosted by Øjvind Moestrup ofthe University of Copenhagen and a Scandinavianconsortium, ISSHA (along with the local organizingcommittee) will help in the production of the pro-ceedings of future international HAB meetings.

—Karen A. SteidingerConvener

PREFACE

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XHAB2002 ATTENDEES

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XHAB2002 ATTENDEES

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TABLE of CONTENTS

iii Conference Hosts and Sponsorsiv Conference Organization Committeesv Harmful Algae 2002 Reviewersvii Prefaceviii XHAB2002 Attendees Photographs

1 Plenary3 Attack and Defend: The Function and Evolution of Bioactive or Toxic Metabolites

Jeffrey L. C. Wright

9 Ecology Sessions11 The Potential Use of a Hydrodynamic Model in the Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Southern

BenguelaG. Pitcher, P. Monteiro, and A. Kemp

14 Four Karenia brevis Blooms: A Comparative AnalysisGabriel A. Vargo, Cynthia A. Heil, Danylle N. Ault, Merrie Beth Neely, Susan Murasko, Julie Havens, Kristen M. Lester,L. Kellie Dixon, Rachel Merkt, John Walsh, Robert Weisberg, and Karen A. Steidinger

17 Alexandrium fundyense Migration Patterns in the Bay of Fundy, Eastern CanadaJennifer L. Martin, Fred H. Page, Michelle M. Ringuette, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley

20 Phytoplankton Assemblages During Recurrent Alexandrium minutum Blooms in a Mediterranean HarborMagda Vila, Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Jordi Camp

23 Patterns of Short-Term and Long-Term Accumulation of Phycotoxins in Zooplankton Feeding onAlexandrium fundyenseGregory J. Teegarden, Allan D. Cembella, Robert G. Campbell, and Edward G. Durbin

26 The Resting Cyst of Alexandrium catenella in Thau Lagoon (Western French Mediterranean Coast)M. Laabir, B. Génovési-Giunti, N. Barré, A. Vaquer, Y. Collos, E. Erard LeDenn, P. Cecchi, V. Pons, and B. Bibent

29 Correlation of Karenia brevis Presence in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico with Rainfall and Riverine FlowL.K. Dixon and K.A. Steidinger

32 Isotopic Constraints on Nutrient Sources Supporting the 2001 Karenia brevis BloomJulie Havens, Cynthia Heil, David Hollander, Gabriel Vargo, Danylle Ault, Susan Murasko, and John Walsh

35 Primary Productivity of Florida Red TidesBrian J. Bendis, Ryan J. Pigg, and David F. Millie

38 Bacterial and Size Fractionated Primary Production Within a Large Karenia brevis Bloom on the WestFlorida ShelfCynthia A. Heil, Margaret R. Mulholland, Deborah A. Bronk, Peter Bernhardt, and Judith M. O’Neil

41 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Western Gulf of Mexico: Karenia brevis Is Messin’ with Texas and Mexico!Patricia A. Tester, Kirk Wiles, Sabrina M. Varnam, Gisela Ortega, Angela M. Dubois, and Virgilio Arenas Fuentes

44 Effects of the Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on Survival, Fecal Pellet Production and Fecundity of the Copepod Acartia tonsaChristopher J. Collumb and Edward J. Buskey

47 Does Nitrogen Regeneration from the N2 Fixing Cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Fuel Karenia brevisBlooms in the Gulf of Mexico?Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, Deborah A. Bronk, Judith M. O’Neil, and Peter Bernhardt

50 Status of Pfiesteria Science, Including Tests of Pfiesteria shumwayae Strain CCMP2089 for Ichthyotoxicity and ToxinJoAnn M. Burkholder, Peter D.R. Moeller, Andrew S, Gordon, Alan J. Lewitus, John S. Ramsdell, Howard B. Glasgow,Harold G. Marshall, and Steven L. Morton

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53 Relating Cyanobacterial Abundance to Environmental Parameters in the Lower St. Johns River EstuaryRyan J. Pigg, David F. Millie, Karen A. Steidinger, and Brian J. Bendis

56 Composition and Distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia from Guanabara Bay, Brazil: The Role of SalinityBased on Field and Culture ObservationsMaria Célia Villac, Maria G. Matos, Viviane S. Santos, Aline W. Rodrigues, and Simone C. Viana

59 A Comparison of Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Carbon Acquisition by Aureococcus anophagefferensMargaret R. Mulholland, George Boneillo, Peter Bernhardt, Esther Cornfeld, A. Michelle Watson, and Elizabeth Minor

62 Occurrence and Ecology of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum in Estuaries of North Carolina, USAElizabeth E. Fensin

65 Geographic Trends in Alexandrium Spp. Growth and Toxicity as a Function of Environmental ConditionsStacey M. Etheridge and Collin S. Roesler

68 Relationship of Pfiesteria Spp. and Pfiesteria-Like Organisms to Environmental Factors in Tidal CreeksDraining Urbanized WatershedsMichael A. Mallin, Douglas C. Parsons, Virginia L. Johnson, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Parke A. Rublee, and Scott H. Ensign

71 Flow Cytometry Techniques to Quantify Prey Species of Pfiesteria-Like DinoflagellatesSteven R. Kibler and Patricia A. Tester

74 Chronic Urea Nitrogren Loading: A Correlate of Pfiesteria Spp. in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays ofMaryland, USAP. M. Glibert, J. Alexander, T. M. Trice, B. Michael, R. E. Mangien, L. Lane, D. Oldach, and H. Bowers

77 The Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Heterosigma akashiwo Under Varying N:P RatiosAshley R. Skeen, Carmelo R. Tomas, and William J. Cooper

80 Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics in Field Populations Dominated by Karenia brevisDeborah A. Bronk, Marta P. Sanderson, Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, and Judith M. O’Neil

83 A Massive Bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan, in 2000Dae-Il Kim, Sou Nagasoe, Yuji Oshima, Yang-Ho Yoon, Nobuyoshi Imada, and Tsuneo Honjo

86 HAB Distribution and Associations with Environmental Variables—Delaware Estuarine Coastal Bays,USA, 1998–2002Edythe Humphries, H. B. Glasgow, Jr., H. Marshall, A. J. Lewitus, and S. B. Wilde

89 Dinoflagellate Blooms Related to Coastal Upwelling Plumes Off PortugalAna Amorim, Maria Teresa Moita, and Paulo Oliveira

92 The Relationship of Alexandrium fundyense to the Temporal and Spatial Pattern in PhytoplanktonCommunity Structure Within the Bay of Fundy, Eastern CanadaFred H. Page, Jennifer L. Martin, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley

95 Zooplankton Grazing During Alexandrium Blooms in the Gulf of MaineJefferson T. Turner and David G. Borkman

97 Accumulation of PSP Toxins in the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus Feeding on the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Species in Laboratory and Field StudiesRobert G. Campbell, Edward G. Durbin, Gregory J. Teegarden, and Allan D. Cembella

100 Differences in the PSP Toxin Profiles of Mytilus edulis During Spring and Autumn Blooms of Alexandrium tamarense Off Mar del Plata Coast, ArgentinaJosé I. Carreto, Nora G. Montoya, Rut Akselman, Rubén M. Negri, Mario O. Carignan, and Daniel A. Cucchi Colleoni

103 Reproductive Success of the Copepod Acartia clausi During a Bloom of Dinophysis Spp.I. Maneiro, C. Guisande, M. Frangópulos, Y. Pazos, and A. Moroño

106 Survival and Reproduction of the Copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris Fed the Texas Brown Tide Aureoumbra lagunensisE. J. Buskey, C. J. Hyatt, and W. Slingerland

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109 Toxins and Toxicity Sessions111 Azaspiracid Poisoning: Aetiology, Toxin Dynamics and Bioconversion in Shellfish

Kevin J. James, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, Cian Moroney, and Ambrose Furey

113 Florida’s Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis May Modulate Its Potency by Producing a Non-ToxicCompetitive AntagonistA. J. Bourdelais, S. Campbell, J. Benson, W. M. Abraham, J. Naar, J. Kubanek, J. L. C. Wright, H. Jacocks, and D. G. Baden

116 Detection and Identification of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Florida Pufferfish Responsible forIncidents of Neurologic IllnessMichael Quilliam, Dominik Wechsler, Steven Marcus, Bruce Ruck, Marleen Wekell, and Timothy Hawryluk

119 Lipophylic Toxins of Different Strains of Ostreopsidaceae and GonyaulaceaeP. Riobó, B. Paz, M. L. Fernández, S. Fraga, and J. M. Franco

122 Preparation of In-House Certified Materials (RM) to Be Used as a Tool in Quality Assurance of the Analytical Results in Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin AssaysJuan Olmedo, Juana Bustos, Luis González, Joaquín Berenguer, Jesús González, Ma. Carmen Blanco, and Pedro A. Burdaspal

125 Mass Culture of New Zealand Isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia australis for Production of a New Isomer ofDomoic AcidLesley Rhodes, Patrick Holland, Janet Adamson, Andy Selwood, and Paul McNabb

128 New Advancements in Detection and Structural Elucidation of Marine Biotoxins from Adriatic MusselsPatrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, and Silvana Magno

130 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Anatoxin-A, Homoanatoxin-A andTheir Degradation Products Ambrose Furey, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Olav M. Skulberg, and Kevin J. James

133 Genotoxicity Investigation of Chlorinated Degradation Products of Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin Xiaoyun Shen, P. K. S. Lam, G. R. Shaw, and W. Wickramasinghe

136 Laboratory Analyses of Nutrient Stress and Toxin Accumulation in Pseudo-nitzschia Species from Monterey Bay, CaliforniaRaphael Kudela, Alice Roberts, and Meredith Armstrong

139 Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Mytilus edulis, Engraulis anchoita and Domoic Acid in the Argentine SeaRubén Negri, Nora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Rut Akselman, and Daniela Inza

142 Study on Domoic Acid in Portuguese King Scallops (Pecten maximus)Pedro R. Costa, Maria J. Botelho, Susana M. Rodrigues, and M. A. de M. Sampayo

145 Geographic Strain Variation in Toxin Production in Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae) from Southeastern Estuaries of the United States Jonathan R. Deeds, Steven R. Kibler, Patricia A. Tester, and Allen R. Place

148 The Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like Compounds During the Growth Phases of Karenia brevisSusan K. Campbell, Ellen P. McConnell, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Dan Baden

150 Transformation and Photodegradation of Domoic Acid in Sea WaterAnna V. Campbell, Kristin L. McKinnon, Robert F. Whitehead, Stephen A. Skrabal, R. Kieber, and Jeffrey L. C. Wright

153 Brevetoxin Degradation and By-Product Formation via Natural SunlightRon C. Hardman, William J. Cooper, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Piero Gardinali, and Daniel G. Baden

155 Effects of Temperature on Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like CompoundsJody N. Lamberto, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Daniel G. Baden

157 Synthesis, Binding Assays and Toxicity of New Derivatives of Brevetoxin-BSophie Michelliza, Henry Jacocks, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden

160 Production of Gymnodimine by Karenia selliformis (Haywood et al.)Lincoln MacKenzie, Veronica Beuzenberg, and Paul McNabb

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163 Preliminary Investigations Into Oxidation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons (Saxitoxins and Derivatives) inDrinking Water by Chlorine Wasa A. Wickramasinghe, Brad C. Davis, Geoff K. Eaglesham, Glen R. Shaw, and Michael R. Moore

166 Persistence of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Freshwater EnvironmentsP. Pereira, E. Dias, and S. Franca

169 The Effects of Iron Limitation on Growth and PSP Toxin Production in Alexandrium fundyenseElizabeth A. Patchett, Michael F. Satchwell, Jeffrey Alexander, and Gregory L. Boyer

172 Characterization of Sensitivity to PSP Toxins in North American Populations of the Softshell Clam Mya arenariaV. Monica Bricelj, Scott P. MacQuarrie, Betty M. Twarog, and Vera L. Trainer

175 Depuration and Transformation of PSP Toxins in the South African Abalone Haliotis midaeStacey M. Etheridge, Grant C. Pitcher, and Collin S. Roesler

178 The Variability of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Distribution in Cockles (Acanthocardia tuberculatum): Implications For the Evaluation of the ToxicityJoaquín A. Berenguer, Marta Vigo, Luis González, Juana Bustos, Juan Olmedo, Jesús González, Teresa Legarda,Ma. Carmen Blanco, and Pedro A. Burdaspal

181 PSP Toxin Accumulation by the Edible Shore Crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica at Onahama, JapanHiroshi Oikawa, Tsuneo Fujita, Masataka Satomi, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yuichi Kotani, and Yutaka Yano

184 Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Alexandrium fraterculus (Balech) BalechLuis A. O. Proença, Marcio S. Tamanaha, and Charrid Resgalla Jr.

186 The Characterization of Two New Spirolides Isolated from Danish Strains of the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldiiShawna L. MacKinnon, Allan D. Cembella, Michael A. Quilliam, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy I. Lewis, William R. Hardstaff,Ian W. Burton, and John A. Walter

189 Isolation and Structure Elucidation of New and Unusual Saxitoxin Analogues from MusselsCarmela Dell’Aversano, John A. Walter, Ian W. Burton, David J. Stirling, Ernesto Fattorusso, and Michael A. Quilliam

192 Isolation of Bioactive Metabolites from a Lyngbya Species Isolated from Periphyton of the Florida EvergladesJohn P. Berry, Miroslav Gantar, Robert E. Gawley, and Kathleen S. Rein

195 Hemolytic Toxin of the Dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama as a Possible Causative Factor Responsible for Shellfish KillTatsuya Oda, Yoji Sato, Yosuke Miyazaki, Tsuyoshi Muramatsu, Yukihiko Matsuyama, and Tsuneo Honjo

198 Evaluation of Toxicity in Nine Raphidophyte Strains Isolated from Different Geographic RegionsCheng Zhang, Howard B. Glasgow, Peter D.R. Moeller, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Alan J. Lewitus, Greg M. Melia,Steven L. Morton, and Elle Hannon Allen

201 Determination of Known and New Yessotoxins from Adriatic Shellfish by Liquid Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryPatrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Fortino, and Silvana Magno

204 Detection of Six New Azaspiracids in Shellfish Using Liquid Chromatography with Multiple TandemMass SpectrometryMónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, and Kevin J. James

207 Hemolytic Compounds from Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae)Meng Fu, Marion van Rijssel, and Gerd Liebezeit

211 Detection and Analytical Techniques Sessions213 Comparison of Four Assays for the Detection of Microcystins

Michael Satchwell and Gregory Boyer

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216 Certified Reference Materials for Marine Algal ToxinsKrista Thomas, Pearl Blay, Ian W. Burton, Allen D. Cembella, Cheryl Craft, Sheila Crain, William R. Hardstaff,Maurice V. Laycock, Denise LeBlanc, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy Lewis, Shawna L. MacKinnon, Kelley Reeves,John A. Walter, Anthony J. Windust, and Michael A. Quilliam

219 Detection of Dinophysis Cell Toxicity by Using Parthenogenetic and Clonal ArtemiaKonstantinos Koukaras, Athanasios D. Baxevanis, Chris Vasdekis, Theodore J. Abatzopoulos, and George Nikolaidis

222 Brevetoxin Metabolism and Elimination in the Eastern Oyster: Implications for Methods DevelopmentSteven M. Plakas, Kathleen R. El Said, Edward L. E. Jester, Zhihong Wang, Paul E. Eilers, Hudson R. Granade, and Robert W. Dickey

225 Detection of Karenia brevis by a Microtiter Plate AssayKelly D. Goodwin, Gloria Scorzetti, Sara A. Cotton, Traci L. Kiesling, Peter B. Ortner, and Jack W. Fell

228 An Alternative Method for Domoic Acid Determination in Seawater Particulates: A Receptor BindingAssay Using Glutamate DehydrogenaseKeri A. Baugh, Sylvester Spencer, John C. Wekell, and Vera L. Trainer

231 Development of Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Chattonella Species in Culture and Environmental SamplesHolly Bowers, Torstein Tengs, Sayaka Goto, Carmelo Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and David Oldach

234 Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryCarmela Dell’Aversano, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, and Michael A. Quilliam

237 HPLC/MS/MS Determination of Nodularin Levels in Fish, Mussels and Prawns During a Bloom ofNodularia spumigena in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, AustraliaGeoff K. Eaglesham, Brad C. Davis, Paul G. Van Buynder, Suzanne Phillips, and Keith Thomas

240 Developing an LC/MS Method to Separate the U.S. EPA Priority Listed Algal ToxinsStuart A. Oehrle and Judy Westrick

243 Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Yessotoxins in ShellfishMonica Fernández Amandi, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, Peter Hovgaard, Lincoln MacKenzie, Hanne Ramstad,Ambrose Furey, and Kevin J. James

246 Ion-Trap and Nanoelectrospray Quadrupole-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Polyether Marine Toxins in PhytoplanktonPatricia Fernández Puente, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, and Kevin J. James

249 Sample Preparation Methods for Analysis of Brevetoxins in Oysters by LC/MSZhihong Wang, Kathleen R. El Said, Steven M. Plakas, and Robert Dickey

252 Confirmation of Azaspiracids, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins in Phytoplankton Samples from theWest Coast of Ireland by Liquid Chromatography—Tandem Mass SpectrometryPhilipp Hess, David P. Swords, Dave W. Clarke, Joe B. Silke, and Terry McMahon

255 Characterization of Lectin Binding Profiles for Pfiesteria Spp. and Other DinoflagellatesJeffrey J. Springer, Howard B. Glasgow, and JoAnn M. Burkholder

258 Multiple Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Determination of Toxic Cyclic Heptapeptides, MicrocystinsAmbrose Furey, Paloma Muniz-Ortea, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Brett Hamilton, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, andKevin J. James

261 Real-Time RT-PCR Study of Differential Expression of Two Genes in Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour)Balech, Cultured Under Varying Nitrate/Phosphate RatiosSonsoles Fernández, Natalia Zabalegui, Jesús García-Foncillas, and Rosa Martínez

264 Using Real-Time PCR to Detect Toxigenic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosaCarrie Moulton and Michael F. Antolin

267 Use of Alexandrium rRNA Targeted Probes to Predict PSP Events on Kodiak Island, AlaskaJulie A. Matweyou, Dean A. Stockwell, Christopher A. Scholin, Sherwood Hall, Vera L. Trainer, Jason D. Ray,Terry E. Whitledge, Amy R. Childers, and F. Gerald Plumley

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270 Variation in Reactivity of rRNA-Targeted Probes Towards Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Grown in Nitrateand Silicate-Limited Continuous CulturesPeter E.Miller, Roman Marin III, Chris Scholin, Joel C. Goldman, Greg Doucette, and Christine Powell

273 DNA Probes for the Detection of Karenia Species in New Zealand’s Coastal WatersLesley Rhodes, Allison Haywood, Janet Adamson, Krystyna Ponikla, and Chris Scholin

276 Utility of the Algal Photopigment Gyroxanthin-Diester in Studies Pertaining to the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & MoestrupBarbara A. Berg, Bradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Christopher J. Higham, and David F. Millie

279 Vertical Migration of a Karenia brevis Bloom: Implications for Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal BloomsJohn Kerfoot, Gary Kirkpatrick, Steve Lohrenz, Kevin Mahoney, Mark Moline, and Oscar Schofield

282 A Novel Optical Classification Technique for Detection of Red Tides in the Gulf of MexicoJennifer P. Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, F. Robert Chen, John J. Walsh, Zhongping Lee, and Cynthia Heil

285 Detection of Alexandrium fundyense Bloom Initiation and Transport in the Western Gulf of Maine, USA,Using Mussels (Mytilus edulis) on Offshore Hydrographic MooringsBruce A. Keafer, James A. Churchill, W. Rockwell Geyer, Richard P. Signell, John W. Hurst Jr., Laurie L. Bean,Neal R. Pettigrew, and Donald M. Anderson

288 Validation of an LC-MS Method to Detect ASP and DSP Toxins in ShellfishP. McNabb and P. T. Holland

291 Competitive ELISA: An Accurate, Quick and Effective Tool to Monitor Brevetoxins in Environmental andBiological SamplesJerome Naar, Allison Weidner, and Daniel G. Baden

294 NSP (Karenia brevis) Toxins and Metabolites in Oysters, Clams, and WhelksR. H. Pierce, M. S. Henry, R. Dickey, and S. Plakas

297 Recent Developments in the Analysis of Algal ToxinsA. Gago-Martínez, J. M. Leão, N. Piñeiro, E. Vaquero, F. Davila, P. de la Iglesia, J. A. Rodríguez Vázquez, and J. F. Lawrence

300 Multi-Laboratory Study of Five Methods for the Determination of Brevetoxins in Shellfish Tissue ExtractsRobert W. Dickey, Steven M. Plakas, Edward L. E. Jester, Kathleen R. El Said, Jan N. Johannessen, Leanne J. Flewelling,Paula Scott, Dan G. Hammond, Frances M. Van Dolah, Tod A. Leighfield, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Dechraoui,John S. Ramsdell, Richard H. Pierce, Mike S. Henry, Mark A. Poli, Calvin Walker, Jan Kurtz, Jerome Naar,Daniel G. Baden, Steve M. Musser, Kevin D. White, Penolope Truman, Aaron Miller, Timothy P. Hawryluk,Marleen M. Wekell, David Stirling, Michael A. Quilliam, and Jung K. Lee

303 Application of an Ocean Color Algal Taxa Detection Model to Red Tides in the Southern Benguela Collin S. Roesler, Stacey M. Etheridge, and Grant C. Pitcher

306 Detection of Pectenotoxin in Norwegian Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)Tore Aune, Trine Torgersen, Johanne Arff, and Karl Tangen

309 Rapid Monitoring of Toxic Phytoplankton and Zooplankton with a Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic Assay for ASP and PSP ToxinsCheryl Rafuse, Allen Cembella, Maurice Laycock, and Joanne Jellett

312 Detection of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum in South Carolina Estuaries Using Real-Time PCR AssayJason W. Kempton, Patrick R. Williams, Susan B. Wilde, Jennifer L. Wolny, and Alan J. Lewitus

315 Biogeography and Regional Events Sessions317 Pfiesteria Species Identified in Ships’ Ballast Water and Residuals: A Possible Vector for Introductions to

Coastal AreasMartina A. Doblin, Lisa A. Drake, Kathryn J. Coyne, Parke A. Rublee, and Fred C. Dobbs

320 Global Distribution of Toxic Pfiesteria Complex Species Detected by PCR AssayParke A. Rublee, Coy Allen, Eric Schaefer, Lesley Rhodes, Janet Adamson, Caroline Lapworth, JoAnn Burkholder, andHoward Glasgow

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323 The Use of Volunteers to Monitor Harmful PhytoplanktonKatherine A. Schaefer, Heather L. Blankenstein, Kimberly J. Nowocin, and Steve L. Morton

326 Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Barrier Coral Reef, BelizeMaria A. Faust and Patricia A.Tester

329 The Geographical Distribution of Alexandrium catenella Is Extending to Italy! First Evidence from theTyrrhenian SeaAntonella Luglié, Mariagrazia Giacobbe, Fatima Fiocca, Antonietta Sannio, and Nicola Sechi

332 Potentially Toxic Thecate Dinoflagellates of Middle Tyrrhenian Coastal Waters (Mediterranean Sea)Roberta Congestri, Ilen Bianco, and Patrizia Albertano

335 Potentially Toxic and Harmful Phytoplankton Species Along the Coast of the Turkish SeasTufan Koray

338 Distribution of Prorocentrum lima Epiphytic on Macroalgae in Patagonian Gulfs (Argentina)Ana Maria Gayoso, Vanesa K. Fulco, and Cecilia I. Muglia

341 Twenty-Three Years of Red Tide Monitoring at Fixed Stations Along the Coast of UruguaySilvia M. Méndez and Dinorah Medina

344 Dominance and Permanence of Species of Harmful Algae Forming Blooms in Mazatlán Bay, Mexico(1979–2002)Roberto Cortés Altamirano, Arturo P. Sierra-Beltrán, and Maria del Carmen Cortés Lara

347 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. in Central California Related to RegionalOceanographyRaphael Kudela, William Cochlan, and Alice Roberts

350 Prevalence of Raphidophyte Blooms in South Carolina Brackish Ponds Associated with Housing andGolf CoursesAlan J. Lewitus, Kenneth C. Hayes, Jason W. Kempton, Larissa J. Mason, Susan B. Wilde, Barry J. Williams, and Jennifer L. Wolny

353 Observation of Prorocentrum lima in South CarolinaKatherine A. Schaefer and Steve L. Morton

355 Prorocentrum lima in New England Coastal Waters: Population Dynamics and ToxicityLucie Maranda, Susannah Corwin, Paul E. Hargraves, Laurie L. Bean, Steven Eaker, Tod A. Leighfield, and Steve L. Morton

358 An Unprecedented Bloom of Dinophysis acuminata in Chesapeake Bay Peter Tango, Walt Butler, Richard Lacouture, David Goshorn, Robert Magnien, Bruce Michael, Sherwood Hall,Kathy Browhawn, Robert Wittman, and William Beatty

361 Occurrence of Karlodinium micrum and Its Association with Fish Kills in Maryland EstuariesDavid Goshorn, Jonathan Deeds, Peter Tango, Charles Poukish, Allen Place, Margaret McGinty, Walter Butler,Christopher Luckett, and Robert Magnien

364 Extended Bloom Concentration of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata in Virginia EstuariesDuring Late Winter and Early Spring, 2002Harold G. Marshall, Todd Egerton, Todd Stem, Jeremy Hicks, and Mikolaj Kokocinski

367 Volunteer Phytoplankton Monitoring in the Inland Bays of Delaware, USAEdward B. Whereat, Joseph G. Farrell, and Edythe M. Humphries

369 Blooms of the Ichthyotoxic Flagellate Prymnesium parvum in U.S. Waters: An Emerging or a PerennialProblem?Carmelo Tomas, Joan Glass, Jack Ralph, and Alan Lewitus

371 Pfiesteria Distribution Along the Texas (USA) CoastTracy Villareal, James D. Simons, and Parke Rublee

374 Regional Distribution of the Texas Brown Tide (Aureoumbra lagunensis) in the Gulf of MexicoTracy A. Villareal, Teresa Chirichella, and Edward J. Buskey

377 Florida’s Blackwater Event Merrie Beth Neely, Eric Bartels, Jennifer Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, Paula Coble, David English, Cynthia Heil,Chuanmin Hu, John Hunt, Jim Ivey, Gil McRae, Erich Mueller, Ernst Peebles, and Karen Steidinger

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380 Toxic and Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Southern Gulf of MexicoSergio Licea, María E. Zamudio, Ruth Luna, Yuri B. Okolodkov, and Samuel Gómez-Aguirre

383 Physiology and Life Cycles Sessions385 UV-B Inhibition of Pseudo-nitzschia Australis: Primary Production Is Minimized by UV-A Enhancement

EffectsJoseph J. Gorga, Claudia Mengelt, and Barbara B. Prézelin

388 Dark Survival and Subsequent Light Recovery for Pseudo-nitzschia multiseriesClaudia Mengelt and Barbara B. Prézelin

391 Effects of Light, Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Rate of Alexandrium tamarense from Patagonia (Argentina)Vanesa K. Fulco and Ana María Gayoso

393 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Toxin Composition of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenellaNora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Mario O. Carignan, and Hugo R. Benavides

396 Toxic Phaeocystis globosa Strains from China Grow at Remarkably High TemperaturesPingping Shen, Marion van Rijssel, Yan Wang, Lu Songhui, Chen Jufang, and Yu-Zao Qi

399 Continuous-Flow and Batch Cultures of Toxic Alexandrium catenella and A. minutum in Stirred TankBioreactorsV. Séchet, J. B. Bérard, M. Bohec, G. Bougaran, C. Carré, P. Masselin, and P. Truquet

402 Does Urea-Carbon Contribute Significantly to Aureococcus anophagefferens Carbon Nutrition?Michael W. Lomas

405 Comparison of Regional Clones of the Genera Chattonella and Fibrocapsa for Growth Characteristicsand Potential Toxin ProductionAmanda Bridgers, Ellen McConnell, Jerome Naar, Allison Weidner, Lucille Tomas, and Carmelo Tomas

408 Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity of the Bacteria Associated with Gymnodinium catenatum:Evidence from the SSU rDNA of Cultivable and Non-Cultivable BacteriaDavid H. Green, Susan I. Blackburn, Lyndon E. Llewellyn, Andrew P. Negri, and Christopher J. S. Bolch

411 Photosynthetic Variation Among Eight Different Karenia brevis ClonesBlake A. Schaeffer, Daniel Kamykowski, Edward J. Milligan, and Laurie McKay

414 Photophysiology of the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: Modifications in Thylakoid LipidComposition in Response to Environmental ConditionsTerence J. Evens and Jeffrey D. Leblond

417 Photopigment Content of Three Karenia brevis Clones in Response to Varying Light LevelsChristopher J. Higham, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Bradley A. Pederson, and Barbara A. Berg

420 A Cell Cycle Synchronization and Purification Technique for Heterotrophic Pfiesteria and Cryptoperidiniopsoid Dinoflagellates Analyzed by Flow CytometryMatthew W. Parrow, Nora J. Deamer, Jessica L. Alexander, and JoAnn M. Burkholder

423 Systematics Sessions425 Chattonella verruculosa and Related Species from Japan, Europe (North Sea) and U.S. Coastal Waters:

Cases of Mistaken Identity?Carmelo R. Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and Jeanette Göbel

428 Dinoflagellates Come from Outer Space but Haptophytes and Diatoms Do NotUwe John, Thomas Mock, Klaus Valentin, Allan D. Cembella, and Linda K. Medlin

431 Population Diversity of Ostreopsidaceae in the Mediterranean Sea: A Preliminary Study on the Genetics and Morphology Antonella Penna, Magda Vila, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Elena Bertozzini, Francesca Andreoni, Santiago Fraga,Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Mauro Magnani

434 Species of Pseudo-nitzschia in the Drake Passage (54°–61°S to 46°–64°W)Martha Ferrario, Sergio Licea, C. F. Balestrini, and Gustavo Ferreyra

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437 Genetic Variability and Toxin Profile of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech from Southern Brazil Graziela R. Persich, David M. Kulis, Emily L. Lilly, Donald M. Anderson, and Virgínia M.T. Garcia

440 Formation of Dinophysis dens Pavillard and D. diegensis Kofoid from Laboratory Incubations of Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg and D. caudata Saville-KentBeatriz Reguera, Sonsoles González-Gil, and Maximino Delgado

443 Taxonomic Reevaluation of a South Carolina “Red Tide” Dinoflagellate Indicates Placement in theGenus KryptoperidiniumJennifer L. Wolny, Jason W. Kempton, and Alan J. Lewitus

446 Linking Population and Physiological Diversity in Karenia brevis from the Texas CoastL. Campbell, J. M. Ivy, P. Loret, T. A. Villareal, Kelly Soltysiak, and J. R. Gold

449 Differentiating Two Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Species Using HPLC Pigment CharacterizationBradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Allison J. Haywood, Barbara A. Berg, and Christopher J. Higham

452 Molecular Analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida Life Cycle Stages Using Nuclear Staining Techniques andWhole Cell in Situ Hybridization with Peptide Nucleic Acid ProbesMark W. Vandersea, R. Wayne Litaker, Steven R. Kibler, and Patricia A. Tester

455 Morphology of Fibrocapsa japonica Cysts Formed Under Laboratory ConditionsM. Karin de Boer, Marion van Rijssel, and Engel G. Vrieling

459 Harmful Effects and Risks Sessions461 A Review of Feeding Preference and Deterrence in Three Faunal Species Associated with

Cyanobacterial Blooms of Lyngbya majuscula in Southeast Queensland, Australia A. Capper, I. R. Tibbetts, J. M. O’Neil, and G. R. Shaw

465 Comparative Toxicity of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin Between Mice and Cattle:Human ImplicationsGlen R. Shaw, Ross A. McKenzie, Wasa A. Wickramasinghe, Alan A. Seawright, Geoff K. Eaglesham, and Michael R. Moore

468 Design and Use of a Harmful Algal Bloom Database for the West Coast of North AmericaNicolaus G. Adams, Michelle C. Tomlinson, and Vera L. Trainer

470 Cyanobacteria Exposure, Drinking Water and Colorectal CancerLora E. Fleming, Carlos Rivero, John W. Burns Jr., Chris Williams, Judy A. Bean, and Wendy B. Stephan

473 Acute Effects of Recreational Exposure to Freshwater Cyanobacteria—A Prospective EpidemiologyStudyIan Stewart, Penelope M. Webb, Philip J. Schluter, Lora E. Fleming, John W. Burns Jr., Miro Gantar, Lorraine C. Backer,and Glen R. Shaw

476 Harmful Cyanobacteria-Invertebrate Relations: Histopathological Picture in Fall WebwormEvgeny B. Gol’din

479 Effect of the Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena on theSurvival and Reproductive Success of the Dominant Baltic Copepod SpeciesM. Balode and S. Strake

482 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Costa RicaMaribelle Vargas-Montero and Enrique Freer

485 Variability of Brevetoxin Accumulation Levels Within Individual Shellfish During Karenia brevis BloomsAllison L. Weidner, Jerome Naar, Karen Steidinger, Richard Pierce, Mike Henry, Leanne Flewelling, and Daniel G. Baden

488 Brevetoxin Depuration in Shellfish Via Production of Non-Toxic Metabolites: Consequences forSeafood Safety and the Environmental Fate of BiotoxinsJ. Naar, J. Kubanek, A. Weidner, L. Flewelling, A. Bourdelais, K. Steidinger, and D. G. Baden

491 Florida Red Tides, Manatee Brevetoxicosis, and Lung ModelsBarbara Kirkpatrick, Deborah E. Colbert, Dana Dalpra, Elizabeth A. C. Newton, Joseph Gaspard, Brandi Littlefield, andCharles Manire

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494 The Use of Electronic Media to Educate and Communicate with the Public During a Harmful AlgalBloomBarbara A. Kirkpatrick, Lora E. Fleming, Michael S. Henry, Richard D. Clark, and Lorraine C. Backer

496 Effects of Novel Antagonists of Polyether Brevetoxin (PbTx)-Induced Bronchoconstriction in AllergicSheepWilliam M. Abraham, Ashfaq Ahmed, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden

499 Characterization of Red Tide Aerosol on the Texas CoastYung Sung Cheng, Tracy A. Villareal, Yue Zhou, Jun Gao, Richard Pierce, Jerome Naar, and Daniel G. Baden

502 Florida Red Tide: Inhalation Toxicity of Karenia brevis Extract in RatsJ. M. Benson, F. F. Hahn, B. M. Tibbetts, L. E. Bowen, T. H. March, R. J. Langley, T. F. Murray, A. J. Bourdelais, J. Naar,J. Zaias, and D. G. Baden

505 Philosophical Insights from an Analysis of Media Coverage of the Pfiesteria ControversyRuben Rabinsky and Lora E. Fleming

508 An Epidemiologic Approach to the Study of Aerosolized Florida Red TidesLora E. Fleming, Lorraine C. Backer, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Richard Clark, Dana Dalpra, David R. Johnson, Judy A. Bean,Yung Sung Cheng, Janet Benson, Dominick Squicciarini, William M. Abraham, Richard Pierce, Julia Zaias, Jerome Naar,Richard Weisman, Greg Bossart, Susan Campbell, Adam Wanner, Mark Harrington, Gayle Van De Bogart, and Daniel G. Baden

511 Monitoring Approaches for Improved Prediction of Domoic Acid Poisoning Events in Washington StateVera L. Trainer and Orhab Collaborators

514 Ceratium furca: One Possible Cause of Mass Mortality of Cultured Blue Fin Tuna at Baja California, Mexico E. Orellana-Cepeda, C. Granados-Machuca, and J. Serrano-Esquer

517 Mitigation and Modeling Sessions519 Coupled Biophysical Models of Florida Red Tides

John J. Walsh, Dwight A. Dieterle, Brian P. Darrow, Scott P. Milroy, Jason K. Jolliff, Jason M. Lenes, Robert H. Weisberg,and Ruoying He

522 Effects of Phosphatic Clay Dispersal at Two Divergent Sites in Puget Sound, WashingtonJ. E. Jack Rensel and Donald M. Anderson

525 Removal of Harmful Red Tide Plankton by Ozone TreatmentTsuneo Honjo, Nobuyoshi Imada, Yasuhiro Anraku, Dae-Il Kim, Mikiko Muramatsu, and Yuji Oshima

528 Pfiesteria piscicida Population Dynamics: A Modeling StudyXinsheng Zhang, Raleigh R. Hood, Michael R. Roman, Patricia M. Glibert, and Diane K. Stoecker

531 Forecasting Red Tides Caused by Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. Using an Artificial Intelligence ModelJ. M. Corchado, J. M. Torres, and M. M. Sacau Cuadrado

534 Preliminary Modeling of Cross-Shelf Transport in Support of Monitoring and Forecasting of HarmfulAlgal Blooms Along the West Florida CoastLe Ly, Frank Aikman III, Richard Stumpf, and Thomas Gross

537 Special Sessions/Round Table/Panel Listing

541 Regional Program and Special Session Summaries543 ECOHAB:Florida—A Catalyst for Recent Multi-Agency Studies of the West Florida Shelf

John J. Walsh and Karen A. Steidinger

546 EU-LIFEHAB: Expanding the Discussion on Life Cycles of Harmful SpeciesAdriana Zingone, Esther Garcés, and Beatriz Reguera

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549 Summary of the Special Session on Detection and Quantitation of ToxinsRichard H. Pierce and Robert M. Dickey

552 Recent Advances and State of the Technology for HAB Species DetectionGary Kirkpatrick

553 Harmful Dinoflagellate Species in Space and Time and the Value of MorphospeciesF. J. R. “Max” Taylor

561 Awards563 XHAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Grethe R. Hasle564 XHAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Theodore J. Smayda565 XHAB2002 Award for Service to Harmful Algal Bloom Science: John W. Hurst, Jr.566 XHAB2002/ISSHA Maureen Keller Best Student Presentation Awards 2002:

Jonathan R. Deeds and Jens Dahlmann

[Editors’ Note: For economy in the printed Proceedings, all color figures were presented in grayscale in the text, andtheir color versions were grouped following the Awards section. In this digital Proceedings, the color figures appear intheir respective articles throughout the text, and the Color Figures section has been eliminated.]

567 Indices569 Author Index573 Subject Index

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