Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar:
Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on
Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift
Puma Imperial Hotel and Information and Research
Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE)
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
8-12 August 2016
Edited by
Prof. K. Kai, Prof. M. Shinoda and Ms. J. Wu
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University
Dr. D. Jugder and Ms. E. Munkhjargal
Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
Dr. J. Noda
Rakuno Gakuen University.
The logo of the Third JSPS Seminar was designed by
Mr. B. Buyantogtoh (IRIMHE) and modified by
Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University).
Sponsored by
JSPS Core-to-Core Program
i
Proceedings of Third JSPS Seminar:
Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on
Outbreaks of Asian Dust and Environmental Regime Shift
Puma Imperial Hotel and Information and Research
Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE)
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
8-12 August 2016
ii
Welcome Message
It is my pleasure to present this welcome address to participants to the Third JSPS Seminar of
“Collaborative Research between Mongolia, China and Japan on Outbreaks of Asian Dust and
Environmental Regime Shift” adopted by “JSPS Core-to-Core Program”. This Seminar is co-hosted
by Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia and
Nagoya University, Japan.
Dust storm is one of the natural phenomena in the Gobi Deserts and arid regions in Northeast
Asia. Dust particles emitted by strong winds from the ground surface during dust storms, transport
over large distances and deposit on the way. The topic of dust storm is a unique field in
environmental sciences; however, it has resulted in a considerable loss of human life and property.
Fine dust particles also negatively affect human health and the production precision materials. The
geographical, climatic and anthropogenic factors influence on generation of dust storm.
We already have several regional cooperation projects establishing monitoring systems of
dust storms. Regional cooperation is based on mutual trust. Through this, we are launching own
efforts to solve common environmental problems as dust storms.
In this regard, I think that many researchers from participating countries have gathered to
share information, knowledge, and expertise on dust storm. I am confident that this seminar will
enable us to better understand the nature of dust storm.
Thank you for your participations and your valuable contributions to be made during the
Third JSPS seminar. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Kenji Kai, for his support to
make this Seminar successful. I do hope that all foreign speakers will enjoy your stay in Mongolia.
Thank you for your attention.
Mr. S. Khudulmur
Director, Information and Research
Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology
and Environment (IRIMHE), Mongolia
iii
Organizing Committee
Chair:
Mr. S. Khudulmur (Director of IRIMHE)
Co-chairs:
Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University)
Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University)
Members:
Dr. J. Batbayar (NAMEM)
Dr. D. Jugder (IRIMHE)
Mr. B. Buyantogtoh (IRIMHE)
Dr. B. Nandintsetseg (Nagoya University, IRIMHE)
Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University)
Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University)
Prof. M. Shinoda (Nagoya University)
Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University)
Secretariat:
Ms. E. Munkhjargal (IRIMHE)
Ms. A. Nakashima (Nagoya University)
Ms. J. Wu (Nagoya University)
IRIMHE: Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
NAMEM: National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring
iv
Program at a glance
1
Program
========================================== DAY-1 Monday 8 August
Opening ceremony 8:30-9:00
Mr. S. Khudulmur (Director of IRIMHE)
Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University)
Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University, Coordinator of JSPS Program)
8:50-9:00 Group Photo
Keynote lectures 9:00-11:50 Chair: Prof. K. Kai & Prof. B. Hoshino
K-1 9:00- 9:25 Evolution of Vegetation in Mongolia over Past 20ka: A Statistic Reconstruction
Prof. Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) --------------------------------------10
K-2 9:25-9:50 Developing a Soil Erodibility Map over Mongolia: Evaluation of Three
Erodibility Parameters and Their Integration
Dr. D. Jugder (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------11
K-3 9:50-10:15 Microorganisms Transported Long-range in the Free Atmosphere over
North-East Asia: Mixing State of Dust Particles
Prof. Y. Iwasaka (University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan) ----------------------------12
10:15-10:35 Coffee Break
K-4 10:35-11:00 Overview of Intensive Observation Periods (IOP) of Asian Dust and Environ-
mental Regime Shift Under the Cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan
Prof. K. Kai (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------------13
K-5 11:00-11:25 Comparison of Optical Properties Between Pure and Anthropogenic Dust
Measured by Ground-Based Lidar
Prof. J. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) --------------------------------------------14
K-6 11:25-11:50 Operational and Research Activities for Asian Dust at Japan Meteorological
Agency: Forecasting, Monitoring and Assimilation
Dr. K. Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Japan) ----------------15
Session A: Asian dust –observation, numerical modeling, and long-rang transport–
Chair: Prof. J. Huang & Dr. D. Judger
A-1 13:30-13:50 An Overview of the Improvements to the Version 4 Level 2 CALIPSO Lidar
Data Products (invited)
2
Dr. A. Omar (NASA, USA) -----------------------------------------------------------------17
A-2 13:50-14:10 Observation of Distribution and Characteristics of Mineral Dust Using Lidars
and In-Situ Optical Particle Counters (invited)
Dr. N. Sugimoto (NIES, Japan) -----------------------------------------------------------18
A-3 14:10-14:25 Measurements of Fluorescent Aerosols from a Multi-Channel Lidar
Spectrometer System during DUBI 2016 Campaign
Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) ----------------------------------------------19
A-4 14:25-14:40 Column-Integrated Key Absorption and Optical Properties Of Asian Dust over
East and Central Asia Areas
Dr. J. Bi (Lanzhou University, China) ----------------------------------------------------20
14:40-15:00 Coffee Break
A-5 15:00-15:15 Development of a Compact, Low-Cost And Precise PM2.5 Sensor and its
Applications
Prof. Y. Matsumi (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------21
A-6 15:15-15:30 Simulation of WRF-CHEM Model for Dust Concentration over Mongolia
Dr. B. Buyantogtokh (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------22
A-7 15:30-15:45 Aerosol Optical Properties in Gobi Agricultural Region of Northwest China
during Dunhuang Campaign
Dr. J. Shi (Lanzhou University, China) --------------------------------------------------23
A-8 15:45-16:00 Dust Event in the Gobi Desert in May 2013: Relation with Cold Front
Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University, Japan) ----------------------------------------------24
A-9 16:00-16:15 Characteristics of Cloud Base Height from Ceilometer and Eye-Visible
Measurements in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia
Mr. D. Enkhbaatar (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------25
A-10 16:15-16:30 Dust Storm in Natural Zones and Its Relationship with Precipitation over
Mongolia
Dr. G. Amgalan (IRIMHE, Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------26
Poster Session 12:40-13:30, 16:30-18:00
3
============================================ DAY-2 Tuesday 9 August
Session B: Environmental regime shift, desertification, risk management
Chair: Prof. M. Shinoda & Dr. J. Noda
B-1 8:30-8:50 The Eco-hydrological Process and Its Environmental Effects in Gurbantunggut
Desert of China (invited)
Prof. H. Zhou (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) -------------- 28
B-2 8:50-9:10 Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Roughness and Dust Emission in Mongolia Gobi
Region (invited)
Prof. B. Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ---------------------------------29
B-3 9:10-9:25 A Livestock Trampling Function for Emission Rate of Wind-blown Dust in
Mongolia
Prof. E. Munkhtsetseg (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) ---------------30
B-4 9:25-9:40 Land degradation by Wind and Dust Storms over the Territory of Khuvsgul Aimag
Dr. E. Bayarjargal (Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment of Khuvsgul,
Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------------------31
B-5 9:40-9:55 The Impact of Forest Fire on Forest Cover Types and Forest Cover Change
Ms. G. Nandin-Erdene (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------32
9:55-10:15 Coffee Break
B-6 10:15-10:35 Sign of an Emerging Regime Shift in the Mongolian Herder-Pastureland System
(invited)
Prof. M. Shinoda (Nagoya University, Japan) ------------------------------------------33
B-7 10:35-10:50 Incorporating Ecological and Wind Erosion Models for Sustainability of the
Temperate Grassland Ecosystem
Dr. B. Nandintsetseg (Nagoya University, Japan & IRMHE, Mongolia) ------------34
B-8 10:50-11:05 Mongolian Mine Closure: Desertification, Soil erosion
Mr. S. Mukhorgil (Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolia) ---------------35
B-9 11:05-11:20 Soil Wind Erodibility in the Tarim Basin
Dr. X. Li (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China) ----------------------36
B-10 11:20-11:35 Method of Estimation Drought Using Remote Sensing Data
Ms. B. Tuvdendorj (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------37
B-11 11:35-11:50 Determination of Future Prospects of Dry Zones in Mongolia Using a
Warming-Drying Index
4
Dr. D. Dulamsuren (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------38
B-12 11:50-12:05 Drought Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Ms. A. Magsarjav (IRIMHE, Mongolia) --------------------------------------------------39
Training course for young researchers
T-1 13:30-14:30 Dust modelling
Prof. Y. Shao (University of Cologne, Germany) ----------------------------------------
14:30-14:45 Coffee Break
Session C: Bioaerosols Chair: Prof. Y. Iwasaka & Prof. E. Munkhtsetseg
C-1 14:45-15:05 Origins of Airborne Bacterial Communities in Bioaerosols Transported From
Gobi Desert Area by Dust Events (invited)
Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University, Japan) -----------------------------------------------41
C-2 15:05-15:20 Viability Differences of Bioaerosols with Dusts from Mongolia and Japan
Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ----------------------------------------42
C-3 15:20-15:35 Analysis of Physical Properties of Individual Asian Dust (Kosa) Particles by
Atomic Force Microscopy
Dr. A. Matsuki (Kanazawa University, Japan) ------------------------------------------43
C-4 15:35-15:50 Adverse Health Effect of Asian Dust Particle for Healthy Subjects
Dr. K. Ohnishi (University of Yamanashi, Japan) --------------------------------------44
C-5 15:50-16:05 Rangeland Health Monitoring of Mongolia
Ms. B. Erdenetsetseg (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------45
C-6 16:05-16:20 Ambient air PM2.5 and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease in Ulaanbaatar
Residents
Dr. E. Altangerel (Public health institute, Mongolia) ----------------------------------46
C-7 16:20-16:35 Air Pollution and Pulmonary Function Survey Results among Schoolchildren
Living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Dr. D. Baigalmaa (National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Mongolia) ---47
C-8 16:35-16:50 Prevalence of Airborne Infectious Virus in Nomadic Livestock
Dr. K. Hagiwara (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ---------------------------------48
Discussion 16:50-17:20
Poster Session 12:40-13:30, 17:20-18:00
5
========================================= DAY-3 Wednesday 10 August
Field Seminar in Hustai National Park------------------------------------------------------------8
========================================= DAY-4 Thursday 11 August
Training course for young researchers
T-2 14:30-16:00 Remote Sensing Method for Extract the Asian Dust Storm Area
Prof. B. Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ----------------------------------69
16:00-16:20 Coffee Break
T-3 16:20-17:50 Lecture for Japanese Geostationary Satellite, Himawari-8 and Data Assimilation
Methods
Dr. K. Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Japan) ------------------70
=========================================== DAY-5 Friday 12 August
Training course for young researchers
T-4 9:00-10:30 Measurements of Dust and Bioaerosols by Lidar
Dr. Z. Huang (Lanzhou University, China) -------------------------------------------------71
10:30-10:45 Coffee Break
T-5 10:45-12:15 Lecture for the Ceilometer Observation in the Gobi Desert
Mr. K. Kawai (Nagoya University, Japan) -------------------------------------------------72
T-6 13:30-15:00 Lecture for the Investigation of Atmospheric Bioaerosols
Dr. T. Maki (Kanazawa University, Japan) -------------------------------------------------73
Lecture for the Measurement Of Bioaerosols
Dr. J. Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan) ------------------------------------------74
Author Index ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75
6
Poster Session
P-1 Comparison of General Circulation Model Outputs over Mongolia
A. Davaadorj (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------50
P-2 Simulation of a Severe Dust Storm over Mongolia during 25-28 May 2008
J. Sereenendorj (Hydrometerology and Environment Monitoring Service
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
P-3 LIDAR and Surface Observations of Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
M. Wang (Nagoya University, Japan) --------------------------------------------------------------52
P-4 Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Asian Dust in Arid area, Mongolia
Y. Minamoto (Nagoya University, Japan) ----------------------------------------------------------53
P-5 Relationship between Vegetation Coverage and Dust Storms over The Gobi Area
T. Purevsuren (National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,
Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
P-6 Estimation of Threshold Wind Speeds for Dust Emission
N. Baljinnyam (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ---------------------------------------------------------------55
P-7 Impacts of Grazing and Precipitation Variability pn Vegetation Dynamics in a Mongolian
Dry Steppe
T. Bat-oyun (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------------------------56
P-8 Effect of Meteorological Condition on Air Pollution in the Southwestern Area of Ulaanbaatar
E. Narankhuu (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) -----------------------------------57
P-9 Climate Change Impact And Disease On Grasshopper (Orthoptera) in Mongolia
A. Tumurbus (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------58
P-10 Plant Water Status over Permafrost Region in Mongolia
E. Dorjpurev (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) ------------------------------------59
P-11 Field Experiment Appropriate Use of Animal Manure for Soil Desertification in Mongolia
J. Altansuvd (Mongolian Life Science of Agriculture, Mongolia) ------------------------------60
P-12 Cultivated Technology Development Trends and Opportunity to Reduce Soil Erosion
L. Davaa (Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Mongolia) ----------------------------------61
7
P-13 The Result of Some Soil Properties and Plants in Fenced and Non-fenced Rangeland Places in
Forest-Steppe Region of Monglia
B. Lkhamsuren (Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Mongolia) --------------------------62
P-14 Amylase, Protease and Catalase Activity of Plant Root and Soils
J. Bayarmaa (National University of Mongolia, Mongolia) -------------------------------------63
P-15 Transport of Trace Gases in The Gobi Region of Mongolia
O. Dugerjav (IRIMHE, Mongolia) ------------------------------------------------------------------64
P-16 Relationship between soil moisture and snow cover in Mongolia
E. MUNKHJARGAL (IRIMHE, Mongolia) -------------------------------------------------------65
P-17 PM10 and PM2.5 in the Ambient Air of Ulaanbaatar City
E. Sarangerel (National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,
Mongolia) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
P-18 Sand Storm Impacts Respiratory System of Small Ruminants in Mongolia
B. Purevdorj (Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia) -------------------------------------67
8
Field Seminar in Hustai National Park
A field seminar will take place at the Hustai National Park (HNP). It is located about 95 km west of
Ulaanbaatar, and its area 50,600 ha.
The HNP is world-famous for the successful reintroduction of the wild horse TAKHI (Przewalski
horse). TAKHI, which was extinct in the wild in 1960's, has been reintroduced to the Mongolian
grassland in 1980's with an international cooperation.
The Mongolian grasslands, which have a rich ecosystem with a variety of wild animals and
plants, act as a natural barrier to prevent desertification from extending further northward.
We will observe the conservation and protection of ecosystems in the park. Staying at a ger
(Mongolian tent) one night, we will experience a life in the Mongolian grassland and discuss the
environmental regime shift etc.
A restaurant, a meeting room, a shower and a toilet are available in the main building of HNP.
Photos of TAKHI and gers in the Hustai National Park
taken by Kenji KAI in August2012.
9
Keynote Lectures
9:00-11:50 on 8 August
10
Evolution of Vegetation in Mongolia over Past 20ka: A Statistic Reconstruction
Yaping Shao
1) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Germany
Email: [email protected]
In this study, we provide a probabilistic estimate of vegetation density during the Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM) with focus on Mongolia. Following the IGBP classification, we divide land cover
into 11 plant functional types and bare soil, and derive for each of them a statistical relationship
between the probability of vegetation occurrence and climate controls by using today’s vegetation
and climate data. These statistical relationships are assumed to be valid for all times and are used to
reconstruct paleo vegetation patterns. For the LGM and the Middle Holocene, the climate drivers
are estimated from the ensemble-averages of the PMIP3 simulations. While the vegetation during
the Middle Holocene was similar to that of today, the LGM and today’s vegetation patterns are
profoundly different. From a global perspective, vegetation types existing in today’s cooler and
drier regimes prevailed during the LGM, and today’s desert areas had substantially more vegetation.
The vegetation patterns of Mongolia are examined in detail. It is found that while today’s Mongolia
Amazon is primarily grassland, its coverage and density during the LGM were much reduced, and
much of the grassland was located to the southeast of today’s grassland. Discussion on global
vegetation change will also be discussed.
11
Developing a soil erodibility map over Mongolia:
Evaluation of three erodibility parameters and their integration
D.Jugder1, B.Gantsetseg
1, E.Davaanyam
1, M.Shinoda
2
1) Information and research institute of meteorology and hydrology, Juulchny gudamj-5,
Ulaanbaatar −46, 14201, Mongolia
2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Wind erosion and dust emission are land surface processes that characterize drylands in the world.
Wind erosion depends on the relationship between erosivity (forces that can liberate particles from
the main soil mass) and erodibility (susceptibility of soil to loss of material) factors. In this study,
soil texture data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset from the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of Terra Satellite were used to evaluate soil
erodibility over Mongolia in terms of two parameters; K factor and threshold friction velocity.
Threshold friction velocity was estimated using the frontal area of roughness element that is
calculated using NDVI-derived vegetation cover. Finally, a novel integrated soil erodibility map
over Mongolia was developed using the two erodiblity parameters and soil type map.
The estimated K factor showed that erodibility is higher in the desert and desert steppe (the
Gobi) areas of Mongolia, while the estimated threshold friction velocity exhibited a pattern similar
to the K factor pattern with a lower value less than 0.35 over when vegetation cover was less than
15%. Threshold friction velocity ranged from 0.23 m/sec to 0.55 m/sec in the Gobi desert area in
the south and west and it is higher as more than 0.70 in forest area in the north and grassland area in
the east of the country.
The integrated soil erodibility map revealed widespread highest-erodibility areas from the
Gobi Desert in the south to sandy areas in the west. Low-erodiblity areas are extended over western
to northern Mongolia, while medium-erodiblity covers steppe regions. The integrated map will
provide a useful, climatological basis for studying dust emission processes and for developing dust
risk assessment and dust early warning system in a practical application.
12
Microorganisms Transported Long-range in the Free Atmosphere over North-East Asia: Mixing State of Dust Particles
Y. Iwasaka1, T. Maki
2, F. Kobayashi
2, M. Kakikawa
2, A. Matsuki
2
1) The University of Shiga Prefecture; Hikone 522-8533 Japan; Email: [email protected] 2) College of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
Kosa particles (Dusty sky and/or Dust particles transported from Asian continent are called Kosa in Japan)
are frequently transported long range from desert areas in Asian continent, and Taklamakan desert has large
potential to produce the background Kosa, which are found in the free atmosphere in every seasons, due to
his effective geographical conditions and structures to rift up the dusty air masses in the free troposphere.
Westerly easily transports those air masses containing lots of particles from the Asian continent to Korea
peninsula, Japan islands, and the Pacific ocean, sometimes to Hawaii islands and the American continent.
The mixing ratio of dust particle-microorganism mixture is about 10-20% of dust particles (number
concentration base) on the basis of field measurements made at Taklamakan desert suggesting strongly that
the atmospheric microorganisms effect on climate and environment in regional and/or global through
long-range transportation of dust-microorganisms mixture. The analysis of bacteria community found in the
particulate matter diffusing long-range strongly suggested that bacteria of bacillus group frequently
dominates and possibly effects on atmospheric processes such as cloud formation and snow/rain fall.
We made direct sampling of atmospheric bacterial material at Suzu of Noto peninsula in Japan with
tethered-balloon. This observational site is facing the Japan sea and contamination from the local sources is
considered to be in very low levels. According to the analysis of the community of bacteria collected at
3000m, 1000m, and 10m heights, the phylotypes belonging to the class Bacilli accounted for high relative
abundances ranging from 28.6% to 49.9%. and were, concerning with air mass at 3000m which is considered
to be transported from the desert area of Asian continent with few severe disturbances, mainly composed of
members of the families Bacillaceae and Stapylococcaceae.
The ratio of number concentration of bacterial cells and mineral dust particles, according to
measurements made at Kanazawa during Kosa events, is about 1.5- 3.0 and the cell number concentration is
apparently larger than dust particle concentration. Considering that the ratio of dust-microorganism mixture
to dust particle number concentration, this observation strongly suggests that each Kosa-microorganism
mixture contain lots of cells and sometimes cells belonging to various kind of phylotypes. Mixing ratio of
microbial aggregates were suggested to be about 30% of the particles (larger than 5μm) from analysis of
snow layer on Mt Tateyama and Bacillus subtilis group were frequently found in snow layer suggesting Kosa
particle effects. Detail analysis of Kosa-microorganism mixture is desired to clarify the effects of Kosa on
environment and climate.
Fig. 1 Microorganisms on the surface of
dust particles modify the nature of dust
particles and give the dust particles new
functions in the atmosphere.
13
Overview of Intensive Observation Periods (IOP) of
Asian dust and environmental regime shift
under the cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan
Kenji KAI1, Kei KAWAI
1, Teruya MAKI
2, Jun NODA
3, Enkhbaatar Davaanyam
4,
Dulam JUGDER4, Batjargal BATBAYAR
5, Nobuo SUGIMOTO
6, Buho HOSHINO
3,
Hongfei ZHOU7, Zhongwei Huang
8, Jianping HUANG
8
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, [email protected]
2) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan,
3) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
4) IRIMHE, National Agency for Meteorology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
5) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring,
6) National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
7) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi, China,
8) College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
In order to investigate the mechanism of Asian dust and environmental regime shift, IOPs were
conducted in the Mongolian grassland, Gobi and Taklimakan Deserts in the springs of 2015 and
2016, by using the research network of JSPS Core-to-Core Program (Fig. 1). Mongolian and
Japanese institutions conducted cooperative observations of the Asian dust from the Mongolian
grassland to Gobi Desert. On the Chinese side of Gobi Desert, Lanzhou University conducted a
high-resolution aerosol observation along the south Gobi Desert and Hexi Corridor.
In the spring of 2016, Nagoya University, Kanazawa University, Rakuno-Gakuen University
and IRIMHE, Mongolia carried out a moving observation of aerosol properties by cars from the
Mongolian grassland to the Gobi desert, and a balloon observation of bioaerosols at Dalanzadgad
observatory (Fig. 2). Observational results of horizontal and vertical distributions of aerosols
properties and meteorological elements will be presented. The aim of the IOPs under the
cooperation between Mongolia, China and Japan is to figure out characteristics of the Asian dust in
the whole Gobi-Taklimakan Deserts.
Fig. 1 Observation map of IOP Fig. 2 Balloon observation of bioaerosols at
Dalanzadgad observatory, Mongolia
14
Comparison of optical properties between pure and anthropogenic dust measured by Ground-Based Lidar
*Jianping Huang,Zhijuan Zhang, Bin Chen, Tian Zhou,
Zhongwei Huang, and Jianrong Bi
1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of
Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
*Email: [email protected]
In this study, the optical properties of pure dust and anthropogenic dust are compared by using
ground Lidar and CALIPSO measurements for, the period from October 2009 to June 2013. The
total attenuated backscatter coefficient at 532 nm, depolarization ratio and color ratio are derived
from the ground L2S-SM-II dual-band polarization Lidar as well as CALIPSO Lidar. We found that
that anthropogenic dust has a spherical-like smaller depolarization ratio and a larger color ratio
which me represents larger in size. Threshold between pure dust and anthropogenic dust was about
0.2. The histogram of attenuated backscatter and color ratio of pure dust shows two peak for pure
dust but they are nearly linear distributed anthropogenic dust. Those ground base results confirm
that air-bone Lidar measurements (Huang et al., 2015) can be used to detect the anthropogenic dust.
15
Operational and Research Activities for Asian Dust at Japan Meteorological Agency: Forecasting, Monitoring and Assimilation
Keiya YUMIMOTO1,*
, Taichu Y. TANAKA1, Akinori OGI
2, Tsuyoshi T. SEKIYAMA
1,
and Takashi MAKI1
1) Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
2) Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Asian mineral dust, a major aerosol during springtime, affects various aspects including social
activity, human health, climate and the ocean ecosystem. To mitigate the damage of severe dust
storms, it is crucial to develop a forecasting and early warning system for Asian dust. The Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA) launched an operational forecasting system for Asian dust in 2004,
and completed a major renovation of the system, in which the general circulation model and dust
emission scheme were reformed completely, in November 2014. Our group also has a resolution
improvement (from ~110 km to ~40 km) and implementation of data assimilation with satellite
observations in the upcoming updates. JMA launched an operation of a new generation
geostationary meteorological satellite, Himawari-8, on 7 October 2014. The Advanced Himawari
Imager (AHI) aboard Himawari-8 is a 16-channel multispectral imager including three
observational bands in visible light with 1km horizontal and 10-minute temporal resolution. The
visible imaging sensor allows us to obtain aerosol optical observations with unprecedented spatial
and temporal resolutions. I will talk about the current status of JMA’s forecasting, monitoring and
data assimilation.
Fig. 1 RGB image from Himawari-8 at 0530 UTC 4 March 2016.
References:
Yumimoto et al., 2016: Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari-8, a next-generation
geostarionary meteorological satellite, Geophys. Res. Let., 43.
16
Session A
Asian dust
– observation, numerical modeling, and long-rang transport –
13:30-16:30 on 8 August
17
An Overview of the Improvements to the Version 4 Level 2 CALIPSO Lidar Data Products
Ali H. Omar1, Mark A. Vaughan
1, Charles R. Trepte
1 and the CALIPSO LSWG
1
1) NASA Langley Research Center
Version 4 (V4) of the CALIPSO Level 2 (L2) data products is on schedule for release to the global
user community in the fall of 2016. The retrieval algorithms used to produce the V4 L2 data
products feature numerous major updates and minor enhancements that have been made to both the
computational methods employed and, in some cases, to the underlying algorithm theoretical bases.
These across-the-board algorithm advances are expected to substantially reduce uncertainties in the
L2 lidar data products while simultaneously delivering incremental improvements in accuracy.
This presentation will provide a high-level overview of the modifications made to the L2 algorithms
and V4 data products in calibration, extinction products, cloud aerosol discrimination, and surface
detection. Further the enhancements include stratospheric aerosol classification and a new merged
aerosol and cloud layer product. A new aerosol type, to account for mixtures of dust and marine
aerosol is included, and all aerosol types are allowed in polar regions. Some of the changes include:
Calibration: Calibration biases at 532 nm are reduced from ~2.8% to less than 1.0%, and
numerous artifacts have been eliminated from the 1064 nm calibration coefficients.
Extinction coefficients: changes made to the extinction algorithm yield large increases in the
fraction of lidar ratios that can be retrieved directly from the data
Surface detection: implemented a new detection technique and incorporated a new,
high-resolution digital elevation map developed and provided by the CloudSat team.
Cloud-aerosol discrimination: the CAD algorithm is now applied at single shot resolution to
minimize false identification of strongly scattering aerosol layers as clouds.
Stratospheric aerosol classification: the CAD algorithm and a new stratospheric aerosol
subtyping algorithm are applied in V4
New data product: a new 5-km ‘merged’ layer product now reports cloud and aerosol layers in a
single data product. All 5-km layer products will now contain a comprehensive subset of the
single shot layer products, so that unambiguous cloud clearing information is always available.
18
Observation of distribution and characteristics of mineral dust using lidars and in-situ optical particle counters
*Nobuo SUGIMOTO1, Tomoaki NISHIZAWA
1, Atsushi SHIMIZU
1, and Yoshitaka JIN
1
1) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
*Email: [email protected]
Lidar is an active optical remote sensing method useful for measuring distributions and optical
characteristics of aerosols. Polarization-sensitive backscattering lidars can distinguish scattering
from non-spherical particles and spherical particles, and they are useful for observing non-spherical
mineral dust and mostly spherical air pollution aerosols. We formed a network of
polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidars for studying Asian dust and regional air pollution
phenomena. The network is named Asian dust and aerosol lidar observation network (AD-Net).
Currently, the lidars are operated continuously at ~20 locations in East Asia, and the data are
published in near realtime (http://www-lidar.nies.go.jp/AD-Net/) (Sugimoto et al., 2015a). Using
the polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidar data, we found changes in optical characteristics of
Asian dust during transport that suggest internal mixing of mineral dust and air-pollution particles.
To confirm the mixing states, we introduced in-situ polarization optical particle counters (POPCs)
and conducted observations simultaneously with the lidars. The POPC can measure the particle size
and non-sphericity (the depolarization ratio) at the same time for single particles, and it can clearly
distinguish the change in the characteristics of the particles from the effect of external mixing
(Sugimoto et al., 2015b). We obtained clear evidence of internal mixing from the observations using
POPC in Fukuoka, Seoul, and Beijing. We also studied the relationship between the POPC data and
the parameters obtained with the lidar measurements. In this presentation, we will also discuss
further possibilities of the use of lidars and OPC techniques in the dust source regions.
References:
Sugimoto, N., T. Nishizawa, A. Shimizu, I. Matsui, Y. Jin, A. Higurashi, I. Uno, Y. Hara, K.
Yumimoto, and R. Kudo, 2015a: Continuous observations of atmospheric aerosols across East Asia,
SPIE Newsroom (21 October 2015), doi: 10.1117/2.1201510.006178
Sugimoto, N., T. Nishizawa, A. Shimizu, I. Matsui, and H. Kobayashi, 2015b: Detection of
internally mixed Asian dust with air pollution aerosols using a polarization optical particle counter
and a polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidar, J. Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative
Transfer 150, 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.08.003
19
Measurements of fluorescent aerosols from a multi-channel lidar spectrometer system during DUBI 2016 Campaign
*Zhongwei Huang1, Jianping Huang
1, Tian Zhou
1, Jinsen Shi
1, Nobuo Sugimoto
2, Kai Tang
1,
Teruya Maki3, Jianrong Bi
1, Xiaojun Ma
1, Guoyin Wang
1
1) Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
2) National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
3) Kanazawa University, Kakuma, 920-1192, Japan
*Email: [email protected]
Atmospheric bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the
climate system. However, the challenge in quantifying bioaerosol climate effects (e.g., radiative
forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions) arises from large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of their
concentrations, compositions, sizes, shape and optical properties. Lidar, as one of most advanced
active remote sensing, is used to offer some remarkable advantages for determining the vertical
structure of atmospheric aerosols and their related optical properties.
In order to investigate the characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols along transported
pathways of dust aerosols, we carried out DUBI (DUst BIoaerosol) 2016 Campaign over Northern
China in spring of 2016. Lots of instruments, including bioaerosol sampling, lidar as well as others,
were installed at three sites (Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan) simultaneously. A multi-channel lidar
spectrometer system was developed to observe Mie, Raman scattering and laser-induced
fluorescence excitation at 355 nm from the atmosphere. The lidar system operated polarization
measurements at 355nm, aiming to identify dust particles from other aerosols. It employs a high
power pulsed laser with energy of 80mJ at 355nm and a received telescope with 350mm diameter.
The receiver could simultaneously detect a wide fluorescent spectrum between 360nm and 720nm
with spectral resolution 5.7 nm using two spectrometers simultaneously. Vertical structure of
fluorescent aerosols in the atmosphere was observed by the developed lidar system at Zhangbei
during DUBI 2016 Campaign. Moreover, characterization of bioaerosols was investigated from
co-located bioaerosol sampling analysis.
Fig. 1 Location of three sites of DUBI 2016 campaign conducted by Lanzhou University in 2016.
Column-integrated key absorption and optical properties of
20
Asian dust over East and Central Asia areas
Jianrong Bi1, Jianping Huang
1, B.N. Holben
2
1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of
Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
2) NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Asian mineral dust is one of the primary aerosol components in the Earth-atmosphere system that
exerts a significant impact on air quality, human health, global biogeochemical cycle and Earth’s
climate. Thus far, the absorbing ability of dust aerosol originated from Asian desert region is still an
unresolved issue. In this study, we compile columnar key absorption and optical properties of
mineral dust over East and Central Asia areas by utilizing the multi-year quality assured datasets
observed at 13 sites of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). We identify two types of Asian
dust according to threshold criteria from previously published literatures. (I) The particles with high
aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD440≥0.4) and low Ångström wavelength exponent at 440-870
nm (<) are defined as Pure Dust (PDU) that decrease disturbance of other non-dust aerosols
and keep high accuracy of pure Asian dust. (II) The particles with AOD440≥0.4 and 0.2<< are
designated as Anthropogenic Dust (ADU), which are mainly dominated by dust aerosol and might
mix with other anthropogenic aerosol types. Our results reveal that the major constituents of high
AOD days are predominant by dust over East and Central Asia regions even if their variations rely
on different sources, distance from the source, emission mechanisms, and meteorological
characteristics. The overall mean and standard deviation of single-scattering albedo, asymmetry
factor, real part and imaginary part of complex refractive index at 550 nm for Asian PDU are
0.935±0.014, 0.742±0.008, 1.526±0.029, 0.00226±0.00056, respectively, while corresponding
values are 0.921±0.021, 0.723±0.009, 1.521±0.025, and 0.00364±0.0014 for Asian ADU. Dust
aerosols obtained from our methods show weaker absorption than previously reported values over
these areas. The lower absorption of Asian dust is in accordance with the studies using remote
sensing techniques from satellite. Aerosol shortwave direct radiative effects at the top of the
atmosphere (TOA), at the surface (SFC), and in the atmospheric layer (ATM) for Asian Pure Dust
(<0.2) and Anthropogenic Dust (0.2<<) computed in this study, are much smaller than the
results of OPAC Mineral accumulated (Mineral acc.) and transported (Mineral tran.) modes.
Therefore, we firmly believe that these results hold promise of updating and improving accuracies
of Asian dust characteristics in present-day remote sensing applications and climate models.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the principal investigators and their staff for effort in establishing and maintaining all
AERONET sites used in this study. This work was jointly supported by the National Science
Foundation of China (41305025) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(lzujbky-2015-4).
21
Development of a compact, low-cost and precise PM2.5 sensor and its applications
Yutaka MATSUMI1, Tomoki NAKAYAMA
1, Ryuichi WADA
2, and Atsushi MATSUKI
3
1) Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University,
Nagoya 464-8601 Japan. Email: [email protected]
2) Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science,
Uenohara 409-0193 Japan.
3) Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,
920-1192 Japan.
For measurements for PM2.5, beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) and filter-based gravimetric
method instruments have been used in public observational stations and in environmental research
stations. However, those instruments are very expensive and need accumulation time of about half a
day for PM2.5 measurements. We have developed a compact and low-cost PM2.5 instrument in
collaboration with Panasonic Corporation.
The new compact, palmtop PM2.5 instrument consists of a LED light source and photodiode
detecting aerosol particle light scattering. To increase the precision of measurements, the sizes of
individual aerosol particles are estimated from the intensities of the scattering light intensity and the
PM2.5 mass concentrations are calculated. The PM2.5 measurement results for ambient air using
the compact PM2.5 instrument indicated high correlation factor of > 0.8 with the results obtained by
simultaneous measurement using a BAM instrument (Thermo, Sharp 5030).
Many applications of the compact, low-cost and simple PM2.5 instrument have been
developed. In urban area, many instruments can be installed with high densities. Local PM2.5
sources in the urban areas can be detected with the PM2.5 instruments. Especially, the new PM2.5
instruments are suitable for the measurements in Asian countries. Some of Asian countries suffer
from serious environmental problems of extremely high PM2.5 concentrations and their health
effects. The PM2.5 observations in rural areas of the Asian countries have difficulty to install
expensive and delicate PM2.5 instruments because of many serious difficulties about budget, space,
electric supply, dust, temperature, maintenance access, standard-gas supply and so on. The new
PM2.5 instruments can be installed and operated in those conditions. The PM2.5 instruments widely
distributed in high PM2.5 concentration area are suitable for epidemiological studies.
In this presentation, we will present the features of the compact PM2.5 instrument, and also
present our applications such as measurements in the Asian countries including Mongolia.
Fig. 1 Palmtop and precise PM2.5 instrument
developed by Nagoya University and Panasonic
Corporation
22
Simulation of WRF-CHEM Model for Dust Concentration over Mongolia
BATJARGAL BUYANTOGTOKH1, YASUNORI KUROSAKI
2, TSUYOSHI SEKIYAMA
3, and
GANHUYAG BATJARGAL1
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, [email protected]
2) Arid Land Research Center (ALRC), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan,
3) Japan meteorology Agency, Meteorology Research Institute, [email protected]
In this work, the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Chemistry
(WRF-Chem) model using the Shao’s dust scheme (2011) is evaluated. The WRF-Chem model was
adopted for simulating the hourly 5 array dust during 01 February to 30 June 2015 over Mongolia.
The computational domains were chosen of 145x255x43 grid points with horizontal
resolutions of 9 km respectively. The model was initialized with real boundary conditions using
GFS (Global Forecast Model) forecast, NCEP FNL (Final) reanalysis and ECMWF (European
Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast) reanalysis data.
In the estimation of sand flux and dust emission amounts, surface information such as
vegetation cover and the soil types in the dust source region is required [1]. It is important to use as
much realistic surface data as possible to obtain an accurate estimation of dust emission amounts. In
this study, new static data for erodibility fraction and vegetation cover data were input into
WRF-Chem to improve the surface conditions in the model simulations.
The simulations are compared with surface synoptic data and dust observation monitoring
station data and are found to agree well with the observations. The synoptic systems that generated
the dust storms and the evolution of the dust patterns are analyzed.
This case study demonstrates that WRF-Chem presents great potential for simulating dust
storms and providing useful guidance in early warnings over Mongolia. However, extensive model
evaluations are still needed to understand the performance of the model under various
environmental conditions.
Reference:
[1] Kang .J, S.-C., Shao .Y. (2011). Comparison of vertical dust flux by implementing three dust emission
schemes in WRF/Chem. Journal of Geophysical Research, VOL. 116.
23
Aerosol Optical Properties in Gobi Agricultural Region of Northwest China during Dunhuang Campaign
Jinsen SHI1, Jianping HUANG
1, Jianrong BI
1, Yongkun XIE
1, Jinming GE
1
1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of
Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
Atmospheric aerosols are believed to have a significant influence on the earth’s radiation budget
and have the largest uncertainty in estimating the radiative forcing. From April to June 2012, an
intensive field campaign was conducted on Dunhuang Xihu Farm (40.492°N, 94.955°E, 1061m
above sea level), in Gobi agricultural region of northwest China. Aerosol optical properties,
including the scattering coefficient, the hemispheric back scattering coefficient, the absorption
coefficient, the single scattering albedo, as well as PM10 mass concentration, are presented in this
paper. The mean scattering coefficients at 550nm for PM10 and PM1 are 54.24±75.79 and
27.65±30.89 Mm-1, respectively. The mean absorption coefficient and mass concentration for
PM10 are 3.22±3.01 Mm-1 and 111.03±182.62μg/m3, respectively. The average single scattering
albedo at 670nm for PM10 is 0.91±0.06, which is less than the mean value 0.94±0.046 for 675nm
and close to the value 0.91±0.035 for 500nm that received through CE318 instrument during this
campaign. For dust storm, blowing dust and clear sky weather, the ratios of scattering coefficient of
PM10 to PM1 are 0.41±0.123, 0.49±0.106 and 0.61±0.063, and the mean values of single scattering
albedo are 0.96±0.018, 0.94±0.027 and 0.86±0.039, respectively. A trajectory cluster analysis is
applied to discern the source characteristics of aerosol optical properties for different air masses.
24
Dust Event in the Gobi Desert in May 2013: Relation with Cold Front
*Kei KAWAI1, Kenji KAI
1, Yoshitaka JIN
2, Nobuo SUGIMOTO
2, Dashdondog BATDORJ
3
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
2) National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
* Email: [email protected]
Asian dust is generated by a strong wind in arid and semi-arid regions in East Asia. The dust flows
in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which is affected by the Earth’s surface. If the dust
reaches to the free troposphere (FT) over ABL, it can be transported over a long range by westerlies.
Some meteorological mechanisms are necessary to elevate the dust from ABL to FT. However, the
mechanisms are poorly understood. A previous study (Hara et al., 2008) suggests that one of them is
an ascending warm air in a cold frontal system by using numerical models. This study aims to
reveal the transport process by using the lidar observations in the Gobi Desert.
There are three lidars in the Gobi Desert, which establish the Gobi Desert Lidar Network. The
network have monitored spatial distribution of the dust at Sainshand (SS), Zamyn-Uud (ZU), and
Dalanzadgad (DZ). SS and ZU are located in the eastern part of the Gobi Desert, and DZ is located
in the central part. The network captured the dust reaching to FT during a dust event on 22–23 May
2013 which was related to a cold front. Therefore, we focus on the dust event.
The dust event in the Gobi Desert on 22–23 May 2013 was caused by a strong wind due to the
cold front associated with a developing low pressure system. The cold front moved southeastward
across the desert and passed DZ, SS, and ZU in this order. The lidars observed a dust layer around
the cold front and a cold air mass behind the cold front. The vertical distribution of the dust was
different at each observation site. The height of the dust was less than 1.8 km at DZ. On the other
hand, the dust reached to a height of 4 km at SS and ZU, which means that the dust reached to FT.
The dust was located over the cold air mass. Trajectory analyses by the HYPLIT model
(http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php) indicates that the air parcel of the dust moved upward
from ABL to FT. These results show that the dust was transported by the ascending warm air in the
cold frontal system. Also, the area of the dust was larger at SS and ZU than that at DZ. This means
that more dust was supplied from the ground while the cold front was moving through the desert. In
conclusion, the cold frontal system generated the dust form the ground through the desert by the
strong wind, and then transported it from ABL to FT by the ascending warm air (Kawai et al., 2015).
As a future work, it is necessary to assess the contribution of a cold frontal system to the emission
and transport of Asian dust.
References:
Hara, Y., K. Yumimoto, I. Uno, A. Shimizu, N. Sugimoto, Z. Liu, and D. M. Winker, 2008: Asian dust
outflow in the PBL and free atmosphere retrieved by NASA CALIPSO and an assimilated dust
transport model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1227-1239.
Kawai, K., K. Kai, Y. Jin, N. Sugimoto, and D. Batdorj, 2015: Dust Event in the Gobi Desert on 22-23 May
2013: Transport of Dust from the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to the Free Troposphere by a Cold
Front, SOLA, 11, 156-159.
25
Characteristics of cloud base height from ceilometer and eye-visible measurements in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia
Davaanyam Enkhbaatar
1, Jugder Dulam
1, Kenji Kai
2, Kei Kawai
2
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia
2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Given the importance of clouds in the climate and the difficulty in determining their behavior and
their contribution to climate change, there is a need for improvement of methods for automatic and
continuous description of cloud characteristics (Costa-Suros at al., 2013). Ceilometers constitute a
priori a reliable instrumental method for sounding the atmosphere and describing cloudiness
specially cloud base height, cloud cover, and even cloud vertical structure.
In the present study, we use data of clouds using eye visible observations at Dalanzadgad
meteorological station (43.58°N, 104.42°E), Mongolia in 2009-2015, and cloud base height
measurements from Ceilometer CL51 at same station during May 2013 to April 2016.
Frequency of clouds using eye visible observation at Dalanzadgad station in 2009-2015 has been
investigated with statistical analyses. Cloud base heights at this location in January, April, July and
October in 2013-2016 were determined by using measurements of Ceilometer CL51. At this
location, cloud cover occurrence has different values between 10-21%, with a winter minimum
centered in January and a summer maximum between 59-78% centered in July. In summer, the
distribution of cloud base height with more than 60% of clouds having cloud base height is
2800-4400 meter.
References:
Costa-Suros, M. et a., 2013: Behavior of cloud base height from ceilometers measurements,
Atmospheric Research 127, 64-76.
Kawai, K., K. Kai, Y. Jin, N. Sugimoto, D. Batdorj, 2015: Dust Event in the Gobi Desert on 22 -
23 May 2013: Transport of Dust from the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to the Free Troposphere by
a Cold Front, SOLA, 11, 156-159, doi:10.2151/sola.2015-035.
26
Dust Storm in Natural Zones and Its Relationship with Precipitation over Mongolia
Ganbat Amgalan
1
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia
Email: [email protected]
This study presents the spatiotemporal distribution and the impact of surface wind and precipitation
on dust occurrences in Mongolia. We used data collected between 2000 and 2013 from 113
meteorological stations for natural zones of the forest steppe, steppe, the Gobi Desert and the High
Mountains. We analyzed the relationship between dusty days, which is derived the sum of days with
dust storm and/or drifting dust, and days with strong wind (at a threshold wind speed of a constant
6.5 m/s, hereafter, strong wind days) and precipitation by comparing among the dusty days in
dust-frequent years (2006, 2008 and 2009), dust-less years (2003, 2011) and dust-normal years
(2000-2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2013) in spatially and seasonally. The results found that
annual distributions of dust storm days consisting of less than 5 days were found over the forest
steppe zone in northern Mongolia, whereas areas with dust storms more than 30 days included
southeast and western Mongolia. Dusty days in dust-frequent years were associated with strong
wind days when precipitation is about the mean of 10 mm while dust occurrences were suppressed
by large amounts of precipitation (approximately 22 mm) in dust-less years (2003, 2011) in May
over the southeastern part of the Gobi Desert zone. We attempted to present the impact of
precipitation on dust events comparing between dusty days with less precipitation as a dry condition
and dusty days with larger precipitation (more than the mean precipitation). Dusty days reduced by
up to 12 days during March-June in the Gobi Desert due to 31-118 mm precipitation and reduced up
to 4 days with 45-175 mm precipitation at some stations in the steppe and forest steppe zones
whereas no relation found between increasing precipitation amounts (up to 117mm) and dust events
in the mountains zone.
27
Session B
Environmental regime shift, desertification,
risk management
8:30-12:05 on 9 August
28
The Eco-hydrological Process and Its Environmental Effects in Gurbantunggut Desert of China
Hongfei ZHOU
1) Xinjiang institute of Ecology and Geography, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi
830011, China
Email: [email protected]
Gurbantunggut Desert is a fixed and semi-fixed desert. The area is 48800 km2. There is stable snow
cover during the winter season. The annual precipitation is between 70mm to 150mm. Compared
with the other desert of China, The natural vegetation cover, plant diversity and stability are the best.
The dust happened frequency is also low.
The water infiltration in different underlying sand surface, stem flow of desert shrub, slope
surface and sub-surface flow of sand dunes, snow and soil evaporation, plant condensation water,
soil moisture spatio-temporal changes are measured. Based on these key hydrological processes
study we found that soil moisture enriched in the slope foot of sand dunes and under the desert
shrub root area. Spring season after the snowmelt is the richest period of the soil water in whole
year. There is unique vegetation landscape consisting of the short-lived and ephemeral plants, desert
shrub in Gurbantunggut Desert. It is considered that the high infiltration capacity of sand dunes, low
evaporation, high desert shrub stem flow, and the soil water richment allows the soil water storage
transfer from the redistribution of precipitation efficiently. This is the important reason that the high
vegetation cover and less dust days in Gurbantunggut Desert compared with other desert with the
similar precipitation such as badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert.
29
Seasonal dynamics of surface roughness and dust emission in Mongolia Gobi region
Buho Hoshino
*1, Yuta Demura
2, Yuki Sofue
2, Kenji Kai
3, Ts. Purevsuren
2, Kenji Baba
1, Jun Noda
4,
Enkhtuvshin Zoljargal5, Katsuro Hagiwara
4
1) College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University,
Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan (e-mail: [email protected])
2) Graduate School of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
3) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
4) Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
5) Center for Meteorology Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring of Dornogovi Province,
Mongolia
In this study we confirmed that there is a high correlation between the Asian Dust Storms (ADS)
emissions and seasonal dynamics of surface roughness of sources region. Classification the land
cover types in ADS sources region to desert grassland, rocks Mountains, and dry lake beds based on
the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) using Terra/MODIS satellite image, and DEM data.
The dust particle numbers were counted by the field survey conducted for each land coverage types.
In addition, the airborne dust concentrations were measured for each wind speeds and each land
coverage types by using the mobile dust chamber for the measurement of the particle concentrations.
The results suggested the possible difference in frequencies of the dry lake bed occurrence affected
the number of dust storm emissions. The numbers of the dust storm emissions had tendency to
increase along with the increased frequencies of the dry lake beds occurrence with a threshold
friction velocity (TFV) of 9.1 m・s-1. In the Gobi desert region, the 70% land was covered by desert
grassland and only 1% covered by dry lakes and other is rock-mountains. We find the TFV (u*50%)
significantly varies in longitudinal and seasonal, in response to the elevation, soil moisture variation,
surface roughness heterogeneity, and vegetation phenology. The TFV (u*50%) is increases in the
dry grass (NPV) covered area and wet soil area and degreases in dry lake and low vegetated area. In
this study, the TFV of the dust storm frequency of 50%(u*50% )in sources area are : 9.1m/s.
References:
Yuta Demura, Buho Hoshino, Sofue Yuki, Kai Kenji, Purevsuren Ts. Baba Kenji, Jan-Chang Chen, Mori
Kaori (2015). Estimates of critical ground surface condition for Asian dust storm outbreak in Gobi desert
region based on remotely sensed data. IEEE IGARSS. 2015 (1). 870-873. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325903
Fig. 2. Relationship
between NPV coverage
and numbers of dust
storm for each wind
speed during the period
of melting of snow stage
to foliation stage
Fig. 1 The
ground surface
spectral
reflectance of
bare soil, dry
grass(NPV) and
green grass
(PV)
30
A Livestock Trampling Function for Emission Rate of Wind-blown Dust in Mongolia
E. Munkhtsetseg1, M. Shinoda
2, M. Ishizuka
3, M. Mikami
4, R. Kimura
5, and G. Nikolich
6
1) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
3) Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
4) Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
5) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
6) Desert Research Institute, Nevada University, Las Vegas, USA
The livestock trampling can be a significant dust-inducing surface factor, which needs a
depth-investigation to quantify its effect on the emission rate of wind-blown dust. We used the
PI-SWERL
device to measure dust emissions from a bare, no-trampled and naturally livestock
trampled land surface located in the livestock grazing, temperate grassland of Mongolia. Our
research findings highlighted that the consequence of dense livestock tramplings is an increase in
dust emissions. Our results showed that the emission rate of wind-blown dust is closely related with
the product of friction velocity and livestock density. Moreover, we defined a livestock trampling
function to account trampling effects on dust emissions and introduced it in a simple dust flux
formula as a scaling factor so that the scaling factor might be potentially used to measure
anthropogenic dust in the steppe sites of Mongolia. Similarly, this elaborative scaling factor also can
be used in other livestock occupied areas together with the determined threshold friction velocity.
Fig. 1 Modeled dust flux by the proposed formula versus measured dust emissions. Open triangles (∆),
circles (○), and squares (□) denote dust emission values from the trampled surfaces with livestock densities
of 250, 241, 201 head/hectare, respectively. Plus symbols (+) denotes dust emission values from the
no-trampled surfaces.
31
Land degradation by wind and dust storms over the territory of Khuvsgul Aimag
E.Bayarjargal1, Kh.Ayurzana
1, R.Mijiddorj
2, Sh.Oyuntuya
3
1) Service for Hydrometeorology and Environment of Khuvsgul
2) Center for Ecology and Sustainable Development
3) MULS. School of Agroecology
In this report, we used data of meteorological stations of Muren, Rinchinlhumbe, Tarialan, Khatgal,
Tsagaan-Uur and Tsetserleg in Khubsugul province. We used data from observations of air
temperature, wind speed, precipitation and repeatability of the dust storm from the 1961- 2015 year.
Although territory of Khubsugul province is wet and cool, there are forests and rivers, because of
human activities and natural dryness, soil erosion occurs.
As we see, the average wind speed was 0.9 m/s, in Rinchinlhumbe and Tsagaan-Uur, that are in
mountain taiga zone, and 1.8-2.7 m/s, in Tsetserleg, Murun and Tarialan, which are in the
forest-steppe zone. The biggest wind speed was 40 m/sec, 1st May 2010, in Tsetserleg soum.
The number of days with dust storm was a bit in the mountain taiga zone, and it was 67 in Murun
and 33 in Tarialan and Tsetserleg, which are in the forest-steppe zone.
There are a lot of dust storms in the Murun soum, which is the center of Khubsgul province.
This shows the influence of the city in the origin of the dust storm.
In the last years, the changes of temperature are increasing. As for precipitates, its amount
fluctuation is small, but there is increased evaporation due to the rise in temperature, and plant
harvest is few. This is one of the reasons of the land degradation.
References:
1. Batima P., Myagmarjav B. Climate change and it’s further trends, UB, 2005
2. Natsagdorj L. Desertification and climate evolution.UB, 2009.
3. Jambaajamts, B. Climate of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar 1989.
4. Atlas of Mongolian climate and surface water resources. Leningrad, 1985.
5. Munhtsetseg, Ts. Climate of Khuvsgul aimag. Ulaanbaatar, 1980.
32
The Impact of Forest Fire on Forest Cover Types and Forest Cover Change
Nandin-Erdene.G 1
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
Email: [email protected]
The objective of this study was the impact of forest fire on forest cover types and forest cover
change. This study has identified 14 cover classes with a description of 9 vegetation cover including
8 forest cover types from 30 m spatial resolution Landsat TM data. Such as cedar, pine, larch, birch,
shrub and three types of mixed forest. Different classification method has been used for
classification of satellite data. Addition to current classification, developments in segmentation and
object-oriented techniques offer the suitable analysis to classify satellite data. In the object-oriented
approach, images were segmented to homogenous area as forest types by suitable parameters in
some level. The overall accuracy was 86.3 percent in 2000 and 93.7 percent in 2011.
References:
Alvarez, W., Bonifaz, R., Lunetta, R.S., Garcia, C., Gomez, G., Castro, R., Bernal, A., Cabrera A.L., (2003).
Multi-temporal land-cover classification of Mexico using Landsat MSS imagery. International Journal of
Remote Sensing 24(12), 2501-2514
Brad Smith, W., (2002). Forest inventory and analysis: A national inventory and monitoring program.
Environmental Pollution 116, S233-S242
Daniel G. Brown, David P. Lusch, Kenneth A. Duda. (1998). Supervised classification of types of glaciated
landscapes using digital elevation data. Geomorphology 21, 233-250
Difiniens developer 7.0 User guide 2007
33
Sign of an emerging regime shift in the Mongolian herder-pastureland system
Masato SHINODA1
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Environmental regime shift is a key concept of the JSPS Core-to-Core Program, while this topic has
hardly been addressed in our collaborative research. This background motivated me to introduce a
topic related to a possible regime shift that should be seriously and urgently addressed by our
research community. This paper aims to propose a novel idea on an emerging unstable state of the
Mongolian herder-pastureland system that was triggered by recent dzud/drought hazards (Fig. 1),
which may possibly lead to a catastrophic change and an irreversible degradation in pasturelands in
near future. To handle this issue, this presentation gives an outline of the conceptual framework of
the regime shift mechanism and our effort aimed at assessing and predicting such a change
The herding occupation on the Eurasian Steppe is thought to have survived various climate
hazards for several thousands of years. This history implies that in a changing climate (including
hazards), herders have long maintained a sound herder-pastureland system, relying on indigenous
herding and ecological knowledge (Shinoda, 2016). A major body of this knowledge includes
mobile pastoralism that avoids a concentration of grazing pressure in limited areas and thereby
vegetation degradation. In recent years, this system has been jeopardized under the dramatically
increased grazing pressure exceeding the pasture carrying capacity in the transition from socialist to
market economy (Fig. 1).
The sustainability of the grassland ecosystem critically depends on interactions between
climate change, grassland vegetation and human activities (Shinoda et al., 2011). Aeolian processes
play a major role in these interactions. For example, overgrazing may result in decreased vegetation
and increased wind erosion that constrains the recovery of grasslands during the subsequent
growing season. Given this, our attempt focused on estimating interannual pasture carrying capacity
and modelling the above-mentioned interactions (refer to the paper by Nandintsetseg et al.) will be a
key to finding a solution to a sustainable grassland management.
Fig. 1 Schematic time-series that shows a regime shift from stable to unstable state of livestock population that
occurs in conjunction with an economic regime change. The dzud index denotes a climatic forcing potential to
induce massive livestock loss. Even a high index did not lead to a large livestock loss during the socialism time
due to a population lower than the carrying capacity.
DzudDzud
Livestock number
Dzud index
Stable Unstable Year
Pasture Carrying
Capacity
Socialism Market economy
34
Incorporating Ecological and Wind Erosion Models for Sustainability of the Temperate Grassland Ecosystem
Banzragch NANDINTSETSEG1, 2
, Masato SHINODA1, Yaping SHAO
3
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Email: [email protected]
2) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
3) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, German
Sustainability of the temperate grassland ecosystem depends on interactions between climate
change, vegetation, and human activities (e.g., overgrazing). Aeolian processes play a major role in
these interactions (Shinoda et al., 2011). To date, relatively few studies have been dedicated to dust
emission in grasslands, but these issues deserve more attention. In this study, we focused on
examining the effects of erodibility parameters (soil moisture and vegetation components) on dust,
and coupling ecological model DAYCENT into wind-erosion model QF2003 to predict dust flux
(Fig. 1). The ecological model realistically simulates dynamics of erodibility factors that were
captured by field observations in Mongolia (2003–2010). Results show that dust emission had a
similar amplitude of significant correlation with erosivity and erodibility parameters, which
demonstrates a memory of the preceding year. Most
importantly, the standing dead grasses had the strongest
memory and simultaneous correlation with spring dusts.
Moreover, increasing droughts during the 2000s were
related to the increasing dusts. Observations and
simulations revealed that grazing reduced the mass of each
vegetation component relative to those in the no-grazing
area. These reduced mass amounts in summer, caused by
drought and grazing, reduced dead grasses the following
spring, and thereby enhanced dust by loss of protective
cover, trapping of particles and extracting momentum from
the air flow, finally lead to grassland degradation
(Nandintsetseg and Shinoda, 2015). Then, we coupled the
DAYCENT with the QF2003, and conducted the numerical
test of the coupled model (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this
kind of approach has not been attempted yet. With the
initial results, we have demonstrated the potential of the
coupled model. The preliminary simulation shows that dust significantly depletes the surface soil
nitrogen, and wind erosion can substantially reduce the surface vegetation cover. Once such
modeling systems are established, they will have practical applications in hazard mapping of dusts,
guidelines for optimum spatial allocation of livestock to avoid wind erosion due to overgrazing, and
guidelines for rehabilitation of degraded grasslands due to wind erosion.
References:
Nandintsetseg, B., and M. Shinoda, 2015. Land surface memory effects on dust emission in a Mongolian
temperate grassland, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 120, 414–427.
Shinoda, M., J. A. Gillies, M. Mikami, and Y. Shao, 2011. Temperate grasslands as a dust source: Knowledge,
uncertainties, and challenges, Aeolian Res., 3, 271–293.
Fig. 1 Framework of the coupling ecological and wind erosion model.
35
Mongolian Mine Closure: Desertification, Soil erosion
Munkh-Orgil.S1
1) Institute of Paleontology and Geology Mongolian Academy of Sciences,
Email: [email protected]
In Mongolia, last 20 years the mining production expanded rapidly in a large scope and many tens
of mines were newly opened but it is very retarded in reclamation works. According to the
conclusions made by the specialists there were mostly “small” mines and they excavated 50 m deep
holes from the surface of the soil. As of today, from the total territory of Mongolia about 17.7% or
27 million hectares are used for the geologic explorations and by the license types 1351 are for the
direct use and 1431 are for explorations. This covers 7.6% of the total territory of our country. 263
of them have 100% foreign investments, 153 are the joint venture companies. 78.3% of the special
license holders are the companies with the local investments. Currently only the lands involved in
the mining production which were abandoned without the rehabilitation works are reached 5.000
hectares. These sites were left without any planned measures and implemented rehabilitation to
ensure the environmental safety so there is a need to identify the responsible inspection authorities.
The areas without any restoration works are the areas of excavated small mines. In our country we
have laws and regulations forcing the mining companies to restore the used mining lands but no
companies are following the rules and also there is a lack of the progress. The Government urges
about the adverse ecological problems which arise from the mining operations in the country with
the harsh and severe climate where their people mostly engaged in the livestock production. The
Government has the system to monitor how the progress of the land reclamation is carried in the
areas used for mining. As of 2014 about 528 deposits were registered nationwide and 75% of these
areas used as the open mining where artisanal miners are destroying the surrounding environment
and the soil degrade at most. In territorial sizes the mineral exploration, mining and processing
works are carried intensively from where about 30% hectares of soil were destructed including the
14.500 hectares during the mineral exploration processes, 14.565 hectares were destructed from the
extraction processes, 1206.4 hectares were destroyed by the construction works, transportation and
communications by damaging the untouched areas where causing considerable damages to the
livestock and difficulties to the agricultural activities, decreased water level of the rivers due to the
dried sources and smaller rivers by damaging the environment in large quantities. However, these
statistical analysis numbers are including only the directly used areas but not the indirectly reflected
areas. Since 2010 as some non-governmental organizations, civil movements and restoration
companies were started talking and organizing the meetings about the set of policies for the mining
closures and currently there are no changes or results which show that the time is arrived to make
the changes of the approaches and methods by updating the legal environment to monitor the
accountability. In our country, the major companies with the foreign investment engaged in the
mining industry do the substantial rehabilitation works in a professional level but after the mine
closure they do not think about the social issues of the employees and infrastructure. By comparing
the areas used in direct ways by the companies for 1 year and the areas with the reclaimed areas
they don’t even have a 20% reach. Finally, I will discuss the opportunities of joint research.
References:
*Y.Gombosuren "mineral resource extraction and processing technologies, ecological and economic
valuation theory and methodology", Ulaanbaatar, 2010
*The official website of the Ministry of Mongolian mining: http://www.mm.gov.mn/, *Mongolia's mining
site electronic magazine: www.mongolianminingjournal.com/ etc.
36
Soil Wind Erodibility in the Tarim Basin
Xinhu Li1, Gary Feng
2, and Brenton S. Sharratt
3
1) State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and
Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
2) USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
3) USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164, United States
Email: [email protected]
The Tarim Basin is an important source of airborne particulate matter that contributes to poor air
quality in China. However, little attention has been given to estimating wind erodibility of soils in
the region. The objective of this study was to determine the soil wind erodibility for four land use
types in the Tarim Basin. Wind erodibility was determined from the dry aggregate size distribution
of soils collected from desert, farmland, forest, and shrubland environments in spring 2013. Our
analysis revealed that the percentage of soil mass composed of aggregates <840 mm in diameter
(erodible fraction) ranged from 5.2 to 99.9% across sites with a mean of 58.9% across land use
types. The four land use types had a high content of erodible aggregates. The mean percentage of
soil mass which was comprised of saltation-size (500–100 mm in diameter) and suspension-size
material (<100 mm in diameter) was 15.0 and 39.0%, respectively, across land use types. The desert
had the highest potential for saltation activity and suspension. Our results suggest that all land use
types examined in this study have potential to contribute to the atmospheric dust load in the Tarim
Basin and to transcontinental and transoceanic transport of dust.
37
Method of Estimation Drought Using Remote Sensing Data
Battsetseg Tuvdendorj
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Remote
Sensing Division, Juulchiny street-5, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia
E-mail: [email protected]
Mongolia is very vulnerable and has harsh climate. The natural disasters such as drought and wild
fire are often observed in Mongolia. This paper presents results of drought monitoring over the
Forest steppe High Mountain and Gobi Desert zones of Mongolia during the warm season (April to
October). Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface
Temperature (LST), obtained long-term (13 years) datasets acquired with the MODIS data. The
approach is called Vegetation Temperature Condition Index, which integrates land surface
reflectance and thermal properties. Furthermore, the ground-measured precipitation and temperature
data a study area covering parts of two zones of Mongolia, which used to calculate the Standardized
Precipitation Index and the Aridity Index. Finally, these three indices indicated the drought years.
References:
1. Bayarjargal Y., et al. 2006. A comparative study of NOAA-AVHRR derived drought indices using
change vector analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment 105, pp 9-22.
2. Damdin Dagvadorj., Rogelio Z. Aldover., Anna Stabrawa. Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate
Change 2009, Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia ISBN: 978-99929-93403-X
3. Natsagdorj L., Dagvadorj D. 2010. Adaptation of Climate Change. ISBN: 978-99929-93403-X
4. Siirevdamba Ts., 1998. Biological Diversity in Mongolia, First National Repirt, Ministry for Nature
and the Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pp 106.
5. Bayarjargal Yu., Adyasuren Ts., Munkhtuya Sh. ACRS2000. Drought and Vegetation Monitoring in
the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the Mongolia using Remote Sensing and Ground data.
6. Wan Z., Wang P., Li X. 2004. Using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index products for monitoring drought in the southern Great Plains, USA. INT. J.
REMOTE SENSING, vol. 25, NO. 1, pp 61-72
38
Determination of future prospects of dry zones in Mongolia using a warming-drying index
Dashkhuu DULAMSUREN1, Renchin MIJIDDORJ
2, Purevjav GOMBOLUUDEV
1
1) Information Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
2) Center of Ecology and Sustainable Development, MUST, Mongolia
Email: [email protected]
Mongolia’s ecosystem is changed noticeably because of global warming and human activities and it
directly affects country’s economy and nation’s living ability level to go down by increased numbers
of drought, desertification and blight frequencies and furthermore reducing water resource and other
biodiversity changes. Many scientists have been noted that natural zone and its range can be
changed and their border shifts also can be varied in short period of time because of climate
changing. This research work is aimed develop methods that express ecosystem change of nature
and included test result of specific information and also give evaluation on ecosystems changes
present and future condition.
Critic value line of climate elements which cause to change the natural ecosystem condition
depending on global warming is the line of transition of one natural zone to another natural zone. To
do so, we estimated and mapped warming-drying index at every point of geographical latitude and
longitude, based on the average news of climate index of 1961-1990 which were not highly
impacted by global warming
Fig. 1.Geographical distribution of warming-drying index
As this research, north border of dry zone may move to north by 120 km every 20 years in the 21
st
century. The estimations based on 8.5 version of greenhouse gas emission in the ensemble result of
10 general atmospheric cycle models show that warming-drying may be high and land deterioration
may be extended in the territory of Mongolia, depending on global warming.
References:
Будыко М.И. Глобальная экология. Изд. “Мысль”. 1980. С 125-127
Mijiddorj, R. Dulamsuren, D. Gomboluudev, P. 2015: To Determine of ecosystem changes in Natural Zone,
Mongolian journal of Agricultural Sciences., VOL2, ISSN 2310-6212.p16-22.
Mijiddorj, R. 2008: “Global warming and challenge to desert” BCI, 69.
39
Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS
Altannavch Magsarjav1, Erdenetuya Magsar
2, Khishigjargal Nyamaa
1
1) Agency for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environment Monitoring, Dornod province of
Mongolia1
2) National Agency Meteorology and Environment of Mongolia2
Drought is a period of below average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged
shortages its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water. Drought risk assessment
described steel may be formed by reducing the risk of drought impacts and help to develop a better
management plan. Earth observation satellite data are often necessary for the provision of synoptic,
wide area coverage and frequent information for monitoring of drought condition. In this study an
attempt has been made to apply RS and GIS techniques for drought detection in the Dornod
province region of Mongolia. Agricultural drought risk areas were identified based on Vegetation
condition index (VCI) by using vegetation data with 250 m resolution from MODIS satellite during
2001-2015. Anomaly of the VCI from the mean values was classified to determine the agricultural
drought risk. Meteorological drought was determined based on annual rainfall. Those values were
interpolated to determine the spatial pattern of meteorological drought and threshold value for
different types of drought. The drought risk maps were prepared by calculating the class’s
frequency of droughts. Finally, a resultant risk map was obtained by integrating agriculture and
meteorological drought risk maps.
Resultant risk map obtained by integrating agriculture and meteorological drought risk map
indicates the areas facing a combined hazard. It also represents the frequency of years a particular
area faced the hazard. The research shows motivating results that can be used in taking corrective
measures timely to minimize the reduction in agricultural production in drought prone areas. The
results obtained provide objective information on prevalence, severity level and persistence of
drought conditions, which will be helpful to the resource managers in optimally allocating scarce
resources.
40
Session C
Bioaerosols
14:45-16:50 on 9 August
41
Origins of airborne bacterial communities in bioaerosols transported from Gobi Desert area by dust events
Teruya Maki *1, Yasunori Kurosaki
2, Kazunari Onishi
3, Fumihisa Kobayashi
4, Kenji Kai
5,
Kevin Lee6, Stephen Pointing
6, Dulam Jugder
7, Masato Shinoda
5 and Yasunobu Iwasaka
8
1) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
2) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
3) Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
4) Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
5) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
6) School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
7) IRIMHE, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
8) University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
*Email:[email protected]
Asian dust events transport the airborne bacteria in Chinese desert regions as well as mineral
particles and influence biological ecosystems and climate changes in downwind area. In this study,
the distributions of terrestrial bacteria were investigated around the Gobi Desert area, where dust
events are high frequent. Moreover, the sequential dynamics of airborne bacteria were also analyzed
at the sampling site located in desert area (Dalanzadgad, Tsogt-Ovoo). The dust event days
increased the bacterial cells and mineral particles at more than ten folds, and significantly change
the airborne bacterial communities, which would be carried from grassland (phyllo-sphere),
dry-lake, as well as sand surfaces. After the dust events, some bacterial populations such as
Firmicutes (Bacilli) and Bacteroidetes maintain in atmosphere for longer time, because of the
endospore formation or the attachment with coarse particles for the resistant to environmental
stressors. The air-sampling surveys at high altitudes over desert area and downwind areas
demonstrated that these airborne bacteria have high possibilities to be transported for longer
distances.
Fig. 1 What is the source of airborne microorganisms over desert area?
References:
T. Maki, K. Hara, F. Kobayashi, Y. Kurosaki, M. Kakikawa, A. Matsuki, C. Bin, G. Shi, H. Hasegawa, Y.
Iwasaka (2015) Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area,
Noto Peninsula, Atmos. Environ. 119:282-293.
F. Puspitasari, T. Maki, G. Shi, C. Bin, F. Kobayashi, H. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasaka (2015) Phylogenetic analysis
of bacterial species compositions in sand dunes and dust aerosol in an Asian dust source area, the
Taklimakan Desert, Air Qual. Atmos. Health DOI: 10.1007/s11869-015-0367-y
42
Viability differences of Bioaerosols with Dusts from Mongolia and Japan
Jun NODA1*
, Katsuro HAGIWARA1, Buho HOSHINO
1, Kenji BABA
1, Hiroshi YOKOTA
1,
Erdenebadrakh MUNKHJARGAL2, Kei KAWAI
3, and Kenji KAI
3
1) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
2) National Agency for Meteorology and Environment Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
3) Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Email: [email protected]
The Desert regions continue to discharge large amounts of dust to atmosphere, which may circulate
around the globe [1]. Iwasaka et al.[2] reported the presence of nucleic acid from atmospheric dust
corrected from 700 m above the ground in Dunhuang China; some biological components could be
transported together with the dust. The aerosols with biological components (bioaerosols) can be
transported long distances with help of dust particles to disperse downwind and/or surrounding
regions, which may affect health conditions of human, livestock, and/or ecosystem. Therefore, it is
important to understand the interaction between biological and dust components. Here we present a
laboratory experiment of viability difference of bioaerosols together with dusts from desert area of
Sainshand, Mongolia and marine sludge dust from Tsunami affected area of Ishinomaki, Japan.
Model airborne bacteria, DH5α Escherichia coli (E. coli), were tested to assess the different dusts
affected a viability of the E. coli in a reaction chamber. The viability reduction rates of the E. coli
were measured with a cultured method. The E. coli and autoclaved dust were nebulized into the
chamber then aerosols were sampled after 1 hour of reaction; the examined dusts were 1) Phosphate
Buffer Solution (PBS) as a control, 2) desert sand from Mongolia, and 3) marine sludge from
coastal area of Japan. The viability experiments of E. coli indicated that the dust from Mongolia
significantly decreased the viability of E. coli and the dust from Ishinomaki significantly increased
a viability of the E. coli compared to the control PBS dust (p<0.05). The results indicated that the
different types of airborne dusts may influence the viability of airborne E. coli bacteria.
Furthermore, aerosol concentration and size distribution pattern in the laboratory experiments were
compared with the field measurement data from the intensive observation period of 2015 (IOP
2015) spring in Mongolia. The results of the aerosol concentrations from the laboratory experiments
were within the range of dust storm and normal periods in Dalanzadgad, Mongolia for s larger than
1 µm; less than 1 µm size range were similar level to the dry lakes from Gobi desert area. The
laboratory measurements with the reaction chamber were within the range of real atmospheric
aerosol concentration levels to assess the bioaerosol and dust interaction.
References:
[1] Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara,
Y.,Sugimoto, N., (2009). Asian dust transported one full circit around the globe, Nature Geoscience, (2), 8,
55.
[2] Iwasaka, Y., Shi, G.Y., Yamada, M., Kobayashi, F., Kakikawa, M., Maki, T., Naganuma, T., Chen, B.,
Tobo, Y., Hong, C.S., (2009). Mixture of Kosa (Asian dust) and bioaerosols detected in the atmosphere over
the Kosa particles source regions with balloon-borne measurements: possibility of long-range transport, Air
Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2, (1), 29-38.
43
Analysis of physical properties of individual Asian dust (Kosa) particles by Atomic Force Microscopy
Atsushi MATSUKI1, Yuki MIZUSHIMA
1, Ayumi IWATA
1, Makoto WATANABE
1,
Teruya MAKI1, Makiko KAKIKAWA
1, Fumihisa KOBAYASHI
2, Yasunobu IWASAKA
3
1) Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
2) Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
3) University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Asian dust is a phenomenon by which mineral particles from arid regions of China continental
interior are transported over China, across the Sea of Japan, and even beyond the Pacific Ocean.
During the long-range transport, the physical and chemical properties of Asian dust are modified
especially when they travel through humid mixed layer near the ground.
In this study, we demonstrate the case in which we directly measured the surface topography as
well as adhesive force of individual Asian dust (Kosa) particles using Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM). The adhesive force of the individual dust particles collected prior to and following the
long-range transport were directly measured and compared to study the extent of changes in the
physical properties.
We regarded Kosa particles collected in Western China as reference material (pre-transport),
and directly compared their morphology and adhesiveness with those collected over Japan during
an Asian dust event (post-transport). Overall, Kosa particles showed similar adhesiveness to
reference PSL and Quartz particles. However, fraction of the post-transport particles showed
significant morphological change and increase in adhesiveness (similar to (NH4)2SO4 or sea salt).
Thus, adhesive force were significantly larger for a fraction of particles after being transported
long-ranges. In addition, the particles with core-shell structure showed different adhesive forces in
the respective areas within the same particle.
From these results, it is suggested that the change of particle physical properties can have
significant consequences in the behavior of the dust particles in the environment. Current result
demonstrates the applicability of AFM for the quantitative characterizing of physical properties of
individual aerosol particles.
Fig. 1 Representative AFM Force curves obtained from individual Kosa particles collected before (solid
black) and after long-range transport (brown dashed) (left panel). Topographic AFM image of an aged Kosa
particle collected over Japan (right panel).
44
Adverse health effect of Asian dust particle for healthy subjects
Kazunari Onishi1*
, Shinji Otani2
, Yasunori Kurosaki3
, Zentaro Yamagata4
,
Youichi Kurozawa5
1) Interdisciplinary Graduate school of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
2) International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori,
Japan
3) Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
4) Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine. University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi,
Japan
5) Division of Health Administration and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University,
Yonago, Japan
*Email: [email protected]
The health effects of Asian dust and air pollution have been reported. Asian dust includes
soil-derived metals, anthropogenic metals, and many other air pollutants at various concentrations,
depending on the atmospheric transport route. We investigated the possible causes for the diversity
in symptoms produced by Asian dust events, for using a questionnaire survey to healthy subjects
(nasal, ocular, respiratory, skin, throat, headache, fever).
Concentrations of mineral and non-mineral dust were estimated from light detection and
ranging (LIDAR) observations made using a polarization analyzer. Meteorological data, including
pollen, NO2, SO2, Oxidant Ox and relative humidity, temperature, and Atmospheric pressure in
Yonago, Japan. We used generalized estimating equation regression models. A statistically
significant association was shown between the total score of each symptom and heavy Asian dust
event(top 5% of daily average). The odds ratio (OR) of the heavy Asian dust event to any symptom
for healthy subjects was 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.5).
Even healthy subjects demonstrated elevated symptom score at heavy Asian dust event.
Fig. 1 Transport route determines health effect in Japan.
References:
Onishi, K. et al. Atmospheric transport route determines components of Asian dust and health effects in
Japan. Atmos Environ 49, 94-102, doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2011.12.018 (2012).
Onishi, K., Otani, S., Yoshida, A., Mu, H. & Kurozawa, Y. Adverse Health Effects of Asian Dust Particles
and Heavy Metals in Japan. Asia-Pacific journal of public health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for
Public Health, doi:10.1177/1010539511428667 (2012).
45
Rangeland health monitoring of Mongolia
B. Erdenetsetseg and S. Sumjidmaa
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Remote
Sensing Division, Juulchiny street-5, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia
The primary challenge to sustainable livestock production in Mongolia is that rangeland health, the
set of environmental conditions that sustain the productivity and biodiversity of rangelands, is in
decline in many parts of Mongolia.
Rangeland health monitoring is carried out at 1,500 sites across the network of Mongolian
National Agency of Meteorology and Environment Monitoring (NAMEM). A new methodology to
evaluate rangeland health was developed and has been in use since 2014. This methodology uses a
state transition model based on ecological potential of the monitoring sites. Using the model,
Mongolia’s rangeland was categorized into 25 ecological site groups and five standardized recovery
classes (I-V) based on information and assumptions about the reference condition or ecological
potential of a rangeland area and the process of recovery with a change in management. Relatively
healthy rangeland conditions that are observed within an ecological site are used as a reference for
assessing rangeland health.
When the state transition model was run using the 2014 monitoring data to evaluate the
rangeland health, 65% of sites were found to be altered with respect to the plant species
composition of the reference communities for the matched ecological site groups. Based on this
analysis, 48% of the sites would require more than 3 years of management for recovery to occur..
Most monitoring sites in Desert Steppe and Desert ecological zones are at reference condition or
only slightly altered (Class I). A higher percentage of sites requiring more than 3 years of
management for recovery were observed in forest steppe, steppe and semi-desert zones. Sites in
aimags such as Arkhangai, Bulgan, Tuv, Selenge, and Dundgobi have experienced the greatest
degree (Class III and IV) rangeland degradation (National report of rangeland health monitoring,
2015).
46
Ambient Air PM2.5 and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease in Ulaanbaatar Residents
*Enkhjargal Altangerel
1, Burmjaajav Badrakh
2
1) Public health institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2) Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
*Email: [email protected]
Mongolia is a landlocked country with a total land area of 1,564,116 square kilometers. Ambient
annual average particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Ulaanbaatar are 10–25 times greater than
Mongolian air quality standards (AQS). More than 40 percentage of the nation’s total population
live in Ulaanbaatar. The study aims to define the relationship between ambient air PM2.5 level
and hospital admissions in Ulaanbaatar during the years 2010 and 2014. Pollution data included the
24-hour average of PM2.5. Data were sampled daily and optioned from the national air monitoring
stations located in Ulaanbaatar city. The sampling frame of hospital admissions for cardiovascular
disease (CVD) were the records of all outpatient hospitals of Ulaanbaatar. Data covers the period
from January 2011 to January 2014. To test the differences of the results, appropriate statistical tests
were employed. During 2011-2014, highest concentration was occurred during cold period of time
and the PM2.5 level is 3.7 times higher in the cold period than the warm period. During cold
periods of time, the most admissions for CVD were registered. Since 4 days after exposure of
PM2.5 impact was weaken but still remained positive correlation. For PM2.5, 100 µg/m3 growth of
the pollutant led to 0.65% increase in the hospitalization for cardiovascular disease on the exposed
day. Second day of exposure, 10 µg/m3 growth of the pollutant led to 0.66% increase; on the third
day of exposure, 10 µg/m3 growth of the pollutant led to 0.08% increase of hospital admissions for
CVD, and at the fourth day, such growth led to 0.6% increase of CVD cases during 2011-2014 in
Ulaanbaatar. In conclusion: Most incidences of CVD registered during the cold months in
Ulaanbaatar in last 4 year were a result of PM2.5 exposure. This shows that PM2.5 exposure and
hospital admissions for cardiovascular system chronic diseases are positively correlated. CVD in
Ulaanbaatar residents were affected more on same day and third day of exposure.
47
Air Pollution and pulmonary function survey results among Schoolchildren Living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
D.Baigalmaa
1, Sh.Enkhtur
1, М.Bayalag
1, D.Ulzii
2, D.Warburton
3
1) National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia
2) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia
3) The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of
Medicine
To measure personal exposure to air pollution in children, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia with
measurement of lung function. Methods: Since coal burning for domestic heating causes severe air
pollution in Ulaanbaatar, we measured personal PM2.5 exposure and lung function for children
aged 6-12 years with asthma during the 2015. Results: Peak levels of black carbon PM2.5 exposure
varied significantly with time of day, with the highest peaks during commute to school, going
outside, heating ger with coal burning and opening window or door. The lung function test were
similar with those of healthy urban children established in previous studies except for the
FEV25-75%. Conclusion: Peak exposures in gers were related to going outside, fire lighting and
cooking, opening the door. The exposure for children living in apartment was also occurred during
the commute to school, outside playtime and car rides. The study of lung function in connection
with personal exposure to air pollution will continue.
48
Prevalence of Airborne Infectious Virus in Nomadic Livestock and Wild Animals in Mongolia
K. Hagiwara§1, Y. Kato-Mori
1, S. Ganzorig
2, J. Noda
1, T. Munkhbat
3, B. Hoshino
1
4) Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
5) Project advisor, JICA Project for VEP, Mongolia
6) Khomiin Taliin Takhi NGO Mongolia §Corresponding author: [email protected]
Objective: Aerosol is important factor for virus transmission of respiratory virus infection. Some of
the airborne virus dispersed in atmospheric environment has a risk factor to the susceptibly host as a
airborne infection. In this study, we examined the seroepidemiological survey for respiratory
disease virus and virus genome detection in feces derived from the domestic animal of nomadic
families and wild animals, to investigate the possibility of the viral shedding to the environment
from the infected animals or droppings.
Materials & Methods: To investigate the disease prevalence in livestock, we collected blood and
feces samples from livestock (horses, cows, sheep and goats) of 6 nomadic families around Hustai
National Park (HNP). Samples from wild animals including rodents, deer and Takhi were also
collected under supports of the rangers of HNP. The serum samples were examined for the
serological analysis to detect four kinds of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), such as BHV-1,
BVDV, BRSV, and PI-3, to detect the virus specific antibodies by ELISA method. The feces
samples were examined for the detection of Hepatitis E virus (HEV)-RNA which is zoonotic
disease between animals and human.
Results and Discussion: The serological examination revealed that the most of cows have
antibodies against respiratory disease virus. The serological study showed that BRD are widespread
in livestock. It is important information to note that there were many seropositive livestock against
BRD. These diseases are influencing the economic loss of livestock production as a respiratory
transmission disease by aerosolized virus from a nasal discharge and saliva. An effective
vaccination program in livestock should be recommended to prevent the disease spread in herd of
animals especially in calves. HEV was detected in the feces from cows, goats, sheep, and horses. In
the feces from wild animals, HEV was detected from 11 of 15 rodents and 4 of 41 marmots, but
HEV was not detected from Takhi, deer and wolf. HEV RNA was detected in all the specie of
livestock and wild rodents. Rodents are considerably higher prevalence of HEV. This virus is shed
in the feces for long period and is environment-, and heat-resistant, therefore the virus may be
emitted from the virus containing feces. Currently, we do not confirm any health problems in
nomadic family regarding this disease, but following research should be continued in the large scale
numbers. Preparation for the herd health management program would improve the productivity and
quality of livestock products as well as human health.
49
Poster Session
16:30-18:00 on 8 August
17:20-18:00 on 9 August
50
Comparison of General Circulation Model Outputs over Mongolia
A. Davaadorj and P. Gomboluudev
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology Hydrology and Environment, NAMEM,
MONGOLIA
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
The study aimed to investigate the predictable skill of general circulation models’(GCM) realtime
forecast in 2015 of the Subseasonal to Seasonal project (S2S). Therefore, the realtime forecast
data from the WWRP/THORPEX/ WCRP S2S project are compared with the reanalysis data of
European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The analysis focused on the
Mongolia region (41-53N, 87-121E) for January to November 2015.
Each decadal and monthly mean temperature, and total precipitation of realtime forecasts were
evaluated. In the comparison, pattern correlation and Taylor diagram are calculated to define and
select the general circulation model with the best performance in year 2015. The pattern correlation
coefficient of temperature between GCMs and reanalysis was ~0.50-0.83 for first decade,
~0.18-0.43 for second and third decades, ~0.32-0.62 for monthly mean over Mongolia. According
to the precipitation, the best correlation coefficient was ~0.39-0.61 for first decade.
Consequently, the ECMWF model had the best performance over Mongolia and used in predicting
some extreme event such as heat and cold waves and cold rain over Mongolia in 2015.
Further study will evaluate wind speed for extreme dust cases in 2015.
51
Simulation of a severe dust storm over Mongolia during 25-28 May 2008
Javzmaa Sereenendorj1, Mata Mahakur
2, Batjargal Makhval
3 and Munkhtsetseg Erdenebayar
4
1) Hydrometerology and Environment Monitoring Service of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
3) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
4) School of Engineering and Applied sciences, National University of Mongolia
Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM), we
attempted to simulate the formation of a severe dust storm event occurred in southeastern part of
Mongolia from 25-28 May, 2008. The estimated total dust emissions varied from 4 to 120 [mg/m2]
in association with latitudinal concentrations which altered from 50 to 400 [μg/kg]. Our results
showed that WRF-CHEM model could simulate well the formation of dust storm and dust
transportation. WRF-CHEM model simulated the abrupt changes in surface temperature (the cold
event) and surface wind, even though, the maximum wind speed was underestimated in our model
domain. However, the results require more systematic dust related studies, validations for estimated
meteorological variables and parameterizations in dust emission schemes in order to predict dust
events with WRF-CHEM model over Mongolia.
Fig. 1 Simulated dust concentration amount in the air from 25 to 28 May, 2008 using WRF-CHEM
model.
52
LIDAR and Surface Observations of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Minrui WANG1, Kenji KAI
1, Nobuo SUGIMOTO
2, Dashdondog BATDORJ
3
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Email: [email protected]
2) National Institutes for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is subject to high air particulate matter pollution episodes
during winter that have severe implications for the health of the exposed population. Among the
Mongolian government’s report in 2007, the annual consumption of coal in Ulaanbaatar has reached
4.7 million ton, with 70% in which used in energy production, and the recent 30% cost in citizens’
family life (Guttinkunda, 2007). Mie-scattering lidars were installed in Ulaanbaatar from 2007 as a
part of Asian dust monitoring network. According to the analysis of lidar data and surface
meteorological data, we studied the temporal and spatial distributions of PM2.5 and the
development of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in October, 2010. The results show that the
feature of ABL structure changed as the season proceeded. After 10 October, as the surface air
temperature dropped below 0℃, the main source of PM2.5 emission in Ulaanbaatar, households in
ger districts, started the coal firing, which conspicuously increased the PM2.5 concentration. In the
second half of October, influenced by the domination of Siberian High, the maximum ABL height
became lower, and the PM2.5 pollutants were captured in the stable surface atmosphere, indirectly
caused the high concentration of PM2.5. The wind velocity in winter was relatively low, especially
during nighttime. We in conclusion the winter air pollution in Ulaanbaatar is directly caused by
house heating (meanly coal firing), then partly influenced by the local climate matters.
Fig.1 (a) Time series of total attenuated backscatter at 1064nm in October, 2010. (b) Variation of air
temperature, PM2.5 (daily averaged) in October, 2010. (c) Distribution of wind and PM2.5
concentration (mg/m3) between Oct. 2010 to Jan. 2011.
References:
Guttinkunda, S., 2007. Urban air pollution analysis for Ulaanbaatar. The World Bank Consultant Report,
Washington DC, pp. 29-30.
53
Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Asian Dust in Arid area, Mongolia
Yuki MINAMOTO1, Kazuma OHARA
1, Kei KAWAI
1, Jun NODA
2, Teruya MAKI
3,
Enkhbaatar DAVAANYAM4, and Kenji KAI
1
1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-8601, Japan,
2) Rakuno Gakuen University, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
3) College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
4) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia
Email: [email protected]
Mongolian arid areas spread out from southern Gobi Desert to northern Mongolian grassland. This
study explores a horizontal distribution of Asian dust using a sunphotometer and an optical particle
counter (OPC) from Dalanzadgad (DZ) to Ulaanbaatar (UB). Furthermore, we observed a vertical
distribution of Asian dust using a balloon on which OPC was installed in Dalanzadgad
meteorological observatory, Gobi desert. Here we report observation results.
(1) Vertical distribution of Asian dust in Dalanzadgad meteorological observatory
We measured the vertical distribution of Asian dust from the ground surface to a height of 500m at
8:00 (LST) on 29 Apr 2016. The dust concentration was high near the surface, but it decreased and
became constant from 200 m to 500 m (Fig.1). At the same time, a ceilometer and radiosonde
observations were conducted. The vertical distribution of aerosol was characterized by a strong
inversion layer existed near the surface, a nocturnal stable layer and a residual layer existed from
200 m to 500 m.
(2) Horizontal distribution of Asian dust from Gobi Desert to Mongolian grassland.
To clarify the relationship between Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and surface condition, we did
a moving observation from DZ to UB every 100km on 4 May 2016 (Fig.2). The AOT increased
with wind speed when the surface condition was desert. On the other hand, Location No. 7 which
was covered with grassland and snow decreased the AOT and increased the exponent
because dust saltation did not occur and the ratio of coarse particle was low (Fig.3). Therefore, the
vertical distribution of Asian dust was affected by the
strong inversion layers and the horizontal distribution
was affected both by weather and surface conditions.
54
Relationship between vegetation coverage and dust storms over the Gobi area
Tsedendamba PUREVSUREN
12*, Yuta DEMURA
2, Yuki SOFUE
2, Buho HOSHINO
2,
Sumiya GANZORIG2, Dulam JUGDER
3, Kenji KAI
4
1) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar 210646,
Mongolia
2) Graduate School of Dairy Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501,
Hokkaido, Japan
3) Information And Research Institute Of Meteorology, Hydrology And Environment
Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia
4) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
*Email: [email protected]
This study aims to examine the relationship between Normalized Differential Vegetation Index
(NDVI) and dust storm observations in Mongolia during 2000 to 2015. We analyzed using
meteorological parameters and of the NDVI derived from the satellite observations. The results
reveal that a correlation between dust storm and vegetation cover reasonable negative relationship,
the r- value was -0.5. For the analysis, we examined correlation between the precipitation and the
NDVI. Dust storm occurrence had increased with decreasing of annual precipitation in spring. The
most degraded area was southwest region of the Gobi with the least precipitations.
55
Estimation of threshold wind speeds for dust emission
Baljinnyam Nyamjantsan and Jugder Dulam
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia
Email: [email protected]
The main purpose of this study to estimate threshold wind speeds for dust emission using
meteorological data/every 3 hours/. We estimated threshold wind speeds, its spatial distribution,
its seasonal variation and dust uplift potential in Mongolia.
In this work we statistically evaluated threshold wind speed estimation for dust emission using
meteorological data. We produced threshold wind speed of dust emission on a map of Mongolian
territory. We defined two kinds of threshold wind speed.
Threshold wind speed is lowest in desert region ( = 7.5 ± 1.5m/sec, = 9.6 ± 1.3m/sec),
for Gobi desert region is ( = 7.5 ± 2.0, = 10.4 ± 2.5m/sec), for step region (
= 8.5 ± 1.3m/sec, = 12.4 ± 2.3m/sec) and finally highest at forest step region ( =
9.3 ± 1.35m/sec, = 10.4 ± 2.5m/sec.
The Comparison between soil moisture and threshold wind speeds which is observed at 23
stations. There was a weak correlation which was 0.2 between the threshold wind speed
and and soil moisture. But the correlation coefficient was 0.42 when it
was compared with the dispersion, in other words the difference of threshold wind speed.
The result shows that the good relation between the threshold wind speeds ( ) and
precipitation in spring and its correlation was 0.5.
Correlations between averaged 5 years NDVI in spring over Mongolia and threshold wind
speeds were a weak
Fig. 1 This figure shows map of DUP in the spring in Mongolia. Dust uplift potential is highest in Desert
region, at 1829.9м3/с
3. It is also high in Gobi region, at 1614.39м
3/с
3. The steppe region is 1350.29м
3/с
3.
DUP is low in Forest steppe region 344.69м3/с
3
References:
Manual for meteorological and environment monitoring and evaluation, Manual for observation and
measurement technology, 2014, 25p
S. M. Cowie, P. Knippertz, and J. H. Marsham (2014): A climatology of dust emission events from northern
Africa using long-term surface observations
Kurosaki, Y. and Mikami M. (2007): Threshold wind speed for dust emission in east Asia and its 20 seasonal
variations, J.Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D17202, doi:10.1029/2006JD007988.
56
Impacts of grazing and precipitation variability on vegetation dynamics in a Mongolian dry steppe
Tserenpurev BAT-OYUN1 and Masato SHINODA
2
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment,
Mongolia, Email: [email protected] 2) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan, Email:
Mongolia is one of the few countries where nomadic animal husbandry still plays a large part in the
economy. The country has experienced in climate change, increasing the frequencies of extreme
events such as drought and dzud (severe winter) over past decades. Such experienced climate
changes have led to more threats in livestock farming and pasture management and increasing their
vulnerability. Grazing is a key anthropogenic disturbance on natural grasslands and plays an
important role in shaping the structure and functions of plant communities. Present study aimed to
examine the effects of grazing exclusion, interannual variation of plant-available precipitation
(PAP) and their interaction on the aboveground biomass (AGB) of each dominant species, the AGB
of annual species and the total AGB in a Mongolian dry steppe, using long-term field data
(Bat-Oyun et al., 2016). To detect the effect of grazing on vegetation dynamics, vegetation surveys
were conducted in a non-grazed exclosure zone and a fully grazed area outside the exclosure. We
assessed the effects using a generalized linear model. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)
was used to describe the effects of grazing, PAP and their interaction on the AGB of each dominant
species and total AGB. Grazing, PAP and their interaction had a significant effect on AGB. The
effect of grazing on AGB was larger with higher precipitation and higher amounts of AGB (i.e.,
forage) while AGB was strongly limited in drought years, which result in a smaller grazing effect.
The current-year PAP had the highest impact (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) on AGB. The dominance of annual
species was characterized by the amount of PAP in the current and preceding years: annuals
dominated in wet years that followed consecutive dry years. The DCA Axis 1 clearly reflected the
variation of AGB with interannual variation of PAP while the DCA Axis 2 differentiated the grazing
effect. The DCA scatter diagram based on species score illustrated that Artemisia adamsii (an
unpalatable herb) was clearly linked to grazing disturbance whereas palatable perennials such as
Agropyron cristatum, Stipa krylovii and Cleistogenes squarrosa were related to grazing
abandonment and wetter conditions. In brief, precipitation variability may modify the patterns of
vegetation change that are established by grazing. The years receiving similar precipitation resulted
in significantly different AGB, the possible reason underlying this pattern is difference in species
composition in the current year. In addition, we hypothesized that standing dead grasses and litter
accumulation of different species composition in the preceding years could affect differently on dust
emission in the current year. Therefore, it should be considered to evaluate current-year dust
emission.
References:
Bat-Oyun, T., Shinoda, M., Cheng, Y., and Y. Purevdorj, 2016: Effects of grazing and precipitation
variability on vegetation dynamics in a Mongolian dry steppe, J. Plant Ecol., doi:10.1093/jpe/rtv083.
57
Effect of meteorological condition on air pollution in the southwestern area of Ulaanbaatar
Enkhdalai Narankhuu1,3
, Erdenebayar Munkhtsetseg1, Tsatsral Batmunkh
2
1) School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
2) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
3) Aviation Meteorological Center of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
To better understand the effect of meteorological condition on air pollution in the southwestern area
of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 1-h averaged air quality data, PM10, SO2, NO2, as well as meteorological
data such as wind speed, direction, temperature inversion intensity and inversion thickness were
analyzed at the Nisekh-4 air quality monitoring site between April 2009 and June 2011. The results
showed that annual highs and lows for each particulate matter of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 was
correspondent in winter and summer periods. Partial contributions of PM2.5 to PM10 were
determined as 84% during winter season, while it was defined as 28% during summer periods. It
indicates that dominant particulate matter is fine particles in the winter season, whereas it prevails
to coarse particles in spring. Strong diurnal variation, morning and evening high afternoon low, was
observed during winter months due mostly to coal burning. Moreover, we found that pollution level
in the area was highly dependent on meteorological condition especially in winter and spring
seasons. In addition, air mass trajectories calculated by HYSPLIT, presented a distinct variation at
heavy polluted-air events from clean air events. Statistical model was applied to determine PM level
for different polluted events and different seasons. The results showed the predicted PM
concentration was found to be 86.1% in winter season.
58
Climate change impact and disease on
grasshopper (Orthoptera) in Mongolia
Altantsetseg Tumurbus
1) Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Mongolia
About 92 kinds of pest insects and rodents, which have serious effect on animal husbandry and
agriculture, are distributed in Mongolia. Grasshoppers are seriously and commonly distributed pests
in the Mongolian territory. About 140 grasshopper’s species are known in Mongolia. Among them
20 species of the grasshoppers are harmful for rangeland and cropland. Grasshoppers feed a wide
range of plants and other organic material (e.g., detritus, dung, dead insects, etc.). Some species of
grasshoppers can reach to high densities. In Mongolia, pest grasshoppers distribute in the natural
zones of steppe, forest steppe and high mountains.
In this study, the data were obtained from the database of Orthoptera of the
Agrometeorological stations from year 2002 to 2010. Therefore, we were used the data of
temperature and precipitation above years. Temperature is known to be a key factor for controlling
the life cycle of insects, climate change impact on grasshopper were assessed using the CO2
scenarios of HADCM3 climate model for periods 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099.
Each insect species has its own optimum temperature for development as well as a preferred
feeding habit. The optimum temperatures for most insect species range between 10 and 32°C. The
present date for the grasshoppers’ hatch is 23 March, decease is 18 September and average of life
cycle of grasshoppers continues 118 days per year. In addition, life cycle of the grasshopper is
107-122 days at high mountains, 108-113 days at forest and steppe in Mongolia. According to the
prediction, Hatching of the grasshoppers will occur earlier, and deceasing later in periods
2011-2030, 2046-2065, 2080-2099, and the study result shows that life cycle of grasshoppers will
be longer in the future.
59
Plant water status over permafrost region in Mongolia
E.Dorjpurev1, E.Munkhtsetseg
1, Ts.Bat-Oyun
2 and Sh.Otgonsuren
1
1) National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2) Institute of Research Information, Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE),
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
At the recent decades, the permafrost area has been reducing due to ongoing global warming. It has
been found that Siberian permafrost edge covers the northern part of Mongolia. Much water resource
in an ice form has been kept inside of the frozen zone at the permafrost. However, those water
resources are not available for plant growth. Other word, the plants are not able to supply its water
need tapping into the frozen zone. To note, several evidences proved that permafrost has been
significantly declined in its depths. Thus, available plant water in the soil might be increased as
thawing processes happening in the permafrost. With this reasoning, we purpose to investigate
changes in plan-water balance over permafrost area in Mongolia.
60
Field experiment appropriate use of animal manure for soil desertification in Mongolia
Javkhlantuya Altansuvd, G.Tegshbayar, B.uurtsaikh, Lkham Davaa, Gonchig Solongo
1) Mongolian Life Science of Agriculture
Resent years we have seen a visible change in the ecosystem of Mongolia with increasing
desertification, soil erosion process in arable area in Mongolia. The field study was conducted in
2012. We tested manure use in Mongolia using potato. In the field experiment, seven fertilization
methods of manure use in Mongolia we tested the experiment, we used 2 years matured manure (2
y-manure) and 2 months matured manure (2m-manure). Both manure was made from goat and
sheep dung. 1) no fertilization (control), 2) application of 2 m- manure of 20Mg ha-1
, 3)2 m- manure
of 40Mg ha-1
, 4)2 m-manure of 60Mg ha-1
, 5) application of 2 y-manure of 20Mg ha-1
, 6)2
y-manure of 40Mg ha-1
,7)2 y- manure of 60Mg ha-1
. Comparing the applications in 2 y-matured and
2 m-manure plots, had higher yield than 2 m-manure. For spring manure application, manure was
applied in May 30 in 2012.
Potato was seeded in June 15with the line interval of 70 cm, and plant interval of 30cm.The
highest yield was observed for 60t/ha plot than the other plots. Among plots with manure
application in spring, highest yield was observed for 40t/ha plot than the other plots.
Thus when we focused on the effect of plant yield in this study, recommendable use of animal
manure was expected to be 40t/ ha-1
in Mongolia. Highest yield was observed in 2y-manure
application and long time matured 2y-manure made plant yield higher and short time matured
2m-manure made plant yield low. Therefore it was shown that long maturing time of manure and
applied manure amount had positive effect on crop yield in Mongolia. For potato yield, animal
manure recommendable use was expected to be 40 mg/ha with 2y- manure in Mongolia.
61
Cultivated Technology Development Trends and Opportunity to Reduce Soil Erosion
Davaa.L, Solongo.G, Ariuntsetseg.D
1) School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences
Email: [email protected]
Our country is increasing agricultural soil erosion process because of the agricultural technology
selection, crop rotation due to the unable be adapted according to the soil capabilities and
characteristics.
In our country, the impact of the technological options that affect the productivity of soil and
crop rotation fertile soil used a recent study has determined of cultivation technology.
Therefore, appropriate measures of cultivation technology and suitable substitute version is
showing results of the research will be possible to choose.
62
The Result of Some Soil Properties and Plants in Fenced and Non-fenced Rangeland Places in Forest-Steppe Region of Monglia
Lkhamsuren
1 B., Odgerel
1 B., Bayarmaa
1 Kh
1) School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences
Email: [email protected]
Due to rapid development of tourism, families with a large number of livestock settling in these
areas, and recreational facilities and camps are being built in large numbers in some Mongolian
protected areas, we are facing problems of overgrazing, land degradation, and lack of vegetation
cover, and ultimately, these are leading to pasture degradation.
The research purpose is defined rangeland degradation in the limited zone of national park in
forest steppe prefecture.
63
Amylase, protease and catalase activity of plant root and soils
Jambalsuren BAYARMAA1, Dondog PUREV
1
1) Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, National University of Mongolia,
Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia; Email: [email protected]
Soil enzymes come from plants, soil animals and microorganisms and directly mediate soil organic
matter breakdown (Schaller, 2009). Especially soil hydrolytic enzymes (intracellular, cell-associated
or free enzymes) are mediates and catalysis biochemical processes which are important in soil
functioning, such as nutrient mineralization and cycling, decomposition and formation of soil
organic matter and life cycling of soil microorganisms (Burns, 1982). Roots and microbes release a
range of enzymes into soil to aid the acquisition of nutrients. Most attention has been given to the
synthesis and release of phosphatases by roots because such synthesis is a universal response of
plants to phosphorous deficiency (Georgea et al., 2002). Additionally, comparative studies between
native plants root extracellular enzyme capabilities are lacking. That is why in this work we
estimated the activity of amylase, protease and catalase of Iris tenuifolia Pall. and Larix sibirica
Ledb. roots and activity of these enzymes in the soil under them compared with soil samples where
these plants do not grow. Soil samples were taken from the 0-25 cm from the soil surface. Amylase
(EC 3.2.1.3) activity was estimated by Smith-Roe (Purev, 2012), protease (EC 3.4.) - by Kunitz M.
(Kochetov, 1980) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) - by Jonson-Temple methods (Khaziev, 2005).
Enzymatic activities were expressed in units. One unit (U) of amylase activity was taken as 1mg of
starch hydrolyzed by amylase of 1g soil sample in 1 hour, 1 unit of protease activity was taken as
1μg of tyrosine formed in 1g of soil in 1 hour and 1 unit of catalase activity was taken as 1mg of
hydrogen peroxide hydrolyzed by catalase of 1g soil in 1 hour. Results show that average amylase
activity for Iris tenuifolia Pall. soil was 19.25 U, protease - 13.8 U and catalase - 5.01U, whereas
average enzyme activity for soil samples where this plant do not grow was 16.58 U, 12.0 U and
2.08 U correspondingly. Amylase activity of Larix sibirica Ledb. soil was 11.2 U, protease - 14.4 U
and catalase - 3.71U and for soil samples where this plant do not grow was 4.25 U, 7.4 U and 1.39
U respectively. The activity of soil enzymes were dependent on soil depth and were more active in
soil when the plants grow. Amylase activity was higher by 13.8%, protease - 13% and catalase -
58.5% in the soil where the Iris tenuifolia Pall. grows. The same trend is observed for Larix
sibirica Ledb. soil. Amylase activity was higher by 62 %, protease - 13% and catalase - 58.5% in
the soil where the plant grows. The enzyme activity of Iris tenuifolia Pall. root was 433.3 U,
300.0 U and 282.7 U. Amylase activity of Larix sibirica Ledb. root was 33.3 U, 332.0 U and 16.67
U respectively. From these results we can see that the root system of plants plays an important role
in the formation of topsoil, so we have to take it under consideration when accessing soil erosion
and changes in soil fertility and study soil-plant relationship.
References:
Burns R.G. 1982: Enzyme activity in soil: location and possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biol.
Biochem., 14:423-427.
Khaziev F.H. 2005. Methods in soil enzymology. Moscow, pp.184-185 (In Russian).
Kochetov G.A. 1980. Enzymology, a practical guidance. Moscow, pp. 223- 224 (In Russian).
Purev D., Bayarmaa J. 2012. Enzymology. Ulaanbaatar, pp. 346 - 347 (in Mongolian).
Schaller K. 2009: Soil Enzymes – Valuable Indicators of Soil Fertility and Environmental. In: Impacts
Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66 (2):911 – 915.
Georgea T.S., Gregorya P.J., Wooda M., Reada D., Buresh R.J. 2002. Phosphatase activity and organic acids
in the rhizosphere of potential agroforestry species and maize. Soil Biology and Biochemistry
34(10):1487-1494.
64
Transport of trace gases in the Gobi region of Mongolia
OYUNCHIMEG DUGERJAV
1) Information and Research Institute for Meteorology Hydrology and Environment,
Mongolia ; Email: [email protected]
Some measurements and studies for trace gases in the Gobi desert region have been done within
framework international cooperation of The Information and Research Institute for Meteorology
Hydrology and Environment Mongolia.
Since 2005, Scientific expedition of Buryat science Centre /BSC/ of Russian academy science/RAS/
and Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Mongolia has worked in the Mongolian arid and
semi-arid region desert /Sainshand/ which is freedom of anthropogenic influence in the summer
2005-2014. We have measured surface ozone, NO2, CO2, aerosol optical depth and meteorological
parameters.
Since 1992, GMD-NOAA, USA is started GHG sampling with Institute of Meteorology and
Hydrology of Mongolia. The sampling point /UUM/ is located south desert of Mongolia. The site
has been measured CO2 CH4, SF6, N2O, and CO.
This research focused on the high concentration of trace gases in the Gobi region in Mongolia.
Main purpose was an explanation of high concentration of trace gases related with local and
regional air mass transport in the region. The reason we have selected high concentration trace
gases observed days from national (Ulaanbaatar background site) and international measurements
(from EANET and Russian Mongolian expedition). The results are shown that several days, high
concentrations of trace gases were observed in the region. There are no big sources of trace gases.
Mongolia is located between 2 industrialized countries. Trace gases can be transported long distance
by the wind.
Fig. 1 Surface ozone concentration at different sites
References:
Oyunchimeg.D 2012, The GHG sampling and data analysis in Mongolia, proceedings of the 18th
international joint seminar on regional deposition processes in atmosphere and climate change. Ulaanbaatar
Mongolia, p198-203
Jamsueva.G.S, Zayakhanov A.S, Tsydypov V.V, Ayurjanaev A.A Azzaya D., Oyunchimeg D: 2012, Study of
trace gases and aerosols in the Gobi-desert region in Mongolia, journal of agricultural sciences, vol 9 (2),
p- 196-203
Oyunchimeg.D 2013. Spatial and temporal change of GHG, Papers in Meteorology and Hydrology 33,
P-191-204, Ulaanbaatar 2013
Jamsueva.G.S, Zayakhanov A.S, Tsydypov V.V, Ayurjanaev A.A Azzaya D, Oyunchimeg D.,2008:
Assessment of small gaseous impurities in atmosphere of arid and semi-arid territories of
Mongolia,Atmospheric Environment 42 , p 582-587. Elsevier.
65
Relationship between soil moisture and snow cover in Mongolia
Erdenebadrakh MUNKHJARGAL
1) Environmental Research Section, Information and Research Institute of Meteorology,
Hydrology and Environment, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia
Email: [email protected]
Seasonal snow is one of the most important influences on the development and distribution of the
hydrothermal regime in surface soil. Especially, spring snowmelt is an important natural process in
the Mongolia which is influenced main role for soil moisture. Snow cover of Mongolia shows clear
period in the cold season and dynamical variation of the parameters. Interannual variation of snow
is large but interdecadal variation of snow is not so large and it is influence on agriculture is very
huge which could greatly modify soil water resources during the growing season. We found that, in
Mongolia, spatial pattern of snow melting date shows clear latitudinal gradient pattern (earlier with
lower latitude, later with higher latitude) and time series of spring snow melting date is towards an
earlier due to climatic warming and atmospheric condition. Changes of snow melting date plays
critical role in soil moisture characteristics. Therefore, accurate assessment of relationship between
seasonal snow and soil moisture is one of the vital issue to determine hydrological regime.
In this paper, focusing on the relationship of snow melting time to changes in snowpack and
soil moisture storage.
66
PM10 and PM2.5 in the ambient air of Ulaanbaatar city
ENKHMAA SARANGEREL1, BATDORJ DASHDONDOG
1, MASATAKA NISHIKAWA
2
2) National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, Mongolia
3) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
Email: [email protected]
There are 35 air quality stations in Mongolia and 10 of them are located in Ulaanbaatar city.
Measuring of concentration PM10 and PM 2.5 by automatic analyzer has started in 2010. Sampling
points of PM10 are UB-2 /road site/, UB-4 and UB-5 /residential and ger area/, UB-7 /industrial
area/ and UB-8 /located in the suburb of city center/ in the 6 air quality stations. Sampling points
of PM2.5 are located at UB-2 and UB-4.
According to the 5 years result, yearly average concentration of PM10 is between
124-259ug/m3. High concentration is observed in during season were particularly severe in
dominated by gers housing area. To compare 24 hour concentration of PM10 with standard
MNS4585:2007 /standard=100ug/m3/ and it is exceeded 9-95% of all measurement. 23
measurement of all measurement are exceeded 5 times in 2015 year.
According to the 5 years result, yearly average concentration of PM2.5 is between 57-132ug/m3.
High concentration is observed in the winter season. To compare 24 hour concentration of PM2.5
with standard MNS4585:2007 /standard=50ug/m3/ and it is exceeding 56-94% of all measurement.
11 measurements of all measurement are exceeded 5 times in 2015 year.
National Agency Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring and National Institute for
Environmental Studies, Onagawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki is measured chemical compositions of PM in
Ulaanbaatar city in winter season of 2012, 2013 year. PM samples collected simultaneously at three
separate locations. Trace element (As, Pь, Zn) were confirmed as dominant in the PM2.5 size range,
whereas soil-derived elements (Ca, Fe, MN) were predominant for the coarse size range. The
fluoride ion was the only anion existed in significant amounts in the same size range as that for
soil-derived elements. Total carbon represented the largest component of PM, accounting for
approximately half of the total. The organic carbon concentration of PM10 samples in the Gers area
was significantly higher than of other areas.
References:
Air quality report of National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring, 2010-2015
year.
Masataka Nishikawa, Ichiro Matsui, Ikuko Mori, Dashdondog Batdorj, Enkhmaa Sarangerel, Kaoru
Ohnishi, Atsushi Shimizu and Nobuo Sugimoto: 2015, Chemical Characteristics of Airbone
Particulate Matter during the Winter Season in Ulaanbaatar, Research Paper, Earazoru Kenkyu,
30(2), 126-133(2015)
67
Sand storm impacts respiratory system of small ruminants in Mongolia
Baatarjargal Purevdorj1, Mungun-Ochir Bayasgalan
1, Altanchimeg Adilbish
1, Takehito Morita
2,
Akinori Shimada3
1) Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2) Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori-shi, Tottori, Japan
3) Department of Pathology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University,
Sagamihara-shi, 252-5201 Kanagawa, Japan
4) Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Frequency of yellow dust storms in Mongolia is increasing in the last years. In the areas, where
yellow dusts occur more,- respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are probable to increase in small
ruminants. A total of 25 sheep and goats aged between 3 to 8 years old in some soums of Khuvsgul,
Orkhon and Selenge aimags, where yellow dusts are less frequent, and in some soums of Umnugobi
and Sukhbaatar aimags, where yellow dusts are greater, were studied. We aimed to judge whether or
not Asian yellow dust storm can affect small ruminant health more deeply through its respiratory
system based on clinical signs and pathological findings of the animals. In order to investigate the
adverse effect of yellow dust on the respiratory organs, both macroscopic and microscopic lesions
of lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were pathologically examined. Samples collected from
the animals from the areas where intense sand storms occurred revealed the fibrosis and
granulomatous lesions comprising macrophages containing fine dust particles. These results suggest
that sand storm may affect - small ruminant’s respiratory system.
68
Training Course
13:30-14:30 on 9 August
14:30-17:50 on 11 August
9:00-12:15 and 13:30-15:00 on 12 August
69
Remote sensing method for extract the Asian Dust Storm Area
Buho Hoshino (Rakuno Gakuen University)
Course contents
◆ How to calculate the NDDI (Normalized Difference Dust Index) using MODIS data
◆ How to quantification of vegetation phenology and vegetation cover change
◆ Introduction to remote sensing monitoring method for extraction of dust area: How to classify the bare
soil, clouds and dust area
◆ Introduce the remote sensing method for detection of ground surface change
Training condition:
PC OS: Microsoft Windows 10 or Windows 8 or 7
ArcGIS software, ARCGIS 10.3
RS-software: *MultiSpec (Free License);
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/download_win.html
GIS-software: Diva-GIS (Free License); http://www.diva-gis.org/
Fig. 1 Remote sensing method for extraction of dust, bare ground and clouds
70
Lecture for Japanese geostationary satellite, Himawari-8 and
data assimilation methods
Keiya Yumimoto (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency)
Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite, Himawari-8
The Japanese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) – Himawari-8 was
launched on 7 October and began its operation on 7 July 2015. Himawari-8 is equipped with the
highly improved multispectral imager named Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), ahead of other
GMSs. AHI has 16 observational bands and provide full disk snap every 10-minute with spatial
resolution of 0.5–2 km. In this course, I will provide an overview of Himawari-8 and its products.
The basis of data assimilation methods
Data assimilation is a method that integrates numerical model and observations with statistical filter,
and widely used in numerical weather prediction (NWP), production of re-analysis data set and
inverse modeling of emissions. In this lecture, we will look at the basis of data assimilation
methods.
71
Measurements of dust and bioaerosols by lidar
Zhongwei Huang1, Jianping Huang
1, and Nobuo Sugimoto
2
1) Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of
Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
2) Atmospheric Environment Division, National Institutes for Environmental Studies,
Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
Email: [email protected]
1. Background
Bioaerosols (such as microorganisms) can be long-range transported with dust particles in the
atmosphere, consequently have significant impact on local and global climate. The importance
of dust and bioaerosol observation will be summarized briefly.
2. Basic knowledge of laser remote sensing
Lidar have been used widely for remote sensing of atmospheric constituents and condition over
past decades, due to its unique advantages of characterizing properties of detecting target with
high spatial and temporal resolutions. Principle of laser remote sensing will be introduced in the
lecture.
3. Fluorescent lidar
The course will focus on fluorescent lidar that could detect atmospheric dust and bioaerosols. In
order to investigate the characterization of bioaerosols along transported pathways of dust
aerosols, lidar system should observe Mie, Raman scattering and laser-induced fluorescence
excitation at UV from the atmosphere simultaneously. In this part, key contents include: 1)
design idea of lidar system; 2) Methods of data correction; 3) how to analysis lidar data.
72
Lecture for the ceilometer observation in the Gobi Desert
Kei KAWAI (Nagoya University)
Ceilometer is a compact lidar using a single wavelength. Our group has observed vertical profiles
of airborne mineral dust by using a Vaisala CL51 ceilometer in the Gobi Desert since May 2013.
This lecture will introduce the ceilometer observation.
Background
Asian dust is often transported to the North Pacific region over a long range by the westerlies in
the free troposphere. The long-range transport is related to the spatial distribution of the dust in the
source regions. One of the most significant source regions is the Gobi Desert. A ceilometer enables
the long-term observation of the vertical profiles of the dust in the desert because of its
maintenance-free operation.
Observation system
The ceilometer is located in the Dalanzadgad Meteorological Observatory in Mongolia. The
observation data is recorded by a laptop PC installed in the observatory building. In addition, the
data is automatically transferred to a data server in Nagoya University through the Internet every
hour. Then, the analysis result of the data is uploaded to our web site to monitor the observation
condition.
Observation results
The ceilometer has captured the vertical structures of many dust events for more than three years.
Some case studies of the dust events has been carried out. One of them revealed the dust transport
from the atmospheric boundary layer to the free troposphere by the warm updraft in the cold frontal
system.
Future plan
More ceilometers are necessary in the Gobi Desert to reveal the spatial distribution of the dust.
Also, the network of the ceilometers will improve dust numerical models and strongly support the
dust forecast.
73
Lecture for the investigation of atmospheric bioaerosols
Teruya Maki (Kanazawa University)
Airborne microorganisms are transported through free troposphere from the Gobi and
Taklimakan Desert to the downwind area in the East Asia and can influence ecosystem dynamics,
human health, and climate change. In this lecture, we introduce the field surveys targeting
bioaerosols and the analytical processes of airborne microorganism communities. In addition, the
characteristics of airborne microorganism are also explained with introducing bacterial culture
methods.
Bioaerosol sampling at some ranges of altitudes (1m-3,000m).
Bioaerosols transported for long distances are collected at the high altitudes of 1,000m-3,000m
using the combination of balloon and helicopter. For investigating the bioaerosols at ground levels
(our life circumstances), bioaerosol should be surveyed at below 10m height.
Metagenome analyses using environmental DNA obtained from bioaerosol samples.
Microbial ribosomal DNA sequences (Tracer gene sequences of Microbial identification) in
bioaerosols are determined using high-throughput sequencing. The sequences are analyzed using
the bioinformatics techniques such as UniFrac.
Fluorescence microscopic observation targeting bioaerosols
Microbial particles and organic particles are observed under fluorescence microscopic using
fluorescence dye (DAPI) staining techniques. This observation possibly supports to identify the
aerosols that are detected using fluorescence monitoring systems such as fluorescence LiDAR or
OPC.
Isolation of microorganisms in bioaerosol samples
For identifying the ecological and physiological
characteristics of bioaerosols, we should isolate
microorganisms and perform the culture experiments
using the microbial isolates. The isolation methods are
introduced using the bacterial culture show “Bactria
Watch” (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. You can see bacterial growing at the Bacterial Watch show.
74
Lecture for the measurement of bioaerosols
Jun Noda (Rakuno Gakuen University)
Bioaerosols background
This course introduces some examples of bioaerosol measurements and some unique characteristics
of bioaerosols under the different atmospheric conditions.
Bioaerosols sampling methods
The course also introduces some sampling methods such as impactor, filter, and impinge-type
methods. In addition, other factors such as sample duration, sample media, and pre-conditioning
of filters are explained.
Analysis methods
Different analyses methods for the investigation of bioaerosols are introduced. Also, advantages and
disadvantages of each methods are explained.
Basic knowledge of culturing and counting bacteria
Basic knowledge of culturing and counting bacteria are introduced. Furthermore, some basic
knowledge to sterilize and to handle sample equipment under the sterile conditions are introduced.
75
Author index
The author index is sorted alphabetically by the second name.
First Name Second Name Session Page
Ehkhjargal Altangerel C-6 46
Javkhlantuya Altansuvd P-11 60
Ganbat Amgalan A-10 26
D. Baigalmaa C-7 47
Nyamjantsan Baljinnyam P-6 55
Tserenpurev Bat-oyun P-7 56
E. Bayarjargal B-4 31
Jambalsuren Bayarmaa P-14 63
Jianrong Bi A-4 20
Batjargal Buyantogtokh A-6 22
L. Davaa P-12 61
A. Davaadorj P-1 50
E. Dorjpurev P-10 59
Oyunchimeg Dugerjav P-15 64
Dashkhuu Dulamsuren B-11 38
Davaanyam Enkhbaatar A-9 25
B. Erdenetsetseg C-5 45
Katsuro Hagiwara C-8 48
Buho Hoshino B-2/T-2 29/69
Jianping Huang K-5 14
Zhongwei Huang A-3/T-4 19/71
Yasunobu Iwasaka K-3 12
Dulam Jugder K-2 11
Kenji Kai K-4 13
Kei Kawai A-8/T-5 24/72
Xinhu Li B-9 36
B. Lkhamsuren P-13 62
Altannavch Magsarjav B-12 39
Teruya Maki C-1/T-6 41/73
Atsushi Mastuki C-3 43
Yutaka Matsumi A-5 21
Yuki Minamoto P-4 53
S. Mukhorgil B-8 35
Erdenebadrakh Munkhjargal P-16 65
E. Munkhtsetseg B-3 30
G. Nandin-Erdene B-5 32
Banzragch Nandintsetesg B-7 34
Enkhdalai Narankhuu P-8 57
Jun Noda C-2/T-6 42/74
Kazunari Ohnishi C-4 44
Ali H Omar A-1 17
Baatarjargal Purevdorj P-18 67
Tsedendamba Purevsuren P-5 54
Ehkhmaa Sarangerel P-17 66
Javzmaa Sereenendorj P-2 51
Yaping Shao K-1 10
Jinsen Shi A-7 23
Masato Shinoda B-6 33
Nobuo Sugimoto A-2 18
Altantsetseg Tumurbus P-9 58
Battsetseg Tuvdendorj B-10 37
Minrui Wang P-3 52
Keiya Yumimoto K-6/T-3 15/70
Hongfei Zhou B-1 28