Processes of Life

Hierarchy of Life

Students will identify and/or describe patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms, from atoms - Carbon

to molecules- CH2Oto cellsto tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms

Vocabulary You Should Know:

types of tissues in animals Epithelial- skin - Muscle - heartNervous – spinal cordConnective- provides support to organs

Types of Tissue

Cell Theory

All organisms are made of one or more cells.All living things come from pre-existing cells by

divisionThe cell is the fundamental unit of structure and

function in living thingsOrganism depends on total activity of

independent cells functioningEnergy flow happens in the cellsCells contain hereditary information that is

passed on to new cellsCells have the same chemical composition within

a species

EXAMPLES

Prokaryotes – no nucleus and simple ring DNA

These are bacteria & archebacteria First life forms

Eukaryotes – Cells have nucleusAll other kingdoms - animals – plants - fungi - protists

Homeostasis (Same State)

Living things can regulate internal environment in a stable condition.

1- Extract energy from food Photosynthesis Cellular respiration

2. Getting rid of waste3. Reproducing

Cell wall- support - in plant cells only Chloroplasts – used in photosynthesiscell membrane- protection in & out of cellNucleus- control center – stores hereditary

materialCytoplasm- fluid that supports organellesMitochondria- Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs

to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short, they are the power centers of the cell.

Vacuoles- Storage -Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell - containing waste products

Ribosomes- make proteins

Autotroph or Heterotroph

Systems of the Human BodyThe general functions of the major systems of the

human body Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,

pancreas, liverRespiratory- Nose, Mouth,Pharynx (throat),Larynx (voice

box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi, LungsCirculatory- Heart, blood vessels and blood.Reproductive- Female : ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina

and mammary glands.  Male : testes, seminal vesicles and penis.

Excretory- get rid of waste - intestines, kidneys, bladder,

Immune – spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodesNervous- Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.Musculoskeletal-Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the

body.

Agents of Disease

Viruses- Rhino virus , InfluenzaBacteria – E Coli, Salmonella, Tuberculosis (there are good as well as bad)Fungus – Athlete’s footParasites - Tapeworm

Linnean Classification

• DOMAINS• Kingdom-Phyllum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-

Species• Archeabacteria• Bacteria• Protists• Fungi• Plants• Animals example canis familiaris (dog)• canis lupis (wolf)

Evolution – Natural Selection

Evolution- Fossil Evidence

Fossil record shows change over time

Anatomical record comparing body structures

homology & vestigial structures embryology & development

Molecular record comparing protein & DNA sequences

Artificial selection human caused evolution

Extinction

A certain reptile species is a herbivore and exists only on an isolated island. Which of the following would most likely result in the extinction of the reptile species over a period of twenty thousand years?

The reptile species produces many offspring with many unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant.

The reptile species produces few offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant.

The reptile species produces few offspring with no unique traits, and the vegetation changes quickly.

The reptile species produces many offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation changes slowly.

Hereditary Information

Students will describe and/or explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits.

Students will identify and/or explain that hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell and/or that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. There are two alleles for every gene.

Students will use Punnett squares and pedigrees to determine genotypic and phenotypic probabilities.

Students will compare and/or contrast general processes of sexual and asexual reproduction that result in the passage of hereditary information from one generation to another.

Genotype v. Phenotype

Genotype - This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms.

Phenotype – This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism.

You can’t see a genotype but you can see blue eyes, blonde hair, height…

Punnett Squares & Pedigrees

Meiosis & Mitosis

SEXUAL ASEXUALReproduction

AND

New replacement cells

INTERDEPENDENCE

Students will compare and/or contrast relationships between organisms, such as mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism.

Students will describe and/or explain the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web.

Students will identify and/or describe various limiting factors in an ecosystem and their impact on native populations.

Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their impact on native populations, including food, shelter, water, space, disease, parasitism, predation, and nesting sites.

Commensualism - relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).There are two other types of association  mutualism  (where both organisms benefit) and parasitism (one organism benefits and the other one is harmed).

Mutualism-symbiotic interaction between different species that is mutually beneficial – Clownfish & Sea Anemone

(Symbiosis: both organisms live together in closely proximity)

Predation-predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked)

Parasitism-non mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.

Competition-  compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources

Limiting Factors

food, shelter, water, space, disease, nesting sitesnutrientsparasitism, predation

Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy

Photosynthesis-6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) ----)   C6H12O6 +

6O2

Cellular RespirationC6H12O6 + 6 O2  → 6 CO2  + 6 H2O 

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle