PRODUCTION AND

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

M . C O M 1 R O L L N O . 7 6 0 2

PERFORMANCE RATINGThe process of adjustment to the observed time to arrive at the normal working working is called as rating. 2 main methods for rating the performance of workers are followed:100

% ratingWesting

house rating

ALLOWANCES• In order to determine a fair standard some allowances must be made or

fatigue and relaxation and also to enable a worker to attend to his personal needs.

• The best working condition, some kind of allowances must be made as human beings are not machinery and cannot be expected to work like a robot.P

ROCESS ALLOWANCE

RELAXATION ALLOWANCE

CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCE

PROCESS ALLOWANCE• The time given to the operator in order to compensate him for idleness

caused due to character of the process or operation on which he is employed.

• 5% of the basic time is considered as process allowance.

RELAXATION ALLOWANCE• In order to provide the worker an opportunity to recover from fatigue both

physiological as well as psychological relaxation allowance is allowed.• It is given as a percentage of basic time , normally 3%-5% for men and

women. Exact % depends upon the nature of job.• It may further be divided as fixed and variable allowance . Fixed part

comprises of fatigue allowance and personal needs allowance. Variable comprises of the allowance provided in addition to fixed allowance to the operator working under poor conditions.

CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCE• A small allowance not exceeding 5% which may be included in the standard

time to cover irregular occurrence , delays etc.

PRE DETERMINED MOTION TIME STUDY• It establishes set time for completing certain tasks taken from the observation of

various operatives on varying occasions.• Time standards issued at the standard rating which is fixed rate of working is

independent of any particular operator• Systems like methods time measurement and work factor are being installed by

consultants from respective organizations. These systems depend upon manuals which give various elements like arm, leg and finger movements and so on . Steps are taken to make allowance for certain important factors like weight, resistance to motion etc.

• Engineer is charged with he responsibility of setting operation times with these systems, analyses the job into individual movements. He will determine the time required for motions from the appropriate table.

• This system is good as the engineer is compelled to study every job in detail and hence he can find out if there is any bad habit or procedure existing in the process.

• Other reliable systems used in countries like Britain, America is the detailed work factor system wherein the charts supplied from certain standards companies like THE WOFAC corporation contain the standard or work factor time units. Although most of these published work factor systems are far less detailed they are regarded as most reliable because they loose comparatively very little in accuracy.

TOOLS OF MOTION STUDY

PROCESS CHART

APPLICATION OF LAWS OF

MOTION

PROCESS CHARTS

• They are prepared to picturize the movement of job as to find out the ways to improve it.

APPLICATION OF LAW OF MOTION ECONOMY• They are made to suggest the way to work with minimum fatigue and time• E.g. Both hands should work and rest at the same time .• Hands should be relieved of all work that can be done by feet • The paths of fast motion should be taught and learned. etc.,.

PREPARATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES• Prepare questionnaire and seek the answers • E.g..• Who, where , why and when is the job done?• Can the job be performed by the machine.• Etc.

ANALYSIS OF THERBLINGS

• Bodily movements are called therblings are analyzed to find a better method of doing a work.

MICRO MOTION STUDY

• It is a study of very small elements of motion and their analysis with the aid of a special camera and a timing device . It enables greater detailing than eye observation and provides greater accuracy than pencil, paper and watch techniques.

SYNTHETIC TIME STANDARDS/SYNTHESIS• The setting of times by synthetic tool is similar to PMTS , the times so set

here are obtained from enterprise own past studies. The engineer charged with the responsibility of making such study will after completing the required studies , time certain elements which may be common to other jobs.

• The important distinguishing point in the case of the times set under PMTS but are set for whole parts of cycles of perhaps 3 to 4 second’s duration.

ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING

• It is used when the timing of the new job cannot be synthesized as there may be some work element for which previously assessed data is unavailable.

• This is manly used for longer cycle jobs and for jobs containing variable elements .

• It is applicable to non repetitive jobs such as maintenance of office routines, stores, duties etc. as the jobs vary in size and complexity a standard is set for the time taken for an average job.

• It is supplemented by estimates based on knowledge and experience of the estimator for elements of work for which synthetic data is not available.

ACTIVITY SAMPLING

• Also called work sampling , it represents another technique of work measurement that has gained increased attention these days. It was introduced by L.H.C. Tippett in 1934.

• It entails making observations and recording what is happening on a agreed number of visits in a period but at a frequency picked at random.it depends upon he RANDOM SAMPLING THEORY .

• Fundamental principle underlying this is % of occurrence of a condition as found in random sample to a known degree of accuracy , the % of that condition in the total activity.

• It is necessary to decide at the outset the level of confidence desired. Normally a confidence level of 955 is used which means that there is probability that 95% of time the random observation will represent the facts and 5% of the time it will not.

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