PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF BIO LUBRICANT …[email protected] , [email protected] , 3...

PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF BIO

LUBRICANT FROM PONGAMIA AND

SIMAROUBA SEEDS

1Raghavendra P N,

2Harish K R,

3Naveena H S

1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering,

Bengaluru, Karnataka, India


Bengaluru, Karnataka, India


Bengaluru, Karnataka, India [email protected],

[email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract: - The increasing prices of crude oil, the depletion of crude oil reserves in the world, and global concern in

protecting the environment from pollution drive for searching lubricants from alternative bio sources. A bio

lubricant is a renewable lubricant that is biodegradable, nontoxic and has net zero greenhouse gases. The objective

of this work is to determine both physical and tribological properties of Pongamia and Simarouba seed crude and

transesterified oil& to determine the influence of lubricant on wear and friction by using four ball wear testing

machine. Kinematic viscosity of Pongamia and Simarouba lubricants at 40˚C are 27.51cSt and 41.24cSt found less

than ISO VG32 (32.2cSt) and ISO VG46 (46.3cSt) respectively. Coefficient of friction for both Pongamia and

Simarouba based lubricants were found nearer to Castrol GTX 20W-50, engine oil. The suitability of the oils for

different lubrication purpose was compared with standards and is found compatible .

Keywords: -Bio-Lubricant, Transesterification, Anti-Wear, Biodegradable

I. INTRODUCTION

The world is progressing at a very rapid rate. After

the first revolution the world has seen phenomenal changes

in a short span of time. One of the major contributors to this

rapid development is Automobile. These automobiles

helped in moving people and goods from different places to

the work location at a faster rate. These automobiles have

been running on the petroleum products. Engine,

transmission and other mechanical systems consist of

number of moving parts. Though the metal surface looks

smooth, they are actually full of microscopic peaks and

valleys. When the peak of one surface touches its mating

surface, it causes damage and may lead to component

failure. For reducing the wear, component failure and

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 18 2018, 2835-2844ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

2835

smooth running of the mechanical systems lubrication is

used. Approximately 95 percent of the current lubricant

market share is comprised of conventional (mineral-based)

oils. These oils are made up of two basic components i.e.

base oil and additives. The base oil or lube oil can be either

mineral (petroleum-based) hydrocarbon or a synthesized

component.

In the last 120 years of petroleum, from a basic single

component lubricant of the early days, today’s lubricants

are complex and may contain a very large number of

components, which should not only be highly synergistic to

each other by themselves, but also in conjunction with the

operating environment of that equipment. The operating

environment can have very large variations of temperature,

loading, contaminants, etc.

The petroleum based lubricants are toxic, non-

biodegradable and emits greenhouse gases when burnt.

Also the ability to use of these lubricants derived from

fossil fuel are nonrenewable and would exiting in near

future due to the demand for the energy and increases in

price of crude oil there is need to switch for an alternative

source for petroleum lubrication. Bio-lubricant is a non-

lasting lubricant which is decomposable, non-toxic and no

emission of greenhouse gases.

The use of plant and animal fats and oils by man dates back

to ancient times. The chemical composition of oils and fats

and their physical and chemical properties have allowed

them to be used as fuel, lubricants and personal use. The

sources of natural oils and fats are also numerous,

comprising of animal, marine and plants. The usefulness of

oils and fats are determined by their chemical properties,

which differ according to their composition of various fatty

acids and esters.

The current boom in use of natural oils and fats for

purposes other than personal use is precisely driven by the

emphasis on environmental conservation. Also, plant oils

are better than mineral and petroleum based oils in terms of

biodegradability, are less toxic and renewable. Due to these

facts, attention has been focused on the development of

technologies that use plant and animal oils and fats for the

production of bio-fuels and industrial lubricants, as they are

non-toxic and renewable.

Use of plant and animal oils and fats in industrial

applications, especially as lubricants, has been in practice

for many years now. Economic concerns and environmental

issues first paved way for this technology to come into

existence. Now, plant-oils based lubricants are used majorly

because they show excellent lubricity. Plant oils have

different properties by virtue of their unique chemical

structures. Theseoils have superior viscosity indices and

great anticorrosion properties, which are as a result of the

high affinity towards metallic surfaces. In addition to these,

their high flame points also render them a property of non-

flammability. Demand for plant oils in the lubricant

industry is expected to observe tremendous rise in the

future due to their non-polluting, non-toxic, renewable

nature. They are also abundant and cheap as compared with

mineral and petroleum based oils.

Ebtisam K et. al, worked on palm oil and Jatropha oil for

the production of Bio-lubricants, through two stages of

Transesterification. The final product was matching the

requirements of commercial industrial oil ISO VG46

grade.RobiahYunuset. al, studied and analyzed on

Chemical synthesis of palm oil. Trimethylolpropane esters

was achieved via transesterification of palm oil methyl

esters (POME) with TriMethylolPropane (TMP) and also

influence of temperature and pressure, molar ratio of palm

methyl ester to TMP and amount of catalyst. Biniyam T et.

al, studied on synthesis of base oil (FAME) from castor

seed oil by base catalyst method and analyzed the effect of

other variables on acid value and the methyl ester yield

such as molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction

temperature and reaction time to determine the optimum

yield of FAME from the seed oil.They compared important

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

2836

properties of the base oil (density, kinematic viscosity, acid

value or FFA composition, moisture content) to those of

ASTM and EN standards for the FAME. The comparison

shows that the castor seed oil methyl ester could be used as

an alternative base oil for bio lubricant.Bilal S et. al,

analyzed the chemical and physical properties of Jatropha

oil. The reduction of the oil was achieved by Esterification

with Methanol, the method employed for production for

Bio-lubricant involved two stages of Transesterification

process. The basic lubricating properties were found and

were comparable with ISO VG46 commercial standards for

light and industrial gear application.

The main intension of this work is to use non-edible oil like

Pongamia oil and Simarouba oil as bio-lubricant to solve

the shortage problem of fossil fuel and also environment

problem related to petroleum lubricants.

II. METHODOLOGY

Transesterification process for production of Bio-lubricant

involves two stages;

Stage 1: Synthesis of Biodiesel

During the esterification process, the triglycerides are

reacted with alcohol in the presence of catalyst, usually a

strong alkali (NaOH, KOH, or Alkoxides). The main reason

for doing a titration to produce biodiesel, is to find out how

much alkaline is needed to completely neutralize any free

fatty acids present, thus ensuring a complete

transesterification.

Test procedure followed for FFA (Free Fatty Acid)

content in oil:

Take 5 to 10 grams of oil in conical flask

Add 60ml of neutralized spirit (isopropyl alcohol)

Heat the content in conical flask up to 60˚C for 2-3

minutes

Titrate versus 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution

using phenolphthalein indicator up to the pink end

point

Calculation:

Percentage of FFA= (28.2×N×V) / W

Where, N is Normality of NaOH

V is volume of titrate liquid

W is weight of oil sample taken

The above titration process is carried out to determine the

amount of methanol and KOH required for

transesterification process in the present study.

General Procedure for Preparation of Biodiesel for both

Pongamia and Simarouba Oil through

Transesterification Process:

The oil is taken in a glass beaker and the oil is

heated to a temperature of 65˚C using electric

heater

In the meantime, calculated amounts of methanol

and KOH are mixed to form a solution

After maintaining 65˚C of oil temperature, the

glass beaker is kept on a magnetic stirrer apparatus

which also has the heating mechanism

Maintaining the temperature at 65˚C, the solution

of methanol and KOH is added to the oil slowly

while the required stirring action is provided the

magnetic stirrer equipment

The mixture is maintained at 60˚C temperature

with constant stirring for about 40 minutes

Now, a small quantity of oil mixture is taken in a

test tube and allows it to settle it for about 10

minutes, if there is any glycerides formation which

is indicated by bi layer formation, the process of

settling is complete

The oil in the beaker is then transferred to a long

conical glass container and the oil is allowed to

settle

After settling, the separated glycerin is removed

from the glass container to obtain biofuel

containing the traces of methanol (impure biofuel)

The oil is heated to a temperature of 75˚C to

remove the methanol content

Then the oil is water washed for about 5-6 times

depending upon the amount of soap present in it


2837

After water wash it is heated to 100˚C to remove

any moisture content. At the end of the process a

neat biodiesel is obtained

Stage 2: Synthesis of Bio-lubricant

This involves the cleavage of alcohol group in polyol and

replaced by fatty acids derived from methyl esters. The

synthesized esters would have polyol backbone rather than

the glycerol (triglycerides).

General Procedure for Preparation of Bio-lubricant for

both Pongamia and Simarouba Bio-fuel through

Transesterification Process:

The obtained methyl Pongamia / Simarouba

biodiesel was filtered and dried to remove the

moisture content by heating since

TriMethylolPropane (TMP) is hydroscopic in

nature

Initially TMP was dissolved into small amount of

the obtained biodiesel with the aid of heating (60-

75˚C) and stirring to melt the crystalline solid

An optimum ratio of 3.9:1 of methyl ester to TMP

was added to three necks round bottom 1000ml

flask and the mixture was heated to operating

temperature of (120˚C to 130˚C) with constant

stirring using magnetic stirrer

Maintaining the temperature at 130˚C, with

constant stirring sodium methoxide (0.9% of total

reactant weight) was slowly added to the round

bottom flask

The vacuum was applied gradually after addition

of the catalyst to avoid spill over reaction (5-

10mmHg)

The reaction was allowed for duration of three

hours

After the reaction is complete for three hours the

content is cooled to room temperature and filtered

The obtained Bio-lubricant is tested for basic

properties

Also the obtained Bio-lubricants are tested for

wear resistance properties using Four ball testing

machine

III. WEAR TEST USING FOUR BALL TESTING

MACHINE

Four Ball Test is used to measure the Anti-Wear (AW)

lubricating oil. The point contact interface is obtained by

rotating a 12.7mm diameter steel ball under load against

three stationary steel balls immersed in the lubricant. The

speed of rotation, normal load and temperature can be

adjusted in accordance with published ASTM standards. To

evaluate the anti-wear characteristics of lubricants, the

subsequence wear scar diameters on the balls is measured.

Fig. 1: Four Ball Wear Tester

Anti-Wear (AW): ASTM D 4172 (Lubricating fluids)

Three ½ in. (12.7mm) diameter steel balls are clamped

together and covered with the lubricant to be evaluated. A

fourth ½ in. diameter steel ball, referred to as the top ball, is

pressed with a force of 40kgf (392N) into the cavity formed

by the three clamped balls for three point contact. Then the

top ball is rotated at 1200rpm for 60min. Lubricants are

compared by using the average size of the scar diameters

worn on the three lower clamped balls. The four ball wear

test method can be used to determine the relative wear

preventing properties of greases under the test conditions.


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Test Parameter

Spindle Speed (Top ball speed) 1200rpm

Normal Load 40kg

Oil Temperature 100˚C

Test Duration 3600sec

Test Settings

Sl.

No. Parameter

WP Test

Specification

Condition

during

settings

1

Parallelity on tip

of ball inside ball

pot

0.01mm 0.01mm

2 Speed 1200rpm 1200rpm

3 Temperature 75 ˚C 75 ˚C

4 Humidity - 54% Rh

5 Test duration 3600sec 3600sec

6 Normal load 40kg

7 Test ball

Material: AISI

standard steel

No. E-52100,

Dia. 12.7mm,

Grade 25EP,

64-66 HRC

Make: SKF

Instruments Used

Sl.

No. Item Specification

1 Test rig Four ball tester TR-30L

2 Controller Electronics controller TR-30L

3 Microscope Optical microscope, make; Radical

instruments

4 Software Winducom 2010

5 Computer Pentium 4.512MB, RAM 2GB, 17”

Color monitor

Wear Test Procedure

Clean thoroughly 4 test balls in hexane solution, 2

or 3 times

Clean thoroughly ball pot & collect

Insert one ball into collect and push into spindle

Assemble 3 balls in the ball pot, place the retainer

ring to centralize the balls, tighten lock nut by

hand

Tighten lock nut with torque wrench at 69Nm

Fill in sample oil to a level of 3mm above the tip of

balls

Place the ball pot over the antifriction disc below

top ball

Switch on controller, set 1200rpm speed, test

duration 60min, heat the ball pot to 75°C. Slowly

without shake bring the loading lever to horizontal

position, apply a load of 392N (40kg) on the

loading pan

Press start push button on controller to begin test,

spindle starts rotates & timer starts

Test stops automatically after completion of test

duration

Remove ball pot & place on base plate

When oil temperature reaches room temperature,

discard the lubricant into waste collector. Mark

scar on 3 balls by marker pen, remove 3 balls from

the ball pot and measure wear scar on microscope

Make two measurements on each of the three

scars, one along the striations and other across the

striations

Average the six readings and report as scar

diameter in mm


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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Basic Properties of Oil, Bio-fuel and Bio-lubricant

Fig. 2: Oils vs Density (gm/cm3)

From the graph it is observed that the density is less for

Pongamia bio-fuel compared to its crude oil but a

significant rise in density is seen in Pongamia bio-lubricant

and can be attributed to the addition of TMP and its

reactions in obtaining bio-lubricant. However the density of

Simarouba bio-lubricant is less than that of its crude oil and

bio-fuel.

Fig. 3: Oils vs Kinematic Viscosity at 40˚C

The kinematic viscosity of Pongamia and Simarouba bio-

lubricant is found to be higher than that of its crude oil and

bio-fuel as shown in graph.

Fig. 4: Oils vs Flash Point (˚C)

Fig. 5: Oils vs Fire Point (˚C)

The flash and fire point for a lubricant should be high and is

achieved with both bio-lubricants (even though the flash &

fire point is less compared to biofuel & crude oil; the value

is above 150˚C which is less than ISOBG46) which can be

attributed to the formation of esters.

Fig. 6: Oils vs Pour Point (˚C)


2840

From the above graph it can be observed that the pour point

is close to zero degree Celsius but at subzero temperatures

these bio-lubricants will not find a place.

Results of Four Ball Tester

In the experimental work, frictional torque, wear scar

diameter and coefficient of friction test for steel ball

bearing with a constant load of 392N was applied at oil

temperature of 75˚C, with spindle speed of 1200rpm for

two different oils were tested, using four ball test apparatus,

under fully lubricated conditions.

Table 1: The major and minor axis scar diameter for

both the oil samples

Wear scar Diameter

At the end of the experiment on four ball tester, the bottom

balls were placed on a microscope base that was designed

to hold the balls during microscopic evaluation. On each of

the three lower balls, two measurements of the wear spot

were made with microscope. One of which was on X-axis

direction and other on Y-axis direction, the average scar

diameters were found.

Sample Number of

Runs

Average Wear Scar

Diameter in mm

Pongamia 3 1.10

Simarouba 3 0.99

Test Graphs

I: Pongamia

Wear preventive test was conducted on four ball tester for

Pongamia based lubricant at a speed of 1200rpm,

temperature of 75˚C and load of 392N for 3600seconds

(one hour). The obtained results were plotted for Frictional

Torque versus time to find Coefficient of Friction, three

experiments were conducted under similar conditions and

variation in test results were compared and analyzed.

Fig. 7: Comparison of three repetitions, Frictional

Torque vs Time

Fig. 7 is the combined graph of all the three repetitions of

Pongamia bio-lubricant. It is observed that the wear in the

form of scar on the balls is non-uniform in nature. The

curve has lots of ups and downs which mean the contact

between the balls is not maintained uniformly. This may be

due to low viscosity of Pongamia Bio-lubricant.

II: Simarouba

Wear preventive test was conducted on four ball tester for

Simarouba based lubricant at a speed of 1200rpm,

temperature of 75˚C and load of 392N for 3600seconds

(one hour). The obtained results were plotted for Frictional

Torque versus time to find Coefficient of Friction, three

experiments were conducted under similar conditions and

variation in test results were compared and analyzed.

Fig. 8: Comparison of three repetitions, Frictional

Torque vs Time


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The graph was plotted for Frictional Torque versus Time to

find Coefficient of Friction of three experiments. From

graph it can be seen that there is no much deviation in

Coefficient of Friction value and graph is found to be linear

in all three experiment.

The average wear scar diameter of balls in wear preventive

experiments using Simarouba lubricant was comparatively

lesser than Pongamia lubricant. Hence Simarouba lubricant

is a better lubricant compared to Pongamia lubricant.

The wear scar diameter for Pongamia bio-lubricant is

1.10mm and that for Simarouba is 0.99mm which is less

than Pongamia and hence gives better wear resistance. This

can be attributed to higher kinematic viscosity of

Simarouba bio-lubricant.

V. CONCLUS ION

1. Non-edible vegetable oil can be converted into

bio-lubricant, since it has good viscosity

2. The kinematic viscosity at 40˚C of Pongamia

lubricant is found to be 27.51cst and is comparable

to ISO VG 32, which is used for industrial

applications

3. The kinematic viscosity at 40˚C of Simarouba

lubricant is found to be 41.25cstand is comparable

to ISO VG 46, which is used for industrial

applications

4. Amongst the bio lubricants tested, Simarouba bio-

lubricant is found to be better than Pongamia bio-

lubricant

5. The COF for both Pongamia and Simarouba based

lubricant were found nearer to Castrol GTX 20W-

50, engine oil

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