Production of Materials Dotpoints

8/19/2019 Production of Materials Dotpoints

1/96

Marilyn Schell

Margaret Hogan

MULTIPLECHOICEHSC CHEMISTRY


2/96

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

or otherwise, without the prior permission of

Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

© Science Press 2008

First published 2008

Reprinted 2011

Science Press

Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia

Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915

[email protected]

www.sciencepress.com.au


3/96Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice iii Conten

Science Press

Contents

Introduction

Verbs to Watch

Dot Points

Production of Materials v

The Acidic Environment

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation xi

Questions and Summaries

Production of Materials

The Acidic Environment 7

Chemical Monitoring and Management 14

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 22

Answers

Production of Materials 28

The Acidic Environment 29

Chemical Monitoring and Management 30

Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation 31

Appendix

Data Sheet 31

Periodic Table 32


4/96Contents iv Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

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Notes

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Introduction

What the book includes

Questions follow the dot points in the Board of Studies syllabus and focus on the three core topics plus the

option topic Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation:

Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:

1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus).

1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3.

1.1.1

1.1.2

different dot points.

How to use the book

but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.

spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice v Introductio


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account/account for

State reasons for, report on, give an account of,

narrate a series of events or transactions.

analyse

Identify components and the relationships among

them, draw out and relate implications.

apply

Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.

appreciate

Make a judgement about the value of something.

assess

results or size.

calculate

clarify

Make clear or plain.

classify

Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

compare

Show how things are similar and different.

construct

Make, build, put together items or arguments.

contrast

Show how things are different or opposite.

critically (analyse/evaluate)

Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge

deduce

Draw conclusions.

demonstrate

Show by example.

describe

Provide characteristics and features.

discuss

Identify issues and provide points for and against.

distinguish

Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or

different from, note difference between things.

evaluate

Make a judgement based on criteria.

examine

explain

Relate cause and effect, make the relationship

between things evident, provide why and/or how.

extract

Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

extrapolate

Infer from what is known.

identify

Recognise and name.

interpret

Draw meaning from.

investigate

justify

Support an argument or conclusion.

outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.

predict

Suggest what may happen based on available data.

propose

Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,

suggestion etc) for consideration or action.

recall

Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

recommend Provide reasons in favour.

recount

Retell a series of events.

summarise

Express concisely the relevant details.

synthesise

Put together various elements to make a whole.

Verbs to Watch

Verbs to Watch vi Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice


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Dot Point Page

1. Energy and raw materials 2

from fossil fuels

1.1 Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum. 2

Alkanes and alkenes with bromine.

1.4 Ethylene as a monomer. 7

1.5 Polymers, e.g. polyethylene. 9

1.6 Industrial production of polyethylene. 10

1.7 Modelling polymerisation. 12

1.8 Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers. 13

1.9 Properties and uses of 14

polystyrene and PVC.

2. Materials from biomass 17

2.1 Products of the petrochemical industry. 17

2.2 Development and use of a biopolymer. 18

2.3 Condensation polymers. 20

2.4 Formation of condensation polymers. 21

2.5 Cellulose – 22

a condensation polymer in biomass.

2.6 Cellulose – a source 24

of commercial polymers.

3. Ethanol – use and manufacture 27

3.1 Dehydration of ethanol. 27

3.3 Modelling the dehydration 29

and hydrolysis of ethylene.

3.4 Industrial production 30

of ethanol from sugar cane.

3.5 Ethanol as a solvent. 31

3.6 Ethanol as a fuel – 33

a renewable resource.

3.7 Naming alkanols. 34

Dot Point Pag

Molar heats of combustion of alkanols.

3.9 Calculating molar heat of combustion. 3

3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel. 43.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel. 4

Fermentation of glucose.

3.13 Conditions for fermentation. 4

3.14 Chemistry of fermentation. 4

4. Energy from redox reactions 4

difference of metals in an electrolyte.

4.3 Displacement of metals from solution. 4

4.4 Activity of metals and displacement. 5

4.6 Redox reactions in galvanic cells. 5

4.7 Construction of galvanic cells. 5

4.8 Components of galvanic cells. 5

4.9 Calculations using the redox table. 5

4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared. 55. Nuclear chemistry 6

5.1 Stable and radioactive isotopes. 6

5.2 Recent discoveries of elements. 6

5.3 Production of transuranic elements. 6

5.4 Production of commercial radioisotopes. 6

5.5 Detection of radiation. 6

5.6 Radioisotopes in industry and medicine. 6

5.7 Radioisotopes – uses and properties. 7

Answers to Production of Materials 28

Production of Materials

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice vii Production of Materia


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Notes

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Production of Materials viii Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice


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The Acidic Environment

Dot Point Page

1. Indicators 74

Natural indicators.

1.2 Indicators – colour changes. 761.3 Prepared indicators. 77

1.4 Acidic, basic or neutral. 79

1.5 Acidity/basicity of household substances. 80

1.6 Uses of indicators. 82

2. Acidic oxides and the atmosphere 83

2.2 Periodic Table and acidity of oxides. 84

2.5 Solubility of carbon dioxide. 89

2.6 Calculating gas volumes. 90

Decarbonation of a soft drink.

2.8 Natural and industrial sources of sulfur 95

dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

2.9 Chemical reactions that release 96

2

X.

2.10 Formation and effects of acid rain. 982.11 Evidence for changes in atmospheric 99

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.

2.12 Industrial origins of oxides 100

of sulfur and nitrogen.

3. Acids and pH 103

3.2 Acids as proton donors. 104

3.3 Common acids. 105

3.4 Naturally occurring acids and bases. 106

3.6 Concentrated and dilute acids. 109

3.7 Strong and weak acids. 110

3.9 Modelling acids – 112

molecular nature and ionisation.

Dot Point Pag

3.11 Strong and weak acids – ionisation. 11

3.14 Acids as food additives. 11

4. Acid/base theories 11

4.1 Using secondary sources. 11

4.2 Development of ideas about acids and 12

bases – Lavoisier, Davy and Arrhenius.

4.4 Conjugate acids and bases. 12

4.5 Conjugate acid/base pairs. 12

4.8 Amphiprotic substances. 12

4.9 Neutralisation as a proton 12

transfer reaction.

of a domestic substance using

4.13 Neutralisation in accidents. 13

4.14 Buffers. 13

5. 13

5.1 Alkanols and alkanoic acids. 13

5.2 Melting and boiling points of 14

alkanols and alkanoic acids.

5.4 Naming esters. 14

5.8 Esters – occurrence, production and uses. 14

5.9 Esters – uses in foods and cosmetics. 14

Answers to The Acidic Environment 29

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice ix The Acidic Environme


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Notes

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The Acidic Environment x Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice


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Chemical Monitoring and Management

Dot Point Page

1. The work of chemists 150

1.1 The work of chemists. 150

1.2 Chemists – roles and 151

chemical principles used.1.3 Collaboration between chemists. 152

1.4 Monitoring a chemical reaction. 154

2. Monitoring in industry – 157

the Haber process

2.1 Industrial uses of ammonia. 157

2.2 Synthesis of ammonia. 158

2.3 Synthesis of ammonia – 159

2.4 Synthesis of ammonia – 160

an exothermic reaction.

2.5 Reaction rate and temperature. 161

principle.

3. Chemical analysis 169

3.2 Monitoring ions in substances we use. 172

3.3 Deducing ions present from test results. 172

content of lawn fertiliser.

3.5 Analysing reliability of results. 176

3.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy. 179

3.7 Interpreting data from AAS analysis. 180

Dot Point Pag

4. Atmospheric chemistry and ozone 18

4.1 Composition and layered 18

structure of the atmosphere.

4.2 Atmospheric pollutants. 18

4.4 Formation of coordinate covalent bonds. 18

4.5 Coordinate covalent bonds 19

and Lewis structures.

4.6 Allotropes of oxygen. 19

4.8 Isomers of haloalkanes. 19

4.9 Modelling haloalkanes. 19

4.10 CFCs and halons in the atmosphere. 194.11 Changes in atmospheric 19

ozone concentrations.

4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone. 19

4.13 Problems associated with use of CFCs. 20

4.14 Replacements for CFCs. 20

5. Monitoring the water supply 20

5.1 Ions in water. 20

5.4 Monitoring water for heavy metals 21

and eutrophication.

5.5 The local water supply. 21

5.6 Effectiveness of water management. 21

Answers to Chemical Monitoring and 30

Management

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice xi Chemical Monitoring and Manageme


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Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation

Dot Point Page

1. The ocean as an electrolyte 222

1.1 Minerals in oceans. 222

1.2 Electron transfer in redox reactions. 223

1.3 Redox reactions occur when ions 225are free to move.

and electron transfer reactions.

2. Ships of metal 229

2.1 Rusting of iron. 229

2.2 Conditions for rusting. 230

Corrosion of iron and steel.

2.4 Composition and properties of steel. 234

2.5 Composition, properties and uses 236

of a range of steels.

2.6 Iron and steel in ships. 238

2.7 Corrosion of active and 239

passivating metals.

3. Electrolytic cells 241

3.1 Electrolysis – anode and 241

cathode reactions.

3.2 Factors affecting electcrolysis. 244

Rate of electcrolysis.

4. Corrosion in a marine environment 249

materials used.

Corrosion rate of metals and alloys.

4.3 Protection of metal hulls. 253

Prevention of corrosion.

Dot Point Pag

4.5 Using the redox table 25

to predict corrosion.

4.6 Cathodic protection. 25

4.7 Cathodic protection – 26chemistry and uses.

4.8 Applications of cathodic protection. 26

5. Corrosion in a sunken ship 26

5.1 Solubility of gases. 26

5.3 Solubility of gases and depth of oceans. 26

5.4 Temperature and corrosion rates. 26

Rate of corrosion.

5.6 Predicting corrosion rates at depth. 26

6. Corrosion at depth 27

corrosion and acidity.

6.2 Acidity and corrosion rates. 27

6.3 Corrosion at depth. 27

7. Salvage, conservation and 27

restoration of artefacts

7.1 Artefacts from shipwrecks are saturated. 27

7.2 Evaporation of a saturated 27

solution from artefacts.

7.3 Electrolysis to remove salts 27

from artefacts.

7.4 Electrolysis to clean and stabilise 28

metal artefacts.

7.5 Chemical procedures to clean, 28

preserve and stabilise artefacts.

7.6 R in Australian projects.

Answers to Shipwrecks, Corrosion and 31

Conservation

Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice xiii Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservatio


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Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation xiv Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice


15/96Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice 1 Production of Materia

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DOT POINTProduction of Materials


16/96Production of Materials 2 Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice

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1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of

other substances.

1.1 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the

fractional distillation of liquid petroleum (Europe and Japan) then cracking

cracking of natural gas (Australia and USA).

– breaking down of carbon compounds into smaller molecules using heat and/

or pressure.

12

H26

(l) catalyst C2H

4(g) + C

10H

22(g)

1.1.1

(A) Cracking.

(B) Fractional distillation.

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1.1.2 Identify the laboratory process

represented by the diagram.

(A) Cracking.

(B) Fractional distillation.(C) Polymerisation.

(D) Combustion.

labelled X.

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1.1.3 The following chemical reaction occurs during the cracking of hydrocarbon molecules:

C18

36

8

16(g) + Z

What is the name of compound Z?

(A) Ethene.

(B) Ethane.

(C) Butane.

(D) Propene.

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Waterbath

Hotplate

Waterout

Waterin

Thermometer

X



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1.1.4

petroleum fractions. What is the name of this process?

C8

18(l) catalyst 3C

2

4(g) + C

2

6(g)

(A) Combustion.

(B) Fractional distillation.

(C) Cracking.

(D) Polymerisation.

Explain your choice.

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1.2 Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed

into many useful products.

Homologous series General formula Functional group Example

Alkane CnH

2n+2–C–C– Ethane

Alkene CnH

2n–C=C– Ethylene (ethene)

-H

H C C H + F2

light

HF -H

-- -- H

- H

-H

H C C H + -F

-- --

H

-

H

e.g.

-H

HC C

H+ F

2

-H-

---

-

H

H C C H -

H

-- --

F

-

F

polyethylene and PVC.

1.2.1

greater reactivity of ethene?

(A) The presence of two carbons in the compound.

(D) The presence of a double covalent C= C bond.

Explain your choice.

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1.2.2 Identify the homologous series and functional group that describe ethylene.

Homologous series Functional group

(A) Alkane –C–C–

(B) Alkene –C=C–

(C) Alkyne –CC–

(D) Alkanol –C–OH

Name three other compounds that are members of this homologous group and give thegeneral formula.

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1.2.3 The following table shows reactions of chlorine gas with ethane and ethene.

Reaction with ethane Reaction with ethene

-

H

H C C H + Cl2

light

HCl -

H

-- -

-

H-

H

-

H

H C C H + -

Cl

-- -

-

H

-

H

-H

H

C C

H

+ Cl2

-H

-

-

-

-

-H

H C C H -H

-- -

-

Cl

-

Cl

Describe the types of reactions occurring.

(A) Addition of chlorine to both ethane and ethene.

(B) Substitution of chlorine into ethane and ethene.

(C) Addition of chlorine to ethane and substitution of chlorine into ethene.

(D) Substitution of chlorine into ethane and addition of chlorine to ethene.

Describe these reactions.

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appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water.

to bromine water.

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C C

H

Br

CH2

+ HOBr + H20

light

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexene

CH

CH

H2C

H2C CH

CH

C

CH2

H2C

H2C C

OH

H

H

Br

CH2

+ HOBr

Note

write up hypothesis, aim, method, result and conclusion

include a diagram in the method

include tables and graphs where relevant in the results

explain any precautions needed

justify your choice of equipment and chemicals used

use equations to describe chemical reactions

explain any results, especially if they are unexpected

describe how you disposed of waste

comment on accuracy, reliability and validity of the investigation.

1.3.1

2

2

2 + –

2

2

2

2 + –

2 +

After using bromine water in an experiment with ethane and ethene, how should you

dispose of waste solutions?

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1.3.2 Ethane gas is bubbled through bromine water in a test tube. Which alternative most correctly

predicts the product(s) of this reaction?

2

of the reaction.

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1.3.3 Bromine water is reacted with ethene in a test tube. Which alternative most correctly predicts

the product(s) of this reaction?

of the reaction.

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1.3.4 Safety precautions are essential when bromine water is used in experiments.

should be used and the reaction must be carried out in a fume cupboard.

Which property of bromine accounts for the use of these precautions?

(A) Toxic.

(B) A skin and eye irritant.

(C) Corrosive.(D) All of the above.

Explain these safety precautions.

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1.3.5 Which of the following reagents would best be used to distinguish between propene and propan

(A) Phenolphthalein.

(B) Universal indicator.

(C) Bromine water.

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1.4 Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made.

joined together, e.g. plastics, rubber, synthetic textiles, starch, cellulose, protein and

DNA.

catalyst.

1.4.1 The structure of polyethylene can be shown as:

nC C

H

H

H

H

Which of the following is a monomer that could be used to make this polymer?

(A)

C C

H

H

H

HH

H

(B)

C CH H

HH

=

(C)

C C

H

H

H

H

OHH

(D)

C C C

H H

HH

H

H =

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1.4.2 A section of a polymer can be illustrated as:

-H

C C C -Br

-- - C C C-- - C- C- -- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

- H

-Br

- H

-Br

- H

-Br

- H

The monomer from which this polymer could be made is:

(A)

-H

H HC C -Br

-- -

- H - H

(B)

-H

H HC C

-Br-

-=

(C)

-H

C C -Br

-- - C-- H

-H

- H

- H

(D)

-Br

H HC C

-Br-

-=

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1.4.3 The following graph shows the molecular weights of the molecules present at one instant

during the polymerisation of ethylene.

Number of

polymer

molecules

Molecular weight

This graph tells us that:

(B) At any instant during polymerisation the polymer molecules present vary in size.

(C) The polymer molecules formed have a curved shape.

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1.5 Identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of this term.

Ethylene (ethene) polyethylene (polyethene)

nCH2

2 catalyst –(CH

2– CH

2–)

n (where n is a large number)

1.5.1

(A) It is made by the adding together of other large molecules.(B) It is a small molecule which can add onto others.

(C) It contains very reactive double bonds.

(D) It is formed by addition reactions of the monomer ethene.

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1.5.2 The following molecules of ethene undergo an addition reaction to form polyethylene.

-H

H HC C

-H-

-=

-H

H HC C

-H-

-=

-H

H HC C

-H-

-=

-H

H HC C

-H-

-=+ + +

The section of polyethylene molecule formed from these monomer molecules could be shown a

(A) -H

C C C -H

-- - C C C-- - C- C- -- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

(B) -H

C C C- C C C C C- -H

= = = = = = =

(C) -

-

H

H -H

-H

-H

-H

-H

-H

-H

C C C- C C C C C----- -

H

= = =

(D) -H

H C6H5C C

-H-

-=

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1.5.3 Vinyl chloride is a monomer that is used to manufacture the polymer polyvinyl chloride

(PVC). The table shows approximate atomic weights for the elements that make up vinyl

chloride.

Element Approximate atomic weight

Carbon 12

Hydrogen 1

Chlorine 35

Using data from the table, what would be the approximate molecular weight of a polymer

made from four vinyl chloride monomers?

(A) 48

(B) 62

(C) 248

(D) 300

Show your working.

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1.6 Outline the steps in the production of polyethylene as an example of a commercially and

industrially important polymer.

The stages of polymerisation are initiation, propagation and termination.

monomer.

This forms an ethylene (ethene) free radical – unpaired outer shell electron so very

active.

1.6.1 Identify the steps in the production of polyethylene in order of occurrence.

(A) Combustion, oxidation, reduction.

(B) Initiation, propagation, termination.

(C) Distillation, catalysis, polymerisation.

(D) Addition, hydration, fermentation.

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1.6.2 Identify which of the following diagrams shows an ethylene free radical.

(A) -H

H HC C -

H-

-=

(B) -H

C C C -H

-- - C C C-- -- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

- H

-H

- H

-H

- H

(C) -H

C C -H

HH -- -- H

- H

(D) -H

C C -H

**-

- H

- H

What is meant by a free radical?

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1.6.3 During polymerisation, chemicals are added that allow the reaction to be carried out at a

lower temperature and pressure than would otherwise be possible. These chemicals are

called:

(B) Double bond compounds.

(D) Ethylene free radicals.

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1.7 Analyse information from secondary sources such as computer simulations, molecular model

kits or multimedia resources to model the polymerisation process.

A model shows a representation of reality. This could be achieved in many ways, e.g. the models

shown in Question 1.7.1.

1.7.1 The following photographs show models of molecules made by students.

Model P Model Q

Model R Model S

Identify the correct names of these models.

Model P Model Q Model R Model S

(A) Ethene PVC Vinyl chloride Polystyrene

(B) Polyvinyl chloride Vinyl chloride Polystyrene Ethene

(C) Polyethylene Ethene Polyvinyl chloride chloroethane

(D) Ethene Polyethene Polyvinyl chloride Ethylene chloride

What is meant by a model of a molecule?

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