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CHAPTER 39

Computer-Integrated ManufacturingSystems

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Computer-Integrated

ManufacturingSystem

Figure 39.1 A schematicillustration of a computer-integrated manufacturing system.Source: U. Rembold, et al.,Computer-IntegratedManufacturing and Engineering.Addison-Wesley, 1993.

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CAD/CAM Flow Chart

Figure 39.2 Information flow chart in CAD/CAM application.

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CAD Modeling

Figure 39.3 Various types of modeling for CAD.

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CAD RepresentationsFigure 39.4 (a)Boundaryrepresentation ofsolids, showing the

enclosing surfaces ofthe solid model and thegenerated solid model.(b) A solid modelrepresented ascompositions of solidprimitives. (c) Three

representations of thesame part by CAD.Source: P. Ranky.

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Octree Representation of a Solid Object

Figure 39.5 The octree representation of a solid object. Any volume can be broken down into octants,which are then identified as solid, void, or partially filled. Shown is two-dimensional version, or

quadtree, for representation of shapes in a plane.

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Routing SheetFigure 39.6 An exampleof a simple routing sheet.These operation sheetsmay include additional

information on materials,tooling, estimated time foreach operation, processingparameters (such as cuttingspeeds and feeds), andother information. Therouting sheet travels with

the part from operation tooperation. The currenttrend is to store all relevantdata in computers and toaffix to the part a bar codethat serves as a key intothe database of parts

information.

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Group Technology

Figure 39.7 Grouping partsaccording to geometric similarities.

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Functionaland Group-

TechnologyLayout

Figure 39.8 (a) Functional layoutof machine tools in a traditionalplant. Arrosw indicate the flow of

materials and parts in variousstages of completion. (b) Group-technology (cellular) layout.Legend: L = lathe, M = millingmachine, D = drilling machine,G = grinding machine, A =assembly. Source: M. P. Groover.

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Decision-Tree CodingFigure 39.9 Decision-tree classification for a sheet-metal bracket. Source: G. W. Millar.

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Opitz Classification and Coding SystemFigure 39.10Classificationand codingsystem

according toOpitz,consisting fo 5digits and asupplementarycode of 4 digits.

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MultiClass Classification and Coding System

Figure 39.11 Typical MultiClass code for a machined part. Source: Organization for IndustrialResearch.

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KK-3 System for Rotational ComponentsFigure 39.12 The structure of a KK-3system for rotational components.Source: Japan Society for the Promotionof Machine Industry.

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Flexible Manufacturing Cell

Figure 39.13 Schematic viewof a flexible manufacturingcell, showing two machinetools, an automated partinspection system, and acentral robot serving these

machines. Source: P. K.Wright.

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Flexible Manufacturing SystemFigure 39.14 A generalview of a flexiblemanufacturing system,showing several machine

tools and an automatedguided vehicle. Source:Courtesy of CincinnateMilacron, Inc.

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Comparison of the Characteristics of TransferLines and Flexible-Manufacturing Systems

TABLE 39.1Characteristic Transfer line FMS

Types of parts made Generally few Infinite

Lot size > 100 150

Part changing time 1/2 to 8 hr 1 min

Tool change Manual Automatic

Adaptive control Difficult Available

Inventory High Low

Production during breakdown None Partial

Efficiency 6070% 85%

Justification for capital expenditure Simple Difficult

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Local Area Network Topology

Figure 39.15 Three basic types of topology for a local area network (LAN) (a) Thestartopologyis suitable for situations that are not subject to frequent configuration changes. All messages passthrough a central station. Telephone systems in office buildings usually have this type oftopology. (b) In the ringtopology all individual user stations are connected in a continuous ring.The message is forwarded from one station to the next until it reaches its assigned destination.Although the wiring is relatively simple, the failure of one station shuts down the entire network.

(c) In the bus topology all stations have independent access to the bus. This system is reliable andis easier than the other two to service. Because its arrangement is similar to the layout of themachines in the factory, its installation is relatively easy, and it can be reagrranged when themachines are rearranged.

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ISO/OSI Communication Model

Figure 39.16 TheISO/OSI referencemodel for opencommunication. Source:U. Rembold, et al.Computer IntegratedManufacturing andEngineering. Addison-Wesley, 1993.

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Expert SystemFigure 39.17 Basic structure of anexpert system. The knowledge baseconsists of knowledge rules (generalinformation about the problem) and the

inference rules (the way conclusionsare reached). The results may becommunicated to the user through thenatural-language interface. Source: K.W. Goff,Mechanical Engineering,October 1985.

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Expert System Applied to an Industrial Robot

Figure 39.18 Expert system, as applied to an industrial robot guided by machine vision.