Production UNIT 5HandoutHemantha

7/21/2019 Production UNIT 5HandoutHemantha

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Production Technology

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65aXl =d;;sh ISurface TensionN

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ridhksl .>< IChemical PropertiesN Tlaihs( ne8Sug =e;s 6B;sfrda`;d& ICorrossion ResistanceN

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!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page W

úÿ,sh yd qï'l .><IElectrical PropertiesN

ikakdhl;d&IConductivityN

6B;sfrda`;d&IResistanceN

qï'l iBd& Uk;a&hIMagnetic lu!

DensityN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)




qï'l iBd& Uk;a&h IMagnetic lu! DensityNtall fY;BM,hla u; =e;slrk qï'l iB&h qï'l iBd& Uk;a&hhs fuysoS ie,ls,a,g 'dckh lrk ,o fY;BM,h qï'l iBd&hg ,ï'l& 6sysghs tall =b460 fyda tesla T f"

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f6ria f,day

2 =uq hl( JPig 5ron0 isoa hl( J )rough 5ronW kOmK J ast 5ron

uÿ &dfka J Mild steel3 =d&qo J Tool steel =_ f".S &dfka J !igh seed steel

!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page

ïY%

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=e.hSuH bos6;alrk 9&! iu@yhla 9&! &.Slr<h hgf;a ld<a( lrkakbos6;a lrk 9&! yQkdf.k tu 9&!&,g =df"<sl .>< 6BldA lrkakie,iqulg =kq& l:hq;> ksu&qula i8yd iqÿiq 9&! f;darkak9&! .>< f&kia lrk =&iad bos6;a lr tGa f&kia l: yels =dldr 6eyeos,slrkakfkd.e,f6k 9&! 'dú; ls?u fya;>f&ka ksu&qul .><d;aul ;;a;a&h Ffrys tu ldr<hn,6dk =dldrh ú.By lrkak

!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page p




3W ks6ehqï ls?fï iqÿiq =d&qo yd )6lr< =drla5dld?& 'dú; lrhs² ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS Ndú;hg .; yels wdjqo yd WmlrK w;ska l%shd;a!l lrkWmlrK yd ",f#. WmlrK f,$ fjkalr oelaúh yelH =;ska lBshd;aul lrk )6lr<

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• ksueÿï hka;B ")rinder#

•

ye( .dk hka;B "Shaping Machine#• i*reï hka;B "Boaring Machine#

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fuu ld<a( hgf;aD uekSfï yd i:l><q ls?fï )6lr<

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le6Sfï )6lr< úoSfï )6lr< 4ySfï yd f.&d oefï )6lr< ksuyï ls?fï )6lr<o

6&;S

E kq ï )6lrk &e( Fgil ks&ersosn& 6rSYdlsrSu yd ks6hqula lsrSfïoS ie,iqï w;

Bhkag =od, &k Ekqï ks6hqug =od,& fhdod.ekSu ioyd úú =&iad&,D úúiadk&, Ekqï 6rSYdlr ne,Su ioyd Ekqï )6lrk fhdod.kq ,ef%

Try Square

Retractable Push - Pull Tape Measuring Tapes

Using Dividers and Trammel Points

Equal Parts ayout iudkFdgia f&kalsrSu

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US!"# P$"E #E%METR& T% S'U$RE PR%(ETS













lemSï Wml$K =dhq f;dard.ekSfïoS )6rsu ld!Yu;d&fhka lsBhdlsrSug;a &e[ =dhqld,hla 6e&;Sug;a6y; oelaf&k lrekq .ek =&dkh fhduql, hq;>h

• &e( FdgGa =drï'l yd =&idk ye(h• &e( FdgGa oe[n&• &e( FdgGa =d;k! 6B',;d&h• &e( FdgGa r\n&• &e( Fdgiskaa b&;af&k len,s &, ia&'d&h

The number one error when selecting tooling is calculating monetary savings

based on lowest cost per tool, rather than on maximized productivity and

extended tool life. To effectively select tools for machining, a machinist or

engineer must have specific information about:

the starting and finished part shape

the workpiece hardness

the material's tensile strength

the material's abrasiveness

the type of chip generated

the workholding setup

the power and speed capacity of the machine tool

Changes in any of these conditions may require a thorough review of any cutting

tool selection.

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!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page 2W




• l6kq ,nk &e( Fdgig &(d oe[f"

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ToolsN &Afhka fo&.hla =e; k@;k &e( f,dalfha ks6ehqï lghq;> o b;d 6yiq L =e; g fya;>& ks5a6dok

6sh&r&, oS fndfyda ldhhka n,f". )6lr< =dABfhka ls?uhs

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DrillND ysK úÿï hka;B IPilla Drill MachineND =h úÿï hka;B IRadial Drill MachineND nyq úosúÿï

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&.fha fukauD n^l> .sks.,a hka;BD ysK .sks.,a hka;B 'dú;fha 6&;S

ye(.dk hka;B IShaping MachineN u.ska u;>6sg 65a/h b;d ishqï f,i .d ilia lr .;yels&k =;r ye( .d .ekSu i8yd ;nd.; hq;af;a 2 mm fyda ,$-. / 6u< 6Bud<hls

i*reï hka;B IBoaing MachineN u.ska isÿrl =e;>:; b;du ks&eros& f.&d Fdgia b&;alr

.ekSug yels n& tkacska is,ska(r ilia ls?u ioyd fuh 'dú;d lrhs hïlsis ldhhla ls?fï oS ta i8yd b;du ks&eros yd .e:f6k )6lr< f;dard .ekSfuka

ldhh ks&eros& lr.; yel tneúka fï iïnka& ie:ls,su;a úhhq;>h )6lr< f;dard .ekSfï oS)6lr<hg =h;a 6sú;r 6Bud<hD ye(hD nr &eks tu )6lr<fhka Ffrk ldhh o 6s:sn8=&dkhg .; hq;>h 6sú;r ie:lSfï oS tlu )6lr<fha &q&;a Fdgia iSre udre ls?ug isÿf" # úÿï hka;B yd úÿï lgq t&eks )odyr<hls

k*u )6lr<hlska &e( .ekSfï oS tys Fdgia f.LïD 6sysK iadk f&kia Lï isÿLuDFdgia =;r .ezï &e[Lï &eks ÿ&,;d yg .ekSug yels neúkaD ksisl,g kshE;lBuf"o hgf;a k(;a;> ls?u l:fyd;a tu )6lr< ksis 6os lBshd;aul &k =;r os.>

ld,hla fyd8ska &e(.; yelshfï hgf;a iafkaykh

isis,kh hka;B lsBhdlrLfï f". iSreudre lsu f.&qk Fdgia b&;a ls?u l: hq;>h#

by; As,a6Sh lBu ;y&qre lr.; yels &k Ga Uk f,day ;y(q&,ska l: yels ksu&qula ie,iqula =kq& ks5a6dokh lrkak

H f;dard .ekSu





H 6sú;rH ldhhka

H k(;a;> ls?uH iafkaykhH isis,kh

H hka;B lBshdlrLfï f".H iSreudre ls?uH f.&qk Fdgia udre ls?u

bf.kqï M,

² ks(amd!k l&shdj,sha R 6d9;hg .; "els Wml$K "d wdjq! ldK)j,g jkal$ !lajhs'² 3lu ldKaha Wml$K w;$ ! 99O;aj we;s j ms+s.kshs'² iq4iq wdjq! Wml$K ;da$d .ekSug m+hs'² ksis l,g wdjq! "d Wml$K k;a;= lsug ie,ls,su;a jhs'² ie,eiaulg wkqj Tk ,da" lee,a,lska ksmehqula ilihs

.=Kd;aul h!jqï U ² 6dKahla i<"d ilia l+ ie,iqï m;&

• 6dKa ;ekSug wjYH "kd.;a jH m&udKj;a ,i• 6dKah ;ekSug wjYH "kd.;a wdjq! Wml$K • ksu"ï lsug wjYHB ue!Sï l!dis "d ;Ska; wd!sh• k;a;= lsug wjYH ,s"sis jH jeks !a

we.hSu

² *!s8m;a l$k i$, 6dKahl ks(amd!k mshj$ kï l$kak'• 3u mshj$j,g wjYH Wml$KB wdjq! kï l$kak'• *!s8m;a l$k wdjq!B Wml$K iu%"hla ldKa l$ jkal$ !lajkak'• je lsug .kakd Wml$K k;a;=- !S ie+lsh hq;= l$eKq me"e!s,s l$kak'• *!s8m;a l$K l&shdld$lula i<"d wjYH wdjq! "d Wml$K ksje$!sj "d Ys,amSh l&u wkqj

6dKah ;ekSug hd!d .kakd wdld$h me"e!s,s l$kak'

5'V ks(amd!khla lsï R w!d+ #dgia "el$ .ekSï l&u 6d9; l$hs'

99O ks(amd!khla lsï !S 99O "ee;s #dgia wjYHjk j mkajd!hs'

"ehï lsug iq4iq Ys,amSh l&uh ;da$d .kshs' wjYH ksje$!s "eh ,ek Ea "ehï lsu is4 l$hs

hï hï ks(amd!s; 6dKa !i mla(dldj e,Sï !S 3"s #dgia 3lla "da lSmhla "da ish,a,u"da d"da 9g i$, h !d$ i"s; "ej,ska hqla; kdjk j !el.; "els -' i$+ h

ukau i$, h kdjq "e ilia l$ .ekSug .e,mk Ys,amSh l&uh N l&u ;da$d .ekSuks(amd!kha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh /l .ekSug *j",a -' uu ksmqK;d ugu hg;a kHdhd;aul





"d m&dhda.slj wOHhkhl h!Suka ks(amd!khg w!d+ #dgia "el$ .ekSug Wmhda.Sl$.; "els l&u !ek.; "els w;$ wjYH wjiaJdjl 3hska iq4iqu l&uh ;da$d .ekSug ! "elshdjla ,ekq we;'

² m$ imhd.k /ial$ .;a 99O "ehï lsï i"s; 6dKa "da 3jeks 6dKaj, #dgia

ls"smhla isiqkg ksla(Kh lsug wjiaJdj ,d !S 3ajdha w2.= LHd;sl "da LHd;slkdjq "e ms+s< j 9uikak' uu "e l=uk wdld$j,g ksudKh l$ ;sX!ehs w!"iam&ldY lsug wjiaJdj ,d !kak' ,ek w!"ia "d hdaLkd ms+s<j i,ld ,d wjYHksje$!s lsï ;sXkï 3ajd l$ka "ehï lsï l&u ms+s<j !ekqj;a lsug mshj$ .kak'

jHj, mj;akd .=K wkqj "d "eh wkqj u%,sl jYhka 3"s 6;sl ;;a;ajhka jkiakdl$ idudkH W(aK;aj ;;a;ajhka hg;a wjYH "eh ilia l$ .ekSug "els j%j;aBiu"$ jHj, mj;akd .=K "d #dgiaj,g ,d!sh hq;= "e wkqj isis,a ;;a;ajh hg;al$ .ekSug kd"els ksid $;al$ "ehï l$ .ekSug is4jk-ZW!d[ ;,a "eka!B l=iais ms"sh0

w!d+ #dgia i<"d ksh; "e ms+s<j wjdaOhla ,d.; hq;= w;$ 3a i<"d wkq.ukhl+ hq;= ksje$!s "ehï l&uh wkq.ukh lsuka m"iqjka "d ksje$!sj "el$ .ekSug

"elsjk w;$B 3Ea ksje$!s Ys,amSh l&uh ;da$d kd.ekSuka ks(amd!kha ldhla(u;djg "d ksudjg "dks is4-Z ks()md!kh l$k 6dKa i<"d 3ajdg w!d+ #dgia "e lsï Ys,amSh l&uB,i

ke\u weu ;e,Su $da,a lsu k$jqu #dgia *j;a lsu "e!ska9h "elZ

&e( Fdgia ye(hï ls?ug 9&!&, 6&;sk ta i8yd &@ iqúfAa5 .>< &eo.;a&k =;rÿ&,;dhka 6&;skafka kï ye(h kshudldrfhka isÿ fkdf"#fï =kq& iqúldhh;d& IPlasticityN =yk!;d& IMellea&ilityNú,hkS;d .><h Iusi&ilityN &e( Fdgia ye(hï ls?ug 9&!&, 6&;sk iqúfAa5 .><f"#





ú,hkS;d .><h Iusi&ilityN9&!hla 9&lsrSug =e;s yelshd& ú,hkS;d .><h f,i yeoskaf" 6*iaiSug .kakd 9&!hka 9&Lug.kakd )5a<Z&h =(qh 6diaik ,o iadkhlg ;d6h ,ndÿkaúg 6diaik ,o 9&!hg 6Bu 6*iaiSug'dú;d l, 9&!h 9& n&g 6;af"tfyhska 6*iaiSug 'dú;d l, 9&!fha ú,hkS;d .><h &e[h

"ehï lsï !S jHj, mj;akd 6;sl .=K ï i<"d ,mdk e9ka je #dgia u;g,h h!sh hq;= !B ,h h!sh "els !B 3a wkqj ;$mqugB mSkhg ,lal, "els ! W(aK;aj;;a;ajh #Ea mj;ajd .k hd hq;= !B wjYH W(aK;aj ;;a;ajhka mj;ajd .k kd.sh"d;a ksh; m8!s ldhh *gql$.; "els !B 3a ksid we;sjk m&id$Kh "da i2#da]khksid wdm!d ;;a;ajhka ksujqu #$"s ,m?ula we;s l$hs !' W(aK;ajh *"+ ke2>ukamiq isis,a >ug #dmuK ld,hla .;-! hk l$eKq ms+s<j ! 3a 3a jHhg w!d+j l$eKq!ek.k ldhh lsu je!.;a-Z ksudl$K ksujqug w!d+ #dgia 3l,ia l+ miq 3h l&shd;aul ls8ï !S 3"s 3l u;.egk #dgia w;$ "g.kakd ;dmhka is4jk m&id$Kh 3"s ldhla(u;djg dOdjlakdjk m8!s #dgia w;$ m&id$K jdis !B 3Eau ksu"ï lsï l&uh wkqj "d ksu"ï lsug hd!d .kakd jH wkqj ksu"ï jdis ! ;eAh hq;=jk e9ka 3a ms+s<j ! wjOdkhg

.; hq;=-Z ks(amd!khla lsï !S "ehï lsu "d iïkaO ms+s< ;;a;ajhkams+s<j !e@ wjOdkhla hduql$ ldhh kdl+"d;a ksujqu ie,eiaug wkqj ilia l$ .ekSu wm"iq-Z "ehï lsï m&dhda.sl ls&hdld$lula ie,iqï l$kakZ

3a wkqj ,ek w;a !elSï u.ska je!.;a l$ekq ;"jq$e l$kakZ

u%,sl j!kaNi2l,amh U ² ke\u Bending

² weu Rolling

² ;e,Su orging² ;$mSu 0 Thrust

² m&id$Kh E!panding

² i2#da]kh ^ Compression

.=Kd;aul h!jqï U ² 99O "e i"s; j 99O jHj,ska ksujd we;s 6dK) "d Wml$K lSmhla

"ehï lsug Wmhda.S l$.; "els Wml$K W!dU igïB _B w;#d` jeks0 isiqkg *!s8m;a lsug ieliq ie,iqï m;&

we.hSu "d ;laEa$el$Kh i<"d Wm!ia U ² ks(amd!khla lsï !S 3"s #dgia "ehï lsï wjYH;dj me"e!s,s l$kak'

je #dgia "ehï lsï l&u kï l$ me"e!s,s l$kak' "ehï l$k je #dgiaj, mej;sh hq;= w;HjYH jH .=K ms+s<j 9ia;$ l$kak'

!k ,! ie,eiaulg wkqj ksujqula i<"d #dgia "ehï l$kak' ilia l+ uu "eha 4j,;d "da kd.e,mSï we;sjqj"d;a g ,m? "a;= *!s8m;a

l$kak'

ú5h =ka;.;h² "ehï lsu "orming#

we,a "ehï lsu $;a "ehï lsu² "e ieliSï Ys,amSh l&u

• ke\u

!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page 2p




• weu• ;e,Su• $da,a lsu• k$jqu• #dgia *j;a lsu• lïu,a je

² "ehï lsug iq4iq .=K • iq9ldhh;dj "Plasticity#

• wd"kH;dj 9,hkSh;dj

² "ehï lsug iq4iq ;;a;aj• ,h• mSkh• W(aK;ajh• m&id$Kh• isis,k iST&;dj

² "ehï lsï R ie,lsh hq;= l$eKq m&id$K jdis ksu"ï jdis

bf.kqï M,

² 99O ks(amd!khka lsï R 99O "ee;s #dgia wjYH jk j mkajd !hs'² "ehï lsug iq4iq Ys,amSh l&uh ;da$d .kshs'² wjYH ksje$7 "eh ,ek Ea "ehï lsu is4 l$hs'

5'5 l&shdld$lï lsï R wd$la(dj ms+sb!j ie,ls,su;a jhs'

wd$la(l ms+sj;a "d Wm!ia wkq.ukh l$hs' wd$l)(dldj ldhhka *gq l$hs' wk;=$e j+lajd .ekSug wjYH mshj$ .kshs'

hïlsis ldhhla lsï !S g wjYH jHB Ys,amSh l&u ukau "d l&shdld$lug wjYH wdjq! NWml$K ! 6d9; l+ hq;= h' hï l&shdld$lula lsï !S mq!a., wd$la(dj m&Odk l$.kB jHj,

wd$la(djB Wml$Kj, wd$la(dj .ek ie+ls,su;a>ï wjYH;djla mj;S' ldhhka lsï !Swdjq!NWml$K j,skaB ksujqug w!d+ #dgia j,skaB 94,sh .ska!$ "d jk;a jH j,ska is4jk wk;=$e j+lajd .kska ldhh lsug !la(;djla ,d .ekSu w;HjYH -'² hï lsis ldhhla lsï !S is4 j% mq!a., wk;=$e ms+s<j !kakd ;d$;=$e "d mqj;am;a jd;d *!s8m;a l$kakZ3jeks wk;=$e j,lajd .kaka #Ea!ehs 9ia;$ l$kakZ

3jeks hïlsis ldhhla lsï !S m&Odk jYhka mq!a., wd$la(dj .ek ! l&shdld$lugw!d+ j Wmhda.S l$.kakd jH "d hd!d .kakd Wml$Kj, wd$la(dj ! je!.;a jk wdld$h me"e!s,s l$kak'

;dla(Ksl l&shdld$lul !S w"ïka "da kdie+ls,su;a lu ksid wk;=$e is49h "elswjiaJd lSmhla 9ia;$ l$kakZ wk;=$e is49h "els wdld$ ,i Wml$K "d wdjq! ub.skaB hka;& ub.skaB 94,sh ub.skaB .ska!$ ub.skaB $idhksl jH ub.skaB

!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page 2v




Ys,amSh l&u ksje$!sj wkq.ukh kdlsu ub.skaB ksis m8!s mq"qKq>ï kd,ecu ie,lsh "el ' k%;k je ,dalha !S ldhhka m"iqjka ldhla(uj #_ ld,hla ;=+ !S l$ .ekSug94,shka l&shdl$jk hka;&daml$K ks(amd!kh l$ we;s e9ka 3hska wk;=$e !B is49h "elswjiaJd je@ > we;Z

3a ksid wd$la(dj mj;ajd .ekSug kïB je iaJdkhg w!d+j 9kh mj;ajd .ekSu' l$k ldhh ms+s<j ksis wjdaOhka "d l,amkdldj lghq;= lsu' l$k ldhhg .e,mk wdjq! "d Wml$K 6d9;hg .ekSu' iq4iq weï me+ï 6d9; lsu' wd$la(l l&u ms+sme!Su' je iaJdkhg w!d+ kS;s ;s m!aO;shla mj;ajd .k hduB je!.;a-Z

wd$la(dj ms+s<j ie+ls,su;a kd>u ksid #_ ld,Sk "d !s.= ld,Sk mq!a., "dkS is49h

"els e9ka ! ldhh ksje$!sj ie+eiaug wkqj lsu muKla kdj ks;$u ;ud.a "d wka

wh.a wd$la(dj ms+s< j ie+ls,su;a jka ! lghq;= l, hq;=h ' "!sis wk;=$la is4 jqj"d;a l+ "els m&JudOd$ ms+s<j !ekis_h hq;=hZ lemSuB

94,sh ldka >ï jeks wjiaJd "d ;j;a wjiaJd W!d"$Khg .; "el0u%,sl j!kaNi2l,amh U ² wd$la(l m%jdamd Safety precautives

² wk;=$e j+lajd .ekSu +void +ccidents

.=Kd;aul h!jqï U ² wd$la(dj ms+< w;am;&sld 9ia;$ m;&sld

m&JudOd$ "d iïkaO md;a m;a'

wd!Yk i<"d .a,jqiaB ",auB %iaB giagB m8jd$l wGq' m&JudOd$ m_we.hSu² ldhhla lsï !S wd$la(dj ms+s< j ie+ls,su;a >ï wjYH;dj me"e!s+s l$kak'

wk;=$e is49h "els wdld$ "d wjiaJd *!s8m;a l$kak' wk;=$e j+lajd .ekSug .;hq;= m&;s luN l&shdud. ms+s< j me"e!s,s l$kak' "!sis wk;=$l !S !sh "els m&JudOd$hla wd!Ykh l$ mkajkak' "!sis wk;=$e "d 3ajd je+lajd .ekSug l+ "els m&;slu ms+s< j jd;duh ,aFKhla

ilid *!s8m;a l$kak'ú5h =ka;.;h

² wd$la(dj• mq!a.,• jH• ksujqu

² wk;=$e is49h "els wdld$ Wml$K "d wdjq! hka;& 94,sh .ska!$ $idhksl jH

ksje$7 kdj% Ys,amSh l&u kqmq"qKqj

!*M+'T!+ +-/+M+ *ngineering Technology 0123 +4- Page 2x




• bf.kqï M,

² wd$la(l ms+sj;a "d Wm!ia wkq.ukh l$hs'² wd$la(s; j ldhhka *gq l$hs'² wk;=$e j+lajd .ekSug wjYH mshj$ .kshs'

5'f ksujqula lsï R 3"s #dgia 3l,ia lsï iq4iq Ys,amSh l&uh 9uid ,hs'

ksujqulg wh;a #dgia 3l,ia lsï 99O l&u 9ia;$ l$hs' l&shdld$luB jHB iaJdkhB m&;sh wkqj #dgia3l,ia lsï iq4iq

l&uh ;da$d .kshs' ksje$!s Ys,amSh l&uh wkq.ukh l$ka ksujqulg w!d+ #dgia

3l,ia l$hs'

jH iïm;a 6d9; l$ lsishï ie,eiaulg wkqj ks(amd!khla lsï !S 3hg w!d+ #dgia3lsklg iïkaO l$ ks 6dKah .dke.Sug 3u #dgia ksh; m8!s iïkaO lsug is4 -' ï i<"d iïm&!dhsl l&u uka u ;dla(Ksl Ys,amSh l&u !shqKq>u;a iu. 3la j% m"iq "d9YajdikSh l&u w! ks(amd!k #a(a;&ha !S 6d9;hg .eka' ï l&u ms+s<j !ek.k ;scuksid;udg wjYH wjiaJdjl !S 3u l&u Wmhda.S l$ .ekSug wjiaJd i,ihs'

² we,>uB mdg weK h!SuB _hï lsuB m?iaiqï l&u 6d9;h u%gq h!Su jeks 99O Ys,amShl&u wkq.ukh l$ka #dgia 3l,ia l$ ksujd we;s ks(amd!s; 6dKa "da Wml$K "d3jeks Ys,amSh l&u wd!Ykhg .; "els je #dgia lSmhla ksla(Kh l$kak'

ie,eiaug wkqj ks(amd!kh l$ 6dKahla ksud lsï !S 3"s #dgia 3lsklg .e,mk Ea ia$j iïkaO lsï wjYH;djh 9uis,a,g ,la l$ka m"; l$eKq "d ;j;a je!.;al$eKq .dkql$kak'

ksh; "eh mj;ajd .ekSu' ldhla(u;dj !s.= ld,Skj mj;ajd .ekSu' #dgia 9is$hdu je+ela>u "d #dgiaj, wd$la(dj' is49h "els wk;=$e j+lajd .ekSu' ks(amd!k ilia lsï !S 3ajdha #dgia 3l,ia lsï Ys,amSh l&u wkqj w;ska 3u ldhh

lsu ukau hka;& i%;& 6d9;jk wjiaJd ! we;' W![ lïu,a m?iaiSuB _hï lsuB 9!Hq;a ]dm

m?iaiSu jeks0 #dgia 3l,ia lsï !S 3u #dgia w;$ ;sAh hq;= .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhka 9uikak' ksh; #dgia 3lsklg .e,mkak' #dgiaj, wjYH iaJdk "d<ska "a;a;= 9h hq;=h' iïkaO lsï l&u wkq.ukh lsï !S 3u je #dgia mqmq$d hdu "da

WKq > hdu "da jk;a l&uhlg 9kdY kd>u is4 kd9h hq;= h' imhd.;a wd!YkB wdl;sB m8la(d lsuka "d ï iïkaOj 9(hh l$eKq idlCDd

lsuka ,d .kakd ;d$;=$e u; #dgia iïkaO lsï l&u "d 3ajdg Wmhda.S l$ .kakd jHB Wml$KB Wmd2. ms+s<j ! Ys,amSh l&u ms+s<j ! ;d$;=$e 3la/iak$kakZ

#dgia 3lg iïkaO lsï l&u lSmhla ms+s< 9.&" l$kak' we,>u )luing0





mdg weK h!Su Scre*ing0 u%gq h!Su 1oint0 _hï lsu Riveting0 m?iaiSu 2elding0 m"+ W(aK;ajh hg;aB *"+ W(aK;ajh hg;aB *;d *"+ W(aKj;ajh hg;a

l$k m?iaiqï l&u lSmhla we;s w;$B ïjd u4 m?iaiSuB ! m?iaiSuB lïu,am?iaiSu hkqjka "e!ska-Z

9!Hq;a ]dm m?iaiSu Electrical +rc 2elding0 "d lais weis_,ska m?iaiSu 3!yacety

lene 2elding0 ms+s<j ! 9ia;$ lsu !B ;s;a 9!Hq;a m?iaiSu +rc0Spot 2elding0Bg2iagka ksYalS&h jdhq m?iaiSu TI) 2elding0B ,da" ksYl&Sh jdhq m?iaiSu MI)

2elding0 ms+s<j ! "e<ska>ula ! l$kak' u4 m?iaiSu "d !e@ m?iaiSu !B lïu,a m?iaiSu ! 9!Hq;a ]dm m?iaiSu ! 6d9;hg

.ekSug d"da wjiaJd "d wjYH;d we;s e9ka uu l&shdj, !S wjYH Wml$KBm?iaiqï jHB m?iaiSï !s wkq.ukh l+ hq;= Ys,amSh l&u ms+s<j ! 3u Ys,amSh l&u

hg;a !S we;s9h "els 4j,;d ms+s<j ! W!d"$K "d wd!Yk !lajkak' ud+dla md@B !e@ md@B iHka!B j,a@ka l:$? wd!sh ms+s<j !ek.; hq;=

l$eKq *!s8m;a l$kak' m?iaiqï lsï !S ;dmh "d 94,sh iïkaO Wml$K 6d9;hg .kakd e9ka m!a.,l

wd$la(dj ms+s<j je@ wjOdkhla .kska wd$la(s; Wml$KB Wmd2. 6d9;h ! 9kh kS;s! wkq.ukh lsï wjYH;d ;"jq$e l$kak'

u%,sl j!kaNi2l,amh U ² ksujqï #dgia 3l,ia lsï l&u Method of +ssem&ling the *or4 pieces

² we,>u )luring

² lïu,a m?iaiSu orging

² _hï lsu Reveting

² u%gq h!Su 1oining

² j,a@2 l&u 2elding methods

² mdg weK h!Su Scre*ing

² j,a@2 l:$e 2elding rods

.=Kd;aul h!jqï U ² #dgia iïkaO lsu wd!Ykhg .; "els ksujqï "da .e,mk #dgia'

#dgia iïkaO lsï l&u ms+s<j !ekqj;a >ug md;am;a ib.$d' ie,iqï l$k m&dhda.sl l&shdld$lï i<"d wjYH jk jHB Wml$KB Wmd2. wd!sh' *.kqï wdOd$l ,i w!d+ $?m ig"ka'

we.hSu² *!s8m;a l$k ksujqï 6dKa "da 3ajdha #dgia ksla(Kh l$ 3"s #dgia iïkaOlsug Wmhda.S l$.k we;s l&u-!h me"e!s,s l$kak'

ksudKhla i<"d #dgia 3l,ia lsï l&u "d 3a i<"d iq4iq wjiaJd *!s8m;a l$kak' #dgia iïkaO lsï 3la 3la l&uha we;s jdis !B wjdis !B jk jku me"e!s,s l$kak' *!s8m;a l$k #dgia iïkaO lsï Ys,amSh l&uhla iïm%Khka wkq.ukh l$ 3u

l&shdld$lu l$ mkajkakZ !k ,! ldl ie,eiaulg wkqj ishù l&shdld$lï l$ka ks 6dKahla ;kd ksu

l$kak'ú5h =ka;.;h

² #dgia 3l,ia lsu² w;ska





² hka;& u.ska² we,>u² mdg weK hRu² uqgq l&u² _hï lsu

² m?iaiSu• u4 m?iaiSu• Q@ m?iaiSu• lïu,a m?iaiSu• 9!Hq;a ]dm m?iaiSu "Electrical +rc 2elding#

• ;s;a 9!Hq;a ]dm m?iaiSu "+rc 0 Spot 2elding#

• g2iagka ksYal&Sh jdhq m?iaiSu "TI) 2elding#

• ,da" ksYal&Sh jdhq m?iaiSu "MI) 2elding#

• bf.kqï M,

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5' ks(amd!k la(a;&ha m$s.Kl wdY&s; j hka;& u"h>ï l&u-! ms+sb! j ;d$;=$e .-(Khl$hs'

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