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Farm and ForestryProduction and Marketing profile for

Moringa(Moringa oleifera)

By Ted Radovich

Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (httpagroforestrynetscps)

Moringa Home Page



Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa by Ted Radovich 2

USES AND PRODUCTS

Almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food oilfiber andor medicine In the Pacific the most importantproducts are pods and leaves Young pods are consumed as a

vegetable Very young pods are fiberless and can be cookedlike string beans Because the weight is low on very youngpods most commercial production involves larger more fi-brous pods that are used in soups stews and curries Te

nutritious leaves are eaten in many dishes including soupsstews and stir fries Sauteed young leaves and flowers arealso eaten Te demand for home consumption of pods andleaves can generally be met by one or two backyard trees

Commercial production of mature seeds for oil occurs inIndia Africa and elsewhere Te press cake le over aerextracting seed oil is utilized as a fertilizer and as a floccu-lent for water clarification Te seed cake contains positivelycharged compounds that are effective in settling suspendedsolids out of water (flocculation) because most particleshave a net negative surface charge while suspended in aque-

ous solution Tere is international interest in using mor-

inga-based flocculants as a locally produced biodegradablesubstitute for aluminum sulfate which is commonly used toclarify water Te seed cake is normally not used as livestockfeed because of the presence of antinutritional compoundsin the mature seeds

Leaves are readily eaten by cattle sheep goats pigs chickens and rabbits and can also be used as food for fish Severastudies demonstrate that significant proportions of tradi

tional fodder can be replaced with moringa leaf A study inFiji reports significant weight gain over traditional fodderwhen 50 of fodder contained moringa (Aregheore 2002)In Nicaragua cattle feed consisting of 40ndash50 moringaleaves is mixed with molasses sugar cane and grass Moringa leaf meal can be used to substitute up to 10 of dietary protein in Nile tilapia without significant reductionin growth However excessive feeding with moringa canreduce weight gain in livestock Animals given fodder with80 moringa in the Fijian study above showed lower weightgain than animals on 50 moringa fodder Adverse effectsresulting from high rates of moringa in feed are due to ex

Lef Very young pods contain little fiber and can be cooked like string beans Right Commercial production o moringa lea in Kunia Olsquoahu primarily or export to the US mainland (West Coast) and Canada



Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (httpagroforestrynetscps) 3

cessive protein levels and potentially anti-nutritional com-pounds in the leaves such as nitrate oxalate saponin phy-tate and isothiocyanates Raffinose and stachyose may causeflatulence in monogastrics (Foidl and Paull 2008) Moringabiomass is reportedly low in lignin and may be valuable forethanol production (Foidl and Paull 2008)

Bwana-Simba (2006) lists these other traditional and con-temporary uses for moringa

bull wood yields a blue dye used in Jamaica and Senegal

bull live fence posts

bull crop plant growth promotion from leaf extracts (mech-anism unknown)

bull wood pulp is suitable for making newsprint and writ-ing paper

bull bark may be beaten for fiber (for paper)

Most parts of the plant are used as a medicine Te greatestcontribution of moringa to health is its high nutritional val-ue (see ldquoNutritionrdquo below) Te most common direct medi-

cal use of the plant is as poultice of the leaves and bark ap-plied directly to wounds as an anti-microbial and to promotehealing Te anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties ofmoringa extracts are well documented and are thought to bederived at least in part from 4-(α-L-rhamnopy-ranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate Tis compound is particularly effec-tive against Helicobacter pylori a bacterial pathogen of hu-man beings in medically underserved areas and poor popu-lations worldwide (Fahey 2005)

Isothiocyanates are the source of the mild horseradish smellin moringa roots and bark which gives the tree one of its

common names ldquohorseradish treerdquo Moringa is in the sameorder as horseradish and other cabbage family members(Capparales) Isothiocyanates and related products fromthe cabbage family have been shown to have anti-tumor andanti-carcinogenic effects Work at Johns Hopkins Universityand elsewhere is supporting traditional use of moringa totreat cancer (Fahey 2005)

Te strong tradition of medical uses of moringa combinedwith recent scientific work supporting these traditions hasresulted in increased marketing of supplements and so-called ldquosuperfoodsrdquo based on moringa

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Preferred scientific name

Moringa oleifera Lam

Family

Moringaceae (Horseradish-tree family)

Non-preferred scientific names

Moringa pterygosperma (synonym) M moringa Small (synonym occasional)

Common names

Te most frequently used common names in the Pacific are variants of marrunggai malunggai or kalamunggai Othercommon names used in the Pacific are katdes (Guam) sa

jina (Fiji) and begraven aileacute (French Polynesia) English commonnames include drumstick horseradish and ben oil tree ormoringa as in this publication

Brief botanical description

Moringa is a slender sowood tree that branches freely andcan be extremely fast growing Although it can reach heightsin excess of 10 m (33 ) it is generally considered a small- tomedium-size tree ripinnate compound leaves are featherywith green to dark green elliptical leaflets 1ndash2 cm (04ndash08in) long Te tree is oen mistaken for a legume because ofits leaves Conspicuous lightly fragrant flowers are borne

on inflorescences 10ndash25 cm (4ndash10 in) long and are generally white to cream colored although they can be tingedwith pink in some varieties Te fruits are tri-lobed capsulesand are frequently referred to as ldquopodsrdquo Immature pods aregreen and in some varieties have some reddish color Podsare brown and dry at maturity and contain 15ndash20 seedsSeeds are large with three papery wings Seed hulls are generally brown to black but can be white if kernels are of low

viability Viable seeds germinate within 2 weeks

DISTRIBUTION

Moringa is native to the Himalayan foothills (IndiaBangladesh) As a commercial crop it is cultivated extensively inIndia and parts of Africa It would be challenging to finda region in the tropics or subtropics where moringa is notgrown as a backyard tree for leaf and pod consumption medicinally and for fiber Moringa is most commonly found inareas with South and Southeast Asian (particularly Filipinopopulations

ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCES AND

TOLERANCES

Climate

Moringa is widely adapted to the tropics and subtropicsOptimum leaf and pod production requires high averagedaily temperatures of 25ndash30degC (77ndash86degF) well distributedannual rainfall of 1000ndash2000 mm (40ndash80 in) high solar radiation and well-drained soils Growth slows significantlyunder temperatures below 20degC (68degF) Ideal elevation isless than 600 m (1970 ) Moringa is relatively tolerant of




drought and poor soils and responds well to irrigation andfertilization

Soils

Moringa tolerates a wide range of soil types and pH (45ndash9)but prefers well-drained soils in the neutral pH range It cangrow well in heavy (clay) soils provided that they do not be-come saturated for prolonged periods of time Light (sandy)soils are preferred for rooting branch cuttings directly in theground

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plants from seed can grow very rapidly under ideal condi-tions Selected early flowering varieties are sometimes called

ldquoannual typesrdquo because they produce vegetable pods for mar-

ket within a year and may be removed and newplantings established Examples of early floweringtypes include lsquoPKM-1rsquo and lsquoPKM-2rsquo developedprimarily for vegetable pod production by amilNadu University in India Early flowering typescan produce market-mature pods in 6 monthscompared to over a year for other types Moringa

varieties generally tolerate the same climatic conditions Aer coppicing branches grow quicklyand immature pods are harvested in 6 months

Flowering and fruiting

Moringa is free flowering Flowering generally occurs 4ndash12 months aer planting depending onthe type (see above) Some selections flower 4ndash5months aer planting

Scale of commercial production

Commercial production of immature pods forprocessing is a large industry in India with about

12 million M (metric tons) (11 million ) produced annually on 38000 ha (94000 ac)

In Hawailsquoi there is some export of leaves to North Americaand other markets Data on quantity shipped is not availableCommercial plantings in Hawailsquoi seldom exceed 025 ha(06 ac) Data from other Pacific islands is also not available

AGROFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

SERVICES

Agroforestryinterplanting practices

In small subsistence holdings moringa trees are oen interplanted with cassava pumpkin and other vegetables Incommercial production moringa is most oen grown as asingle crop (monocrop)

Environmental services provided

Moringa may be used in windbreaks living fences and asa trellis or shade tree If using as a windbreak it is recommended that trees be propagated from seeds rather thancuttings so that they develop a strong taproot and that theapical stem be pinched off at 1 m [33 ] tall to encouragelateral branching and thereby improve wind resistance

PROPAGATION AND PLANTING

rees are easily grown from seed and direct seeding is themost common method used for commercial productionin India Cuttings for propagation should be from at least1-year-old wood 4ndash16 cm (16ndash63 in) in diameter and upto 15 m (5 ) long Cuttings should be rooted in loose welldrained media or sandy soil

Elevation rainfall and temperature

Elevation rangelower sea levelupper about 1500 m (4921 )

Mean annual rainfalllower 250 mm (10 in)upper 4000 mm (160 in)

Rainfall pattern

Moringa is adapted to monsoon

rainfall patterns

Dry season duration (consecutivemonths with lt40 mm [16 in]rainfall)

Well-established trees can toleratelong periods of drought but leafproduction suffers

Mean annual temperaturelower 15degC (68degF)upper 30degC (86degF)

Minimum temperature tolerated

Succulent growth is frost sensitiveand established trees can survivelow temperatures of 0degC (32degF)for short periods with the loss ofnew growth

Lef Moringa flowers Right dried mature pod broken open to exposeseeds




If direct seeding is not used 1ndash2 month old seedlings (about

30 cm [12 in] tall 075 cm [03 in] in diameter) or well-root-ed cuttings are transplanted into well-cultivated soil Tesize of transplants generated by cuttings is not importantbut the root system should be well developed If grown inheavy soils raised beds may be used to improve drainage

CULTIVATION

Variability of species and known varieties

Worldwide there is considerable variability in moringagrowth rate branching habit time to flowering leaflet size

and shape pod length and other characteristics For leafproduction varieties with large dark green leaves are pre-ferred Pods should be long tender and not bitter Earlyflowering types lsquoPKM-1rsquo and lsquoPKM-2rsquo are are perhaps themost well known varieties Other named varieties record-ed include lsquoBombayrsquo lsquoChavakacherirsquo lsquoChemmurungairsquo andlsquoJaffnarsquo

Moringa cross-pollinates readily (highly out-crossing) and variability within seedling populations can be high if mul-tiple types are planted together Cuttings should be used to

propagate preferred individuals when other moringa treesare nearby

Basic crop management

Spacing for leaf production is 075 m (30 in) within rowsand 1 m (33 ) between rows For pod production recommended spacing is 25 m times 25 m (82 times 82 ) Fertilizerand irrigation are recommended for maximum productivityAddition of 300 g (105 oz) of complete fertilizer or 05ndash2 kg(11ndash44 lb) of manure per tree is recommended at plantingPositive yield response has been reported at N fertilizationrates as high as 350 kg N per ha (312 lb Nac) rees havebeen reported to benefit from integrated (organic + synthetic) fertilization Seedlings should be pinched at 1 m (33 )tall or 2 months aer planting to stimulate side branchingIrrigation should be supplied during dry periods to maxi

Top Moringa trees growing as living ence posts with barbedwire strung between them Bottom Large taproot o moringaseedlings (approx 3 months old)

Nursery grown moringa seedlings




mize vegetative growth Subsequent fertilizer applicationsaer coppicing are also recommended

Special horticultural techniques

Moringa leaf may be produced intensively in beds withseeds spaced 10 cm times 10 cm (4 in times 4 in) Seeds are used forthis method When harvesting leaves from mature trees it isrecommended that branches be cut frequently to stimulatenew leafy growth

Advantages and disadvantages of growing in

polycultures

Te relatively open canopy of moringa lends itself well tointercropping Wider spacing (ie 2 m times 2 m or 66 times66 ) is desirable for intercropping and may benefit podproduction but will reduce production of moringa leaf per

unit area Wider spacing promotes pod production throughgreater branching and flowering

PESTS AND DISEASES

Susceptibility to pestspathogens

Moringa has few disease problems and the treersquos vigorous growth allows it to tolerate occasionalpest outbreaks making intervention with pesticideusually unnecessary In Hawailsquoi mites are the big-gest economic problem because of the potential forrejection of shipments to North America Aphidsand imported cabbageworm have been observedon moringa in Hawailsquoi but are not generally con-sidered a problem Occasionally heavy damage totree trunks from borers has been observed In eastOlsquoahu damping-off-like symptoms have been ob-served in moringa seedlings In India several in-sects (weevils scales caterpillars etc) can causedamage to trees and fruit A fungal disease has alsobeen reported to cause fruit rot

Pest and disease prevention

Moderate use of nitrogen fertilization and avoiding waterlogged clay soils prevent most problems Neem oil horticultural soap and sulfur are low impact pesticides that can

control mites aphids and other pests Although there arefew reports on variability in pest tolerance within moringagermplasm local varieties are most likely to be best adaptedfor local conditions and should be included in new plantings

DISADVANTAGES

Moringa does not grow well in cool temperatures low sunlight or wet soil conditions Although tolerant of droughtand infertile soils it will not produce well under these conditions Te tree can be susceptible to high winds Te so

wood makes it unsuitable for timber or fuel

Lef Moringa variety trials Poamoho Olsquoahu Right Mature green and dry pods rom short- and long-ruited varieties o moringa

Lef Commercial trees are coppiced at 50ndash100 cm (20ndash40 in) tall and theleaves are harvested rom regrowth Right Mite damage on moringa leaves




Potential for invasiveness

Researchers at the University of Hawailsquoi have assessed mor-ingarsquos risk of invasiveness to be low (Daehler 2009)

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

Postharvest handling and processing

Fresh moringa products are generally consumed within

2 days of harvest and oentimes within a day Leaves areparticularly perishable and should be stored under cooltemperatures and high humidity to avoid excessive wiltingand leaflet abscission Tis is most oen done by bagging inplastic and refrigerating at approximately 10degC (50degF) Fruitmay be canned to preserve it for later consumption

Leaves and flowers may be dried in the shade or dehydratedand then pounded or ground and used as a food additiveto improve protein content of foods (see ldquoNutritionrdquo below)Leaves and flowers are also used for tea

An example of a commercial health food drink (Zijatrade) con-

tains 30 g (1 oz) of moringa leaf seed and pod Tis is re-portedly the first commercially available drink formulatedfrom moringa Retailing such a commercial product to theaverage consumer may be challenging because of high costsHowever local prepared drink and tea products may of-fer value-added opportunity for sale at farmers markets orhealth food stores

Moringa seed kernels contain oil that is valued for culinaryand cosmetic use Te oil contains 60ndash75 oleic acid and iscomparable to olive oil in taste and value in cooking char-acteristics Te oil has a high antioxidant content which

makes it slow to go rancid Low-tech extraction methods(eg grinding and boiling toasted seed) may be used butare relatively slow and inefficient One low-tech methodinvolves dehulling and grinding the kernels then boilingthem for 5 minutes in water Aer boiling the mixture isstrained and allowed to sit overnight during which time theoil separates from the water

Low-tech oil expellers have been successfully used for ex-tracting moringa oil One such press (the ldquoKomet pressrdquo) isreported to produce 65 liters (72 qt) in 8 hours with a 12yield of oil Te same report said that 10 kg (22 lb) of seedyielded 12 kg (264 lb) or 13L (14 qt) of oil Ram and screwpresses have also been used for moringa oil extraction withyields of 5ndash6 Dehulling can improve oil yield but the in-crease is small and may not justify the extra effort (Mbeza etal 2002) Yields using a screw press can be improved to 20if the seed is first crushed 10 by volume of water is addedfollowed by gentle heating over low heat for 10ndash15 minutestaking care not to burn the seed (Folkard and Sutherland2005)

Producing moringa oil on a small scale might be economically feasible if it were marketed to restaurants hotels andother high-end venues as a locally produced alternative toimported olive oil If oil is extracted through pressing costsmay be further reduced if press cake is used to replace pur

chased fertilizer

Product quality standards

Tere are no known formal quality standards for moringaproducts including oil

Product storage requirements and shelf life

Moringa oil possesses exceptional oxidative stability andcan be stored for years while maintaining quality Leaf andpods may be stored at 10degC (50degF) for 5ndash14 days Intactpods are less perishable than peeled or cut pods Shelf life of

seed cake has not been determined

Recommended labeling for products

Food safety certification may be required by some wholesaleand retail venues for fresh leaf and pod sales

SMALL983085SCALE PRODUCTION

Intensive leaf production using beds with 10 cm times 10 cm(4 in times 4 in) spacing may be the most feasible commercialapplication for the home gardener For urban lots or smallfields leaf production from trees at 075 m times 1 m (25 times 33) spacing is perhaps the best option Intensive bed production produces very high yield of leaf in a small area but isnot feasible over larger areas because of the high amount ofseed needed Wider spacing at 075 m times 1 m (25 times 33 )is more feasible for leaf production in lots approaching 05hectare (12 ac) and will also provide some pod production

Value-added processing

If a market is available leaves and flowers may be dried foruse as food additives and tea Oil may also add value to a

Immature pods harvested or market




small family farm if extraction can be optimized and if itwere marketed to high-end venues as a locally produced al-ternative to imported olive oil Local and Internet sales of oilfor cosmetic use may also add value Te oil has long been

valued as cosmetic oil because of its extraordinarily longshelf life and its ability to hold the scent of added fragrancesInfusions of moringa oil with essential oils (jasmine laven-der etc) may therefore also enhance value

Use in Pacific households

Currently this tree is vastly underutilized in the Pacificwhere its use is limited to a vegetable (leaf and pod) almostexclusively by South and Southeast Asian families Expand-ing awareness and appreciation of this tree beyond existingcultural boundaries as a sustainable local food source willenhance the nutrition and food security of island communi-ties Optimizing moringa oil production also has the poten-tial to improve grower profitability and enhance communityself-sufficiency (as cooking oil and possibly bio-diesel) Im-proving its use as fodder may also help reduce reliance on

expensive imported animal feed

Nutrition

Moringa has long been considered a panacea for improv-ing the nutrition of poor communities in the tropics andsubtropics Protein content of leaves is high (20ndash35 on adry weight basis) Most important is that the protein is ofhigh quality having significant quantities of all the essen-tial amino acids Tis amino acid balance is very unusualin plant foods Moringa leaves also contain high quantitiesof nutrients (per 100 g fresh weight) vitamin A (7564 IU)

vitamin C (517 mg) calcium (185 mg) and potassium (337

mg) (Foidl and Paull 2008)

Moringa powder is utilized heavily in Africa and other partsof the world as a food supplement where 1ndash2 tablespoons ofdried powder are added to soups and stews daily to enhancethe protein content and nutritional value of food In Africa25 g of moringa powder is administered to pregnant womendaily to improve prenatal nutrition (Diatta 2001)

Import replacement

Potential to replace imported products can be found in sev-eral areas

Leafy vegetablesmdashMoringa leaves can replace some storebought greens

Animal feedmdashCut leaves are used as high protein animalforage

FertilizermdashSeed cake is used as a fertilizer

MedicinemdashIt has a wide range of medicinal uses (see ldquoUsesand Productsrdquo above)

Fence postsmdashMoringa trees can replace lumber or steel asliving posts in fence lines and trellis systems

YIELDS

Actual yields vary widely depending on season variety fertilization and irrigation regime Moringa yields best underwarm dry conditions with some supplemental fertilizerand irrigation

Leaf

Leaf fresh weight yield is 1ndash5 kg (22ndash11 lb) per treeyearTis is the equivalent of 10000ndash50000 kgha (8900ndash44534lbac) per year at 1 m times 1 m (33 times 33 ) spacing Commercial leaf yield of moringa during NovemberndashMarch reportedly declines to 50ndash100 of summer yields on the west

coast of Olsquoahu Hawailsquoi Tis reduction in productivity isthought to be a function of lower solar radiation during thewinter months

At 10 cm times 10 cm (4 in times 4 in) spacing leaf yields are 7ndash8kgm2 (14ndash16 lb2) at the first cutting in well irrigateddrained and fertilized beds with up to seven cuttings a year

Pod

Pod yields in India are reported at 19 kg (42 lb) podstreeyear Tis is the equivalent of 31000 kgha (27600 lbac) peryear at 25 m times 25 m (82 times 82 ) spacing At 230 pods per

tree pods average 80ndash90 g (28ndash32 oz) eachIn Hawailsquoi the Indian variety lsquoPKM-2rsquo yielded 3ndash8 timesmore immature pods than local accessions 6 months aertransplanting seedlings (Radovich and Paull 2008)

Oil

Moringa trees in Hawailsquoi produce about 3 g (01 oz) of kernel per dry pod Oil yield per hectare per year may be estimated based on the numbers above Assuming a relativelyhigh 20 oil yield by weight from kernels and a 090 specific

An example o a moringa-based ldquosuperoodrdquo commerciallyavailable drink




gravity for the oil trees might be expected to produce 250liters of oil per hectare (107 qtac)

In polycultures

Generally crop yields are lower for any single crop in a poly-culture although total production of the system can be sig-nificantly higher than in monocultures In moringa lowerleaf yields may be expected as tree spacing increases to allowfor companion crops although wider spacing (25 m times 25m [82 times 82 ]) can increase pod yields relative to denseplantings

Recommended planting density

Spacing for leaf production is 075 m (25 ) within rowsand 1 m (3 ) between rows For pod production recom-mended spacing is 25 m times 25 m (82 times 82 )

Moringa leaf may be produced intensively in beds withseeds spaced 10 cm times 10 cm (4 in times 4 in) like an annual leaf

vegetable

Spacings of at least 2 m times 3 m (66 times 10 ) are recommend-ed for perennial polycultures depending on pruning fre-quency of the trees the shade tolerance and other require-ments of the companion crops as well as space required forequipment access Spacing of 5 m times 5 m (164 times 164 )may be considered generally appropriate for most situations

MARKETS

Local markets

Pods and leaves are suited for local markets where South andSoutheast Asian foods are sold Current markets in Hawailsquoi

and other American-affiliated Pacific islands are relativelysmall and generally met by current production

Important new potential markets include ethnic groups nottraditionally using the crop restaurants and health foodstores

Export markets

Leaves medicinal and value-added products have potentialfor shipment to North America and Asia Data are not avail-able Fruits are not shipped to the continental US becauseof pest concerns

Specialty markets

Given the increased awareness of the high nutritional valueof Moringa health food stores may be the most receptivenew market in the short term Moringa is relatively easyto grow organically and organic certification may increaseconsumer appeal

Based on superfood trends producers of processed juicesand smoothies may also be a potential high-value marketfor moringa growers

Branding possibilities

As for almost any versatile crop new product markets canbe developed Here are some ideas for moringa products

bull ldquoHawaiian Drumstickrdquo brand moringa powder

bull Organic Hawaiian Cooking oil ldquoBetter than olive theothersrdquo

bull ldquoropic Passionrdquo scented massage oil

bull ldquoMalunggai Energyrdquo smoothies and drinks

Potential for Internet sales

Strong potential for Internet sales exists particularly foroil and supplements because of product stability and established or emerging markets ldquoOrganic Hawaiian grownwould be expected to have additional strong appeal

EXAMPLE SUCCESSES

DomingoEdra Farms Waianae Olsquoahu

Vicky Domingo has been growing moringa for many yearsand has selected her own variety for long pods and superior leaf production She has been successful in selling podsand leaf at traditional local markets and has in recent yearsworked tirelessly to increase awareness of moringa amongnon-traditional consumers She has appeared on televisionand the Internet promoting moringa as a healthful localproduct

Fat Law Farms Kunia Olsquoahu

Tis family of Laotian immigrants began farming in Hawailsquoin 1986 Tey grow moringa leaf primarily for export by thecontainer load to Canada and also buy moringa from otherHawailsquoi growers to meet international demand for moringaleaf

Vicky Domingo o DomingoEdra Farms shows off the longpods o her improved moringa variety




ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Costs vary with location and would be expected to be com-parable or lower to other crops for vegetable production inthe first year of establishment depending on intensity ofmanagement Tis cost is estimated at less than $12250ha($5000ac) not including operating overhead For examplesof production costs for a wide range of crops see lthttpwwwctahrhawaiieduocsCoP_spreadsheetshtmlgt

Costs are expected to be somewhat lower in subsequentyears because of the perennial nature of the crop ie costs

associated with planting and establishment are not reoccur-ring Costs may be further reduced by direct seeding elimi-nating the need for a nursery containers and media

For oil production costs can be quite high because of therelatively low yield of oil per acre (See ldquoYieldsrdquo above) At anestimated yield of 250 litersha (106 qtac) costs of produc-tion may be as high as $49liter ($46qt) A commercial proj-ect in Malawi estimated cost to extract oil to be US$260ndash600kg ($120ndash270lb) oil (de Saint Sauveur 2001) As withall other crops labor costs put Hawailsquoi at a disadvantage

compared to most other tropical locations Internet retailprices for moringa oil range $30ndash$120liter depending onquantity purchased In order for oil production to be viablethe highest pod yielding varieties must be used Planting ofseed and harvesting should be mechanized to reduce laborcosts pressing procedures should be optimized to increaseoil yield from kernels and marketing must be done at higherend markets such as restaurants health food stores etc

Expected income per plant

At current market prices on Olsquoahu the maximum gross income per year for fresh product in Hawailsquoi is estimated tobe $41 per tree

bull $19treeyear for pod production assuming a price of$1 for 12 pods and 230 podstreeyear

bull $22treeyear for fresh leaf production assuming $450kg ($200lb) and 5 kg (23 lb) of fresh leaftreeyear

bull Oil production would gross a maximum of $18treeyear assuming 150 ml of oil per tree per year and

$120L ($114qt) Oil production excludes pod and leafproduction

Moringa products particularly the pods may be retailed athigher prices if marketed in certain venues as exotic nutrient dense vegetables

FURTHER RESEARCH

Potential for crop improvement

Tere are good opportunities for further genetic improvement through continued selection and hybridization Par

ticular traits of interest include cluster bearing habit (5ndash6pods per inflorescence) dwarf plant stature and improvedtolerance to adverse conditions

Improving potential for family or community

farming

Community education about moringarsquos valuable productsshould be carried out especially for import replacement(eg leafy greens and oil)

Genetic resources where collections exist

Collections exist around the world including

bull Te World Vegetable Research and Development Center (aiwan)

bull amil Nadu Agricultural University (India)

bull ECHO (North Fort Meyers Florida)

Tim Law o Fat Law Farms examines moringa lea or export




CITED REFERENCES AND FURTHER

READING

Beaulah A E Vadivel and KR Rajadurai 2004 Effect oforganic and inorganic fertilizers on growth characters ofmoringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam) cv PKM 1 South In-dian Horticulture 52183ndash193

Bwana-Simba E 2006 Te Various Uses of Moringa oleiferahttpwwwrunetworkdehtmlenindexhtmlarticle_id=3862 [accessed September 21 2009]

Daehler C 2009 Weed Risk Assessment httpwwwbot-anyhawaiiedufacultydaehlerwrafull_tableasp [ac-cessed September 21 2009]

de Saint Sauveur A (ed) 2001 Synthesis of the thematicdiscussion on oil and water In Developmental potentialfor Moringa products Workshop proceedings October29ndashNovember 2 2001 Dar es Salaam anzania

Diatta S 2001 Supplementation for pregnant and breast-feeding women with Moringa oleifera powder In De-

velopmental potential for Moringa products Workshopproceedings October 29ndashNovember 2 2001 Dar es Sa-laam anzania

Aregheore EM 2002 Intake and digestibility of Moringaoleiferandashbatiki grass mixtures by growing goats SmallRuminant Research 4623ndash28

Fahey JW 2005 Moringa oleifera A Review of the MedicalEvidence for Its Nutritional Terapeutic and Prophylac-tic Properties Part 1 rees for Life Journal 15 httpwwwtfljournalorgarticlephp20051201124931586 [ac-cessed September 21 2009]

Folkard G and J Sutherland 2005 Moringa Oil httptilztearfundorgPublicationsFootsteps+21-30Foot-steps+28Moringa+oilhtm [accessed September 212009]

Foidl N and R Paull 2008 Moringa oleifera Pp 509ndash512in Te Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts CABI Oxford-shire UK

Gama tie M and A de Saint Sauveur echnical and eco-nomic sheet on the conditions for production and mar-keting fresh Moringa leaves in NIGER Moringa NewsCA 1ndash6

Jiru D K Sonder L Alemayehu Y Mekonen and A An- julo 2006 Leaf yield and Nutritive value of Moringastenopetala and Moringa oleifera accessions Its potentialrole in food security in constrained dry farming agro-forestry system In Moringa and other highly nutritiousplant resources Strategies standards and markets for abetter impact on nutrition in Africa Conference Pro-ceedings Accra Ghana November 16ndash18 2006

Mbeza HF J Pratt M Chawala and K Nyirenda 2002Optimization of oil extraction from Moringa oleiferaand Jatropha curcus using Ram and Spindle presses Regional Agroforestry Conference May 20ndash24 2002 Pre

toria South Africa httpwwwjatrophademalawiAgroforestry-conf-paperhtm [accessed September 212009]

Mekonnen Y 2002 Te multi-purpose Moringa tree Ethio

pia Examples of the Development of PharmaceuticalProducts From Medicinal Plants Volume 10 111ndash118

Olivier C 2004 Intensive Moringa oleifera cultivation inthe North of Senegal httpwwwmoringanewsorgdocumentsLeafproductiondoc [accessed September 212009]

Palada MC and LC Chang 2003 Suggested CulturaPractices for Moringa AVRDC 03ndash5451ndash5

Parrotta JA 1993 Moringa oleifera Lam resedaacute horseradish tree Moringaceae horseradish family USDAForest Service Institute of ropical Forestry SO-IF

SM-61 1ndash6 httpwwwfsfedusglobaliitfpubssmiitf0612020(6)pdf [accessed September 21 2009]

Parrotta JA 2001 Healing Plants of Peninsular India CABInternational Wallingford UK amp New York

Parrotta JA 2005 Moringa oleifera [monograph] III-4in Enzyklopaumldie der Holzgewaumlchse [Encyclopaedia oWoody Plants] Ecomed Verlag Germany

Radovich JK and R Paull 2008 Early growth leaf yieldprotein content and pod yield of four Moringa accessionsin Hawailsquoi HortScience 43 1135

Rajangam J RS Azahakia Manavalan Tangaraj A Vi jayakumar and N Muthukrishan 2001 Status of Production and Utilization of Moringa in Southern India InDevelopment potential for Moringa products Workshopproceedings October 29ndashNovember 2 2001 Dar es Salaam anzania

OTHER RESOURCES

Internet

Te MoringaNews Network a rich source of informatonhttpwwwmoringanewsorgmoringa_enhtml

rees for Life promotes moringa and other useful treeshttpwwwtreesforlifeorg

Sundhara and Komet oil expellers httpwwwjatrophadeexpellers

Te National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service(ARA) provides a useful guide on small-scale oil production httpattrancatorgattra-puboilseedhtml



F d F t P d ti d M k ti P fil f M i b T d R d i h 12

Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (httpagroforestrynetscps)Farm and Forestry

Production and Marketing profile forMoringa ( Moringa oleifera)

Author ed Radovich PhD 3190 Maile Way Rm 102 Honolulu HI 96822 E-mail theodorehawaiiedu Web httpwwwctahrhawaiieduradovicht

Recommended citation Radovich 2009 Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa ( Moringa oleifera) InElevitch CR (ed) Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) Holualoa Hawailsquoi httpagroforestrynetscps

Version history November 13 2009Series editor Craig R Elevitch

Publisher Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) PO Box 428 Hōlualoa Hawailsquoi 96725 USA el 808-324-4427 Fax 808-324-4129E-mail paragroforestrynet Web httpwwwagroforestrynet Tis institution is an equal opportunity provider

Acknowledgments Vicky Domingo Fat Law Farms Steve Fukuda Bethany Bisar Kelly and Robert Paull are gratefully acknowledged fortheir assistance in obtaining information for this publication We are grateful to Heidi Johansen Ken Love and Robert Paull for theirgenerous feedback and advice regarding this publication

Reproduction Copies of this publication can be downloaded from httpagroforestrynetscps Except for electronic archiving withpublic access (such as web sites library databases etc) reproduction and dissemination of this publication in its entire unaltered formfor educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holderprovided the source is fully acknowledged (see recommended citation above) Use of photographs or reproduction of material in thispublication for resale or other commercial purposes is permitted only with written permission of the publisher copy 2009 PermanentAgriculture Resources All rights reserved

Sponsors Publication was made possible by generous support of the United States Department of Agriculture Western Region

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (USDA-WSARE) Program Tis material is based upon work supported by theCooperative State Research Education and Extension Service US Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment StationUtah State University under Cooperative Agreement 2007-47001-03798

Moringa Home Page




USES AND PRODUCTS

Almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food oilfiber andor medicine In the Pacific the most importantproducts are pods and leaves Young pods are consumed as a

vegetable Very young pods are fiberless and can be cookedlike string beans Because the weight is low on very youngpods most commercial production involves larger more fi-brous pods that are used in soups stews and curries Te

nutritious leaves are eaten in many dishes including soupsstews and stir fries Sauteed young leaves and flowers arealso eaten Te demand for home consumption of pods andleaves can generally be met by one or two backyard trees

Commercial production of mature seeds for oil occurs inIndia Africa and elsewhere Te press cake le over aerextracting seed oil is utilized as a fertilizer and as a floccu-lent for water clarification Te seed cake contains positivelycharged compounds that are effective in settling suspendedsolids out of water (flocculation) because most particleshave a net negative surface charge while suspended in aque-

ous solution Tere is international interest in using mor-

inga-based flocculants as a locally produced biodegradablesubstitute for aluminum sulfate which is commonly used toclarify water Te seed cake is normally not used as livestockfeed because of the presence of antinutritional compoundsin the mature seeds

Leaves are readily eaten by cattle sheep goats pigs chickens and rabbits and can also be used as food for fish Severastudies demonstrate that significant proportions of tradi

tional fodder can be replaced with moringa leaf A study inFiji reports significant weight gain over traditional fodderwhen 50 of fodder contained moringa (Aregheore 2002)In Nicaragua cattle feed consisting of 40ndash50 moringaleaves is mixed with molasses sugar cane and grass Moringa leaf meal can be used to substitute up to 10 of dietary protein in Nile tilapia without significant reductionin growth However excessive feeding with moringa canreduce weight gain in livestock Animals given fodder with80 moringa in the Fijian study above showed lower weightgain than animals on 50 moringa fodder Adverse effectsresulting from high rates of moringa in feed are due to ex

Lef Very young pods contain little fiber and can be cooked like string beans Right Commercial production o moringa lea in Kunia Olsquoahu primarily or export to the US mainland (West Coast) and Canada



















Family




Common names







DISTRIBUTION



TOLERANCES

Climate






Soils














SERVICES










Rainfall pattern


rainfall patterns












CULTIVATION

















polycultures



PESTS AND DISEASES






DISADVANTAGES





















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page



















Family




Common names







DISTRIBUTION



TOLERANCES

Climate






Soils














SERVICES










Rainfall pattern


rainfall patterns












CULTIVATION

















polycultures



PESTS AND DISEASES






DISADVANTAGES





















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page





Soils














SERVICES










Rainfall pattern


rainfall patterns












CULTIVATION

















polycultures



PESTS AND DISEASES






DISADVANTAGES





















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page






CULTIVATION

















polycultures



PESTS AND DISEASES






DISADVANTAGES





















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page








polycultures



PESTS AND DISEASES






DISADVANTAGES





















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page

















chased fertilizer





















Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page









Nutrition





Import replacement







YIELDS


Leaf




Pod



Oil







In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page





In polycultures





vegetable


MARKETS

Local markets




Export markets


Specialty markets











EXAMPLE SUCCESSES









ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page




ECONOMIC ANALYSIS













FURTHER RESEARCH





farming












READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page





READING

























OTHER RESOURCES

Internet


















Moringa Home Page














Moringa Home Page

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