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Products of SocializationProducts of Socialization
Social Science ISecond Sem., SY 2010-2011
UP Visayas
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PersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonalityPersonality
The set of psychological traitstraitstraitstraits
and mechanismsmechanismsmechanismsmechanisms within theindividual that are organizedorganizedorganizedorganized
,
that influence her or hisinfluence her or hisinfluence her or hisinfluence her or his
interactions withinteractions withinteractions withinteractions with, and
adaptations to theadaptations to theadaptations to theadaptations to theenvironment.environment.environment.environment.
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Is personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product ofIs personality a product of
NatureNatureNatureNature traits and characteristics are inheritedtraits and characteristics are inheritedtraits and characteristics are inheritedtraits and characteristics are inherited
from ones biological parentsfrom ones biological parentsfrom ones biological parentsfrom ones biological parents
NurtureNurtureNurtureNurture includes all environmental influencesincludes all environmental influencesincludes all environmental influencesincludes all environmental influences
(both before and after birth) : family,(both before and after birth) : family,(both before and after birth) : family,(both before and after birth) : family,
peers, neighborhoods, schools, society,peers, neighborhoods, schools, society,peers, neighborhoods, schools, society,peers, neighborhoods, schools, society,and cultureand cultureand cultureand culture
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GenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotype
Genes (inherited from parents)
PhenotypePhenotypePhenotypePhenotypePhenotypePhenotypePhenotypePhenotype
Observable physical & behavioralcharacteristics of a person
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How heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity and
environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:
1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1) Reaction RangeReaction RangeReaction RangeReaction RangeReaction RangeReaction RangeReaction RangeReaction Range
- Conventional term for a range ofConventional term for a range ofConventional term for a range ofConventional term for a range ofpotential expressions of apotential expressions of apotential expressions of apotential expressions of ahereditary trait.hereditary trait.hereditary trait.hereditary trait.
Example : body sizeExample : body sizeExample : body sizeExample : body size2) Genotype2) Genotype2) Genotype2) Genotype----Environment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment Interaction
---- The portion ofThe portion ofThe portion ofThe portion of phenotypic variationphenotypic variationphenotypic variationphenotypic variation
that results from the reactions ofthat results from the reactions ofthat results from the reactions ofthat results from the reactions ofgenetically different individuals togenetically different individuals togenetically different individuals togenetically different individuals tosimilar environmental conditionssimilar environmental conditionssimilar environmental conditionssimilar environmental conditions
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How heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity and
environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:
GenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotype--------Environment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment InteractionEnvironment Interaction
- Refers to the effects of similarRefers to the effects of similarRefers to the effects of similarRefers to the effects of similarenvironmental conditions onenvironmental conditions onenvironmental conditions onenvironmental conditions on
genetically different individualsgenetically different individualsgenetically different individualsgenetically different individuals
Example : pollen and dust on allergicExample : pollen and dust on allergicExample : pollen and dust on allergicExample : pollen and dust on allergicindividualsindividualsindividualsindividuals
3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype3) Genotype--------Environment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment Correlation
---- Tendency of certain genetic andTendency of certain genetic andTendency of certain genetic andTendency of certain genetic andenvironmental influences to reinforceenvironmental influences to reinforceenvironmental influences to reinforceenvironmental influences to reinforce
each othereach othereach othereach other
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How heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity andHow heredity and
environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:environment work together:GenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotypeGenotype--------Environment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment CorrelationEnvironment Correlation
a.a.a.a. Passive CorrelationPassive CorrelationPassive CorrelationPassive Correlation---- Parents provide both genes and
environment
....---- People respond to the childs
genotype differently, depending onthe childs genotypes
c. Active Correlationc. Active Correlationc. Active Correlationc. Active Correlation- A person creates or seeks out aparticular environment
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What makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings soWhat makes siblings so
different?different?different?different?different?different?different?different?
NonsharedNonsharedNonsharedNonsharedNonsharedNonsharedNonsharedNonshared environmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effectsenvironmental effects
---- The unique environment in which
the child rows u consistin of
distinctive influences or influencesthat affect one child differently
than another
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Sigmund Freud:Sigmund Freud:
Structure of PersonalityStructure of PersonalityId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic EnergyId : Reservoir of Psychic Energy
- pleasure principle- primary process thinking
Ego: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of PersonalityEgo: Executive of Personality
- reality principle- secondary process thinking
Superego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of SocietalSuperego: Upholder of Societal
Values and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsValues and IdealsInteraction of the Id, Ego, and SuperegoInteraction of the Id, Ego, and Superego
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stages
of Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
- For Freud, the first few years of life areFor Freud, the first few years of life areFor Freud, the first few years of life areFor Freud, the first few years of life are
decisive for the formation of personalitydecisive for the formation of personalitydecisive for the formation of personalitydecisive for the formation of personality
- psychosexualpsychosexualpsychosexualpsychosexual sexual urgessexual urgessexual urgessexual urges
drive the acquisition ofdrive the acquisition ofdrive the acquisition ofdrive the acquisition of
psychological characteristicspsychological characteristicspsychological characteristicspsychological characteristics
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stages
of Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development1. Oral Stage1. Oral Stage
First 18 months of life
Main sources of pleasure are the mouth, lips,
Eating : biting and chewing
Fixation: smoking, drinking, over eating
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stagesof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
2. Anal Stage2. Anal Stage
Eighteen months to 3 years
Anal sphincter is the source of sexual
, ,
Toilet training Anal retentive child holds back
and become constipated
Anal expulsive child is messyand disorganized
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stagesof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
33. Phallic Stage. Phallic Stage
3-5 years discovery of the genitals
leasure is derived b touchin the enitals
awakening of sexual desiredirected outward: opposite sex parent
Oedipus complex (Electra Complex)Oedipus complex (Electra Complex)
sexual desires for the parentsexual desires for the parentof the opposite sex and a hostileof the opposite sex and a hostiledesire for the parent of the same sexdesire for the parent of the same sex
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stagesof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
Phallic StagePhallic Stage
Castration anxietyCastration anxiety fear of castrationfear of castration Induces a repression of the sexualInduces a repression of the sexual
desire for the mother anddesire for the mother and
IdentificationIdentification allows the vicariousallows the vicarioussatisfaction for childs sexual impulsessatisfaction for childs sexual impulses Process through which the child takes on theProcess through which the child takes on the
values of the parentvalues of the parent
Repression of the Oedipus ComplexRepression of the Oedipus Complexcauses thecauses the superegosuperego to undergo its finalto undergo its finaldevelopment.development.
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stagesof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
Phallic StagePhallic Stage Penis EnvyPenis Envy among femalesamong females
Freud concluded that women do notFreud concluded that women do not
develop the strong moral superegosdevelop the strong moral superegos
that men dothat men do Anatomy is destinyAnatomy is destiny
gender developmentgender development
begins with childrens unconsciousbegins with childrens unconscious
reactions to anatomical differencesreactions to anatomical differences
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Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stagesof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Developmentof Development
4. Latency Stage4. Latency Stage
Around 6 years to puberty Little psychological development occurs
during this stage
In antile amnesia the inabilit to remember
anything from the first few years of life
5. Genital Stage5. Genital Stage
Puberty to adulthood Sexual energy is located in the genitals and
eventually is directed toward sexual intercourse
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Carl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the Self
Human beings have the tendency to moveHuman beings have the tendency to moveHuman beings have the tendency to moveHuman beings have the tendency to movetowards growth, maturity, and positive change.towards growth, maturity, and positive change.towards growth, maturity, and positive change.towards growth, maturity, and positive change.
Actualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing TendencyActualizing Tendency
A tendency toward fulfillment or
actualization of all the capacities
of the organism;an organism chooses to grow
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Carl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the Self
The selfThe selfThe selfThe selfThe selfThe selfThe selfThe self
Or self-concept
Consists of all the ideas, perceptions, and
A well-adjusted person has a
self-concept that is consistent
with his or her thoughts,
experiences, and behaviors.
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Carl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the Self
Ideal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal SelfIdeal Self Our conception of the kind of person
The closer the ideal self is to
the real self, the more fulfilled
and happy the individual
becomes
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Carl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersCarl RogersConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the SelfConcept of the Self
Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard
Being given the sense that one is being valuedby parents and others even when theirfeelings, attitudes, and behaviors are
ess an ea .
Conditional Positive RegardConditional Positive Regard
The child is only being valuedThe child is only being valuedwhen he or she behaves, thinks, or feelswhen he or she behaves, thinks, or feelscorrectlycorrectly
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Theory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social BehaviorismTheory of Social Behaviorism- by sociologist George Herbert
Mead- Highlighted inward thinkingthinkingthinkingthinking
- Humanit s definin trait
Self part of a persons personalityconsisting of selfselfselfself----awarenessawarenessawarenessawareness andselfselfselfself----imageimageimageimage
Product of social experience
21BVN Landoy
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Development of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the SelfDevelopment of the Self(by Mead)(by Mead)1. The self develops solely through
social experience2. Social experience consists of the
exchan e of s mbolss mbolss mbolss mbolss mbolss mbolss mbolss mbols
3. Knowing others intentionsrequires imagining the situationfrom their perspectives
4. Understanding the role of theother results in self-awareness
22BVN Landoy
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Theory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory of
LookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLooking-------- Glass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass Self
by sociologist Charles Horton
Cooley
oo ngoo ngoo ngoo ng----g ass seg ass seg ass seg ass se t e magepeople have of themselves
based on how they believe
others perceive them
23BVN Landoy
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Theory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory of
LookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLooking-------- Glass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass Self
Significant others shape an individual SIGNIFICANT OTHER
a person
Parent, sibling, spouse,
best friend
Self as subject, and object
24BVN Landoy
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Theory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory of
LookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLooking-------- Glass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass Self Step 1 : the person imagines that a
significant other perceives him/her ina certain way
Step 2 : the person imagines that the
significant other makes a judgmentabout him/ her based on thatperception
Step 3: the person forms a self-imagebased on how he/she thinks thesignificant other sees him/ her
25BVN Landoy
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Theory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory ofTheory of
LookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLookingLooking-------- Glass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass SelfGlass Self
Generalized otherGeneralized otherGeneralized otherGeneralized other
Widespread cultural norms and
in evaluating him/herself
Multiple selfMultiple selfMultiple selfMultiple self Because of abuse
26BVN Landoy