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Intelligent Buildings as a Multi-sensory
ExperienceDerek Clements-CroomeUniversity of Readingwww.derekcroome.com
Building Centre SeminarFeeling Good :
The Science and Economics of Wellbeing in Interiors
24th February 2012
We live through our senses
”Walking through the gardens of memory, I discover that my recollections are associated with the senses”, wrote the Chilean writer Isabel Allende.
Isabel Allende describes the idea for her book Aphrodite (1998) as being “a mapless journey through the regions of sensual memory”
(The Times, April 1998).
How important is to you to live in a well-`designed house? – Vey important. I can’t operate unless I have a
calm and organised environment. I think beauty enhances your life. Good design creates a better quality of living and can affect your mood.
How involved were you in the project – If there is a great relationship between a
designer and client you can get great results. But projects can go wrong if clients aren’t clear about the brief.
Which is your favourite room?– My top-floor studio. It’s where I work when I am
at home. It’s a calm space with masses of natural light and a fantastic view across London. Its design helps me to be very organised.
Sir John Sorrell, Chairman of the London Design Festival, Chairman of the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE)
Financial Times, September 13/14 p.3
Achieving Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in the
WorkplaceNeedPhysiological
Safety
Social
Esteem
Self-actualisation
Achieved byGood working conditions, attractive salary, subsidised housing, free catering
Private health care, pension, safe working conditions, job security.
Good relationships, team spirit, company sports, office parties, informal activities, open communication.Regular positive feedback, prestige job titles, write-up in company news sheets, promotion and reward.Challenging job, discretion over work activity, promotion on opportunities, encouraging creativity, autonomy and responsibility
Source: (CIBSE 1999, Huczynski 1991)
Subjective Well-being for Working
Awareness Satisfaction with life Edge of comfort – discomfort Good body – mental health Freshness
SELF
Cognitive/Emotional
Mind
Body Spirit
Soul
Stimuli
HumanBeing
Social psychological aurasGravity
Matter
Matter
Matter
Matter
Electromagneticradiation
Mechanicalradiation
Chemical
People, Environment and Matter
Brain and MindParallel ProcessingProcessing Speed 60 bits/s
109 neurones1014 Synapses
AURAL
VISUAL
SMEL
L
TAST
E
TOUCH
STIMULI
Psychology/mood of a person influences perception. It needs to be taken into account when designing the built environment
The senses interact with the environment. Senses are stimulated by the environment and transmit the signals to the brain.
Behling 1996
Brain – Body
Pathways
Weiss (1997) suggests that the mind can affect immune system
Clements-Croome, D. J., 2004, Intelligent Buildings,
Davison (2003) led a research study at University of Wisconsin-Madison showed positive thinking (good moods optimism) can promote good health because the body’s defences (the immune system) are stronger. This suggests that the balance between the mind and the body is a sensitive one.
Clements-Croome, D. J., 2004, Intelligent Buildings,
Schematic Diagram of Four Human Circadian Rhythms
Source: CIE, 2004 in Chung 2005 Int Lighting Symposium Proceedings, Hong Kong
Nine Levels of Consciousness
The five senses felt by the eyes, ears, nose mouth and skin
The integration of senses using reason and logic
Rational thought expressed via self awareness and intuition
The stores of experience in the long and short term memories
Pure consciousness within the inner self; this also involves emotion.
Allwright (1998)
Architecture and the Senses
Although the five basic senses are often studied as individual systems covering visual, auditory, taste–smell, orientation and the haptic sensations, there is an interplay between the senses.
Our sensory experience is a fully integrated existential interaction (Pallasmaa)
The hands want to see, the eyes want to caress (Goethe)
The colour of wine leads the smell, then the taste
Dame Evelyn Glennie went fully deaf at 16 now world leading percussionist
The senses help each other
Listening and Hearing
It is a simple fact that sound is perceived by the ear. Aristotle said that the eyes are organs of temptation and the ears the organs of instruction; not only does the ear take sound in, by sending it directly to the brain, it sets in motion an entire creative process of thought; the physical and cognitive processes of thought; the physical and cognitive processes of hearing are by no means passive.
Barenboim, D., 2008, Everything is Connected
Commodity, Firmness and Delight (Vitruvius)
Thermal Delights of Architecture by Heschong 1979: Necessity; Delight; Affection; Sacredness
Quote from Heschong 1979
Thermal qualities – warm, cool, humid, airy, radiant, cosy - are an important part of our experience of a space, they not only influence what we choose to do there but also show how we feel about the space.
The light quality – direct, indirect, natural, artificial, diffuse, dappled, focused –can be subtly manipulated in the design of a space to achieve the desired effects.
The most persistent memory of any space is often its odour. Every building has its individual scent. Our sense of smell is acutely sensitive. Strong emotional and past experiences are awakened by the olfactory sense.
Clements-Croome, 2004, Intelligent Buildings, p.20
How Do You Smell?
The average person has about 400 different types of olfactory receptors, but not everyone has the same setThe average person has about 400 different types of
olfactory receptors, but not everyone has the same set
Tillotson 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion
T H
T
T
H
Ambient Air
Spray Nozzle
Regulating Valve
AirHandlingUnit
Heat Exchanger Spray Fan
Control Unit
Atrium
EssenceContainer
Thermostat
Humidistat
Atrium Fragrance Control System for Kajima Building in
Tokyo
Atrium Fragrance and Control Scenario for Kajima Building in
TokyoCOME LUNCH BREAK
TO OFFICE WORK WORK LEAVE THE OFFICESCHEDULE
FRAGRANCE & IMAGEOVER-TIME WORK
No 1 WOOD
No 2 FLORAL
No 3 CITRUS
SPLAY PATTERN
One’s new experience gained via the senses can evoke memories. I first heard the music of Bruckner in the newly opened Coventry Cathedral in 1962. Now a visit to this cathedral or hearing Bruckner's ninth symphony stirs my memory of those precious moments years ago. The combination of feeling the architectural space and the sound of music within it were powerful.
Our sense of smell is acute and strongly emotional. Experiences are awakened by our olfactory sense. Kohler (2002) describes how Marcel Proust’s childhood memories were awakened by the smell and taste of a cake, recalling his Sundays with his aunt, who gave him a cake dipped in her tea (Proust 1992). Odours can also influence cognitive processes that affect both creative task performance and personal memories.
Intelligent Buildings Chapter 3 (Clements- Croome 2004)
Colour affects in various ways like these Rothko Paintings
Freshness
A Multi-faceted word - tidiness - colour
- air (smell/movement/cool)
- space Transients – changes; contrast
pattern recognition -Feng Shui (energy
flows)
Total aesthetic is visual plus other senses
Listen to sound in light then dark Smell with eyes open then shut
Limbic System
Commands behaviours that are necessary for the survival
of all mammals.– distinguish between the agreeable and the disagreeable.– induces the females to nurse and protect their toddlers– induces playful moods.
In mammals:– emotions and feelings, like wrath, fright, passion, love,
hate, joy and sadness originate in the limbic system.– aspects of personal identity and for important functions
related to memory.
Malcolm I Heggie, 2006, A scent of man, , University of Sussex, Brighton Science Festival Presentation,
What is Emotion?
.…”Everyone knows what an emotion is, until asked to give a definition”….
- Beverly Fehr and James Russell –
Emotions play a major role in:– motivation, perception, cognition, coping,
creativity, attention, planning, reasoning, learning, memory, and decision making.
We do not seek to define emotions but to understand them….
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Understanding Emotion
Emotion is not a phenomenon, but a construct
Components of emotion: cognitive processes, subjective feelings, physiological arousal, behavioural reactions
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Affect, Mood, and Emotion
Emotion: a concept involving three components– Subjective experience– Expressions (audiovisual: face, gesture,
posture, voice intonation, breathing noise)– Biological arousal (ANS: heart rate, respiration
frequency/intensity, perspiration, temperature, muscle tension, brain wave)
Affect: some more than emotions, including personality factors and moods
Mood: long-term emotional state, typically global and very variable over the time, dominates the intensity of each short-term emotional states.
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Emotion ModelsHigh arousal
Low arousal
Negative Positive
Terror Agitation
MournfulBliss
Excited AnticipationDistressed
Disgust Relaxed
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Circular Ordering of Mood Descriptors
Farshchi in Clements-Croome, 2005
Different emotional expressions produce different changes in autonomic activity:– Anger: increased heart rate and skin
temperature– Fear: increased heart rate, decreased skin
temperature– Happiness: decreased heart rate, no
change in skin temperature Continuous data collection Robust against human social artifact Easily integrated with external channels
(face and speech)
Why Biosignal ?
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Sensing Physiological Information
BVP- Blood volume pulse
EMG – Muscle tension
EKG– Heart rate
Respiration – Breathing rate
Temperature
GSR – Skin conductivity
Acoustics and noise
EEG – Brain waves
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and integration with home, working, and hospital environments.
Body Parameters - Armband
Body Parameters – Ears’ Clip
SenTec Digital Monitoring System from Artemis Medical
Real time monitoring of • Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), • Oxygen saturation (SpO2) • Pulse
Body Parameters - Plasters
Toumaz Wireless Body Monitoring SystemDevelopment phase, ready end of 2007
Real time monitoring of • Skin Temperature• Breathing activity• ECG heartbeat• Blood PH• Blood CO2
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
Measures contractile activity of the heart On surface of chest or limbs Heart rate (HR), inter-beat intervals (IBI) and
heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Emotional cues:– Decreasing HR: relaxation, happy– Increasing HRV: stress, frustration
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
BVP (Blood Volume Pulse)
Photoplethysmography, bounces infra-red light against a skin surface and measures the amount of reflected light.
Palm surface or fingertip Features: heart rate, vascular dilation (pinch),
vasoconstriction Cues:
– Increasing BV- angry, stress– Decreasing BV- sadness, relaxation
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
EEG (Electroencephalography)
Electrical voltages generated by brain cells (neurons) when they fire, frequencies between 1-40Hz
Frequency subsets: high beta (20-40Hz), beta (15-20Hz), Sensorimotor rhythm (13-15Hz), alpha (8-13Hz), theta (4-8Hz), delta (2-4Hz), EMG noise (> 40Hz)
Standard 10-20 EEG electrode placement Mind reading, biofeedback, brain computing
Raw
Alpha
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
EMG (Electromyogram)
Muscle activity or frequency of muscle tension
Amplitude changes are directly proportional to muscle activity
On the face to distinguish between negative and positive emotions
Recognition of facial expression, gesture and sign- language
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
SC (Skin Conductivity)
Measure of skin’s ability to conduct electricity
Linear correlated with arousal Represents changes in sympathetic
nervous system and reflects emotional responses and cognitive activity
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
RESP (Respiration)
Relative measure of chest expansion On the chest or abdomen Respiration rate (RF) and relative breath
amplitude (RA) Emotional cues:
– Increasing RF – anger, joy– Decreasing RF – relaxation, bliss
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Temp (Peripheral Temperature)
Measure of skin temperature as its extremities
Dorsal or side of any finger or toe Dependent on the state of sympathetic
arousal Increase of temp: anger > happiness,
sadness > fear surprise, disgust
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
AuDB (Augsburger database of biosignal)
Musical induction: each participant selects four favorite songs reminiscent of their certain emotional experiences corresponding to four emotion categories
Song selection criteria– song1: enjoyable, harmonic,
dynamic, moving– song2: noisy, loud, irritating,
discord– song3: melancholic, reminding
of sad memory– song4: blissful, slow beat,
pleasurable, slumberous
3 subjects x 25 days x 4 emotions x 4 sensors (SC, RESP, ECG, EMG)
song2 song1
song3 song4
Energetic
Calm
Anxious Happy
High arousal
Low arousal
PositiveNegative
angry joy
blisssad
Music genre / Emotion
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
AuDB Raw Signal (sample)
Kim, J. H., 2004,Emotion Recognition from Physiological Measurement (Biosignal), Santorini, HUMAINE WP4/SG3
Skin Conductivity Muscle Tension Respiration Electrocardiogram
Measures of Emotion
Helical sweat glands act like antennae in 75-110 GHz range. Reflected EM radiation from palm depends on activity level of perspiration system and correlates with blood pressure, pulse rate and emotions
Feldman and Agranat, in Applied Physics at Hebrew University of Jerusalem see The Physical Review Letters (April 2008) and Science Daily 29 April 2008
Light
Sound
Smell
Heat
Air quality
Electric climate
Partial climate InducesOrganic
Reactions
StimulatesSensorsOrgans
CreateAssociations
DescribesThe
Environment
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Effects of Partial Climates
Public Works Canada Study (1985)Source:
Poor Environmental Conditions can Rapidly Fatigue Office
Workers Aural/acoustic quality Visual illumination quality Thermal quality Air quality Building amenities Functional ergonomics
Greener Offices Make Happier Employees
Employees with interior plants in their offices tend to consider themselves happier or more content when compared to employees without plants in their offices. Additionally, the group of employees that did not have either plants or windows were “dissatisfied” with their quality of life.
Michael W. Neff ScienceDaily, (May 19, 2008) @ American Society for Horticultural Science]
Andrew O’Hagan (Author)
… I love the light in the room where I work and where things seem to change every day. The flowers are important. The room makes me want to work hard…
Guardian, 31.03.07
Happiness is in Simplicity Elio Fiorucci
Fiorucci HomeLots of glass, air, light is fundamentalSo is the panoramaA garden with a fruit treeSun for solar panelsWood for fuelWind sheltered patioSouthern orientation
(Madeleine Johnson, FT July 12, 2008)
Holistic Environmental Model
Hum
an
Management
Sustainability
HolisticEnvironment
HumanSenses
BuiltForm &
Services
Management
PollutionErgonomics
Well-being
Interiordesign
Mission
workplacework flow
furniture
computer
ionisationhumidity
temperature
indoorair quality
aesthetics
lightingspace
textures
colour
sound
electro-magnetic
noisechemical particulate
Ecologicaldesign
energy materialswaste
recycling
water
Forminfrastructure
structures
utilities
intralinks
policies
resourcesstrategies
imageBusinesses
systemsprocess
planning
monitoringfinance
Workingculture
integration
creativitysocial
production
innovation