Prof. Dr. Abdelsamie Moet

Fall 2013/14

Pharos University in AlexandriaFaculty of Engineering

HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology

Solar Energy

Lect7-10

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Outline

Engineering and Energy Sources Solar Energy

1. Thermal2. Photo Voltaic (PV)3. Biomass4. Solar Chimneys

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Engineering“The profession in which a

knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind”

ABET Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

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Energy Sources

Wind Hydro

Biofuel

Nuclear

Hydrocarbon

Sustainable?

Green?

Solar

Fuel Cells

Geo-Thermal

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Solar Energy: Timeline BC

~ 1500 BC Egyptian ruler Amenkotep III supposedly had “sounding statues” that emitted a tone when air inside was heated by the sun

~ 212 BC Archimedes used burning mirrors to set fire to ships

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Solar Thermal Energy: Timeline 18th Century

~1700 French scientist, George Buffon, made multiple flat mirrors to concentrate light to a point. He ignited a wood pile 195 ft away (wood ignites at ~250°C)

~1760 Swiss de Sanesure made a solar oven that reached 160°C

~1860 Bessemer made a solar furnace that melted copper and zinc

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Solar Energy: 19th Century

1868 John Ericsson built a

solar-powered 2.5 HP Stirling

engine

using a parabolic reflector

1912 Prof. C.V. Boys & Frank Shuman built a 50 HP solar pumping steam engine at Meadi, Egypt

080130

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Stirling Engine (Conceptual)

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Steam Engine (Conceptual)

HU121_Lect7_Solar 12http://www.freeenergynews.com/Directory/Solar/Tesla/Experimentor_1916_Solar_Article.pdf

1912

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Parallel parabolic collectors are assembled in a multitude of parallel rows with one-axis tracing system to follow the sun.

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Solar Trough Design

http://solarbridge.org/pedestrians.html

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PV Power Plant

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Finally . . Egypt may enter PV Economy

http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/egypts-ministry-of-electricity-to-receive-bids-for-first-ever-solar-pv-plant_100012958/#axzz2nTN067tk

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PhotvoltaicsThe photoelectric effect was first

noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839: He found that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to light.

• When sunlight strikes a PV cell, photons are absorbed and electrons are released causing an electric current (Voltage).

• The first photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954.

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Manufacturing of Silicon Wafers

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Manufacturing of PV cells

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p-n Junction

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A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module

Multiple modules can be wired together to form an array.

The larger the area of a module or array, the more electricity that will be produced.

They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination.

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DC-AC System

Photovoltaics produce direct current that usually is converted to alternating current for use in homes and industry.

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The Solar Spiral Architectural Concept

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Physics/ Material Chemistry

• Material Engineering• Manufacturing• Electrical/ Architecture

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solar chimney power stations

 Manzanares Solar Chimney, Spain

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solar chimney power stations

The solar chimney power stations combine three main components:

the greenhouse, the chimney and the turbine.

Air underneath a low circular glass roof open at the circumference is heated by radiation from the sun. The roof and the natural ground below it form a hot air collector ("greenhouse").

A vertical tower tube with large air inlets at its base stands in the centre of the glass roof.

As hot air is lighter than cold air, it rises up the tower. Suction from the tower then draws in more hot air from the collector, and cold air comes in from the outer perimeter.

The energy of the air flow is converted into mechanical energy by wind turbines at the base of the tower, and into electrical energy by electric generators coupled to the turbines.

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The 1000m Solar Chimney in Mildura

Efficiency of solar chimney increases with the height of the chimney, not linearly, but exponentially.

The 1000m Solar Chimney in Mildura, Australia, will be the highest man-made structure on Earth, and can produce 200MW of electricity, providing power to 200,000 homes.

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+ Biomass

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Biomass Energy

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Gasification of rice husks Rice husks are fed at the top of the

reactor and are burned at its bottom.

Air is introduced into the bed of rice husks from the top of the reactor and moves downward through the fire zone.

Fire zone is maintained by gradually removing the char from the char chamber employing a jet-type pneumatic conveyor installed right beneath the reactor.

The gas generated in the reactor during gasification is directed to the burner passing through the momentum separator.

Char is separated from the gas by a cylindrical shape momentum separator.

The gas produced is burned either in a jet-type, a gas pipe-type, or a drum-type burner.

A cyclone separates the char from air.

Central Philippine University Project

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Siemens Components for Biomass Power Plants

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http://solartribune.com/u-s-breaks-records-with-1-9b-solar-export-surplus-in-2010/

$1.9 Billion

Solar Economy

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