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22/03/2017
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University of Adelaide 1
Potential of Concentrating Solar thermal for remote applications such as mining
Gus Nathan, Bassam Dally, Peter Ashman, Woei Saw, Mehdi Jafarian.Sydney 22 March, 2017
University of Adelaide 2
The Centre for Energy Technology• Multi-disciplinary team - within the
Institute for Mineral and Energy Resources– 35 academic staff– 10 post docs & > 60 PhD students– Engineering & Sciences
• Strong links with industry– 70 recent consultancies– $12m in joint R&D programs– Industry Advisory Board
• Strong Research outputs– > 140 Journal papers p.a.– 1 to 2 patents per year
• Significant budget– Approx $8m p.a. (external cash)
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University of Adelaide 3
CET Research PrioritiesCarbon abatement with new technologies in:1. Sustainable Power
– Solar thermal, clean combustion, wind & ocean– Hybrid technologies & thermal energy storage
2. Sustainable Fuels and process heat– Production of algal-based feed-stocks– Solar fuels, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction
3. Sustainable Networks– Electrical energy storage technology– Networks, power quality
4. Sustainable Minerals Processing– Solar thermal hybrid processing, combustion– Alumina, cement, copper
University of Adelaide 4
Key drivers for CST in remote mines/minerals processing• Low cost of stored renewable energy• Readily hybridised for low-cost base-load• Strong potential to unlock stranded assets:
low-cost process heat Locally generated/upgraded fuels
Ivanpah Power Station by BrightsourceMojave Desert, California392 MWe from three towers
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University of Adelaide 5
Boiler / Receiver
Condenser
Pump(Compressor) Turbine +
Generator
Thermal Energy Power Generation
University of Adelaide 6
Boiler / Receiver
Condenser
Pump(Compressor) Turbine +
Generator
Thermal Energy Power GenerationThermal storage unit
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University of Adelaide 7
Anda-Sol 3 Solar Plant, Molten salt storage
University of Adelaide 8
Typical commercial two-tank thermal storage plant
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University of Adelaide 9
Some storage lowers the LOCE
LCOE for 60MWe solar trough plant relative to case with no storage Lovegrove (2012) “Realising the potential of concentrating solar power in Australia, ITPower
University of Adelaide 10
Trends in cost
IEA Technology Roadmap - Solar Thermal Electricity, 2014
Cost reductions exceed predictionsSolarReserve announced US$63/MW.h• 450 MW plant, Tamarugal, Chille • 13 hours storage, totalling 5.6 GW.h• Hybrid, dual fuel back-up
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University of Adelaide 11
Costs of CSP for 3-10 MW in Australia
Vast Solar, Gemalong, NSW
• More expensive than large-scale, grid connected Power block becomes less efficient at smaller scale Greater significance of O&M Remote sites always increase costs
• Modularisation will offset capital cost through mass production 3MW modules are comercially available
University of Adelaide 12
The Australian Solar Thermal Research Institute
Heliostat technology
Thermal Storage: latent, chemical & sensible Super-critical CO2 Power-block
Operation and MaintenanceHigh temperature receivers
Solar fuels
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University of Adelaide 13
The Australian Solar Thermal Research Institute
University of Adelaide 14
Relevance of Hybrid CSP for remote applications • Baseload power with significant fuel savings• Inherent inertia (thermal generator)• Inherent FCAS (spinning turbine)• Access to lower cost fuels than diesel;
e.g. LPG / CNG• Emerging technology will continue to lower costs
hybrids to more efficiently integrate New power blocks and storage technology
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University of Adelaide 15
Boiler
Condenser
Pump(Compressor) Turbine +
Generator
Solar Thermal is well suited to hybridisation
University of Adelaide 16
Conventional Solar Tower Hybrid
Nathan, Battye, Ashman (2014). Applied Energy, 113, 1235–1243
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University of Adelaide 17
Hybrid Solar Receiver Combustor
SteamGen. EPGS
SteamFuel supply line
CPCAperture Shutter
Hybrid Receiver Combustor
Cold Storage TankFuel supply systemHeliostat Field
Circulated Molten Salt
Hot Storage Tank
Nathan, Battye, Ashman (2014). Applied Energy, 113, 1235–1243
University of Adelaide 18
Hybrid Solar Receiver Combustor
Nathan, Dally, Ashman, Steinfeld (2013). PCT Patent App #PCT/AU2013/000326
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University of Adelaide 19
Benefits and Challenges relative to back-up boilerBenefits Capital cost reduced by 20% (Nathan et al., Applied Energy, 2014) Reduced Fuel consumption 40% (Lim et al., Applied Energy, 2016) Reduced LCOE 17% (Lim et al., Applied Energy 2016)Challenges: Different heat flux for combustion & CST Need to mitigate heat losses during mixed mode
Chinnici, Tian, Lim, Nathan Dally, (2016). Solar Energy (In press)
University of Adelaide 20
Other emerging applications for High Temp CSTELECTRICITY
• Steam turbine• gas turbine• Future cycles
SOLAR TRANSPORTION FUELS• Solar gasification of biomass or coal • Capitalises on recent “mini-GTL” technology
PROCESS HEAT• Metals refining• Cement production• Direct or via syngas
Image: CSIRO, Newcastle, Australia
Heat is used directly conc-sol 85%Inefficient power cycle
conc-sol 35%
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University of Adelaide 21
Characteristics of minerals processingTemperature compatible with CST: 800 – 1400 CContinuous processing at steady stateCapital intensive, long life and low margins Risk-Averse Sector
Technology options to minimise risk: Hybrid systems with continuous processing Low carbon fuels
University of Adelaide 22
Potential hybrid solar flash calciner for alumina
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University of Adelaide 23
ETH/CET solar vortex reactor
Demonstrated for gasification of coke (Z’Graggen et al., JHE, 2006) Heats particles ( 100 m) by direct irradiation High purge rate is required to prevent damage to window
Potentially adaptable to hybrid reactor for alumina (Davis et al., submitted, 2016) Oxidative environment offers potential to avoid window Potentially to add fuel to operate in hybrid mode;
University of Adelaide 24
Solar-only Calcination
Davis, Miller, Saw, Steinfeld, Nathan (2016), High Temperature Processing Symposium
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University of Adelaide 25
Product Quality Improvements
SEM Micrograph10,000 magnification
University of Adelaide 26
Emerging opportunities for renewable fuels & oxygenApplicable to existing industrial processes:
Low risk, applicable to continuous process; Greatly simplifies retrofit: less site restrictions.
Value proposition for renewable fuels Avoided infrastructure costs, e.g. pipeline for stranded resource Avoided costs for CO2 capture and sequestration Reduced exposure to increased prices for current fuels
Value proposition for renewable oxygen Reduced electrical demand and operating costs:
Current technology is expensive and energy intensive Emerging RedOx technologies is non-electric & offers 3increase in efficiency;
Offers avoided electrical infrastructure upgrade for expansions
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University of Adelaide 27
Drivers for solar gasification
Biomass(coal)Conventional Gasification
O2+
CO2
ProcessingPlant (e.g. FT)H2O
COH2
Biomass(coal) Gasification
+ Heat
Synthetic Diesel
Solar Gasification
CO2
Opportunities Increased production Higher purity syngas Lower net CO2
Challenges: Variable solar resource Less mature technology
University of Adelaide 28
Dual-Bed solar-hybrid gasification
• Hot-bed thermal storage• Hybrid: Biomass char used to maintain firm supply
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University of Adelaide 29
Levelised Cost of Fuel: re 2020 data
Saw et al. (2016), Internal report to ARENA.
University of Adelaide 30
Concentrated Solar Thermal: significant potential for RAPS > 3MW Low cost of thermal storage – significant fuel savings Ease of hybridisation – access to lower cost fuels for baseload
CST is commercially available for some remote applications Power generation (with hybrids) for >3MW Process heat (steam or air) to 500C
Technology is emerging for process heat and fuels Process heat for alumina calcination to 1000C Production of syngas from a range of feedstock
Rapid cost reductions are anticipated in next 5 years Mass production of heliostats set to lower costs Significant R&D effort to increase efficiency and lower cost
Final Comments
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University of Adelaide 31
Centre for Energy TechnologyDirector: Professor Gus Nathan W: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/cet/T: +61 (0)8 831 31448E: [email protected]
Thankyou!